Biology 12 AUGUST 2002: Course Code BI

MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Place Personal Education Number (PEN) here.
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
2002 Ministry of Education
AUGUST 2002
Course Code = BI
Student Instructions
1. Place the stickers with your Personal Education Number (PEN) in the allotted spaces above. Under no circumstance is your name or identification, other than your Personal Education Number, to appear on this booklet. 2. Ensure that in addition to this examination booklet, you have an Examination Response Form. Follow the directions on the front of the Response Form. 3. Disqualification from the examination will result if you bring books, paper, notes or unauthorized electronic devices into the examination room. 4. When instructed to open this booklet, check the numbering of the pages to ensure that they are numbered in sequence from page one to the last page, which is identified by END OF EXAMINATION . 5. At the end of the examination, place your Response Form inside the front cover of this booklet and return the booklet and your Response Form to the supervisor.
Question 1: 1. (4) Question 2: 2. (6) Question 3: 3. (3) Question 4: 4. (5) Question 5: 5. (8) Question 6: 6. (3) Question 7: 7. (3) Question 8: 8. (5)
Question 9: 9. (3) Question 10: 10. (5) Question 11: 11. (5)
BIOLOGY 12
AUGUST 2002
COURSE CODE = BI
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Electronic devices, including dictionaries and pagers, are not permitted in the examination room. 2. All multiple-choice answers must be entered on the Response Form using an HB pencil. Multiple-choice answers entered in this examination booklet will not be marked. 3. For each of the written-response questions, write your answer in ink unless otherwise instructed in the space provided in this booklet. 4. Ensure that you use language and content appropriate to the purpose and audience of this examination. Failure to comply may result in your paper being awarded a zero. 5. This examination is designed to be completed in two hours. Students may, however, take up to 30 minutes of additional time to finish.
BIOLOGY 12 PROVINCIAL EXAMINATION

Suggested Time 45 75 120 minutes
Value 1. This examination consists of two parts: PART A: 50 multiple-choice questions PART B: 11 written-response questions Total: 50 50 100 marks
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE Value: 50 marks Suggested Time: 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS: For each question, select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle that has the letter corresponding to your answer.
1. Most of the protein produced by a cell is manufactured at the A. B. C. D. nucleus. vacuoles. rough endoplasmic reticulum. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Which structure is responsible for endocytosis? A. B. C. D. nucleolus Golgi body cell membrane endoplasmic reticulum
Use the following list to answer question 3. DNA pepsin maltose water molecules
3. How many of the substances above have hydrogen bonding? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4
OVER -1-
4. What is the function of a buffer in the bloodstream? A. B. C. D. destroy viruses transport oxygen initiate blood clotting keep the pH at a constant level
5. Which of the following molecules is used in the synthesis of lipids? A.

H N H C R O C OH H H C C H OH OH
B.
H
H C OH
C.
H H C OH H O H H H OH HO OH OH H
D.
P
N
________________________________________________ 6. Two water molecules are produced by the union of glucose molecules during dehydration synthesis. What is the new molecule that is formed? A. B. C. D. a dipeptide a disaccharide a polysaccharide a monosaccharide
7. How do saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats? A. B. C. D. They are water soluble. They contain cholesterol. They form straight chains. Their hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is larger.
-2-
8. Which of the following molecules can be converted into a hormone that determines male sex characteristics? A.
CH3 CH3
B.
H
H C H
H C H
H C
H C
H C H
H C
H C
H C H
H C
H C
H C H
H C H
H C H
H C H
H C H
H C H
H C H C
OH
C.
CH3(CH2)16
O C O CH3(CH2)16 C O CH3(CH2)16 C O CH2 O CH O CH2
D.
O H C R C N
R C C H H O
H N H C R
O C N
R C C H H O
H N H C R
O C N
R C C H H O
H N H C R
O C N
R C C H H O
H N H C R
O C N
R C H H
OVER -3-
Use the following diagram to answer question 9.

