CONTENTS

PARAGRAPH STUDIES (2)

PAGE

TEST YOURSELF ................................................................................ 2

TEST YOUR GRAMMAR .................................................................... 22

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY............................................................... 39

TEST YOUR PREPOSITION ............................................................... 53

TEST YOURSELF
The overwhelming success that Amy Tan achieved with her first novel. The Joy Luck Club, published in 1989, resulted in part from the vividness her recollections of growing up as a Chinese American. Although the novel dealt with the problematic relationships between Chineseborn parents and their Americanised children, Tan was reluctant to be considered a spokesperson for Asian Americans. She felt she was dealing with a personal conflict rather than with the raising of political consciousness. More importantly, she wanted her literary accomplishments to be regarded as aesthetic creations rather than as vehicles for cultural or historical edification, arid the success of her subsequent novels did indeed establish Amy Tan as a notable literary presence whose best-sellers generated widespread, multi-ethnic appeal.

1- It is stated in the passage that, Amy Tan's first novel The Joy Luck Club ....... . A) B) C) D) E) serves to make her a spokesperson for Asian Americana' was inspired from a friend of hers growing up as a Chinese American is about her experience as a Chinese mother raising Americanised children was based on her own experiences as she was growing up appeals only to people from ethnic minorities

2- The passage makes it clear that Amy Tan ....... . A) wrote essentially to act as a vehicle for raising political consciousness B) had the greatest success with her first novel The Joy Luck Club C) wrote in all her books the conflicts between Chinese-born parents and their Americanised children D) is one of many well-known Chinese American authors E) considers herself a literary figure rather than a representative of a specific ethnic group

3- It is obvious from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) Tan's appeal is not as widespread as she would wish although Tan's books have sold well, literary prices have overlooked her Amy Tan has written more than one successful novel the recollections of growing up as a Chinese American have little popular appeal although Amy Tan's books are written in Chinese, they are popular in English translation

On the Euphrates River, in the land that is now Iraq, ruins of the world's first great city stand alone in the desert. The city bore the proud name Bab-Ilu, meaning gate of the gods . The Hebrews called it Babel. In the Greek and Latin languages the name took the form Babylon, and the plain on which the city stood was called Babylonia. During the first thousand years of its known history, Babylon was a mere village. It became the capital of the kingdom of Babylon about 1894 BC and reached its first peak of glory in the reign of Hammurabi, the law-giver. This great king beautified the city with palaces, temples and lowers and made it the religious and cultural centre of western Asia. In its temples scholarly priests copied and preserved the writings of the Sumerians, from whom the Babylonians derived their civilisation.

4- It is clear from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) Babylon grew into a big city from a small village Babylon was deserted because of lack of water Greek and Latin were spoken in Babylon Babylon was the first settlement in the world not a trace remains of ancient Babylon

5- We understand from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the ruins of Babylon were discovered in 1894 the course of the Euphrates river has changed over the centuries Babylon was the home of the world's first civilisation the Sumerian civilisation came before the Babylonian one the scholarly priests of Babylon wrote on clay tablets

6- It can be concluded from the passage that anyone visiting Babylon today A) B) C) D) E) couldn't help but be impressed by the laws of Hammurabi would find only the isolated remnants of a once-great society would be impressed by its palaces, temples and towers would understand the influence of the Sumerian civilisation on the Babylonians would find himself in the religious and cultural centre of western Asia

Scientists believe that today the number of people who are carrying defective genes is increasing. Part-of the explanation for this is that more people are being exposed to damaging radiation, chemicals and other environmental hazards from the side-effects of technology. Another reason may lie in generations of poor nutrition. Medical advances, however, have made it possible for those people with inherited diseases and other deficiencies to live longer, marry and to produce children. Each year increasing numbers of genetic defects are being defined, the ways in which they are transmitted are better understood, and methods for identifying carriers of such defects are being improved. The controversial field of generic surgery, in which harmful genes are altered by direct manipulation, is also being studied.

7- From the information given in the passage, it is clear that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) there are fewer people with defective genes than ever before thanks to medical advances, children are no longer born with defective genes proper nutrition can correct every type of genetic disorder people with defective genes sometimes live even longer than those with normal genes defective genes do not necessarily inhibit a person from leading an almost normal life

8- The passage puts it forward that.............. . A) B) C) D) E) modern technology is at least partly to blame for genetic disorders radiation can be used to cure genetic defects all genetic defects are now curable genetic defects are spread in new ways all the time carriers of such genetic defects are decreasing in modern times

9- The passage implies that the outlook for the future is ....... . A) B) C) D) E) bright because of new research and newly developed techniques grim because the number of people -with genetic defects is increasing unpredictable because of increasing environmental hazards positive because genetic surgery will soon cure all genetic defects not good because more people with genetic defects are marrying and producing children

The novels of William Faulkner, who was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature, rank among the most important books of the 20th century. Faulkner wrote mostly about his home town of Oxford, in Lafayette County, Mississippi. In his fiction the place was renamed Jefferson, in Yoknapatawpha County. The time in various stories ranges from pre-Civil war days to the early 1960s. Family names such as Sartoris, Snopes, De Spain and Compson recur in his work. Faulkner's fiction recreates more than a century of Jefferson life. People of all sorts wealthy and poor, evil and good, slave and free come into sharp focus in his writing. Despite his complex and sometimes confusing style, the old truths of the heart are nearly always emphasised.

10- It can be understood from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) William Faulkner lived in Jefferson for longer than a century a place called Yoknapatawpha County will not be found on a real map Faulkner's books concern an influential family called Jefferson Faulkner's books emphasise the triumph of evil over good although he is from the US, Faulkner attended Oxford University

11- It is stated in the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) Faulkner's novels follow the fortunes of a single family through a long period of history William Faulkner is the greatest American writer of the 20th century Faulkner reused characters carrying the same family names in his different works Jefferson, Faulkner's birthplace, is a town in Mississippi Faulkner was the first American writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature

12- It is implied in the passage that Faulkner ....... . A) B) C) D) E) had a better understanding of the rich than he did of the poor never left his hometown is little read today because of his complex style had a deep understanding of social life and human nature received his Nobel Prize because of political considerations rather than literary merit

The geological formation of the Victoria Falls of the Zambezi River makes it one of the world's most unusual cataracts, the term for a giant waterfall. Situated between Zambia and Zimbabwe, it spreads over a mile in width. Unlike most rivers approaching a cataract, the Zambezi has no rapids to warn the river traveller of the approaching precipice. A shallow, broad river the Zambezi continues to move slowly up to the brink of the falls. Then it spills abruptly over the 355-foot precipice with a thunderous roar.

13- We learn from the passage that Victoria Falls ....... . A) B) C) D) E) forms part of a border between two countries is most unusual because of its height is the world's greatest waterfall is typical of the world's giant waterfalls has a number of rapids to warn river travellers

14- We understand from the passage that, in general, rivers leading to waterfalls A) B) C) D) E) slow down just on the brink of a fall flow faster as they approach a waterfall are broad and shallow have unusual geological characteristics spill from a height of 355-foot precipice

15- It is implied in the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) Victoria Falls is only unusual because it is so wide and high the Zambezi River is too broad for anyone to swim across the Zambezi River is regarded as one of the world's natural wonders there are at least three unusual aspects to Victoria Falls someone travelling on the Zambezi River could easily be swept over Victoria Falls

The suffrage victory of 1920, which gave women the right to vote in the United States, led to a long period of relative calm in the pursuit of full equality for women. It was not until the 1960s that the feminist philosophy again gained both a significant group of spokeswomen and an audience. In 1963 Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique observed that many collegeeducated women did not use their training but remained in their homes resigned to being housewives. In 1966 she organised the National Organisation for Women NOW. NOW agitated for such improvements as more child-care centres for professional women who wished to return to work. NOW members lectured, lobbied in Congress and filed legal suits against sex discrimination.

16- The author of the passage seems to believe that ....... . A) women should be satisfied with having obtained the right to vote in 1920 B) had it not been for the book The Feminine Mystique , well-educated women would be content to remain housewives C) American women achieved full equality with men in 1920 D) the feminist movement of the late 20th century has had negative results E) Betty Friedan was the inspiration behind the feminist movement of the 1960s 17- It is understood from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) educated women wish to return to work after having children for economic reasons women in the United States suffered a lot in 1920 the National Organisation for Women campaigned for women to get voting rights there were few child-care centres in the USA in 1966 after reading The Feminine Mystique , many women protested against being housewives .

18- We learn from the passage that NOW ....... . A) B) C) D) E) works in various ways to combat discrimination against women is mainly concerned with establishing child-care centres for single mothers is an organisation formed by several members of Congress battled through a long period of relative calm after 1920 to raise women's awareness was established by women who had read The Feminine Mystique

The name hippopotamus means river horse , though hippos, as they are also called, are actually related to pigs. The hippopotamus was once found across the African continent. Today, however, because of intensive hunting by Africans, the creature is found only in the river systems of eastern and Central Africa. An African folk tale describes how God created the hippopotamus and told it to cut grass for the other animals. When the hippo discovered how hot Africa was, however, it asked God if it could stay in the water during the day and cut grass at night, when the weather was cool. God agreed, though He was reluctant because He feared the hippo might eat the river's fish. The hippo, however, was as good as its word it fed only on vegetation.

