1.

Finite Verb and Infinitive verb.

Verb is a word which explains something about subject. Finite verb : is limited verb for subject, or the first verb in the sentence. Have (finite verb) : mempunyai, memiliki, menguasai, mengerti, etc. Have Has e.g.: : I, You, We, They. : He, She, It.

- I have a new friend. - He has much money in his wallet. - She really has sweet smile. - They dont have much time. Other verbs. e.g.: - The students study hard every day. - My father works hard night and day. - The dog barked and bit a thief last night. - Louisa couldnt sleep well last night. - Maria is a very attractive girl. - You were fat. - I am diligent. Auxiliary verb To Be are, am. Is, was, were, is higher functions. It can be used as auxiliary verb and also as finite verb in nominal sentence. 1.2. Infinitive verb : is unlimited verb, because it can be used as subject, object, adjective and adverb or the original verb uses To. To have (infinitive verb) : the same as have in finite verb. e.g.: - I want to have a friend. - She wishes to have a house next year. - I regret to have this one. - Amanda just wants to have a rest for a while. - Mr. John pretends to be good with others. - Caroline decided to be a nurse. - Tracy plans to go camping with her friends next week. - Mr. Harry promised not to leave her forever. - I hope to meet you again someday. 1.2.1. Infinitive as Subject. o Infinitive verb as subject is called infinitive noun, because it can be used as subject or object of the sentence. The position of infinitive verb as subject is to be put in front of the sentence or at the beginning of the sentence. e.g.: - To have a car is my wishing someday. - To work hard needs much energy. - To speak is easy. - To cheat in examination is sinful. - To live needs struggling. 1.2.2. Infinitive as Object.

Infinitive verb as object as well as subject is called infinitive noun. The position of infinitive verb as object is placed after transitive verbs. That is a verb which needs object, like: want, make, need, buy, lend, give, find, drink, eat, etc. e.g.: - We want to have a rest to refresh our body. - He likes to have hot sweet tea in the morning. - I prefer to read rather than speak. - Claudia wishes to be a good teacher someday. - My mother prepares to make some cakes. 1.2.3. Infinitive Adjective. Infinitive adjective is infinitive verb which to be put after auxiliary verb to be: are, am, is, was, were, been or after noun. e.g.: - The students need some reference books to learn. - The film to watch is quite interesting. - She needs a friend to share. - This gift is to give for somebody special. - He is the man to accuse for a terrorist. Infinitive adjective can also be put after relative pronouns (who, whom, what, which, whose, that) e.g.: - He doesnt know what to do. - I dont know who to beg a help. - She is confused which to buy. 1.2.4. Infinitive Adverb. Infinitive adverb is infinitive verb which to be put after intransitive verb. That is a verb which needs no an object but, it comes adverb. The verb are : come, go, run, walk, live, swim, stand, sleep, etc. E.g.: - I run to catch the train. - He stands to take some oranges. - You sit to take a rest. - She goes to pick her mother up at the air port. - The girl screamed to beg a help. Infinitive adverb can also be put after relative adverb.(where, when, why, how, while, whence) e.g.: - He asked me where to go, sir? - I dont know why to ask? - She doesnt know how to use this program of computer - They want to know when to leave? - You dont understand how to handle this problem.

A. Definition of Verbs Whats a verb? Verbs are words that usually express an action.

B.

Types of Verbs

Classified by Complement of Verb The types of verbs describe here differ according to the kind of complete the may have. Because these types may cut across each other, a verb may belong to more than one type. 1. Predicating or Linking Verbs Predicating verb is the chief word I the predicate that says something about the subject. The predicating word (or predicator) has traditionally been called a verb of action ( babies cry; She wrote a letter), but has actually been interpreted to include most non-action verbs that are not linking verbs (for example, I remember him; She needs more money). The term event is probably a more exact way to refer to what is denoted by a predicating verb, and is the term that will be favored in this book. A linking verb is a verb of incomplete predicating; it merely announces that real predicate follows. The important word in the complement is usually anadjective (The girl is pretty) or a noun (She is a pretty girl). The ly adverbs of manner (quickly, angrily) are not used with linking verbs. The more common linking verbs are appear, be, become, get (in the sense of become), look, remain, seem. Also functioning as linking verbs are the verbs of perception feel, taste, smell, sound.
The milk tastes sour. The rose smells sweet.

Included among the linking verbs are certain verb-adjective combinations that express a state. Some of these combinations are actually little more than idioms. Many of these verbs have the force of become-blow (open), blush (red), break (loose), grow (worse), fall (ill), prove (wrong), stand (quiet), turn (pale), wax (eloquent). The linking verbs are often subdivided by modern grammarians into be and all others. One of the most important differences is that, whereas the other linking verbs are followed mostly by predicate adjectives, be may be followed by many types of complement:
Adjective Noun Adverb Prepositional Phrase Noun Clause Infinitive Phrase Gerund Phrase He is handsome. He is a handsome boy. The man is here. (usually place) Mary is in the house. (Some of the prepositional phrase after be are idiomatic: We are of the same opinion; that is out of the question.) We are what we eat. The problem is to find the right house. The problem is finding the right house.