H H N H H O C C C H C O H H H
9. The section labelled X is the A. B. C. D. acid. amine. R-group. bicarbonate ion. ________________________________________________ 10. What is combined genetic material from two different organisms called? A. B. C. D. viral DNA ribosomal RNA transcription RNA recombinant DNA
11. The term codon is used to describe a sequence of bases in A. B. C. D. DNA. rRNA. tRNA. mRNA.
-4-
Use the following graph to answer question 12. Production of a particular mRNA and its matched polypeptide product
mRNA polypeptide
amount synthesized
X time
12. At which of the following times is transcription, but not translation, occurring? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 13. What term is used to describe the spread of cancer cells through the circulatory system to new locations? A. B. C. D. anaplasia metastasis vascularization contact inhibition
14. Which of the following is a function of an oncogene? A. B. C. D. fighting disease inhibiting protein synthesis becoming a proto-oncogene causing a cell to become cancerous
OVER -5-
15. Which molecules function as pores and carriers in a cell membrane? A. B. C. D. lipids proteins nucleotides carbohydrates
16. By what process do lipid-soluble molecules and gases cross the cell membrane? A. B. C. D. osmosis diffusion pinocytosis active transport
17. The diagram shows a white blood cell ingesting a bacterium. By what process does the bacterium enter the white blood cell? A. B. C. D. pinocytosis phagocytosis active transport facilitated transport ________________________________________________ 18. An enzyme acts as a catalyst because it is capable of A. B. C. D. slowing down many different reactions. acting as a reactant in a chemical reaction. lowering the energy required for the reaction to occur. providing hydrogen ions and electrons for a chemical reaction.
-6-
Use the following diagram to answer question 19. E1 E2 E3
19. In the series of enzyme reactions shown above, product Z is able to occupy the active site of enzyme E 2 . Product Z can therefore first inhibit the production of A. B. C. D. X E2 Y Z
20. Secretions from gland X cause decreased A. B. C. D. body temperature. oxygen uptake in cells. production of carbon dioxide. concentration of blood glucose.
OVER -7-
21. In the diagram above, molecule X is acting as A. B. C. D. a substrate. an enzyme. a coenzyme. a competitive inhibitor.
-8-
Use the following diagram to answer questions 22 and 23.
X Y
W Z
22. What is the structure labelled W? A. B. C. D. liver pancreas appendix duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose in the blood? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume? A. B. C. D. colon stomach pancreas small intestine
OVER -9-
25. Which structure is not correctly matched with an enzyme it produces? Enzyme Produced trypsin amylase peptidase amylase
Structure A. B. C. D. stomach pancreas small intestine salivary glands
Z 26. An individual has an abnormally high level of fat in the feces. Which structure could be malfunctioning? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
- 10 -
27. A student ingests a large amount of sugar at time X. Which of the following graphs correctly depicts blood glucose concentration in the hepatic vein? A. B.
blood glucose normal concentration
X time
X time
C.
D.
X time
X time
________________________________________________
28. Which structure allows blood to pass between the two atria of a fetal heart? A. B. C. D. arterial duct venous duct oval opening umbilical artery
29. In which of the following can DNA replication occur? A. B. C. D. platelets antibodies red blood cells white blood cells
OVER - 11 -
30. What is produced in response to viruses entering the body? A. B. C. D. antigens platelets antibodies red blood cells
31. The pleural membranes surround A. B. C. D. the lungs. the trachea. each alveolus. the diaphragm.
32. Where does external respiration occur? A. B. C. D. larynx alveoli trachea bronchi
33. During the expiration of air, the diaphragm moves A. B. C. D. up, resulting in a decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity. up, resulting in an increase in pressure in the thoracic cavity. down, resulting in a decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity. down, resulting in an increase in pressure in the thoracic cavity.
- 12 -
34. What is the function of the neuron above? A. B. C. D. to take an impulse to an interneuron to send sensory information to the central nervous system to take an impulse from a motor neuron to a sensory neuron to carry a nerve impulse away from the central nervous system
35. What is the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. synapse cell body node of Ranvier myelinated dendrite ________________________________________________ 36. Why can an impulse travelling along an axon not reverse its direction? A. B. C. D. The myelin sheath will only permit one-way travel of an impulse. Sodium gates remain closed until the impulse reaches the synapse. The threshold required to create an action potential behind the impulse is increased. The sodium-potassium pump has not restored the resting potential immediately behind the action potential.
37. If potassium ions could not diffuse out of the axon, which of the following would result? A. B. C. D. Repolarization would not occur. A neurotransmitter would be released. The length of the recovery phase would be reduced. The frequency of action potentials would be increased.
OVER - 13 -
38. Which division of the nervous system is used to stimulate digestion after a fight or flight response? A. B. C. D. central somatic sympathetic parasympathetic
39. What is the part of the brain labelled X? A. B. C. D. thalamus hypothalamus corpus callosum medulla oblongata ________________________________________________ 40. Which organ excretes urea and some salts? A. B. C. D. lung colon kidney gallbladder
- 14 -
X 41. What is the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. ureter urethra renal pelvis urinary bladder
42. Which of the following is not a function of structure Y? A. B. C. D. control of blood pH production of glycogen excretion of histamines maintenance of blood volume ________________________________________________ 43. What is the correct order of the processes which would modify blood plasma as it passes through the nephron? A. B. C. D. filtration tubular excretion selective reabsorption reabsorption of water filtration selective reabsorption reabsorption of water tubular excretion selective reabsorption reabsorption of water filtration tubular excretion selective reabsorption filtration tubular excretion reabsorption of water
OVER - 15 -
Use the following graph to answer question 44. Percentage of water in the filtrate within various parts of a nephron Z percentage of water X W Y structures in the nephron 44. Which structure is most likely the collecting duct? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 45. Why is the loop of Henle important to the maintenance of blood volume? A. B. C. D. It reabsorbs glucose. It synthesizes blood proteins. It adjusts the pH of the urine. It produces a hypertonic renal medulla.
- 16 -
Use the following graph to answer question 46.
concentration of solutes in the urine
X time (h) 46. The concentration of solutes in the urine was measured over a one-day period. What might have caused the change that occurred at time X? A. B. C. D. The blood became more acidic. Excess sodium ions were excreted. The secretion of ADH was inhibited. Aldosterone production was stimulated. ________________________________________________ 47. Where do sperm mature? A. B. C. D. epididymis interstitial cells seminal vesicles ductus (vas) deferens
48. Where is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) produced? A. B. C. D. follicle hypothalamus corpus luteum anterior pituitary
OVER - 17 -
49. Which of the following events results from positive feedback on the hypothalamus between days 1 to 13 of the menstrual cycle? A. B. C. D. ovulation implantation menstruation thickening of the endometrium
50. What is one result of an embryo failing to implant in the endometrium? A. B. C. D. the degeneration of the corpus luteum an increased production of progesterone the release of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) a decreased production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
This is the end of the multiple-choice section. Answer the remaining questions directly in this examination booklet.
- 18 -
PART B: WRITTEN RESPONSE Value: 50 marks Suggested Time: 75 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Use a pen for this part of the examination unless otherwise instructed. 2. Write your answers in the space below the questions. 3. Organization and planning space has been incorporated into the space allowed for answering each question. 4. You may not need all of the space provided to answer each question.
Use the following diagrams to answer question 1.
W Z
X 1. Describe how structures W, X, Y and Z work together.
Y (4 marks)
OVER - 19 -