19- One of the facts that we learn about the hippopotamus from the passage is that....... . A) B) C) D) E) its name is a Latin word it is a vegetarian it is fond of eating fish it can be found everywhere in Africa it is very helpful to other animals

20- According to the passage, ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the hippopotamus looks more like a pig than a horse the hippopotamus is, in fact, misnamed Africans hunt the hippopotamus for its horn the hippopotamus threatens the existence of the fish living in the same water certain species of the hippopotamus have long been extinct

21- We can infer from the passage that....... . A) the hippopotamus may be an endangered species B) the hippopotamus is hunted because it is dangerous to domestic livestock C) since there are so many Muslims in Africa, the hippopotamus, being related to the pig, is safe from hunters D) Africans keep the hippopotamus as a pet E) there are usually a lot of fish in the water where hippos live

Whatever their occupation, practically the entire population of Detroit depends indirectly on the automobile industry. No other major American city depends so much on a single industry for its livelihood. When the automobile industry suffers, the entire population suffers. And since people tend to postpone car purchases during recessions, the whole industry can go into a tail-spin during hard times. This is why Detroit had an unemployment rate of more than 15 percent during the recessions of the early 1980s and early 1990s. But when times are good, automobile workers command salaries that are higher than wages in manufacturing in the rest of the country. One of the reasons wages are higher is that Detroit has long been a centre of organised labour, and the unions have fought hard to keep wages high.

22- It is obvious from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the automobile industry accounts for about 15% of employment in Detroit most American clues depend on a single industry the whole population of Detroit works directly for the automobile industry the people of Detroit often do better during recessions than people of other cities the automobile industry affects almost everyone in Detroit in one way or another

23- There was a high rate of unemployment in Detroit during the early 1980s and early 1990s because ....... . A) B) C) D) E) manufacturers failed to obtain enough raw materials to keep workers occupied there was less demand for their major product, the car the wages were so high that employers had to cut down on the number of workers these periods were hard times for economies all over the world the demands of the labour union were too high for employers to meet

24- The benefit mentioned in the passage which was gained by union activities for auto workers in Detroit is that they ....... . A) B) C) D) E) have better working conditions compared to other industries are not made redundant by the employers during a recession earn more than other workers in manufacturing have their own labour union don't have to work hard during a recession

Although deeply influenced by Greek education, Roman education was nonetheless quite different. For most Greeks, the end of education was to produce a good citizen, and a good citizen meant a well-rounded individual. The goal of Roman education was the same, but for the Romans a good citizen meant an effective speaker. The result was that they disregarded such non -utilitarian, Greek studies as science, philosophy, music, dancing and gymnastics, basing their education instead on literature and oratory. Even their study of literature, with its over-emphasis on the technicalities of grammar and its under-emphasis on content, had the purpose of producing good orators.

25- The main purpose of the passage is ....... . A) B) C) D) E) to provide a definition of a good citizen to point out the difference between Greek and Roman educations to compare the histories of ancient Greece and Rome to impress upon the reader what is meant by a well-rounded individual to emphasise the similarities in education in ancient Greece and Rome

26- According to the passage, the most important difference between the Greeks and the Romans was ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the importance they gave to education their outlook on education and its goals their idea of what makes good citizen their methods of training ordinary citizens rather than soldiers their respective emphasis on grammar

27- We can infer from, the passage that an orator ....... . A) B) C) D) E) is someone who can speak effectively is a well-rounded individual was a non-utilitarian Greek study was the person specialising in teaching the Roman language was the name given to a literature teacher by the Romans

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Timur Lenk means Timur, the lame . But the handicap in his leg did not stop Timur from becoming one of the fiercest and most successful of the conquerors to come out of Central Asia. For almost four decades from the 1360s until his death he and his nomad warriors conquered every territory from Mongolia in the east to the Mediterranean lands in the west. When the city of Isfahan defied him, he slaughtered 70,000 of its inhabitants and built a pyramid of heads. The desolation caused by his campaigns gave rise to many legends, and even people who lived far beyond his conquests trembled at his name. His exploits inspired such works as Christopher Marlowe's play 'Tamburlaine the Great , published in 1590.

28- We learn from the passage that Timur ....... . A) B) C) D) E) is an inspiration for handicapped people was a contemporary of Christopher Marlowe was born in about 1360 had difficulty in walking, would have been a greater warrior had he not been handicapped

29- It is clear from the information given about Timur that he............ . A) B) C) D) E) was about 40 years old when he died conquered the entire known world was not actually as fierce as was described in legends was interested in having pyramids built frightened even the people he did not conquer

30- The passage mentions the case of Isfahan to illustrate, ............ . A) B) C) D) E) the hatred the people of Isfahan had for Timur how Timur beautified the city with his fine buildings what a great leader Timur Lenk was how being lame assisted Timur in his conquests the extent of Timur's fierce attitude

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Reportedly the state of Wyoming in the western United States was almost called Cheyenne, the name given to the first large settlement named for one of the Native American tribes that lived in the area. Instead the territory was named for the Wyoming Valley of northeastern Pennsylvania, where other Native Americans in the region had formerly lived. The original term comes from a Delaware Indian word meaning large plains or large meadows . Wyoming has scored notable firsts in the area of women's rights. In 1869, the year after the territory was created, its legislature granted the vote and the right to hold office to women the first such legal recognition in the United States. Such dedication to human rights is reflected in Wyoming's nickname, the Equality State.

31- As a whole, the passage aims ....... . A) B) C) D) E) to explain why American states were given Indian names to give a brief account of the early history of Wyoming to point out some little-known facts about women's rights in the US to give a history of various Native American tribes to trace the history of the Native American terms cheyenne and wyoming

32- We learn from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the first sizeable town in Wyoming was called Cheyenne the majority of Wyoming's population was made up of women Native Americans from Wyoming migrated to Pennsylvania there were more Native Americans than European settlers in early Wyoming the Delaware Indians took part in establishing Wyoming

33- It is emphasised in the passage that Wyoming ....... . A) B) C) D) E) is one of the oldest states in the United States has close relations with Pennsylvania is located in a large meadow is named after one of the Native American tribes that lived in fee area has the reputation of having a positive attitude towards human rights

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Painting with the fingers is a simple form of creative expression. It was originally intended as a means of developing the imaginative and artistic powers of young children. Finger painting is used to study emotionally disturbed children. The titles they give their pictures are clues to their fears and resentments. Finger painting also helps retrain the weakened muscles of children who are crippled by long illness, accident or birth injury. The feeling of pleasure and accomplishment in their work goes far to restore self-confidence and the will to recover.

34- The passage informs us that finger painting ....... . A) B) C) D) E) should only be practised by handicapped children is a way for children to take revenge on people they fear and resent has recently become popular among adults is used for a variety of purposes with different kinds of children is not worthwhile unless it is titled by the doer

35- According to the passage, the main benefit of finger painting to emotionally disturbed children is ....... . A) B) C) D) E) to develop their imagination to give them something to fear and resent to offer clues to their problems to retrain their weakened muscles to teach them to use imaginative titles

36- We can conclude from the passage that in finger painting, children......... . A) B) C) D) E) apply the paint using their ringers instead of a tool make a different picture on each of their lingers copy the outline of their- hands by pressing their hands on a piece of paper draw the pictures of their individual fingers use each of their fingers for a different colour

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The first book of rules for lawn tennis-was published by Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield in 1873. The retired British cavalryman enjoyed games, but at heart, he was a salesman and a promoter. He soon patented a new and improved portable court for his outdoor game which mixed elements of racquets, badminton and court tennis. Then he began advertising lawn tennis sets with special balls and bats and shoes with India-rubber soles. To make it an all-season game, he even suggested it could be played on ice skates. Lawn tennis was sanctioned when championship matches were held at Wimbledon in 1877 on the grounds of a dub that had been renamed the AllEngland Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. It is still the shrine of lawn tennis and holds the only Grand Slam event still played on a grass surface.

37- It is stated in the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) lawn tennis was invented by a fanatical sportsman the man who invented lawn tennis was primarily interested in making money lawn tennis was an ancient game that was revived in the 19th century the inventor of lawn tennis had previously been a lawyer lawn tennis was an improvement over court tennis

38- Its obvious from the passage that Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield's new game......... . A) B) C) D) E) took a long time before it was taken seriously became quickly popular because of its simple rules failed to gain acceptance outside of Wimbledon could not be played without shoes with India-rubber soles included elements from already existing games

39- It appears from the information given in the passage that lawn tennis differs from court tennis because it ....... . A) B) C) D) E) was first played in the 19th century is enjoyed by elderly people has a shrine at Wimbledon is played on grass is still a Grand Slam event

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Numerous legends have tried to explain why human nature is not perfect and why people die. In Western civilisation, the best known of these stories is found in the first book of the Bible, Genesis. Some Christians accept the story as literal history, while others regard it as an instructive story. In either case, the point is the same. The first two humans, Adam and Eve, lived in a garden and had direct acquaintance with their creator God. They were allowed full use of the garden except for one tree the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Tempted by the serpent. Eve ate some of the fruit of the tree and persuaded Adam to do the same. Immediately their original innocence was lost, and they knew they had been disobedient. The penalty given by God was expulsion from the garden and eventual death.

