Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System The American System was proposed by senator Henry Clay to unite the nation economically and politically. it included a strong bank, or the Second Bank of the United States, a protective tariff, and increased and improved transportation. Clay wanted to build roads and canals to connect the large nation. Corrupt Bargain In the election of 1824, there was a tie in electoral votes between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Because Henry Clay, one of the candidates, strongly opposed Andrew Jackson, he offered to give Adams his vote, allowing Adams to win the election. In return, Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State as soon as he was elected into office. Tariff of Abominations Also known as the Tariff of 1828, the tariff increased tax on imported goods from 23% to 27%. Although it protected the homeland industry, it raised prices steeply, receiving various responses from the nation. The south was extremely opposed to the tariff, making them pay more to help the industrious north. Naturally, the north was extremely excited to see their industry and economy grow. The west also supported the tariff because they also wanted to develop their factory system. Nullification This idea was formed after the Abominable Tariff of 1828. South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun, declared the tariff unconstitutional and deemed that the states had the right to nullify unconstitutional laws. This was delineated in the South Carolina Exposition written by Calhoun.

Force Bill A bill that Jackson proposed to Congress, allowing the president to use the army and navy to collect tariffs and enforce laws in America. Although this was not passed by Congress, this paved the way to the Civil War. Five Civilized Tribes The five civilized tribes were led by the Cherokees in Georgia and adopted an American agrarian life, with private property, constitutions, and slavery. The Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians tried to assimilate to American society to avoid oppression from the Americans. Trail of Tears After refusing to abide by Supreme Courts ruling and giving the Cherokee Indians their land, Jackson proposed the removal of the eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi. Although emigration was voluntary, Jacksons Indian Removal Act of 1830 ended up uprooting more than 100,000 Indians and killing countless Indians on the forced marches to the newly established Indian territory. Nicholas Biddle The president of the Bank of the United States, a private institution. Biddle held and immense amount of power of the nations financial affairs, earning him the name Czar Nicholas I. Biddle also tried and was able to manipulate the bank to force its recharter. Biddle also called in his banks loans and created a minor financial crisis called Biddles Panic when the charter was due to expire in 1836 and Jackson began to remove federal deposits from its vaults. Democrats vs. Whigs After Jacksons presidential term, new political parties began to form. By 1828, the Jacksonians adopted the name Democrats, and Jacksons opponents formed the Whigs, deliberately chosen to recollect the 18th century British and Revolutionary American opposition to the monarchythis time the monarchy of Jackson. South Carolina Exposition and Protest Written by John C. Calhoun, the South Carolina Exposition and Protest asserted that the Tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that the states nullify the tariffs. He also argued that government was made to help the people, and the power of the government is from the governed, so therefore the states can secede if the government is not helping the people. Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren was the vice president of Andrew Jackso n, and Jacksons choice for appointment as his successor in 1836. Because Van Buren was more of a yes -man, Jackson made sure that the Jacksonians voted for Van Buren in the next presidential election. He was also

dubbed as the dapper Little Magician and was able to be elected into office with 170 to 124 electoral votes. Specie Circular A decree that required all public lands to be purchased with hard, or metallic, money: gold. This drastic step slammed the brakes on the speculative boo, a neck-snapping change of direction that contributed to a financial panic and crash of 1837. Hayne-Webster Debate A debate between Daniel Webster and Senator Robert Hayne over the issue states rights vs. national power. This debated stemmed from the Tariff of 1828. Webster asserted that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the nation, and Hayne defended with the theory of nullification. This debate was a momentous argument, with Webster delivering his Second Reply to Hayne. The Alamo After Texas declared their independence, Santa Anna with six thousand men swept into Texas and trapped nearly 200 Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio and wiped them out. After Americans were severely defeated, war cries like Remember the Alamo! swept the Americans to aid their Texan neighbors in revenge. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain of 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? The fact that Jackson clearly had the strongest national appeal, but Adams received the victory was odd. However, even more than the unexpected win, when Adams appointed Clay as the Secretary of State, a very coveted role in the White House, after Clay gave Adams his supporters was a suspicious act that Jacksons supporters dubbed the Corrupt Bargain. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. He was one of the worst suited presidents. Essentially a closeted thinker rather than a politician, Adams was irritable, sarcastic, and tactless. Adams had such a brilliant record in statecraft, especially in foreign affairs, that although he was the most successful secretaries of state, he was one of the least successful presidents. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.