P S P S P S P S P S P S T A A T G C T A C G G C P S P S P S P S P S P S
2. a) Describe replication of this molecule.
(3 marks)
- 20 -
b) What is the role of this molecule in determining the structure of a protein?
(1 mark)
c) Reading top to bottom, determine the mRNA sequence that would be transcribed from the left-hand strand of this molecule. (1 mark)
d) Give the anticodons that are complementary to this mRNA sequence.
(1 mark)
OVER - 21 -
3. a) Why do oxygen molecules enter a cell at a different rate than protein molecules.
(1 mark)
b) State two ways to increase the rate of oxygen movement into a cell. i)
(2 marks)
ii)
- 22 -
4. Explain how the structure above is well-suited for its function.
(5 marks)
OVER - 23 -
Use the following list to answer question 5 a). aorta renal vein renal artery subclavian vein subclavian artery pulmonary artery anterior vena cava
5. a) Choose the vessel names from the list above to fill in the boxes that describe the path of blood from the arm to the kidney. (Use only one term per box. Not all of the terms will be used.) (4 marks)
arm
right side of heart
lungs
left side of heart
kidney
- 24 -
b) Give one function of each of the following. carotid arteries:
(4 marks: 1 mark each)
lymph veins:
antibodies:
chordae tendineae:
OVER - 25 -
6. Describe what happens to the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients in the blood as it moves between points X and Y in the skin. (3 marks)
- 26 -
7. Explain why the breathing rate increases in someone who is exercising strenuously. (3 marks)
OVER - 27 -
8. Describe the sequence of events required for a nerve impulse to cross a synapse. (You may use a labelled diagram as part of your answer. You may use a pencil to draw your diagram.)
(5 marks)
- 28 -
Y X
9. Give one function of each of the following structures. Structure X:
Structure Y:
Structure Z:
OVER - 29 -
Use the following diagram to answer question 10. X Y
10. a) Identify structure X.
(1 mark)
b) Describe the process that occurs between X and Y.
(2 marks)
c) Identify two components of blood that cannot move into the filtrate under normal conditions. i) ii)
(2 marks)
- 30 -
11. a) Give three characteristics of semen and describe how each of these characteristics facilitates the function of semen. (3 marks) i)
ii)
iii)
b) What would result if luteinizing hormone (LH) was not secreted in the male?
(2 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 31 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12 JUNE 2002

Course Code = BI
Question 9: 9. (7) Question 10: 10. (3)
BIOLOGY 12
JUNE 2002
COURSE CODE = BI

1. The structure labelled X is the A. B. C. D. ribosome. Golgi body. mitochondrion. endoplasmic reticulum.
2. The function of the structure labelled Y is A. B. C. D. phagocytosis. steroid synthesis. cellular respiration. selective re-absorption.
OVER -1-
3. Which of the following cells of equal volume would be the most efficient at absorbing nutrients as well as synthesizing and secreting a product? A. B.
C.
D.
________________________________________________ 4. The products of reactions at the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported in A. B. C. D. cilia. vesicles. nucleoli. mitochondria.
5. Translation occurs at which of the following organelles? A. B. C. D. nucleus vacuole ribosome nucleolus
-2-