In addition to differing from other linking verbs in the type of complements it takes, be also differs from all other verbs with respect to the position of adverb used with it, and with respect to its manner of forming questions and negatives. For this reason some grammarians separate be still further from other verbs and place it in a special category all by itself. 2. Transitive or Intransitive Verbs A transitive verb takes a direct object (He is reading a book); an intransitive verb does not require an object (He is walking in the park). Only transitive verbs may be used in the passive voice (The book was returned by him quickly). All linking verbs are intransitive. Transitive verbs may take more than one object:
Indirect object and direct object Direct object and objective complement He gave his wife a present They elected Mr. Smith president

Many verbs may be used either transitively (He was writing a letter) or intransitively (He was writing at the library). Other verbs are transitive only and must be followed by an object have, like, need, owe, remember. Some intransitive verbs have developed transitive uses, especially in a causative sense:
He always walks his dog at night (=causes his dog to walk) The railroad runs additional trains during holiday (= causes additional trains to be run)

A few intransitive verbs are used transitively with cognate objects run a race, dream a strange, live a good life. Other intransitive verbs have different forms for transitive use.
Intransitive Lie Rise Sit Transitive Lay Raise Set The book is lying on the table. He laid the book on the table. The sun rises in the east. The student raised his hand Please sit down She set the chair in the corner

Some transitive verbs may be used intransitively to express a passive idea. Their subjects usually denote things rather than person.
The book sold out (=were sold out) in a week. The bread baked (=was baked) too long Such houses rent (=are rented) easily.

Many verb-preposition combinations may be regarded as transitive, since they can be used in the passive.
Active Passive He looked up all the new words. All new words were looked up by him.

A small class verbs, called middle verbs, are transitive in that they take a formal object, but intransitive in that they cannot be used in the passive voice among them are cost, have, last, resemble, weigh.
Bob resembles his father This book costs $8.00

The expressions after verbs like cost and weigh may also be consider as adverbial expressions of quantity rather than as direst objects. (They are sometimes called adverbial objects). 3. Reflexive Verbs A reflexive verb requires one of the compounds with self (reflexive pronoun) as its object express oneself, wash oneself, pride oneself, avail oneself. Some verbs may be used with or without the reflexive pronoun object He washed (himself) and dressed (himself) quickly . Reflexive verbs often have a nonreflexive use also, and can take objects that do not refer back to the subject She washed the child and then dressed him quickly.

Classified by Form of Verb Auxiliary or Lexical Verbs Two or more words may be joined together into a single verb phrase that functions as the full verb of the predicate. The first part of the verb phrase is the auxiliary (or auxiliaries), and the second part is the lexical verb (will be, arriving). The lexical verb carries the chief burden of semantic content. Theauxiliary verb acts as a helping verb to the lexical verb by adding either (1) a structural element that marks differences in tense, voice, mood, and aspect, or that signals questions and negatives; or (2) a semantic coloring such as ability, possibility or necessity (modal auxiliary). Some verbs used as auxiliaries may also occur independently be, have, do. Other verbs function chiefly as auxiliaries and must be used with lexical verb shall, will, can, must, may, should, would, could, might . Auxiliaries combine with lexical verbs that are in simple (unchanged) form ( will open), in ing form (is opening), or in ed form (was opened). The number of auxiliaries used with a lexical verb varies. A lexical verb may have no auxiliaries (he opens, he opened), one auxiliary (he will open), two auxiliaries (he has been opening), or three auxiliaries (he may have been opening). Agreement with the subject occurs in the first auxiliary only. Onlybe, have, do, the verbs that may be used independently, can indicate person and number. 5. Finite of Non-Finite Verbs The form for these verbs is determined by the function which the verb has in a sentence. A finite verb is a lexical verb with or without auxiliaries that acts as the full verb in the predicate. It is limited by all the grammatical properties a verb may have-person, number, tense, voice, etc. Non-finite (or infinite) verbs are incomplete verb forms that function as other parts of speech than verbs. The consist of the infinitive forms (to + the simple form of the verb) and the participial ing or ed forms. Thus, in The boy talking to the teacher is my brother, talking is a participle used as an adjective to modify boy. In He likes talking to the teacher, talking is a noun (a gerund) used as the object of likes. He nonfinite forms, which are also called verbals, are not limited by person or number, but they have voice and some tense. Another kind of classification of verbs by form may be made in terms of compound semantic units. Such compounds may consist of two words joined together into one, or of two separate parts. 4.

C.

Function of Verbs

The verb functions as the grammatical center for the predication about the subject. As we have seen, it may be a grammatical center expressing mere linkage, or it may be the strongest predicating word in the central core of the sentences. The verb is so basic that other functions (subject, object, complement) are determined in relation to it.