In the 1828 election, supporters described Jackson as hickory-tough hero, Old Hickory, and presented him as a rough-hewn frontiersman and a stalwart champion of the common man. Also during the election mudslinging reached new lows and the electorate developed a taste for bareknuckle politics. Adams supporters described Jacksons mother as a prostitute and his wife as an adulteress. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Andrew Jackson had a tough upbringing and later displayed his interest in brawling and cockfighting. The Carolinian also later moved up West to Tennessee, where fighting was prized above writing. Through native intelligence, force of personality, and powers of leadership, Jackson became a judge and a member of Congress. He also early on became involved in numerous duels, stabbings, and bloody frays. The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. Every man is as good as his neighbor, Jackson statedperhaps equally better. He also asserted that its better to bring in new members, not an aristocratic, bureaucratic, office holding class. Each generation deserved its turn at the public trough. Also the White House was filled with officeholders who were drawing their eighties and were doing not much besides receiving their salary. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? Many members of the north, businessmen and industrial Yankees, were adamant about having high tariffs to protect the booming economy of the north. Even with the increase of tariff in 1824, the north still requested for higher tariffs. Jacksonians, in response, decided play a political game and promoted an extremely high-tariff bill, but expected to be defeated. However, to their surprise, the tariff passed in 1828. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 5. Describe the nullification crisis. After the Tariff of 1828, nullifiers, also known as nullies, tried to get the vote to nullify the tariff in the South Carolina legislature. However, the majority of the people, Unionists or submission men, opposed the nullies and fought to keep the tariff. In response to the south, Congress passed the new tariff of 1832, which lowered the price, but still was high for the south. In South Carolina, the state legislature called for a special convention and prepared to secede from the union.

The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? Despite the Cherokee Tribes efforts to assimilate into American society, the state of Georgia and the white men continuously oppressed and harassed the Native American Indians. Also, the Cherokee Indians were rightfully on the land given to them by several federal treaties, but Georgians found it necessary to take the Indians land. The Cherokees then appealed to the Supreme Court, and John Marshall ruled that Georgia cannot break the federal treaties. Despite the ruling, Jackson continued to remove the Indians from their land. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. I agree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I, because Biddle, who was the private owner of the bank, was able to directly manipulate the nations economy. The bank only issued paper money, not the national government, so the value of the paper notes fluctuated with the health of the bank and the amount of the money printed. In many ways the bank acted like a branch of the government. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? In the election of 1832, for the first time a third party entered the field, the newborn AntiMasonic party. The Anti-Masonic party quickly became a potent political force in New York and throughout the middle Atlantic and New England states. They appealed to American suspicions of secret societies. A new feature also added in the election of 1832 was the calling of national nominating conventions to name candidates. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. Andrew Jackson, against the Bank of the United States, decided to mandate from the voters for its extermination, while Nicholas Biddle fought to keep the Bank alive. However because Jackson decided to remove federal deposits from the bank vaults in 1833, Biddle called in his bank loans and created a minor financial crisis. This crisis ended up having wildcat banks that flooded the country with paper money, leading to the Specie Circular. The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Being associated with the common man meant more popularity, for a majority of the voters in the nation were poor white men, not aristocrats or business men. By appealing to the common

man, parties can convince voters to support the gradual development of the nation, such as the American system. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. In 1836, Jackson chose his vice president Martin Van Buren as his successor. The Whigs, although strongly opposing anyone affiliated with Jackson, had difficulty choosing one candidate to represent their party. Rather, their strategy was to run several pro minent favorite son, each with different regional approach in hopes to scatter the vote. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? Many Democrats disliked Martin Van Buren from the star t, calling him a bastard politician smuggled into office beneath the tails of the old generals military coat. Also many of Jacksons supporters were disappointed when the more mild Van Buren couldnt match up the fiery passion of Jackson. Also several issues, such as a rebellion in Canada in 1837 and incidents along the northern frontier threatened to trigger war with Britain. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? The Panic of 1837 was caused by rampant speculation prompted by a mania of get-rich-quickism. Jacksonian finance, including the Bank War and the Specie Circular, also contributed to the panic of 1837. To end the panic, Van Buren proposed a Divorce Bill, divorcing the government from banking altogether and establishing an independent treasury. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? The large land mass available in Texas was extremely appealing to the Americans, and it became easier for Americans to settle in the area when Stephen Austin was granted a huge tract of land to bring into Texas three hundred American families. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? Texas was filled with American settlers who flatly refused to comply with the foreign government. Through the rebellion led by General Sam Houston, Texans were able to push out Mexican troops from Texas and draw the boundary of Texas at the Rio Grande. However, when Texas tried to become part of the Union, it was only recognized as the Lone Star Republic, because America had its neutrality policy.

Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? Texans never really intended to become Mexican citizens, they only feigned allegiance to get land. Because of the abundance of cheap land in Texas, many American citizens pledged to become a Mexican citizen to acquire land and escape from the pesky American laws. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The election of 1840 demonstrates the view of the voters in America at that time. The Whigs presented William Henry Harrison as a poor westerner, growing up in a log cabin with a barrel of hard cider. Voters in America at the time liked Harrison who represented the common man, not Van Buren, the aristocrat. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Democrats glorified the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into government. Whigs trumpeted the natural harmony of society and the value of community, and were willing to use government to realize their objectives. Whigs also berated leaders whose appeals to self=interest fostered conflict among individuals, classes or sections. Democrats clung to states rights and federal restraint, but Whigs favored a renewed national bank, tariffs, and moral reforms.