CH2OH H H OH HO H O H OH OH H H CH2OH O H OH HO H H OH OH HO H OH H H H H OH CH2OH O H H O H H OH CH2OH O H OH OH H
+ X
6. In the reaction above, what is molecule X? A. B. C. D. water an acid glucose an enzyme ________________________________________________ 7. Which of the following refers to primary protein structure? A. B. C. D. the helical shape of the protein the linear sequence of amino acids several protein molecules joined together the three-dimensional shape of the molecule
8. Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide? A. B. C. D. sugar phospholipid phosphate group nitrogenous base
9. Which of the following correctly describes the number of bases in DNA? A. B. C. D. Adenine equals cytosine. Thymine equals guanine. Adenine and thymine equal guanine and cytosine. Adenine and cytosine equal thymine and guanine.
OVER -3-
10. DNA from a wheat plant contains a gene that codes for the production of a bacterial enzyme. This is an example of A. B. C. D. initiation. promotion. transfer RNA. recombinant DNA.
11. Which of the following correctly contrasts RNA and DNA? RNA A. B. C. D. sugar structure location shape deoxyribose single-stranded cytoplasm helix DNA ribose double-stranded nucleus and cytoplasm linear
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of cancerous cells? A. B. C. D. flat shape undifferentiated large amount of cytoplasm increased contact inhibition
13. Which of the following provides more oxygen to cancer cells? A. B. C. D. metastasis promotion vascularization abnormal nuclei
-4-
14. A virus can cause carcinogenesis in a human cell by A. B. C. D. becoming a cancer cell. inhibiting transcription. introducing an oncogene. converting oncogenes into proto-oncogenes.
15. According to the fluid-mosaic membrane model, phospholipids A. B. C. D. form a single layer. have the consistency of light oil. actively transport potassium ions. are only found on the outer layer of the membrane. ________________________________________________ 16. Four tissue samples were placed in four test tubes, each containing a sucrose solution of a different concentration. After a period of time, the final mass of each tissue sample was recorded. Initial Mass of Tissue (g) 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.7 Final Mass of Tissue (g) 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.7
Test Tube 1 2 3 4
Given the results, which of the test tubes has a solution that is hypotonic to the tissue sample? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4
OVER -5-
17. The function of the gallbladder is to A. B. C. D. store bile. store lipase. produce urea. produce trypsin.
18. Starting in the esophagus, how many sphincters will an indigestible fibre molecule pass through on its way to the small intestine? A. B. C. D. one two three five
19. Which of the following enzymes produces a product that cannot be absorbed into the body? A. B. C. D. lipase maltase amylase nuclease
-6-
X Y
20. Which letter indicates the area from which the products of lipid digestion are transported throughout the body? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 21. Which of the following substances used by the body is produced by E-coli living in the digestive system? A. B. C. D. minerals vitamins fatty acids polysaccharides
OVER -7-
22. A function of an artery is to carry A. B. C. D. blood to the small intestine. blood from the head to the heart. metabolic wastes away from the liver. oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
23. The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the head are the A. B. C. D. aorta and pulmonary vein. coronary artery and hepatic vein. carotid arteries and jugular veins. anterior vena cava and pulmonary artery.
-8-
W X
24. Which of the following represents the iliac vein? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 25. Which two structures in the fetal circulatory system allow blood to bypass the lungs? A. B. C. D. venous duct and oval opening oval opening and arterial duct pulmonary vein and arterial duct umbilical artery and pulmonary vein
OVER -9-
26. The lymphatic system consists of A. B. C. D. vessels and valves. AV and semilunar valves. the pulmonary artery and the arterial duct. the umbilical artery and the pulmonary vein.
27. What is the name of the blood components shown in the diagram? A. B. C. D. platelets red blood cells plasma proteins white blood cells
- 10 -
X Y W Z
28. In which of the labelled structures would the highest blood pressure be measured? A. B. C. D. V W X Y
29. Which of the following correctly identifies structure Z in the diagram above and the composition of blood it contains? Structure Z A. B. C. D. vein vein artery artery Composition of Blood high concentration of oxyhemoglobin low concentration of oxyhemoglobin high concentration of reduced hemoglobin low concentration of reduced hemoglobin
________________________________________________ 30. As the blood moves through capillary beds from arteriole to venule, the osmotic pressure in the blood D E L E T E D A. B. C. D. increases. decreases. is lost entirely. stays the same. OVER - 11 -
31. Which of the following surrounds the lungs and the thoracic cavity and functions to reduce friction during inhalation and exhalation? A. B. C. D. cilia alveoli diaphragm pleural membranes
X Y
32. The bronchus is labelled A. B. C. D. W. X. Y. Z.
33. The structure labelled Z functions to A. B. C. D. filter dust from the air. exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. move blood into the inferior vena cava. change the volume of the thoracic cavity.
- 12 -
Use the following information to answer question 34. 1. 2. 3. 4. The diaphragm flattens. The rib cage moves down and in. The volume of the thoracic cavity increases. The medulla oblongata signals the rib muscles to contract.
34. Which sequence correctly shows the order of events during breathing? A. B. C. D. 1, 2, 4, 3 2, 4, 3, 1 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 1, 3, 2 ________________________________________________ 35. A small amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the pulmonary artery as A. B. C. D. bicarbonate ion. carbonic anhydrase. reduced hemoglobin. carbaminohemoglobin.
36. Which of the following carries a nerve impulse toward the spinal cord? A. B. C. D. interneuron synaptic cleft motor neuron sensory neuron
OVER - 13 -
+ 40
membrane potential (millivolts)
65
time (milliseconds)
37. Which of the following events is causing the change within the neuron between time X and time Y? A. B. C. D. Sodium ions are moving into the axon. Sodium ions are moving out of the axon. Potassium ions are moving out of the axon. Large, organic, negative ions are moving into the axon. ________________________________________________ 38. Movement of which of the following ions causes depolarization? A. B. C. D. sodium calcium hydrogen potassium
39. Which substance causes the microfilaments to contract and pull the synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane? A. B. C. D. sodium ions calcium ions noradrenalin acetylcholine
- 14 -
X Y
40. The structure labelled X is the A. B. C. D. pituitary. cerebellum. hypothalamus. medulla oblongata.
41. Increased activity in structures X and Y is associated with which of the following? A. B. C. D. rebuilding of the endometrium decreased coordination of skeletal muscle contraction of smooth muscle in the intestines reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft ________________________________________________ 42. What is the pathway for urine leaving the body? A. B. C. D. collecting duct renal pelvis bladder ureter collecting duct renal pelvis ureter bladder renal pelvis collecting duct ureter bladder renal pelvis bladder ureter collecting duct
OVER - 15 -
43. Which of the following is less concentrated in blood plasma than it is in urine? A. B. C. D. urea insulin glucose carbon dioxide
Use the following information to answer question 44. Water lost from the body (mL per day) on two different days From Evaporation Urine Feces Day 1 900 1 500 100 Day 2 1 200 1 200 100
44. Homeostasis is maintained on day 2 by a hormone that is produced in the A. B. C. D. hypothalamus and acts on the collecting duct. adrenal cortex and acts on the collecting duct. posterior pituitary and acts on the loop of Henle. anterior pituitary and acts on the distal convoluted tubule. ________________________________________________ 45. What is the function of the mid-piece of the sperm? A. B. C. D. to propel the sperm to protect the sperm to produce ATP energy to carry genetic material
- 16 -
W X
Y Z
46. Structure W contains the A. B. C. D. cervix. oviduct. endometrium. corpus luteum.
47. At which of the labelled structures is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) released? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 48. Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary that triggers the production of egg or sperm cells? A. B. C. D. estrogen progesterone luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
OVER - 17 -
49. On which day of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle will luteinizing hormone (LH) be the highest? A. B. C. D. day 2 day 7 day 13 day 28
50. Which of the following substances stimulates uterine contractions? A. B. C. D. estrogen and calcium oxytocin and prostaglandins progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) acrosomal enzymes and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- 18 -
OVER - 19 -