40- We can infer from the passage that religions other than Christianity ....... . A) B) C) D) E) do not believe that imperfectness and mortality were God's punishment upon humans cannot explain satisfactorily why Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit also have legends as to why man is imperfect and mortal do not regard Adam and Eve as sinful do not believe that the story explained in the Book of Genesis is true

41- The passage states that according to the Book of Genesis, ....... . A) B) C) D) E) Adam and Eve lived happily after their expulsion from the garden the serpent represented Satan Adam and Eve could communicate with God directly God created Adam and Eve as mortal creatures Eve represented evil, while Adam stood for good

42- From the story mentioned in the Book of Genesis, we can conclude that before they ate the forbidden fruit. Adam and Eve ....... . A) B) C) D) E) lived a rather restricted life were immortal creatures didn't know what good and evil meant had already planned to leave the garden wondered whether there was another world other than the garden

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The productivity revolution has made possible larger blocks of free time for most segments of society. As affluence became more widespread in industrial societies, individual preferences began to shift from demands for more income to demands for more free time. Before 1900, the average work year was 3,000 hours. Today, in the United States, it is about 1,000 hours, and in Europe it is already approaching 1,600 hours. In Germany, workers are guarantied six weeks of vacation with pay each year. This is not true in the United States, where the amount of leisure time available to workers is among the lowest of industrialised nations. In Japan, known for its emphasis on productivity, workers in the 1990s were shifting their preference to time in which to enjoy the standard of living they have created since 1945.

43- According to the passage ....... . A) B) C) D) E) long paid vacations are enjoyed by most of the workers throughout the world people must work as hard as ever in spite of the productivity revolution people in the United States are not as industrious as those in Europe people in industrialised countries work far fewer hours than they did a century ago most people are more interested, in money than in leisure time

44- Judging from the information given in the passage, we can say that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) workers in the United States are the luckiest in the world in terms of leisure time Japan has the world's hardest working population Europeans work less than half the hours that they used to the standard of living was very high in Japan in 1945 workers in Germany enjoy one of the longest paid vacations

45- Its implied in the passage that ....... . A) Japan has achieved a high standard of living since 1945 B) people today use their leisure time much better than they used to C) as workers in industrialised countries spend less time working, poorer nations will overtake them economically D) today the Japanese enjoy as much vacation time as the Germans E) people are now spending most of their time enjoying themselves instead of working

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The 20th century began quietly for the United States, but soon new forces brought profound changes. Although science and technology enriched material life, two world wars and the prospect of a third raised grave concern about the future. The federal government intervened increasingly in the activities of the people. The nation also learnt that it was involved in the problems of peoples around the globe. Literature reflected the various reactions to the new circumstances. Some writers were deeply pessimistic; others viewed the same realities with hope for the future. One literary school surveyed the American past in an attempt to find meaning for the present. The writing that seemed most likely to survive emphasised enduring human values and the unquenchable vitality of the human spirit.

46- The passage chiefly concerns ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the 20th century history of the United States the way science improved life in the 20th century how the wars of the 20th century affected the United States how American literature reacted to the 20th century the pessimism of contemporary American writers

47- We learn from the passage that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) historical fiction was the most important 20th-century literary movement the overwhelming majority of American writers were pessimistic about the future due to the pace of change, few American writers were interested in enduring human values American writers reacted to the 20th century in a variety of ways 20th-century American literature is not as good as 19th-century literature

48- The author seems to suggest that in the 20th century, the American government ....... . A) B) C) D) E) supported attempts around the globe that tried to start a third world war declared the 20th century as the American Century became increasingly materialistic rather than one that cared about moral values encouraged the founding of schools where students could study the past followed an increasingly intervening policy towards people's activities

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The inhabitants of The Netherlands number about 14.5 million. Their language, Dutch, shares certain characteristics with both German and English. In the province of Friesland, a language called Frisian is spoken, which has even closer links with English. When the area was originally settled by Germanic peoples, the north and west were occupied by the Frisians, the east by the Saxons, and the south by the Franks. The Dutch language developed mainly from the dialect of the Franks. Differences between the groups can still be noted in local dialects, customs, traditional folk costumes and in types of farmhouses.

49- The passage makes it clear that over the years, the different groups that make up the population of The Netherlands ....... . A) B) C) D) E) have abandoned their cultural differences to achieve unity have come to the point where they all speak the Dutch language have retained noticeable differences in various areas have developed their ties with the German and English peoples have developed the Dutch language, which is a mixture of Frisian, Frank, German and English

50- We learn from the passage that ......... . A) B) C) D) E) The Netherlands is the smallest country in Europe the origin of the Dutch language was primarily Frank there are at least two official languages spoken in The Netherlands an English person would find it easier to understand Dutch than a German would Frisian is a much easier language than Dutch

51- Upon reading the passage, besides other things, we also learn that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) the educational systems of the different groups in The Netherlands are similar the people of The Netherlands also speak German and English the different groups in The Netherlands build their farmhouses differently The Netherlands has had a troubled history because of the different groups there are no similarities between the Dutch and Frisian languages

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The San Francisco Earthquake occurred on April 18, 1906. Measuring 8.3 oil the Richter scale, this earthquake began when part of the San Andreas Fault slipped over a segment about 430 kilometres long. Approximately 700 lives were lost in this tragedy, and shaking was felt within a 30-kilometre radius of San Francisco. One result of this earthquake was the discovery of earthquake faults or fractures in the rocks of the Earth's crust. This discovery was made by American seismologist Harry Fielding Reid in 1911. Before his work, it had long been assumed that faults were created by earthquakes. Reid realised that the opposite was true: pressures within a fault, as two earth plates come together, cause quakes.

52- The passage tells us that the San Francisco Earthquake ......., A) B) C) D) E) was the worst in modern history resulted from a sup along a fault was volcanic in nature could have been avoided if proper precautions had been taken resulted in the discovery of the Richter Scale

53- Harry Fielding Reid ......... . A) B) C) D) E) revolutionised seismology by discovering earthquake faults could only study 30 kilometres of the San Andreas Fault took part in the invention of the Richter Scale had previously made a wrong assumption about the earthquake faults was the person who discovered the San Andreas Fault

54- The passage tells us that before 1911, .............. . A) B) C) D) E) it was impossible to predict earthquakes there had not been a major earthquake in San Francisco earthquakes were more dangerous than afterwards the relationship between faults and earthquakes was misunderstood Reid's warnings about the approaching earthquake had been ignored

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For more than 350 years after his death, the outstanding German painter Matthias Grunewald was almost forgotten. Even today nothing is known of his early life. It is believed that he was almost 50 years old in 1519, which would mean he was born about 1470, probably in Wurzburg, Germany. His name first appears in documents from either the town of Seligenstadt or from Aschaffenburg, to the northwest of Wurzburg. His real name was Mathis Gothardt. Grunewald was mistakenly given to him by his 17th-century biographer, Joahcim von Sandrart. In about 1509, Grunewald became court painter for the archbishop of Mainz, so most of his paintings and drawings were of a religious nature.

55- The passage stresses that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) Matthias Grunewald died about 350 years ago Matthias Grunewald was not a good enough painter to be remembered few details are known about the life of Matthias Grunewald the paintings of Matthias Grunewald depict a wide variety of subjects none of Matthias Grunewald's paintings have survived

56- The mistake made by a 17th-centtiry biographer................. . A) B) C) D) E) earned the painter a completely new name was about the painter's age in 1519 was related to the painter's birthplace caused the painter to be known as a religious person led to the rediscovery of a forgotten painter

57- - The passage tells us that Matthias Grunewald ....... . A) B) C) D) E) may not have been the same person as Mathis Gothardt was definitely born in Wurzburg, Germany must have died in 1519 was called an outstanding painter by Joahcim von Sandrart had few non-religious paintings and drawings

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The Klondike River Region of Canada's Yukon Territory caught the attention of the world in 1896 when gold was discovered there. As had happened in the California Gold Rush in 1848, thousands of prospectors rushed to the scene. The greater part of the new gold rush occurred in 1898; since it took many people a long time to get to the far north. Dawson City was founded as a support base. For all the feverish activity, the gold rush was short-lived. By 1900, most of the miners had given up and left. The population of Dawson City, which had reached 30,000 in the peak years, soon fell to less than a few thousand. Another by-product of the gold rush was the literature penned by such authors as Jack London and Robert Service.

