Adverbial, Adjectival, Nominal

adverbs, adjectives, or nouns in complex sentences.

Dependent clauses may work like:

Adverbial?

1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Like a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions

Example of adverbial clause answering when?

When will the flowers bloom? Answer: when spring arrives

Example of adverbial clause answering why?

Why didn't the poor woman have money? Answer: because she had lost her job

Where there

Example of adverbial clause answering where?

How The subject

Example of adverbial clause answering how?

Answer: where there is smoke Answer: as if he knew the subject quite well

Where is there fire?

How did he answer the question?

Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?

Answer: (younger) than his brother (is)

To what degree is he young?

2. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES
Like a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause describes a noun (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions
An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pronoun, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent). Common relative pronouns:

that

which

who

whom

whose

NOTE: Use who, whom, and whose to describe people. Use that and which to describe things.
Adjectival clauses always follow the person, place, or thing they describe, u usually immediately.

Example of adjectival clause answering which one?

Example of adjectival clause answering what kind?

Answer: the one that I gave him

Which book did Joe read?

support of the people? Answer: one who is trustworthy

What kind of politician has the

3. NOMINAL CLAUSES
Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or idea. A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following:

Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives:

who

An interrogative beginning a nominal clause has a function within the nominal clause. Each of the following examples illustrates a nominal clause the function of the nominal clause within the sentence the function of the interrogative within the nominal clause Nominal clause as subject in sentence

whom what which whoever whomever when where how why

whatever

BE LIKELY TO
Be likely to permite expresar una accin probable de ocurrir o una accin verosmil:It's likely to rain tomorrow. Es probable que llueva maana. Is Bob likely to come? Bob puede venir? En la forma negativa, esta expresin tiene dos posibles construcciones:It isn't likely to rain. Es poco probable que maana llueva. O It's unlikely to rain.

Observacin : Be likely to tiene un significado similar al auxiliar may , el cual reemplaza a la oracin en la forma interrogativa.She may fall in love again. -> She is likely to fall in love again.

TO BE
Tanto como un auxiliar puede expresar: La forma progresiva , si es seguido de un participio presente (forma en -ing ) : He is sleeping. l duerme. (l est durmiendo) They were chatting when Bruno arrived. Ellos discutan cuando Bruno lleg La voz pasiva , si es seguida de un participio pasado: The table is set. La mesa es puesta. The car was repaired by my brother-in-law. El auto ha sido reparado por mi cuado.

TO BE USED TO
La expresin to be used to expresa la costumbre. Esta va seguida de un sujeto o de un verbo con gerundio :To be used to somethingestar acostumbrado a algoTo be used to doing somethingestar acostumbrado a hacer algoI am used to this kind of thing. Estoy acostumbrado a este tipo de cosas. I am used to doing such things. Estoy acostumbrado a hacer este tipo de cosas. They were used to standing for hours. Ellos estaban acostumbrados a estar de pie durante horas.

THE PERFECT CONDITIONAL

Tambin llamado Past Conditional, responde a la pregunta: What would have happened? = Qu habra pasado? o What would have been happening? = Qu habra estado pasando?. Se forma: Sujeto + would + have + verbo en participio (I would have worked). Sujeto + would + have been + verbo en progresivo (I would have been working).

I I I I I I I I

1. Present work am working 3. Past worked was working 5. Future will work will be working 7. Future (going to) am going to work am going to be working

I I I I I I I I

2. Present perfect have worked have been working 4. Past perfect had worked had been working 6. Future perfect will have worked will have been working 8. Future perfect (going to) am going to have worked am going to have been working

9. Future in past I was going to work I was going to be working 11. Conditional I would work I would be working 13. Modals I (can, could, ...) work I (can, could, ...) be working

10. Future perfect in past I was going to have worked I was going to have been working 12. Conditional perfect I would have worked I would have been working 14. Modals + have I (can, could, ...) have worked I (can, could, ...) have been working

Conditional Perfect What would have happened? - Qu habra pasado? I would have worked - Habra trabajado

Harry would have learnt about the catastrophe if he had watched CNN. Harry se habra enterado de la catstrofe si hubiera mirado CNN. If Ben had studied harder, he would have passed the test. Si Ben hubiera estudiado ms, habra pasado el examen. If Cindy had seen a spider, she would have been terrified. Si Cindy hubiera visto una araa, se habra aterrorizado.
Conditional Perfect Continuous What would have been happening? - Qu habra estado pasando? I would have been working - Habra estado trabajando

The employees would have been working on the project if their boss had been present. Los empleados habran estado trabajado en el proyecto si su jefe hubiera estado presente.

INFINITIVE CLAUSE
Infinitive clause as subject and object In older English, it was common to use an infinitive clause as the subject of a sentence. To find fault with others is easy. To wait for people who are never punctual makes me angry. In modern English, this is unusual in an informal style. We more often use it as an introductory subject and put the infinitive clause later. It is easy to find fault with others. It makes me angry to wait for people who are never punctual. Infinitive clause as complement An infinitive clause can be used as subject complement after be and other copular verbs. His goal was to become a well known writer. Your duty is to finish the work in time. Sentences like these can also be written with an introductory it. It was his goal to become a well known writer. It is your duty to finish the work in time.

TO BE LEFT . TO HAVE LETF

"Left" puede significar "izquierda", o como en este caso, puede ser el participio parado del verbo "to leave - left - left", que significa salir, dejar, abandonar...

Un uso especial aunque muy comn del participio "left" es cuando va al final de la frase e indica cuanto queda o sobra de alguna cantidad. La estructura que encontraremos ser siempre:
Verbo "to have" + complemento + "left". o "there is/are" + complemento + "left". Estas estructuras se traducen como "quedan, me quedan, sobran,..". Vamos a verlo en los siguientes ejemplos:

I have twenty euros left in the bank.

Me quedan veinte euros en el banco.

PERFECTIVE ASPECT
We use the present perfect to show that something has continued up to the present Theyve been married for nearly fifty years.

Example: She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

or is important in the present: Ive lost my keys. I cant get into the house. Teresa isnt at home. I think she has gone shopping.

GRACIAS