H H C R C OH O
1. a) Identify each of the following parts of the molecule. Part X:
Part Y:
b) State two different polymers that are synthesized from the molecule and give a function of each. (4 marks: 1 mark each for polymer; 1 mark each for function) Polymer Function
- 20 -
2. Describe how the following are related in terms of their function in protein synthesis. DNA and mRNA: (2 marks)
tRNA and ribosomes:
(2 marks)
OVER - 21 -
3. The cells of the thyroid gland are able to take in iodine atoms and may contain iodine concentrations up to 25 times that of the surrounding tissue fluid. In an experiment designed to study factors affecting the rate of iodine intake, thyroid cells were cultured and placed in a medium containing normal blood concentrations of iodine. Temperature and glucose concentrations were varied and the effects recorded. The results of the study are shown in the table below. Glucose Concentration (%)
0.20 0.01 0.20
Sample normal conditions A B
Temperature (C)
38 38 60
Increase in Iodine Concentration (X)

22 12 8
a) Explain the observed results for sample A.
(2 marks)
b) Explain the observed results for sample B.
(2 marks)
c) Explain how the movement of amino acids into the cells would be affected by the conditions in sample B. (2 marks)
- 22 -
4. Describe the pH in each of the following regions along the digestive tract. Identify the secretion which determines the pH of the region and give the source of the secretion. stomach: pH: secretion: source of secretion: small intestine: pH: secretion: source of secretion: (3 marks) (3 marks)
OVER - 23 -
5. For each of the following processes, describe how the small intestine functions to digest food and absorb nutrients. digestion: (3 marks)
absorption:
(2 marks)
- 24 -
6. a) Identify the type of blood vessel shown in the diagram.
(1 mark)
b) State two functions of the blood vessel in the diagram. i)
(2 marks)
ii)
OVER - 25 -
7. Place the correct number for each of the following characteristics in the appropriate box at the locations in the diagram. (Only put one number per box. Not all of the characteristics will be used.) (4 marks) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. has stretch receptors prevents collapse of the lungs filters, warms and moistens air stops food from entering the lungs allows food and air to pass through has cilia, cartilaginous rings and mucous membranes
- 26 -
8. a) In what type of situation does the sympathetic nervous system respond?
(1 mark)
b) What division is the sympathetic system part of?
(1 mark)
c) State four effects on the body when the sympathetic nervous system is active. i)
(4 marks)
ii)
iii)
iv)
OVER - 27 -
Use the following diagram to answer question 9 a) and b).
Y Z
9. a) Identify the following structures. Structure X:
Structure Z:
b) In an experiment, fluids were removed at point X and at point Y and the composition of each sample was analyzed. Describe three ways in which the fluid obtained at point X is different from the fluid obtained at point Y. (3 marks) i)
ii)
iii)
- 28 -
c) Explain how an increase in blood pressure from 120/80 to 160/100 would increase the volume of urine produced. (2 marks)
OVER - 29 -
10. Give one function for each of the following substances found in seminal fluid. (3 marks: 1 mark each) Substance Function
fructose
prostaglandins
alkaline (basic) fluid
END OF EXAMINATION - 30 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
JANUARY 2002
Course Code = BI
Question 9: 9. (7) Question 10: 10. (6)
BIOLOGY 12
JANUARY 2002
COURSE CODE = BI

X W
1. A protein being packaged and modified for export would be found in A. B. C. D. W. X. Y. Z.
OVER -1-
2. Structure X is composed of molecules produced by the A. B. C. D. nucleus. vesicles. nucleolus. lysosomes. ________________________________________________ 3. Consider the functions of the following:
sperm heartmuscle musclecells cells heart cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules
In order for these metabolically active cells to carry out their functions effectively, they require large numbers of which organelle? A. B. C. D. ribosomes lysosomes Golgi bodies mitochondria
-2-
Use the following information to answer question 4. solvent catalyst lubricant temperature regulator
4. How many of the above are roles of water in the body? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4
H H N
H C R C
H O + OH H N
H C R C
O
synthesis
H H N
H C R
O C
H N
H C R C
C + H2O OH
OH
5. At which of the following organelles would the reaction shown take place? A. B. C. D. nucleus ribosome lysosome smooth endoplasmic reticulum ________________________________________________ 6. Which of the following types of molecules does not have to be digested before being absorbed? A. B. C. D. maltose peptides amino acids nucleic acid
OVER -3-
7. Which of the following is the empirical formula for glucose? A. B. C. D. CHO CH 2 O CH 2 O 2 C 2 HO2

O
O O
O O
O
O
O
O O
8. The molecule above would likely be found in a A. B. C. D. vacuole. liver cell. mitochondria. plant cell wall. ________________________________________________ 9. Hemoglobin and antibodies are all composed of A. B. C. D. lipids. proteins. carbohydrates. polysaccharides.
10. Which of the following statements correctly describes DNA? A. B. C. D. Guanine bonds to cytosine and adenine bonds to uracil. Peptide bonds are found between guanine and cytosine. Hydrogen bonds are found between thymine and guanine. Nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a base.
-4-
11. DNA replication produces A. B. C. D. two different strands of RNA. two identical molecules of DNA. an mRNA strand that has copied a gene. a parent DNA strand and a daughter tRNA strand.
12. Which term refers to cells which grow and reproduce in a disorganized and uncontrolled manner? A. B. C. D. anaplasia metastasis promotion vascularization
13. A portion of DNA which has been changed by an initiator becomes A. B. C. D. vascularized. an oncogene. undifferentiated. a proto-oncogene.
Use the following information to answer question 14.