58- From what is said in the passage, we can conclude that ....... . A) B) C) D) E) there is no longer a city in the area called Dawson the Klondike Gold Rush was bigger than the one in California Dawson City is still the most important town of the region the discovery of gold in Klondike was somewhat a false alarm not one person got rich in the Klondike Gold Rush

59- We can infer that, in the passage, the word prospector refers to a person who ....... . A) B) C) D) E) travels to unknown territories searches for gold likes to take a risk owns large amounts of gold has an adventurous nature

60- The passage seems to suggest that ....... . A) most of the people who rushed to Klondike were disappointed B) many large fortunes were made during the Klondike Gold Rush C) Jack London and Robert Service got rich enough from gold to support themselves as writers D) there have been no gold rushes since the Klondike Gold Rush E) it is only because of Jack London and Robert Service that the Klondike Gold Rush is remembered at all

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TEST YOUR GRAMMAR

1- ....... the novels of Joseph Conrad, you realise that he must have been to sea ....... so vividly about the lives of seamen. A) To read/writing B) To be read/to write C) Reading/to have written D) To have read/to be written E) Having read/write 2- Many analysts ....... that fossil fuels ....... before the end of the 21st century. A) predict/have run out B) predicted/have been running out C) were predicting/are running out D) will be predicting/ran out E) have predicted /will run out 3- Since I was very late for work already, I decided ....... without ....... breakfast. A) to leave/eating B) to have left/eaten C) leaving/having eaten D) to be leaving/to eat E) leave/to have eaten 4- People from countries ....... there is little work and low wages often try to sneak illegally into Europe. A) whose C) what E) why 5- Poor William! He ....... that he ....... somewhere else when his ex-wife walked into the party with her rich husband last night. A) had to wish/must have been B) must have wished/could have been C) wishes/would have been D) has been wishing/had been E) used to wish/should have been 6- ....... the amount of work that needs to be done to reduce traffic problems, Istanbul will probably not be chosen as the site for the 2008 Olympics. A) Since C) Due to E) However 7- This summer, I ....... a trip to Cambodia, which I ....... to see for years. A) am planning/have wanted B) plan/am wanting C) will plan/wanted D) have planned/want E) planned/will have wanted B) Thus D) Still B) which D) where

22

8- ....... the period in the 1970s, when Cambodia was ruled by the fanatical Khmer Rouge, roughly a third of its population perished. A) For C) While E) When 9- I couldn't visit Erzurum on my recent trip to eastern Turkey ....... all the roads were blocked by snow. A) whereas C) now that E) although 10- After we had ....... children, our two-bedroom flat was ....... little too small. A) a/a C) any/the D) some/ 11- I tried ...... my innocence to the policeman, but he arrested me anyway and made me ....... into the police car. A) having explained/getting C) to have explained/got E) to explain/get B) explain/having got D) explaining/to get B) the/the D) /a B) since D) nevertheless B) During D) As long as

12- Bruce ....... his novel for five years, and he ....... to finish it sometime soon. A) has written/hoped B) was writing/has hoped C) has been writing/hopes D) would be writing/had hoped E) is writing/is hoping 13- ....... years ago by Ethiopian bandits, Ralph is afraid....... into the Ethiopian highlands again by himself. A) Having been attacked/to venture B) Being attacked/to have ventured C) To have attacked/venturing D) Having attacked/to be venturing E) To be attacked/venture 14- The north of the country, ....... now forms the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea, has traditionally been a lawless region. A) where C) which E) that B) what D) whose

23

15- There is...... longer a good railway service in Turkey except between Ankara and Istanbul. A) as C) no E) very 16- I don't know ....... you did to my computer, but it doesn't work properly. A) which C) whether E) what 17- If John F. Kennedy hadn't been assassinated, he ....... today as affectionately as he is. A) wouldn't remember B) won't be remembering C) might not be remembered D) hadn't been remembered E) hasn't been remembered 18- Every morning, my sister takes her son to school ........ because she doesn't dare to send him by ...... . A) itself/his own C) hers/herself E) her own/him 19- In some schools, students have one day a week when they can wear casual clothes ....... their normal uniforms. A) instead of C) as if E) opposite to B) as though D) such as B) herself/himself D) its own/his B) how D) that B) any D) much

20- Of .......the countries we have visited, Malaysia is .....one with the best most varied food. A) any/each C) each/some E) most/any 21- A computer generally gives you a number of different choices about .......to accomplish a task. A) which C) whom E) whatever B) how D) wherever B) the whole/no D) all/the

24

22- The driver who caused the accident ....... too fast judging by the way he ....... the control of the car around the bend. A) must have been driving/lost B) should be driving/would lose C) would have driven/has lost D) used to drive/was losing E) had to drive/would have lost 23- Your rent is ....... higher ..... mine because you live in the centre of town. A) the most/like C) such/as E) a lot/than 24- No one is sure just in ......sector the next economic crisis will break out. A) that C) when E) where 25- The united Nations has been sending peace-keeping forces to countries are embroiled in civil wars. A) where C) whose E) how 26- Until the 19th century, the diet in rural England was ....... poor ....... many people suffered from the vitamin C deficiency known as scurvy during the winter. A) such/as C) rather/than E) more/than 27- There were ....... students to fit into the small classroom we had been assigned. A) so much C) too many E) too much 28- In fact, they had given us ....... classroom ....... only half of us could fit inside. A) so small/as B) small enough/that C) the smallest/than D) too small/as E) such a small/that 29- Imagine our surprise when we ........... that our house ....... while we were on holiday. A) were discovering/has been robbed B) discovered/had been robbed C) had discovered/would have robbed D) discover/will have robbed E) have discovered/was being robbed B) such a lot D) much less B) too/like D) so/that B) what D) that B) which D) whom B) so/that D) as/as

25

30- ....... my father retired, he was too old to enjoy his final years. A) While C) By the time E) Now that 31- The Minister was worried that there were not ........ tourists coining to the country ......... there had been the year before. A) enough/that C) very much/which E) many/ than B) too many/since D) so many /as B) Until D) Since

32- - There was no one else there who could help you, .........? A) wasn't there C) could they E) could he 33- He couldn't decide ....... to be an atomic scientist or a brain surgeon, so in the end, he chose ........ . A) so as/both C) which/none E) what/either 34- Part of the Mekong River is ....... the north of Thailand where it forms the border ....... Thailand and Laos. A) in/between C) at/of E) through/at 35- I knew nothing ....... Thailand before I went there, so I was surprised .......... how beautiful the temples were. A) about/at C) for/ on E) with/to 36- I don't want to be disturbed over the weekend, so don't phone me .......it is absolutely necessary. A) so that C) unless E) provided that 37- I wish you ....... me all the time while I am speaking. A) don't interrupt B) wouldn't interrupt C) won't have interrupted D) aren't interrupting E) haven't interrupted B) therefore D) in case B) from/by D) of/with B) around/along D) to/into B) even if/all D) whether/neither B) was there D) couldn't he

26

38- George has asked Mable to marry him a number of times, and ....... time she has refused. A) each C) all E) any 39- ....... people agreed with the fanatical speaker, but ....... of the crowd hissed and booed. A) Many/much C) Several/the whole E) A few/most B) Either/others D) Plenty of/another B) either D) some

40- We get irritated with Louise because ....... cat is always fighting with........ . A) herself/us C) hers/our own E) her/ours 41- In addition to its more well-known attractions, London is a city ...... population is probably more cosmopolitan than that of any other place in the world. A) which C) whose E) what 42- If you own ....... car, you can get ....... best prices by going to large superstores when you shop. A) /some C) the/any E) any/a 43- The compact disk ....... the world by storm since it ....... in the early 1990s. A) took/had been developing B) was taken/has been developed C) was taking/is developed D) has taken/was developed E) had been taken/was developing 44- We could only take ........ of our books because ....... of them wouldn't fit in the bags. A) half/whole C) all/plenty E) some/all 45- The Sudanese capital of Khartoum is located at the point ....... the Blue Nile and White Nile converge. A) which C) that E) when B) where D) what B) none/most D) any/some B) some/ D) a/the B) where D) that B) she/ourselves D) her own/our

27

46- George got ....... prison ....... good behaviour after serving three years. A) out of/for C) from/with E) for/without 47- I wish I ......... to scuba dive as I would love to be able to study the coral reefs in detail. A) would have learnt B) have learnt C) can learn D) could learn E) will be learning 48- Bleach is ........ substance among the ones available on the market for removing stubborn stains from clothing. A) so well C) the best E) well enough 49- Alice had a/an ....... interesting childhood ....... most peopled because her parents were hippies and lived on a self-supporting, artistic commune. A) such/that C) as/as E) most/as 50- I am looking forward to going on holiday next week it seems ages ..... I was last on holiday. A) since C) while E) when 51- Some of the best rock music comes from the late 1960s and early 1970s, ........ groups like Lead Zeppelin and Cream were exploring the limits of creativity. A) where C) that E) when 52- The first known writing system ....... out of Mesopotamia more than 5000 years ago and ....... shortly afterwards by the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. A) has come/had followed B) would come/has been followed C) was coming/had been followed D) had come/followed E) came/was followed B) which D) how B) after D) before B) so/that D) more/than B) better D) such good B) into/about D) off/towards

28

53- The police are attempting to establish the identity of a young woman ...... seems to have lost her memory. A) when C) where E) what 54- I Have to catch a plane at 4:30, so I ....... the meeting ....... by 3 p.m. to leave me sufficient time to get to the airport. A) am hoping/finished B) will hope/is finished C) hope/will have finished D) hoped/has been finishing E) will be hoping/has finished 55- You are complaining about your work, but if you ....... on an assembly line like me, you ....... how lucky you are to be sitting at a desk. A) worked /would realise B) will be working/realise C) have been working/should realise D) would work/have realised E) are working/might realise 56- I was surprised that all the tickets ....... already for the concert that....... place the following week. A) had been sold/would take B) were selling/took C) have been sold/were taking D) have sold/will take E) were being sold/had taken 57- ....... your friends are, they must be very influential, because you got the job although others were more qualified. A) Whatever C) However E) Whomever 58- I was ....... bored at the lecture, and wished that...... leave. A) too/can C) so/would E) rather/could 59- I sent my resume to hundreds of companies, but....... of them replied. A) both C) none E) much B) any D) neither B) much/must D) such/might B) Whenever C) Whoever B) who D) whose

