1.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU- the first prime minister of India; called the Panditji; father of Indira Gandhi and maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi 2. MOHAMMED ALI JINNAH- the founder of the Moslem League; a former companion of Mahatma Gandhi but he seceded since he is anxious for the welfare of the Muslim minority in India; father of Pakistan nation 3. MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS-an act of the British Parliament which extended the requirements of government participation of Indians 4. DECCAN PLATEAU- the place where the great empires of India were established 5. BLACK HOLE OF CALCUTTA6. WARREN HASTINGS- the first governor general of India 7. SUTTEE- a Hindu funeral custom wherein the widow along with the widower will be burned during the husbands cremation 8. SANSKRIT- is a historical Indo-Aryan language, the primary liturgical language of Hinduism and a literary and scholarly language in Buddhism andJainism 9. FA-SHIEN, HSUEN-TSANG- Fa-shien - a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled by foot from China to India to visit Buddhist sites; His works are recorded in A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Xian of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Hsuen- tang - a Chinese Buddhist monk who described the interation between China and India during the Tang Dynasty 10. LORD WELLESLEYgovernor general of India during 1798-1805; by the time he left India, the British East India Company is the strongest power in the colony 11. LORD LOUIS MOUNTBATTEN-the last viceroy of India and the first governor general of the independent Union of India 12. UPANISHADS- are a collection of philosophical texts which form the theoretical basis for the Hindu religion. They are also known as Vedanta, the end of the Veda. In the purest sense 13. ARYAN- is an English language derived from the Sanskrit rya ('Noble') 14. SOAN- important river of the Pothohar (plateau between Punjab and Azad Kashmir this is where SOANIAN CULTURE was known) region of Pakistan. SOANIAN CULTURE 15. VASCO DA GAMA- one of the first European person who explored India

16. RIG, SAMA, YAYUR, ATHARVA- four vedas; oldest book in any Indo-European language and contains the earliest form of all Sanskrit mantras 17. SATYAGRAHA- non-cooperation with non-violence 18. MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS- were reforms introduced by the British Government in India to introduce self-governing institutions by Edwin Samuel Montagu, the Secretary of State for India during the latter parts of World War I and Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. 19. AUGUST 15, 1947- independence of India from British rule 20. SPICES- di ko po alam ang tinutukoy ni Mam ditto. Sorry. 21. INDRA- akra is the leader of the Devas or gods and Lord of Svargaloka or heaven in Hindu mythology; god of war and thunder 22. LAW OF MANU- or Manava Dharma Shastra; one of the standard books in the Hindu canon, and a basic text for all gurus to base their teachings on. 23. MUNDA- an early Hoysala chieftain from Malnad Karnataka 24. SHAH JAHAN- build Taj Mahal in his time 25. CLEMENT ATTLEE- prime minister of UK from 19451951; wanted to solve the Indian problem 26. BHAGAVAD-GITA- also referred to as Gita, is a 700 verse Dharma scripture that is part of the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. 27. KALIDASA- Sanskrit poet and dramatist, probably the greatest Indian writer of any epoch. The six works identified as genuine are the dramas Abhijnanashakuntala (The Recognition of Shakuntala), Vikramorvashi (Urvashi Won by Valour), and Malavikagnimitra (Malavika and Agnimitra); the epic poems Raghuvamsha (Dynasty of Raghu) and Kumarasambhava (Birth of the War God); and the lyric Meghaduta (Cloud Messenger). 28. NAWAB- deputy ruler, or viceroy, under the Mughal rule of India. The title was later adopted by the independent rulers of Bengal, Oudh (Ayodhya), and Arcot. 29. ALLAN O. HUME- was a civil servant, political reformer and amateur ornithologist and horticulturalist in British India. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, a political party that was later to lead the Indian independence movement. A notable ornithologist, Hume has been called "the Father of Indian Ornithology" and, by those who found him dogmatic, "the Pope of Indian ornithology.