a virus carries this segment of DNA
C C AT TA AG
a segment of a normal DNA strand
TAC AT G C AT G G AC AC C AT G AG C A
site 1 site 2 site 3 site 4
resulting oncogene
AT G G AC C AT TA AG C A
14. At which site in the normal DNA strand can the viral strand be inserted to initiate carcinogenesis? A. B. C. D. site 1 site 2 site 3 site 4 OVER -5-
energy
X 15. What is a function of the structure labelled X in the process shown above? A. B. C. D. to engulf bacteria by phagocytosis to transport lipid-soluble molecules to pump sodium ions out of neurons to increase the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide ________________________________________________ 16. The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can also be called A. B. C. D. a complex. a substrate. an enzyme. a coenzyme.
17. Overall metabolic rate would increase with increased secretion of A. B. C. D. trypsin. thyroxin. nuclease. acetylcholine.
-6-
18. Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions? A. B. C. D. increase in activation energy increase in product over time increase in enzyme over time increase in coenzyme over time
19. When the active site of an enzyme is denatured, A. B. C. D. substrates cannot be formed. a quaternary structure is achieved. the activation energy is decreased. an enzyme-substrate complex cannot be formed.
20. Vitamins function as A. B. C. D. enzymes. coenzymes. emulsifiers. competitive inhibitors.
OVER -7-
21. The structure labelled X is the A. B. C. D. pharynx. epiglottis. esophagus. duodenum. ________________________________________________ 22. A bacterial infection inhibits the absorption of water in the digestive system leading to dehydration. The infection is located in the A. B. C. D. liver. stomach. duodenum. large intestine.
-8-
23. Which of the following organs is malfunctioning when the concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood increases? A. B. C. D. kidney stomach pancreas small intestine
24. Insulin secretion is increased when the level of A. B. C. D. sodium in the blood is low. sodium in the blood is high. glucose in the blood is low. glucose in the blood is high.
25. Bile acts as an emulsifier by A. B. C. D. increasing the surface area of lipids. removing hydrogen atoms from lipids. breaking the bonds between fatty acids and glycerol. converting unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.
26. The liver makes blood plasma hypertonic to the fluid surrounding tissues by A. B. C. D. breaking down hemoglobin. storing glucose as glycogen. making plasma proteins from amino acids. detoxifying and removing poisonous substances.
OVER -9-
27. The structure above is found in the A. B. C. D. liver. stomach. renal medulla. small intestine.
28. Structure X is specialized to A. B. C. D. absorb fats. repackage glucose. transport amino acids. secrete hydrochloric acid.
- 10 -
29. The blood vessel shown in the diagram is classified as A. B. C. D. a vein. an artery. a capillary. an arteriole.
OVER - 11 -
30. The artery labelled X is the A. B. C. D. aorta. carotid. coronary. subclavian. ________________________________________________ 31. A blood clot forms in the hepatic vein but breaks off and lodges in the next capillary bed it encounters. Where would it be found? A. B. C. D. liver brain lungs small intestine
- 12 -
32. The stages in the cardiac cycle shown by the diagrams are A. B. C. D. atrial systole followed by ventricular systole. atrial systole followed by ventricular diastole. atrial diastole followed by ventricular systole. atrial diastole followed by ventricular diastole. ________________________________________________ 33. Which of the following trap particles and move them up the trachea? A. B. C. D. villi and mucus mucus and cilia alveoli and villi cilia and alveoli
34. Speech sounds are made when air moves through the A. B. C. D. cilia. larynx. pharynx. diaphragm.
35. What occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped? A. B. C. D. The rib muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume increases and exhalation occurs. The rib muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases and exhalation occurs. The rib muscles contract, thoracic cavity volume increases and inhalation occurs. The rib muscles contract, thoracic cavity volume decreases and inhalation occurs. OVER - 13 -
36. During external respiration, the concentration of which of the following increases in the blood? A. B. C. D. ATP hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin reduced hemoglobin
37. Which substance is transported as reduced hemoglobin in the blood? A. B. C. D. water oxygen hydrogen ions carbon dioxide
38. Hemoglobin in the umbilical artery carries less of which substance than hemoglobin in the umbilical vein? A. B. C. D. oxygen hydrogen ions carbon dioxide bicarbonate ions
- 14 -
Use the following graph to answer questions 39 and 40.