29

60- You ....... careful not to offend your father, or he ....... your allowance. A) had better be/might cut B) have to be/should cut C) should have been/has cut D) would be/has been cutting E) must have been/cut 61- Chimpanzee babies develop ....... quickly ....... human babies for the first year of life. A) such a/like C) more/than E) the same as 62- When Hong Kong ....... with China last year, it ....... Britain's colony for 150 years A) had reunited/has been B) was reunited/had been C) has been reunited/is D) reunited /would be E) was reuniting/was 63- If you ....... taking some exercise now, you ....... that you have health problems in a few years. A) haven't started/discover B) wouldn't start/were discovering C) don't start/might discover D) didn't start/have discovered E) hadn't started/may discover 64- Today, no other foreign language is taught ....... English all over the world. A) extensively enough B) so extensive that C) more extensive than D) as extensively as E) the most extensively 65- Of all the 20h century leaders, Hitler was ....... ruthless, but in the end, the peaceful Ghandi was ....... effective. A) too/enough C) enough/too E) the most/more 66- If I........ a few hours off from work this afternoon, I ........ an appointment to see my dentist as this ache is getting stronger. A) have taken/make B) can take/will make C) took/may make D) had taken/must make E) were taking/made 67- It is difficult to tell at this stage ....... we will be able to get the contract. A) however C) what E) why B) whether D) how much B) so/such D) as/the most B) so/that D) enough/for

30

68- ....... school was angry at the headmaster for shortening the holiday. A) Every C) Many E) Much 69- Not nearly ....... many people replied to our job advertisement ....... we had expected. A) as/as C) enough/for E) so/that 70- Warren did not get married until he was 50, so ....... his children were grown-up, he was an old man. A) during C) since E) as soon as 71- Olives are picked unripe, and they ....... in salt before they ....... . A) have pickled/should be eaten B) are pickled/can be eaten C) should be pickled/have eaten D) will be pickled/are eating E) must have pickled/are eaten 72- A tougher police chief was appointed in New York ....... try to lower the crime rate. A) because C) on account of E) in order to 73- Quite ....... people turned up at the concert, although not many had been expected. A) a few C) much E) enough 74- Jeff ....... photography, but after working as a wedding photographer, he almost hated it and quit. A) has loved C) used to love E) had to love 75- When the rich old man married a beautiful model who was ....... than he was, everyone assumed that she was after his money. A) as young as C) so much younger E) the youngest B) such a young D) too young B) had loved D) should have loved B) plenty D) some B) so that D) as long as B) by the time D) even if B) too/that D) such/as B) Most D) The whole

31

76- The US bombing on Indo-China in the 1960s and early 70s was ....... intense aerial bombardment in history. A) such C) more E) the most 77- Concorde, ....... world's only supersonic airliner, has been grounded because of ....... mechanical problems. A) /some C) each/the E) a/any 78- ....... how affluent he became, he continued to live a simple life. A) No matter C) Even though E) As much as 79- I'm sorry, but I completely forgot ....... borrowing $100 ....... you. A) from/of C) with/for E) by/to 80- ....... the players must stop smoking, or they are off the team. A) Each C) Everyone E) Anyone 81- I was shocked to see that our best player didn't score the penalty shoot, and ......... was the rest of the crowd. A) so C) too E) also 82- The deal ....... upon by the two leaders in Washington does not seem ....... by their followers. A) to be agreed/to accept B) having agreed/to have accepted C) agreed/to be accepted D) agreeing/having accepted E) to have agreed/being accepted B) nor D) either B) Whole D) All B) for/with D) about/from B) Unless D) Until B) the/ D) any/a B) so D) too

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83- The famous American lawman Wyatt Earp was once fired ....... a job as a policeman ....... fighting with a politician. A) as/about C) for/with E) at/as 84- The books and maps in the museum are in a terrible state ....... the appalling conditions in which they have been kept. A) since C) although E) inasmuch as 85- We hadn't taken ........ to eat with us, and there seemed to be ........ open at such a late hour at night, so we spent the night starving. A) something/anywhere B) nothing/everywhere C) anywhere/nothing D) anything/nowhere E) nowhere/something 86- Aren't you fed up with going to the same place for your holidays year after year? Why don't you consider going ........? A) somewhere C) everywhere E) elsewhere 87- ...... his career, ....... he wasn't busy shooting people, Wild Bill Hickock worked as a gambler, army scout, guide, sheriff and entertainer. A) While/as C) Since/while E) During/when 88- ....... her husband had a well-paid job, they found that one income was not enough in today's world. A) In spite of C) Although E) As though 89- New apartments ....... today should have the ability..... quite violent earthquakes. A) building/ having withstood B) built/to withstand C) having been built/ withstand D) to build/to be withstanding E) to be built /with standing B) Because D) As a result B) When/during D) As long as/since B) wherever D) where else B) owing to D) in order to B) from/for D) to/from

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90- I wish I ..... there ....... so much food at the party. I wouldn't have eaten anything earlier. A) knew/has been B) know/is going to be C) would have known/was D) have known/would be E) had known/was going to be 91- I really enjoyed the play, especially the point at ....... the star made her entrance. A) when C) whom E) what 92- The robber was disturbed when the owners of the house returned, but he still managed ....... away without ....... any clues. A) getting/having left B) to get/leaving C) get/being left D) got/to be leaving E) to have got/to leave 93- Devout Hindus are cremated at Benares in the Ganges River ....... assure a favourable rebirth. A) as long as C) in case E) so as to 94- I hope everyone understands that ....... is said at this meeting will remain a secret. A) when C) what E) why 95- Have you all understood ........ everything said at this meeting will remain secret? A) when C) what E) whom 96- None of you have any idea about what I'm explaining at the moment, ........? A) do you C) are you E) have they 97- It will take less time if we go around town ....... through it in this rush hour traffic. A) more than C) as much as E) furthermore B) rather than D) in spite of B) don't they D) haven't you B) which D) why B) which D) where B) even if D) inasmuch as B) where D) which

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98- I wonder if I should warn Janet that the man with ....... she was talking has a terrible reputation. A) whose C) whom E) how 99- If the snow ....... falling so heavily, the road to our farm ....... soon. A) had kept/has been blocked B) kept/must have blocked C) keeps/may be blocked D) would keep/will have blocked E) has been keeping/is blocked 100- Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is regarded as one of ....... novels ever written. A) the greatest C) too great E) as great B) so great D) such a great B) that D) what

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1I wish you wouldn't ....... me when I'm speaking; wait until I am finished if you have something to say. A) discontinue C) pause E) refrain 2Most people don't want to live in downtown neighborhoods because there is lot of crime and so they don't feel ....... . A) sheltered C) stable E) voluntary 3The Tigris River is still quite narrow, at Diyarbakr, but by the time it reaches Baghdad, it is very ....... . B) inevitable D) secure B) interrupt D) maintain

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A) high C) winding E) broad 4-

B) shallow D) steep

The desert was completely ....... at night there was not a single noise to be heard. A) insistent C) silent E) hidden B) windy D) dormant

5-

An economic analyst's reputation is based on the ....... of his predictions. A) intelligence C) interaction E) rejection B) accuracy D) suspicion

6-

The semester is ....... over, so you had better start studying for your finals, or you will fail all your exams. A) practically C) initially E) distantly B) fortunately D) willingly

7-

Some listening devices used by the police are so ........ that they can pick up conversations at a distance from the people being bugged. A) sensational C) sentimental E) senseless B) sensible D) sensitive

8-

My sister is too ....... to work around breakable things; she is always bumping into things and knocking them over. A) graceful C) ordinary E) obsessed B) intense B) clumsy

9-

Because Fred has been working ....... since he was 16-years old, he is afraid that he won't know what to do with himself when he retires. A) barely C) constantly E) uniformly B) dreadfully D) invariably

10- I'm not a very ......... person and prefer sitting home with a good book to going to parties. A) sociable C) persuasive B) visible D) potential

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E) sincere 11- The artist Cezanne believed that becoming too interested in light in painting, as was done by the impressionists, could mean ....... other important aspects, such as form. A) interfering C) compiling E) overlooking 12- The importance placed on the institution of marriage throughout the world can be seen in the ....... and complex customs and rituals that surround it. A) artificial C) resentful E) wanton 13- Even when they are not actually working, doctors often have to be on call in case there are any ....... cases. A) gradual C) urgent E) neglected B) social D) distorted B) elaborate D) punctual B) enterprising D) confronting

14- Although long plane flights are generally unpleasant, the flight attendants try to make sure that the passengers suffer as little ....... as possible. A) nuisance C) discomfort E) sensitivity 15- If you do too much of anything, it can be bad for you, but few things are harmful if you do them ......... . A) loosely C) wearily E) sharply 16- Today parents with young babies use ....... nappies because they don't like to wash them. A) disposable C) arguable E) reusable 17- In order for a play to be any good, the actors and actresses have to ....... together until they all know their lines and can interact perfectly. A) memorise C) repeat B) intensify D) visualise B) adjustable D) acceptable B) intensely D) moderately B) embarrassment D) bewilderment

