INTEGRATION FORMULA

1.
1
1
n
n
x
x dx C
n
+
= +
+
}
2.
x x
e dx e C = +
}
3.
1
ln
x x
a dx a C
a
= +
} }
4.
( )
( )
( )
'
f x f x
e f x dx e C = +
}

5.
( )
( )
( )
'
ln
f x
dx f x C
f x
= +
}
6. sin cos x dx x C = +
}
7. cos sin x dx x C = +
}
8. tan ln(cos ) x dx x C = +
}

9. csc ln(csc cot ) x dx x x C = + +
}
10. sec ln(sec tan ) x dx x x C = + +
}
11. cot ln(sin ) x dx x C = +
}
12.
2
sec tan x dx x C = +
}

13.
2
1
sec ( ) tan( ) ax b dx ax b C
a
+ = + +
}
14. sec tan sec x x dx x C = +
}
15. csc cot csc x x dx x C = +
}
16.
2
csc cot x dx x C = +
}

17. ( ) ( ) ( )
2
sec ' tan f x f x dx f x C ( = +
}
18.
1
2 2
1
sin
x
dx C
a
a x

= +

}
19.
1
2 2
'( ) ( )
sin
[ ( )]
f x f x
dx C
a
a f x
(
= +
(

}
20.
1
2 2
1 1
tan
x
dx C
a x a a

= +
+
}

21.
2 2
1 1
ln
2
a x
dx C
a x a a x
+ (
= +
(

}
22.
2 2
1 1
ln
2
x a
dx C
x a a x a
(
= +
(
+
}
23.
dv du
u dx uv vdx
dx dx
=
} }

DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA
1.
( ) ( )
'( ) lim
x a
f x f a
f a
x a

2.
( ) ( )
'( )
f x f x
d
e f x e
dx
= 3. ( ) ln
x x
d
a a a
dx
= 4. | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d d d
f x g x f x g x f x g x
dx dx dx
( (
= +
( (


5.
0
( ) ( )
'( ) lim
h
f a h f a
f a
h

+
= 6.

1
log
(ln )
b
d
x
dx b x
=

7.
1
ln
d
x
dx x
= 8.
| |
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
d d
f x g x f x g x
d f x dx dx
dx g x
g x
( (

( (
(

=
(


9. sin cos
d
x x
dx
= 10. cos sin
d
x x
dx
= 11.
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
= 12. sec sec tan
d
x x x
dx
=
13. csc csc cot
d
x x x
dx
= 14.
2
cot csc
d
x x
dx
= 15.
1
2
1
tan
1
d
x
dx x

=
+
16.
1
2
1
cot
1
d
x
dx x

=
+

17.
1
2
1
sin , 1
1
d
x x
dx
x

= <

18.
1
2
1
cos , 1
1
d
x x
dx
x

= <

19. cosh sinh

d
x x
dx
= 20. sinh cosh
d
x x
dx
=
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULA


Equations of type cos sin a b c u u + =

cos sin cos( )
cos sin cos( )
sin cos sin( )
sin cos sin( )
a b R
a b R
a b R
a b R
u u u o
u u u o
u u u o
u u u o
+ =
= +
=
+ = +
where
2 2
tan
R a b
b
a
o
= +
=


Pythagorean Formula
2 2
cos sin 1 x x + =
2 2
1 tan sec x x + =
2 2
cot 1 csc x x + =
Cofunction Properties for Circular Functions
cos( ) sin
2
x x
t
= and sin( ) cos
2
x x
t
=
cot( ) tan
2
x x
t
= and tan( ) cot
2
x x
t
=
csc( ) sec
2
x x
t
= and sec( ) csc
2
x x
t
=
Triple Angle Formula

3
3
3
2
sin3 3sin 4sin
cos3 4cos 3cos
3tan tan
tan3
1 3tan
A A A
A A A
A A
A
A
=
=