+40
0 membrane potential (millivolts)
65
X
time (milliseconds)
39. The time period between W and X is called A. B. C. D. repolarization. depolarization. the recovery period. the resting potential.
40. Which of the following are characteristics of the neuron at time Y? A. B. C. D.
D E L E T E D
positively charged axoplasm and diffusion of sodium ions into the axoplasm positively charged axoplasm and diffusion of potassium ions into the axoplasm negatively charged axoplasm and diffusion of sodium ions out of the axoplasm negatively charged axoplasm and diffusion of potassium ions out of the axoplasm ________________________________________________
41. If a persons ability to integrate information from both hemispheres of the brain is impaired, the portion of the brain most likely affected is the A. B. C. D. pituitary. thalamus. cerebellum. corpus callosum.
OVER - 15 -
42. The collecting ducts are located in which of the following structures? A. B. C. D. ureter urethra renal pelvis renal medulla
43. Active transport of glucose into the blood occurs in the A. B. C. D. glomerulus. collecting duct. Bowmans capsule. proximal convoluted tubule.
44. Damage to the glomerulus could lead to the presence of A. B. C. D. excess glucose in the urine. red blood cells in the filtrate. an increase of urea in the renal cortex. a decrease of nitrogenous waste in the filtrate.
45. Which of the following structures responds to low sodium levels in the blood? A. B. C. D. liver thyroid adrenal pancreas
46. Spermatogenesis occurs in the A. B. C. D. interstitial cells. seminal vesicles. seminiferous tubules. ductus (vas) deferens.
- 16 -
47. Which part of a sperm cell contains the enzymes that aid the penetration of an ovum? A. B. C. D. tail head acrosome mid-piece
48. Which hormone is responsible for increased musculature and body hair? A. B. C. D. estrogen testosterone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Use the following diagram to answer question 49. Y
Z X
49. Which letter indicates the uterus? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER - 17 -
Use the following graphs to answer question 50.
pituitary hormone levels
hormone levels in plasma
W X
1 14 days into cycle 28
ovarian hormone levels
hormone levels in plasma
Y Z
14 days into cycle
28
50. Which letter represents levels of follicle-stimulating hormone during the ovarian and uterine cycles? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
- 18 -
1. a) Define recombinant DNA.
(1 mark)
b) Give two uses of recombinant DNA. i)
(2 marks)
ii)
c) In which organelle of a human cell would recombinant DNA be found?
(1 mark)
OVER - 19 -
- 20 -
2. Give a role of each of the following nucleic acids in the production of an enzyme. (4 marks: 1 mark each) DNA:
mRNA:
rRNA:
tRNA:
OVER - 21 -
3. In an experiment, 10 cubes of potato each weighing 10 grams and cut from the same potato were placed in 10 different numbered beakers. Each beaker contained a different concentration of sucrose solution as shown in the table below. After 24 hours, the potato cubes were removed, blotted dry and their weights entered into the data table. Concentration of Sucrose (%) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 Weight of Potato Cube After 24 Hours (grams) 13.4 12.5 11.2 10.3 9.2 8.5 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.4 Percent Change in Mass (%) 34 25 12 3 8 15 20 23 25 26
Beaker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a) Why were all the pieces cut from the same potato?
(1 mark)
- 22 -
b) Graph the data that compares the concentration of sucrose to the percent change in mass. (2 marks: 1 mark for plotting points; 1 mark for drawing line)
30 20 10
change in mass (%)
0 10 20 30
concentration of sucrose (%)
c) Use your graph to estimate at what point the concentration of sucrose in the potato is equal to the sucrose concentration in the beaker. (1 mark)
d) Explain why some of the potato cubes gained mass.
(2 marks)
OVER - 23 -
4. For each of the following, indicate whether the optimum pH is acidic, basic or neutral and explain why that pH is needed for normal functions. (6 marks: 1 mark each for optimum pH; 1 mark each for explanation) stomach: Optimum pH: Explanation:
small intestine: Optimum pH: Explanation:
seminal fluid: Optimum pH: Explanation:
- 24 -
5. Complete the following table describing components of the blood. Red Blood Cells
Platelets
Structural Description
Function
Site of Production
OVER - 25 -
6. When people are involved in an exercise program, changes in the circulatory system occur. a) Explain why the number of capillaries in the skeletal muscle tissue increases. (2 marks)
b) Explain why the maximum heart rate is lower for the same amount of exercise.
(2 marks)
- 26 -
X Z
7. a) Identify each of the following structures. Structure X:
Structure Y:
b) Identify the substance stored and released by structure Z and describe its function. (2 marks: 1 mark for substance; 1 mark for function) Substance: Function:
c) Draw an arrow on the diagram above to indicate the direction of the nerve impulse. (1 mark)
OVER - 27 -
- 28 -
8. a) Identify structure X.
(1 mark)
b) What is the function of structure Y?
(1 mark)
OVER - 29 -
9. a) Write the names of the structures indicated by each of the arrows in the boxes provided. (3 marks)
- 30 -
b) Give a function of each of the following in the excretory system. (4 marks: 1 mark each) carrier proteins:
peritubular capillary network:
sodium bicarbonate:
aldosterone:
OVER - 31 -
10. Identify three components of seminal fluid and give one function of each component. (6 marks: 1 mark each for name; 1 mark each for function) Component Function
END OF EXAMINATION
- 32 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12 NOVEMBER 2002

Course Code = BI
Question 9: 9. (6) Question 10: 10. (3) Question 11: 11. (4)
BIOLOGY 12
NOVEMBER 2002
COURSE CODE = BI

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle that has the letter corresponding to your answer.
Use the following diagram to answer questions 1, 2 and 3.
W V U
X Y Z
1. What occurs at the site of the structure labelled V? A. B. C. D. translation ATP formation rRNA synthesis DNA replication
2. Drugs are detoxified at which structure? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
3. Which of the following is the correct sequence of organelles required in the production and export of amylase? A. B. C. D. V V V W WX XZ ZU VU OVER -1-
4. The organelle above is abundant in cells involved in A. B. C. D. active transport. diffusion of oxygen. transport of hemoglobin. transport of lipid-soluble molecules.
+ + + + X 5. The bonding indicated by X occurs because A. B. C. D. the molecules are polar. each molecule has a similar pH. the molecules have similar charges. the structures are unit molecules of a polymer. + +
-2-
6. Which of the following has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? A. B. C. D. salt acid base water

CH2OH H H OH HO H O H OH OH H H CH2OH O H OH HO H H OH OH HC H OH H H H OH CH2OH O H H O HO H H H OH CH2OH O H OH OH H
H2 O
7. The diagram illustrates a reaction that would take place during the A. B. C. D. digestion of starch. formation of glycogen. hydrolysis of a protein. synthesis of a saturated fat. ________________________________________________ 8. Which of the following molecules makes up plant cell walls and cannot be digested by human enzymes? A. B. C. D. starch maltose cellulose glycogen
OVER -3-