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E) rehearse 18- Doctors are finally beginning to admit that traditional medicines are sometimes more ....... for curing certain ailments than modern drugs. A) elaborate C) alternative E) instinctive 19- It is ....... that the refugees have adequate housing before winter sets in, or they could all freeze to death. A) vigorous C) active E) vital 20- Young people who eat mostly junk food are likely to be unhealthy because their, diets are ....... in essential vitamins and minerals. A) bare C) deficient E) demonstrative 21- While Greece and Turkey have become much more friendly recently, the problem of Cyprus is still likely to present a ....... to complete friendship. A) security C) depression E) compartment 22- Make sure you close the jar ....... because whatever is inside will go off if air gets in. A) tightly C) exceptionally E) ordinarily 23- The connection of so many rivers to the Grand Canal in China greatly expanded the territory ........ through the canal. A) accessible C) promising E) remote 24- The champion looked ....... at his opponent as he lay sprawled on the canvas unconscious. A) visibly C) pricelessly E) formerly B) frightfully D) scornfully B) agreeable D) creative B) sharply D) moderately B) release D) barrier B) plentiful D) pitiful B) trivial D) stable B) effective D) noticeable

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25- The ....... caused by a nuclear explosion is difficult to imagine even if you have visited the museums in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A) denial C) compilation E) devastation 26- Young people with unhappy family lives are usually the most ....... to extremist propaganda. A) negligible C) susceptible E) debatable 27- People who think of the United States as a rich country are often surprised at the ....... that exists in the inner cities. A) affluence C) consistency E) validity 28- Extremists among both Israelis and Palestinians are ....... opposed to any reasonable peace agreement. A) suitably C) possibly E) violently B) cautiously D) smartly B) poverty D) devotion B) controllable D) sociable B) distillation D) resentment

29- The defeat of Iraq following its ....... of Kuwait in 1991 has resulted in a tremendous amount of suffering for the Iraqi people. A) occurrence C) awareness E) allowance 30- This software may not be exactly what you need, but it can be easily .......... to suit your needs. A) intervened C) relieved E) postponed 31- The president showed his ....... with the questions about his personal life by walking out of the press conference. A) annoyance C) hindrance E) resistance B) confidence D) preference B) demonstrated D) modified B) attitude D) invasion

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32- The privatisation of several ....... state-run airlines, particularly British Airways, led the way towards greater competition within an economically borderless Europe. A) deliberately C) permanently E) formally 33- As I knew how ......... it was to argue with Ian, I didn't want to waste my time trying to dissuade him from applying his plan. A) encouraging C) futile E) profitable 34- In spite of the government's efforts, few people believe that a significant reduction in inflation is ......... . A) collapsible C) available E) attainable 35- She was so ........ beautiful that everyone in the room was looking at her. A) unevenly C) strikingly E) extensively B) alternatively D) steeply B) avoidable D) explicable B) barren D) dispensable B) formerly D) sufficiently

36- So far the economy has not shown enough ....... to justify the Minister of Finance's optimism. A) size C) orientation E) structure 37- Although French was a difficult language for him. he kept working at it and in the end, his ....... paid off when he met a beautiful French girl who spoke no English but who became his wife. A) perseverance C) originality E) expansion 38- High and illogical taxes in Britain are often the greatest ....... to running a successful business. A) hindrance C) alternative E) institution B) assistance D) repetition B) generosity D) intensity B) intensity D) growth

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39- The weather has been so ....... this year that spring flowers began appearing at the end of January. A) ferocious C) inclement E) sensitive 40- Junior doctors in England often suffer from ....... because they have to work more than one hundred hours a week. A) deprivation C) tedium E) fatigue 41- Products made in China are cheaper than those made in Japan, but they are usually also ....... quality. A) brief C) aesthetic E) infertile 42- Politicians often seem nice at first if you meet them personally, but it soon becomes apparent that their friendship is only ....... . A) sincere C) superficial E) victorious 43- The Crown Jewels of England are ......... in other words, they are so valuable that no one knows exactly how much they are worth. A) expensive C) priceless E) delicate 44- People usually go to the seaside in the summer for a few weeks in order to get some ....... after working hard all year. A) relaxation C) tradition E) celebration 45- The workers have decided to do the night shifts ....... so that no one has to work nights all the time. A) alternately C) fortunately E) principally B) approximately D) defensively B) revelation D) interruption B) discounted D) selective B) initial D) tempting B) clumsy D) inferior B) rivalry D) guidance B) mild D) amiable

41

46- Animal lovers think it is ....... to animals to kill them for their fur, so they often attack people who wear mink coats. A) steady C) instinctive E) cruel 47- Sudden weather changes help to keep insect numbers down. In some areas, for example, a very cold winter kills many insects that would otherwise ....... in the spring. A) divide C) exclude E) alter 48- Even in modern times, many people do not realise that leprosy is a disease that is only mildly contagious and not ........ as it used to be. A) rare C) tedious E) sparse 49- He was furious with his daughter for marrying someone poor and illiterate and ....... that he would never speak to her again. A) appalled C) swore E) threw 50- Though it is ........ for many people to live in the suburbs because the houses are newer and there is more space, others would rather be closer to where they work. A) defensive C) desirable E) interactive 51- Moroccans and Iraqis both speak a language called Arabic , but they have difficulty speaking with one another because the spoken dialects are .......incomprehensible. A) moderately C) optionally E) mutually 52- The man was so ....... dressed, in an old patched coat and torn trousers, that no one would realise that he was a millionaire. A) stylishly C) impressively E) shabbily B) voluntarily D) excessively B) intentionally D) supportively B) useless D) formidable B) relieved D) provided B) fatal D) credible B) allege D) multiply B) weak D) unwise

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53- Secondary school students enjoy televised sports drama and cartoons, but most of all, their interest in music and films usually grows ........ during this period of their lives. A) presently C) debatably E) considerately 54- The soldiers had been ordered to capture the strategic hill, but they had to retreat because of the ....... of the enemy fire. A) failure C) origin E) shrinkage 55- The word smokeless gunpowder can be ........ because it does produce some smoke; however, it causes much less smoke than the old kind of powder. A) misleading C) ordinary E) offensive 56- It is difficult to find ....... fruit juice these days; it usually has sugar and preservatives in it. A) clear C) sanitary E) entire 57- In the race known as the steeplechase , runners have to jump over different kinds of ........ which make the race both more difficult and more interesting. A) casualties C) obstacles E) hardships 58- It is necessary to have a good eye and a/an ....... hand in order to shoot well. A) even C) constant E) immense 59- After years of having his work turned down, he was totally shocked at the .......... of his novel by a respectable publisher, A) rejection C) diversity E) acceptance B) receipt D) captivation B) balanced D) steady B) chances D) complications B) absolute D) pure B) reliable D) critical B) intensity D) survival B) wastefully D) dramatically

43

60- It is a/an ....... to say that Sir Richard Burton was good at languages since he spoke twenty-nine languages well enough to be mistaken as a native, so this ability of his requires a stronger attribute than just good . A) understatement C) encouragement E) benefit 61- During the 19th century, several Europeans sneaked into Mecca ....... disguised as Muslims. A) foolishly C) unbearably E) decisively 62- The antics of Charlie Chaplin have ....... audiences throughout the 20th century and into the 21st. A) occupied C) captivated E) revived 63- After not having exercised for months, I played football last week, and all my muscles were ....... for days afterwards. A) tender C) stubborn E) rough 64- It is difficult to take a sailing vessel through the Straits of Magellan because both the winds and the currents are so ....... . A) unfaithful C) predictable E) treacherous 65- Although the police arrested the thieves, they never ....... the stolen goods. A) forfeited C) defeated E) burgled 66- One method of ........ fire is by eliminating or diluting the oxygen. This is usually done by smothering or blanketing the fire using sand, foam, steam or a nonflammable chemical. A) intimidating C) extinguishing E) revolving B) excavating D) evacuating B) revived D) recovered B) influential D) expansive B) stiff D) awkward B) utilised D) survived B) cunningly D) alternatively B) probability D) confirmation

44

67- So many students are ....... American high schools that most of them have to employ full-time security staff to prevent destruction of valuable property. A) vandalising C) registering E) displacing 68- We were expecting old Mr Eames to pass away first because he had serious heart problems, but he ......... his wife, who died suddenly of a blood clot on the brain, by seven years. A) ordained C) continued E) persisted 69- This year's gross national product was ....... smaller than last year's, leading to a crisis of economic confidence. A) normally C) internally E) agreeably 70- The enthusiastic audience was ....... by all the stars who came for the opening night. A) trained C) glued E) dazzled 71- After winning the lottery, he spent so ....... that soon he found himself with no money left. A) considerately C) constantly E) delicately 72- After you wash and iron the clothes, please ....... them and put them away neatly. A) stretch C) rinse E) wrinkle 73- Air bags inflate to cushion the driver or passenger within 40 milliseconds after a high-impact collision. The inflation is ...... by sodium oxide, and nitrogen rapidly fills the air bag. A) destroyed C) depicted E) initiated B) compiled D) oriented B) bleach D) fold B) elaborately D) wantonly B) perceived D) glared B) intentionally D) substantially B) outlived D) endured B) considering D) overthrowing