30. BRITISH INDIA, NATIVE INDIA- B. India - The part of the Indian subcontinent under direct British administration until India's independence in 1947. ) the 17 provinces of India formerly governed by the British under the British sovereign: ceased to exist in 1947 when the independent states of India and Pakistan were created. N. India 31. MORARJI RANCHHODJI DESAI - prime minister of India (197779), first leader of sovereign India not to represent the long-ruling Indian National Congress party. In 1930 he resigned to join Mohandas Gandhis civil disobedience movement and spent almost 10 years in British jails during the struggle for independence. 32. CHARAN SINGH- Indian politician who served briefly as prime minister (197980). Singh became a lawyer and in 1929 joined the Indian National Congress movement. He was jailed several times in the struggle for Indian independence. In 1977 he allied his peasant- and agricultural-based Indian Revolutionary Party with the Janata Party of Morarji Desai and subsequently served as minister of home affairs (197778) and deputy prime minister (1979) in Desais coalition government. 33. INDUS, GANGES, AND BRAHMAPUTRA- rivers of India 34. BAL G. TILAK- scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and militant nationalist who helped lay the foundation for Indias independence. He founded (1914) and served as president of the Indian Home Rule League. His policy responsive cooperation. The Maker of Modern India. The Father of Indian Revolution 35. SEPOY MUTINY- 185758, revolt that began with Indian soldiers in the Bengal army of the British East India Company but developed into a widespread uprising against British rule in India. It is also known as the Sepoy Rebellion, sepoys being the native soldiers. 36. AKBAR THE GREAT- was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal Emperor Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India. He is most appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs and during his era, culture and art reached a zenith as compared to his predecessors. 37. SAKUNTALA- In Hinduism Shakuntala is the wife of Dushyanta and the mother of Emperor Bharata. Her story is told in the Mahabharata and dramatized by Kalidasa in his play Abhijnakuntala (The Sign of Shakuntala).

38. BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY- the company chartered in 1600 by the British government to trade in the East Indies: after being driven out by the Dutch, it developed trade with India until the Indian Mutiny (1857), when the Crown took over the administration: the company was dissolved in 1874 39. AMRITSAR MASSACRE- In Amritsar, India's holy city of the Sikh religion, British and Gurkha troops massacre at least 379 unarmed demonstrators meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh, a city park. Most of those killed were Indian nationalists meeting to protest the British government's forced conscription of Indian soldiers and the heavy war tax imposed against the Indian people. 40. N.V. GEDU- wala din pong makita dito 41. DYARCHY- a government in which the powers are vested on two rulers or authority; introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919 to the British India provinces 42. ARANYAKAS- any of several Sanskrit religious and philosophical treatises, closely connected with the Brahmanas and Upanishads, and intended to be read by hermits in the quiet of the forest; a word that means belonging to the wilderness or forest book in Sanskrit 43. LORD BENTICK- governor-general of India from 18331835; made English as the language of the higher courts; encouraged western style of education to the Indians; once planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and sell the marbles from it 44. KANISHKA- emperor of the Kushan empire; famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements; 45. DASYU- one of the ancient Dravidian peoples of India that opposed the invasion of the Aryans; enemy people; wealthy cattle-raising non-Indo-European populations subdued by the people practicing Vedic rituals 46. CONSTANTINOPLE- source of the widespread of Islam in the south Asian region, including India 47. ROBERT CLIVE- company clerk; Nawab of Bengal; Black Hole of Calcutta; established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal 48. SUNGA, KANVA, KUSHAN- Indianized kingdoms; 49. ALEXANDER THE GREAT- invaded India in 326 BC, but was eventually forced to turn back at the demand of his troops; invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara 50. MAHATMA, BAPUJI- mahatma = great soul; bapuji = father

51. GOPAL K. GOKHALE- social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India; senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society 52. MOHENJO-DARO- one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization; earliest major urban settlements, existing at the same time as the civilizations ofancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete; Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 53. ARYAN- In Indian History it is stated that, Indian subcontinent was inhibited by a particular Race called Dravidian and also stressed as Aryans who know no origin has and made their settlement there. It is believed that Indian Subcontinent is the place where Aryans migrated because of its warm climate. Hitler, however, jumped on some lousy linguistical evidence from the 19th century and claimed that the Aryans then migrated and settled into Germany and that they were the Germans. 54. GOPURA/S- In south Indian architecture, it is the entrance gateway to a Hindu temple enclosure; a large pyramidal tower over the entrance gate to a temple 55. RAMAYANA- belongs to a class of literature known in Sanskrit as kavya (poetry), though in the West it is considered to belong to the category of literature familiar to readers of Homer, namely the epic. It is one of two epics, the other being the Mahabharata, which have had a decisive influence in shaping the nature of Indian civilization. The Ramayana existed in the oral tradition perhaps as far back as 1,500 BCE, but the fourth century BCE is generally accepted as the date of its composition in Sanskrit by Valmiki. The hero, Rama, lived his whole life by the rules of dharma; in fact, that was why Indian consider him heroic. When Rama was a young boy, he was the perfect son. Later he was an ideal husband to his faithful wife, Sita, and a responsible ruler of Aydohya. 56. DIWALI- This is perhaps the most well-known of the Indian festivals: it is celebrated throughout India, as well as in Indian communities throughout the diaspora. It usually takes place eighteen days after Dusshera. It is colloquially known as the "festival of lights", for the common practice is to light small oil lamps (called diyas). As with other Indian festivals, Diwali signifies many different things to people across the country. In north India, Diwali celebrates Rama's homecoming, that is his return to Ayodhya after the defeat of Ravana and his coronation as king; in Gujarat, the festival honors Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth; and in Bengal, it is associated with the goddess Kali. Everywhere, it signifies the renewal of life, similarly, it heralds the approach of winter and the beginning of the sowing season.