Newtons Method
1
( )
'( )
n
n n
n
f x
x x
f x
+
=

Mean Value Theorem
( ) ( ) ( ) '( ) f b f a b a f c =


sin( ) sin
cos( ) cos
tan( ) tan
x x
x x
x x
=
=
=














































Sum or Difference of 2 Angles

sin( ) sin cos cos sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B
A B
A B
=
=

+ =

Double Angle Formula

2 2 2
2
2
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos sin 1 2sin
2cos 1
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
A A A
A A A A
A
A
A
A
=
= =
=
=

Factor Formula

sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
2sin cos sin( ) sin( )
2cos sin sin( ) sin( )
2cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2sin sin cos(
A B A B
A B
A B A B
A B
A B A B
A B
A B A B
A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=
= + +
= +
= + +
= + ) cos( ) A B +

Common 1
st
Quadrant Angles




Radian 0
6
t

4
t

3
t

2
t

sinu 0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
cosu 1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0
tanu 0
3
3

1
3

Half-angle Formula
Let tan
2
x
t = , then:

2
2
2
tan
1
2
sin
1
t
x
t
t
x
t
=

=
+

2
2
2
1
cos
1
2
1
t
x
t
dx dt
t

=
+
=
+


LAPLACE TRANSFORM

( )
1
( ) ( ) f t L F s

=
( )
0
( ) ( ) ( )
st
F s L f t f t e dt

= =
}

0 0
( ) lim ( )
b
b
h t dt h t dt

(
=
(

} }

1 1/ s
t
2
1/ s
; 1, 2, 3,......
n
t n =
1
!/
n
n s
+

at
e
1/( ) s a
sinat
2 2
/( ) a s a +
cosat
2 2
/( ) s s a +
( ) U t 1/ s
( ); 0 U t a a >
/
a s
e s

( ); 0 f at a >
1 s
F
a a
| |
` |
\ . )


Laplace Theorems

Theorem 1:
( ) | | | |
( )
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
L af t bg t a L f b L g
L aF s bG s aL F bL G

+ = +
+ = +

Theorem 2 (Existence of Laplace Transform): | ( ) | (exp ) ( )
a t
f t Me order F s exists s a s >

(Transform of derivatives and integrals need to be continuous and of exponential order; f
(n)
(t) piecewise)
Theorem 3:
2
3 2
( ') ( ) (0),
( '') ( ) (0) '(0)
( ''') ( ) (0) '(0) ''(0)
L f sF s f s a
L f s F s sf f
L f s F s s f sf f
= >
=
=

Theorem 4:
( ) 1 2 ( 1)
( ) ( ) (0) '(0) ... (0)
n n n n n
L f s F s s f s f f

=
Theorem 5 (transform of integral of function):
( )
0
1
( ) ( ), ( 0, )
t
L f d L f s s a
s
t t = > >
}

Theorem 6 (s-Shifting):
( )
( ) ( ),
c t
L e f t F s c s c a = >
Theorem 7 t-Shifting): ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a s
L f t a u t a e F s

=
Hyperbolic sine & cosine

2 2
cosh
2
sinh
2
cosh sinh 1
x x
x x
e e
x
e e
x
x x

+
=

=
+ =










































DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1
st
order Linear Differential Eqn:
- Separable form
- Reduction to separable form
- Linear 1
st
order
( )
( ) ( )
1
( ) ( ) ; ( )
( )
P x dx
dy
P x y Q x
dx
y v x Q x dx v x e
v x
+ =
}
= =
}

- Bernoulli eqn (reduction to linear 1
st
order):

1
( ) ( )
(1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( );
n
n
dy
P x y Q x y
dx
dz
n P x z n Q x z y
dx

+ =
+ = =

- Homogeneous 1
st
order
, ' '
dy y
f
dx x
let vx y xv v y
| |
=
|
\ .
= + =

2
nd
order Linear Differential Eqn:

- Homogeneous eqn ( '' ( ) ' ( ) 0 y p x y q x y + + = )
Auxiliary Eqn ( '' ' 0 ay by cy + + = , a,b.c const)
1 1 2 2 h
y c y c y = +
2
2
0
4
2
a b c
b b ac
a

+ + =

=


1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
1 2
2
4 0,
4 0, ( )
4 0, ( cos sin )
4
2
x x
x
b
x
a
b ac y c e c e
b ac y c c x e
b ac y e c wx c wx
ac b
w
a

> = +
= = +
< = +

=


- Non-Homogeneous eqn ( '' ( ) ' ( ) ( ) y p x y q x y r x + + = )
:
h p
Sol y y y = +
Determining
p
y : (i) Method of undetermined coefficients
o Polynomial case
o Exponential case (
( )
( ) ( )
f x
r x g x e = )
Subst
( ) f x
y ue =
o Trigonometrical case
Change to complex form ( cos sin
i
e i
u
u u = + )
sin: take img(z) part / cos: take re(z) part

(ii) Method of variation of parameters
1 1 2 2 1 2
; ( ) ( )
h p
y c y c y y u x y v x y = + = +

2
1 2 1 2
1
1 2 1 2
' '
' '
y r
u dx
y y y y
y r
v dx
y y y y
=

}
}

INFINITE SERIES

Common Limits
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
( ) ( )
lim ( ) lim
( ),
n n
n
x n
n
a L f a f L
f x L a L
where a f n n n


= =
= >


1/
ln
lim 0
lim 1
lim 1, 0
lim 0, 1
lim 1
lim 0
!
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
n
n
n
n
n
x x
x x
x
e
n
x
n

=
=
= >
= <
| |
+ =
|
\ .
=

n-Term Test for Divergence

( )
lim 0
n n
n
a a diverge

Geometric Series Test
1
0
1,
1
n n
n
n
a a
ar if r r
r a

+
=
= < =

Convergent Series Divergent Series
G.P, |r| < 1

Telescoping Series,
1
( 1) n n +

0
1
! n

p-series,
1
1
, 1
p
p
n

>

G.P, |r| >= 1

Harmonic series,
1
1
n

Series with
lim 0
n
n
a

=

p-series, p <= 1

Test for series with nonNegative terms/ |abs| convergence

(1) Integral Test
Let ( )
n
a f n = , then & ( )
n
n N
N
a f n dx

}
both converge/diverge
(2) Direct Comparison Test
n
a

converge/ diverge if there is a

convergent/ divergent series /
n n
c d


with ( ) ( ) /
n n n n
a c a d s > for all n > N
(3) Limit Comparison Test
-
( ) lim , 0 /
n
n n
n
a
c c a b both converge diverge
b
| |
= < < .
|
\ .


-
( ) ( ) lim 0
n
n n
n
a
b converge a converge
b
( | |
= .
( |
\ .


-
( ) ( ) lim
n
n n
n
a
b diverge a diverge
b
( | |
= .
( |
\ .


Choose bn
to be what
an will
likely be
for large n
(4) Ratio Test (terms with factorial / pattern x
n
)

Let
1
lim
n
n
n
a
p
a
+

=
, then
1
1
1
converge if p
diverge if p
inconclusive if p
<
>
=

(5) nth-Root Test



Let lim
n
n
n
a p

=
Alternating Series Test

1
1 2 3 1
( 1) ...
n
n
u u u u

+
= +

converge if:
1. '
n
u s all positive
2.
1 n n
u u n N
+
> >
3. 0
n
u
|Abs| Convergence
Test

n
n
if a converge
then a converge

General Procedure for testing Convergence
[Chk (FAIL n-term test)] (Geometric Series?) (p-Series?)
[Fail (Test for series with nonnegative terms/ |abs| convergence)?] (Alternating Series Test)

For big n: ln ( , 0) ( , 1) /( !)
n
n n x x n
o
o < > < >
For small x:
| |
2
sin tan ln(1 ) ; 1 ; cos 1 (1/ 2)
x
x x x x e x x x ( ( ~ ~ ~ + ~ + ~