45

74- Once it occurs, the only ........ for tooth decay is a visit to a dentist, who cleans and fills the cavity to keep decay from progressing. A) survival C) remedy E) hardship 75- Some scientists say that dinosaurs began to die off after the Earth's continents, which had originally been a single landmass, broke apart, causing ......... environmental changes, and radically changing the climate. A) minor C) capturing E) domestic 76- In many parts of the world, ties of ....... are more important than any other relationship, and these family ties often lead to nepotism. A) kinship C) society E) eternity 77- I would advise you to think carefully about your decision, because once you have made it, it will be .........: you will not get a second chance. A) simultaneous C) exchangeable E) instantaneous 78- All his life he carried the emotional scars caused by his father ....... his family when he was only six years old. A) maintaining C) abandoning E) deserving 79- In an unstable economy, it is often wisest to put your money into ....... metals like gold or silver. A) precious C) mediocre E) fragile 80- Protesters opposed to the ....... of historical buildings to make way for a highway have camped on the roof of one of the buildings. A) extinction C) offence E) resistance B) enhancement D) demolition B) shiny D) delicate B) evacuating D) discharging B) irreversible D) affordable B) correlation D) similarity B) tremendous D) creative B) earning D) escape

46

81- I hope the price of the new -water heater includes ........ because I have no idea how to put it in myself. A) disposal C) installation E) investment 82- When the politician was asked to state his position on the economy, he answered so ....... that no one understood him. A) decisively C) defensively E) attentively 83- We've had this bread for days and it is ....... let's feed it to the birds. A) rough C) lumpy E) stiff 84- A famous singer was arrested last night after he heat his wife so ....... that she was taken unconscious to hospital. A) tamely C) proportionally E) desirably BJ cunningly D) savagely B) stale D) solid B) vaguely D) ultimately B) delivery D) revival

85- You have been ....... a lot this morning. Didn't you get enough sleep last night? A) stretching C) yawning E) whining 86- Frank explained the reason for his absence at the meeting so ....... that soon the boss forgot how angry he was and began laughing. A) defensively C) grimly E) humorously 87- When he put on the brakes, the car ....... out of control and bumped into the cliff. A) underwent C) overtook E) skidded 88- A good artist or writer first needs ........ but he or she has to follow this with a lot of hard work. B) limped D) rolled B) offensively D) implicitly B) sneezing D) galloping

47

A) perspiration C) tendency E) addiction

B) preference D) inspiration

89- We were unable to continue our climb up the hill because it was too ....... to tackle without ropes and other special gear. A) brief C) exclusive E) hollow 90- I couldn't get any books out of the library because my library card had . I should have renewed it last month. A) expired C) deceased E) extended B) shrank D) intensified B) steep D) curt

TEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS

1Tim has been suffering ....... stress and exhaustion since he took a new job ....... management. A) of/about C) from/in E) about/into 2The complete works of Tolstoy have been translated ....... Russian ....... English. A) out of/for C) about/in E) with/about 3Since Veronica's suitcase was such a big one, it ....... too much space in the car's boot, leaving very little for ours. A) broke down C) took up E) held on B) carried out D) got off B) from/into D) off/by B) for/around D) with/among

48

4-

Mammals are warm-blooded, meaning that their body temperature is largely unaffected ........ the temperature of the air or water ......... which they live. A) for/about C) of/below E) by/in B) with/for D) from/under

5-

I'm afraid you'll have to drink your coffee ......... milk because someone forgot to put it in the fridge, and it has gone ......... . A) for/down C) along/for E) out of/out B) through/with D) without/off

6-

Astronomers have found that the size of stars depends ....... a considerable extent ........ the fact that stars seem to be born, mature, grow old and die. A) to/upon C) on/about E) from/to B) with/for D) for/within

7-

Having obtained his Masters degree, Phil was unsure ....... whether to look ........ a job or stay at university for a Ph.D. A) of/at C) in/about E) about/for B) from/into D) for/through

8-

So many people with Masters degrees are ....... work that he finally decided to concentrate ....... getting more qualifications while he was still young. A) upon/for C) within/into E) into /with B) out of/on D) without/about

9-

If I had not ....... flu at an awkward time, I would have been first in my class. A) made up for C) looked down on E) run out of B) got on with D) come down

10- I prefer travelling ........ one of the bigger-name bus companies because their buses show entertaining videos ........ the trip. A) through/with C) with/during E) for/besides 11- I'm glad I ran ....... you since I need your advice ....... an important matter. B) about/into D) onto/on

49

A) into/on C) for/from E) by /with

B) over/for D) out of/ about

12- A British biophysicist, Rosalind Franklin is best known ........ her contributions ............ the discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA. A) in/for C) with/into E) as/about 13- Sally didn't ........ the art competition at her school although all her friends urged her to. A) come up against C) catch up with E) look down on 14- I don't know who he is, but I can guess ....... his appearance that he is someone ........ importance in this organisation. A) of/to C) for/from E) from/of B) in/with D) to/at B) go in for D) run out of B) at/from D) for/to

15- Alec Guinness was a British actor, director and writer who, ........ his long career, portrayed a great variety of comic and tragic characters ........ skill and style. A) for/through C) in/with E) at/within 16- I had worn two sweaters ........ my jacket as protection ....... the cold, biting wind. A) under/against C) about/for E) with/about 17- Instead of chatting here, why don't you go to your desk and...... your work? The boss wants that report ready before noon, you know. A) make sense of C) make room for E) put up with 18- The chief river of Australia, the Murray, flows 2,589 kilometres ........ the Snowy Mountains ......... the Great Australian Bight of the Indian Ocean. B) get down to D) grow out of B) through/to D) over/with B) during/over D) with/about

50

A) on/until C) with/at E) out of/off

B) from/to D) between/in

19- It's no use crying ......... a lost love; there is always another one just...........the corner. A) over/around C) for/from E) at/through 20- Once a woodpecker has detected the sounds of insects gnawing or moving ........ the bark or wood, it begins to hammer persistently ........ pursuit of its prey. A) down/at C) to/about E) with/for 21- Dr Peterson lived ......Ethiopian nomads or a year when he was studying......his anthropology Ph.D. A) with/at C) throughout/about E) among/for B) around/to D) within/of B) over/with D) within/in B) to/about D) with/along

22- Wool forms a protective covering that insulates ........ both heat and cold and keeps the animal's body ........ a consistent temperature. A) into/without C) about/up E) against/at 23- Podiatric medicine, known ........ podiatry, is the health profession that cares ........ the human foot. A) as/for C) with/to E) for/into 24- I should apologise ....... what I said ....... you yesterday. A) from/at C) to/with E) with/about 25- Most of the blame ....... the Gulf War is usually placed ....... Saddam Hussein. A) of/to B) from/with B) for/to D) about/on B) of/about D) about/with B) through/around D) from/under

51

C) about/for E) for/on

D) with/at

26- Tiger sharks normally feed ....... night, but during June and July, they feed ....... albatross chicks all day. A) during/for O) at/on E) in/with 27- ....... the centuries, people have searched ....... vain for the lost gold of El Dorado. A) Over/in C) During/of E) From/for 28- ....... Moroccan law, girls cannot marry ....... the age of 16. A) With/since C) From/by E) For/at 29- the survivors of the flood took refuge ....... schools converted ....... shelters. A) at/of C) with/from E) of/in 30- It takes many anonymous people working ....... the scenes to turn ....... a good film. A) around/up C) along/into E) behind/out 31- Although he has a lot of good ideas of his own, Albert never argues with the boss ....... fear ....... losing his job. A) to/with C) from/to E) through/at 32- How did you manage to ......... the number of the bus from such a distance? Either you have an excellent sight, or mine is very poor! A) stand for C) make out E) take in 33- The war ....... Israel and the Arabs can be seen ....... continuation of the longest B) get on D) go through B) for/of D) in/for B) within/off D) through/on B) to/for D) in/into B) Of/about D) Under/until B) For/with D) Since/from B) for/of D) from/to

52

running war in the world. A) against/like C) within/about E) about/with 34- We know both ....... the Bible and archaeological evidence that people have been fighting ....... Palestine and Syria for thousands of years. A) from/over C) through/to E) for/ with 35- Many young Iranians are becoming impatient ....... the restrictions placed .......their lives by the Islamic government. A) for/to C) at/about E) to/during 36- ....... arrival, passengers are to proceed immediately ....... "Passport Control Desk. A) On/at C) With/in E) Upon/to 37- The news reports said that ....... a hundred thousand people attended the rally, but people who were there said that there were no more than twenty thousand........ . A) up/first of all C) over/at the most B) above/at least D) during/for instance E) towards/in the end B) From/with D) Since/through B) of/upon D) with/on B) of/about D) with/for B) from/to D) between/as

38- If you walk ....... this road for about 300 metres, you will see the cinema.......your right. A) around/at C) along/on E) for/from 39- ....... World War II, Japan was a highly militarised country, but ....... then, it has been illegal for Japan to possess any armed forces. A) During/by C) Unlike/from E) Despite/during 40- Travelling can be very boring unless you go ....... a friend so that you have someone to talk ....... . B) Before/since D) Until/out of B) to/upon D) about/in