57. LORD DALHOUISE- was one of Indian Viceroys and Governor Generals of British ruled India. He was appointed in the year 1848 and his 8 years of ruling is termed as one of the greatest periods. His annexation policy was a strong weapon of invasion that raised the British East India Companys rule to the stature of success. 58. ATLANTIC CHARTER- Atlantic Charter, joint declaration issued on Aug. 14, 1941, during World War II, by the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt of the still non-belligerent United States, after four days of conferences aboard warships anchored at Placentia Bay, off the coast of Newfoundland. A statement of common aims, the charter held that (1) neither nation sought any aggrandizement; (2) they desired no territorial changes without the free assent of the peoples concerned; (3) they respected every peoples right to choose its own form of government and wanted sovereign rights and self-government restored to those forcibly deprived of them; (4) they would try to promote equal access for all states to trade and to raw materials; (5) they hoped to promote worldwide collaboration so as to improve labour standards, economic progress, and social security; (6) after the destruction of Nazi tyranny, they would look for a peace under which all nations could live safely within their boundaries, without fear or want; (7) under such a peace the seas should be free; and (8) pending a general security through renunciation of force, potential aggressors must be disarmed. The Atlantic Charter was subsequently incorporated by reference in the Declaration of the United Nations (Jan. 1, 1942). 59. ASOKA Indias greatest ruler. When Asoka succeeded to the throne he tried to complete the conquest of the Indian peninsula. In the course of his conquests, however, Asoka became so disgusted by the cruelty of warfare that he renounced it. He adopted the peaceful doctrines of Buddhism and declared that henceforth his conquests should be conquests of religion. He set up inscriptions all over the land rehearsing the teachings of Buddha, and missionaries were sent to Kashmir, Persia and Ceylon. But soon after Asoka's death the Mauryan Empire disintegrated. 60. SULTANATE OF DELHI- Delhi Sultanate, refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India (1210 1526). It was founded after Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj and captured Delhi in 1192. 61. PURANAS- The Puranas are a class of literary texts, all written in Sanskrit verse, whose composition dates th from the 4 century BCE to about 1,000 A.D. The word "Purana" means "old", and generally they are considered as coming in the chronological aftermath of the epics, though sometimes the Mahabharata, which is generally classified as a work of itihas (history), is also referred to as a purana.

62. KALI DEVI OR DURGA- Durga is the Hindu Goddess of war. She is the first of the Hindu great Goddesses, formed by the female energies of the original male dieties. Durga's name means "The inaccessible" and is one of the 108 names of Durga used as a prayer or meditation. [Durga (The inaccessible); Devi (the Diety)] 63. PORTUGUESE- Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese sailor, succeeded in reaching India by getting around South Africa, via the Cape of Good Hope and finally touching down in India at the port of Calicut on May 17, 1498. He was welcomed by the ruler of Calicut the Zamorin. Vasco da Gama made heavy profits from the spices that he carried back from India to Portugal. So the Portuguese made more expeditions to India, establishing trade centres at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore. The Cape of Good Hope in South Africa later came to be called the "Cape Route to India". 64. INDIRA GANDHI- Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi served as the Prime Minister of India, and was the first female to hold this position in India. Ghandi is distinguished for both the work she did while in office, and as a figure of female strength and agency in the political field. Indira Ghandi was elected to the position of Prime Minister of the Republic of India on four separate occasions. She served three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977. She was later elected for a fourth term in 1980, which she served until her assassination on 31 October 1984. (DAUGHTER OF JAWAHARLAL NEHRU) 65. NEELAM SANJIVA REDDY- India remembers Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the sixth President of India and a veteran statesman and administrator. He was the first person to formally resign from his political party after being elected to office. Further, he is the only elected President of India without any opposition who brought about distinctive changes to public life through his intense commitment towards parliamentary democracy and its essential norms. 66. MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI- He was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of Satyagrahaa philosophy that is largely concerned with truth and 'resistance to evil through active, nonviolent resistance'which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.