Power Series
Finding Interval of Convergence:
- Ratio Test/n-Root Test to find interval of |abs|
convergence
- If interval is finite, test for convergence at end
pt. (comparison/integral/alternating series test)
- If interval is a R x a R < < + , the series
diverges for x a R >

Series Multiplication Theorem for Power Series

( )
( )
( )
0
0
( )
( )
n
n
n
n
n
n k n k
n
A x a x
B x b x
c a b

(
= .
(
(
= .
(
(
(
=

0
( ) ( )
n
n
A x B x c x

Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Taylor series:
( )
0
( )
2
( )
( ) ( ) '( )( )
!
''( ) ( )
( ) ... ( ) ...
2! !
k
k
k
n
n
f a
x a f a f a x a
k
f a f a
x a x a
n

=
= + +
+ + +

Maclaurin Series:
( ) ( )
2
0
(0) ''(0) (0)
(0) '(0) ... ...
! 2! !
k n
k n
k
f f f
x f f x x
k n

=
= + + + + +

Table of Maclaurin Series:
0
0
0
2 1
0
1
, ( 1)
1
1
( 1) , ( 1)
1
, ( )
!
sin ( 1) , ( )
(2 1)!
n
n n
n
x
n
n
x x
x
x x
x
x
e x
n
x
x x
n

= <

= <
+
= e
= e
+

2
0
1
1
2 1
1
0
cos ( 1) , ( )
(2 )!
ln(1 ) ( 1) , ( 1 1)
tan ( 1) , ( 1)
2 1
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
x x
n
x
x x
n
x
x x
n

= e
+ = < s
= s
+

Fourier Series
0
1
0
( ) cos sin ,
1
( )
2
1
( ) cos
1
( ) sin
n n
L
L
L
n
L
L
n
L
n x n x
f x a a b
L L
a f x dx
L
n x
a f x dx
L L
n x
b f x dx
L L
t t
t
t

(
= + +
(

=
=
=

}
}
}


Fourier Cosine Series (even)
0
1
0
0
0
( ) cos ,
1
( )
2
( ) cos
n
L
L
n
n x
f x a a
L
a f x dx
L
n x
a f x dx
L L
t
t

= +
=
=

}
}

Fourier Sine Series (odd)
1
0
( ) sin ,
2
( ) sin
n
L
n
n x
f x b
L
n x
b f x dx
L L
t
t

=
=

}

Convergence of Fourier
Series
Average value of x at pt of
discontinuity:

( ) ( )
2
f c f c
+
+

cos ( 1)
sin 0
n
n
n
t
t
=
=

MISC

Limit Laws
( )
( )
( )
| |
1/
1/
0
lim ( ) , lim ( )
1.lim ( ) ( )
2.lim ( ) ( )
( )
3.lim
( )
4.lim ( ) ,
sin
lim 1
x c x c
x c
x c
x c
n
n
x c
x
let f x L g x M
f x g x L M
f x g x L M
f x
L
g x M
f x L n
x
x

= =
=
=
=
= e
=

Improper Integral
| |
| |
( ) ( , ] ( ) lim ( )
( ) [ , ) ( ) lim ( )
b b
a c c a
b c
a a c b
f x continuous on a b f x f x
f x continuous on a b f x f x
+

=
=
} }
} }

Cauchy-Euler (2
nd
order ODE)
2
'' ' 0 ax y bxy cy + + =
Let
t
x e = ,
2
2
( ) 0
d y dy
a b a cy
dt dt
+ + =
solve for y(t) using auxiliary eqn,
subst t=ln x
Reduction of Order (2
nd

order ODE)
1 1 2 2
( ) '' ( ) ' ( ) 0 P x y Q x y R x y
y c y c y
+ + =
= +
Given y
1
,
( )
2 1 2
1
1 Q x dx
y y e dx
y

}
=
}