53

A) with/to C) by/at E) from/with

B) to/about D) for/from

41- The teacher was angry when Anthony walked straight ....... the classroom.......... apologising for being late. A) into/without C) through/for E) to/with 42- I had thought ....... going out tonight, but ....... usual, I have no money. A) for/since C) around/for E) through/of 43- I have found it better to send parcels ....... private courier services since I have no faith ....... the US Post Office. A) with/for C) over/about E) by/in B) to/of D) under/from B) with/like D) about/as B) out of/from D) in/about

44- As we walked ....... the banks of the Seine one romantic evening in Paris, she told me she had never loved me and threw my ring ....... the river. A) around/at C) through/by E) about/for 45- I was overcome ....... despair as I watched the expensive ring sink ....... the surface of the freezing water. A) from/to C) to/around E) at/along 46- A majority of citizens are not ....... the new road, and a large demonstration has been organised to show their opposition. A) in common with C) as opposed to E) in return for 47- Although there had been some crowd trouble before the match, by the time we arrived, everything was ....... . B) in favour of D) in contrast with B) for/on D) with/below B) across/upon D) along/into

54

A) in touch C) in a hurry E) under control

B) on its way D) at random

48- Our neighbours have been renovating their flat, so we have had to ....... lots of noise and dust. A) keep up with C) cut down on E) put up with 49- I thought I would never get ....... the diseases I picked ....... on my trip to India, but now I feel fine and want to go back again. A) round/out C) over/up E) out of/in 50- Since it is such a difficult decision, I think I'll ....... it and tell you tomorrow. A) sleep on C) look for E) get up B) put up with D) take over B) off/for D) away/on B) run out of D) come up against

51- Could you ....... me ....... in Bolu on your way to Ankara? A) cut/down C) give/up E) take/off B) drop/off D) put/aside

52- I had counted ........ you to do a good job, but you have let me ........ . A) over/for C) on/down E) to/in 53- After finishing your exam and........ your papers, you can go home. A) setting up C) giving over E) taking after 54- The boss was really angry when he discovered that Franklin ....... the day........to watch the football match on TV. A) came/round C) took/off B) passed/out D) worked/out B) handing in D) putting aside B) for/up D) with/out

55

E) put/away 55- After Prank got out of prison, he led a very hectic life because he said he wanted to ....... the lost time. A) make up for C) put up with E) grow out of 56- I had to leave ........ Los Angeles ........ business the next day. A) to/for C) from/to E) of/from 57- We still owe a lot of money ....... the bank ....... our house. A) with/at C) for/of E) to/for 58- A hole ....... the ozone layer has led to global warming, which has been measured ....... the world. A) in/throughout C) at/around E) to/along 59- After the rest of Europe had surrendered to Hitler, Britain had to combat the Nazi threat ....... its ....... . A) by/heart C) by/accident E) on/own 60- When leaving New York City, you have a choice of going either ......a bridge or....a tunnel. A) upon/under C) with/by E) by/throughout 61- The prisoners jumped ....... the wall and ran until they were ....... the light of the searchlights. A) about/through C) over/beyond E) through/over 62- I was ....... agreement with the chairman's proposal, though most members of the B) at/out D) along/around B) over/through D) within/towards B) on/purpose D) in/danger B) of/during D) for/within B) into/with D) at/in B) at/with D) for/on B) cut down on D) go down with

56

committee were ....... it. A) off/from C) about/with E) in/against 63- Instead of going to the seaside, James stays home and works ....... handicapped children ....... his holidays. A) at/while C) about/at E) to/on 64- I've been working very hard ....... lunchtime, so I expect to have finished this report ....... 5 o'clock. A) since/by C) in/for E) to /at 65- We had to find our way ....... moonlight since there were no street lights.......such a remote area. A) with/at C) for/to E) to/from 66- Ideally, a socialist system should take care of its citizens all their lives, ....... the cradle ....... the grave. A) at/by C) for/with E) during/until 67- I left home ....... an umbrella and had to take shelter ....... a tree when it started to rain. A) about/by C) until/from E) from/to 68- I took a taxi ....... the airport because I did not want to be late ....... my flight. A) at/with C) to/for E) along/from 69- We thought we were going ....... our destination, but in fact, we had got lost and were going ....... the opposite direction. B) from/on D) on/in B) out of/for D) without/ under B) from/to D) to/about B) by/in D) in/for B) at/until D) for/to B) for/when D) with/during B) to/for D) around/in

57

A) towards/in C) into/off E) during/for

B) at/to D) throughout/along

70- As I was walking ....... the street minding my own business, a brick fell from an old building and missed me ....... only a few centimetres. A) towards/in C) from/with E) at/out of 71- I was ....... a good strong wall and felt safe even though enemy soldiers were firing ....... me. A) beside/in C) over/through E) behind/at 72- Bill Clinton was elected president twice, each time ....... a term ....... four years. A) to/since C) of/about E) on/with B) with/at D) for/of B) with/about D) under/to B) with/to D) along/by

73- The Americans have obtained a promise ....... Saudi Arabia to halt the relentless rise ....... crude oil prices. A) from /in C) about/from E) of/for 74- One-way glass is made so that someone can look ....... it ....... one side but not the other. A) from/into C) about/with E) over/to 75- So far, three buses headed ....... my destination have gone........but they were all full. A) to/up C) for/by E) from/with 76- The Chancellor's successful handling ....... the economy has virtually guaranteed his party's success ....... the next elections. A) for/at B) by/to B) at/through D) of/in B) through/from D) under/in B) with/to D) for/about

58

C) from/since E) of/in

D) with/for

77- There was a show ....... UFOs ....... TV last night. A) of/by C) to/for E) about/on 78- We had to go ....... New York ....... our way to Boston. A) along/for C) with/at E) about/along 79- The little girl who was buried ....... the rubble ....... three days is now in satisfactory condition. A) at/with C) in/from E) through/to 80- We tried to learn as much as we could about India ....... our trip, but nothing could have prepared us ....... what we found there. A) before/for C) during/about E) since/of B) until/to D) with/at B) within/since D) under/for B) through/on D) off/about B) fur/with D) by/at

59

TEST YOURSELF
1. D 11.C 21.A 31.B 41.C 51.C 2. E 12.D 22.E 32.A 42.B 52.B 3. C 13.A 23.B 33.E 43.D 53.A 4. A 14.B 24.C 34.D 44.E 54.D 5. D 15.E 25.B 35.C 45.A 55.C 6. B 16.E 26.C 36.A 46.D 56.A 7. E 17.D 27.A 37.B 47.D 57.E 8. A 18.A 28.D 38.E 48.E 58.D 9. A 19.B 29.E 39.D 49.C 59.B 10.B 20.B 30.E 40.C 50.B 60.A

TEST YOUR GRAMMAR

1. C 11. E 21. B 31. D 41. C 51. E 61. C 71. B 81. A 91. D 2. E 12. C 22. A 32. B 42. D 52. E 62. B 72. E 82. C 92. B 3. A 13.A 23.E 33.D 43.D 53.B 63.C 73.A 83.B 93.E 4. D 14.C 24.B 34.A 44.E 54.C 64.D 74.C 84.D 94.C 5. B 15.C 25.D 35.A 45.B 55.A 65.E 75.C 85.D 95.D 6. C 16.E 26.D 36.C 46.A 56.A 66.B 76.E 86.E 96.A 7. A 17.C 27.C 37.B 47.D 57.D 67.B 77.B 87.E 97.B 8.B 18.B 28.E 38.A 48.C 58.E 68.D 78.A 88.C 98.C 9. B 19.A 29.B 39.E 49.D 59.C 69.A 79.D 89.B 99.C 10.D 20.D 30.C 40.E 50.A 60.A 70.B 80.D 90.E 100.A

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1. B 11.E 21.D 31.A 41.D 51.E 61.B 71.D 81.C 2. D 12.B 22.A 32.B 42.C 52.E 62.C 72.D 82.B 3. E 13.C 23.A 33.C 43.C 53.D 63.B 73.E 83.B 4. C 14.C 24.D 34.E 44.A 54.B 64.E 74.C 84.D 5.B 15.D 25.E 35.C 45.A 55.A 65.D 75.B 85.C 6. A 16.A 26.C 36.D 46.E 56.D 66.C 76.A 86.E 7. D 17.E 27.B 37.A 47.D 57.C 67.A 77.B 87.E 8.D 18.B 28.E 38.A 48.B 58.D 68.B 78.C 88.B 9. C 19.E 29.D 39.B 49.C 59.E 69.D 79.A 89.B 10. A 20.C 30.D 40.E 50.C 60.A 70.E 80.D 90.A

TEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS

1. C 11.A 21.E 31.B 41.A 51.B 61.C 71.E 2. B 12.D 22.E 32.C 42.D 52.C 62.E 72.D 3. C 13.B 23.A 33.D 43.E 53.B 63.D 73.A 4. E 14.E 24.B 34.A 44.D 54.C 64.A 74.B 5.D 15.C 25.E 35.D 45.D 55.A 65.B 75.C 6. A 16.A 26.C 36.E 46.B 56.D 66.B 76.E 7. E 17.B 27.A 37.C 47.E 57.E 67.D 77.E 8.B 18.B 28.D 38.C 48.E 58.A 68.C 78.B 9. D 19.A 29.D 39.B 49.C 59.E 69.A 79.D 10.C 20.D 30.E 40.A 50.A 60.B 70.D 80.A

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