1.
complementary nitrogenous bases join by hydrogen bonding the sugar of one nucleotide joins to the phosphate of the adjacent nucleotide hydrogen bonds break to expose both strands of DNA two identical molecules of DNA are formed
2.
3.
4.
9. Which of the following is the correct sequence to describe DNA replication? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 31 2 4 4 3 2 1 ________________________________________________ 10. Which of the following is a characteristic of cancerous tissue? A. B. C. D. controlled growth increased vascularization increased contact inhibition specialization of structure and function
11. Which of the following is not one of the seven known danger signals associated with the presence of cancer? A. B. C. D. a persistent headache a sore that does not heal unusual bleeding or discharge an obvious change in a wart or mole
-4-
Use the following list to answer question 12. viruses antibodies tobacco smoke ultraviolet radiation
12. How many of the factors above may act as initiators? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4
Use the following diagram to answer question 13. X
Y Z W 13. The fluid nature of the cell membrane is dependent on which labelled molecule? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 14. Which type of molecules move sodium ions through the cell membrane? A. B. C. D. proteins cholesterol phospholipids carbohydrates OVER -5-
5% glucose 4% sucrose
1% glucose 2% sucrose
15. The bag in the beaker above is only permeable to water. What will happen to the concentration of glucose and sucrose in the solution in the beaker after 24 hours? Glucose A. B. C. D. decrease increase increase decrease Sucrose increase increase decrease decrease
16. Which of the following processes occurs during the 24 hours? A. B. C. D. osmosis pinocytosis active transport facilitated transport
17. Initially, the solution in the bag will be A. B. C. D. hypertonic to the solution in the beaker, and becomes isotonic after 24 hours. hypertonic to the solution in the beaker, and becomes hypotonic after 24 hours. hypotonic to the solution in the beaker, and becomes isotonic after 24 hours. hypotonic to the solution in the beaker, and becomes hypertonic after 24 hours.
-6-
18. What conditions would decrease the ability of lipase to form an enzyme-substrate complex? A. B. C. D. a pH of 8.5 the addition of lipids the addition of lead ions an increase in the amount of bile available
19. An experiment was set up to measure the effect of temperature on catalase, an enzyme found in the liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. Four labelled test tubes, each containing similar amounts of catalase and 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide, were incubated at different temperatures.
Which of the following matches the test tube with its correct temperature? W A. B. C. D. 70 C 5 C 70 C 5 C X 37 C 20 C 5 C 70 C Y 20 C 37 C 20 C 37 C Z 5 C 70 C 37 C 20 C
OVER -7-
Use the following graph to answer question 20. Reaction rate versus substrate concentration in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
reaction rate
reaction rate
substrate concentration
20. In the graph above, the curve levels off due to the A. B. C. D. addition of a strong acid. addition of a competitive inhibitor. conversion of all of the substrate into product. substrate temporarily occupying all the active sites. ________________________________________________ 21. A disease of which structure could cause a high concentration of glucose in the urine? A. B. C. D. pancreas gall bladder lymph nodes thyroid gland
-8-
X Y
22. What is the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. arterial duct venous duct oval opening umbilical artery
23. Which of the following would result if structure Y remains functional after birth? A. B. C D. higher than normal levels of oxyhemoglobin in the aorta higher than normal levels of bicarbonate ions in the aorta lower than normal levels of reduced hemoglobin in the aorta lower than normal levels of carbaminohemoglobin in the aorta OVER -9-
24. Which of the following correctly describes the structure and function of a red blood cell? Structure A. B. C. D. cell fragment has a nucleus biconcave no nucleus Function initiates clotting fights infection produces antibodies transports hydrogen ions
25. What occurs at the venous end of a capillary bed? A. B. C. D. Urea and ammonia exit into the tissues. Carbon dioxide and glucose enter the bloodstream. Blood pressure forces water to exit into the tissues. Osmotic pressure causes water to move into the blood.
26. When the left ventricle contracts, blood moves through A. B. C. D. a semilunar valve into the aorta. a semilunar valve into the left atrium. an AV valve into the pulmonary artery. the arterial opening into the right ventricle.
27. Which part of the heart controls the rhythmic beat of the atria? A. B. C. D. Purkinje fibres semilunar valve SA (sinoatrial) node AV (atrioventricular) node
28. During inspiration, which structure receives air after the bronchiole? A. B. C. D. larynx trachea alveolus bronchus
- 10 -
29. Rings of cartilage strengthen which of the following structures? A. B. C. D. trachea alveolus diaphragm thoracic cavity
30. Which of the following pairs of reactions occurs most frequently in the blood surrounding the structure shown? A. Hb + O 2 HbO 2 and HHb Hb + H + B. HbO2 Hb + O 2 and Hb + H + HHb C. H + + Hb HHb and H 2 CO3 HCO3 + H + D. CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO3 and H 2 CO3 HCO3 + H + ________________________________________________ 31. Within the respiratory system, debris is trapped by mucus in the A. B. C. D. alveoli. trachea. bronchioles. pleural membranes.
OVER - 11 -

1.
medulla oblongata responds to increased CO 2 concentration air rushes into the lungs chest cavity volume increases diaphragm relaxes
2. 3. 4.
32. Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in breathing? A. B. C. D. 4 3 3 4 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 3 2 4 2 1
33. Which of the following is a function of structure X? A. B. C. D. to produce neurotransmitters to speed conduction of the nerve impulse to provide energy for nerve impulse conduction to receive stimulation for production of the nerve impulse
34. What type of cell is shown above? A. B. C. D. a dendrite an interneuron a motor neuron a sensory neuron - 12 -
Use the following diagram to answer question 35. Na+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
K+ K+ Area X Area Y
direction of nerve impulse
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Na+ 35. What would occur in Area X when the event shown there later occurs in Area Y? A. B. C. D. depolarization K + would enter the axon generation of a new impulse the membrane potential would approach 65 mV ________________________________________________ 36. Which of the following inhibits the contraction of muscles which move food through the digestive system? A. B. C. D. cerebellum somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system
OVER - 13 -
Use the following list of hormones to answer question 37. thyroxin estrogen oxytocin aldosterone antidiuretic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone
37. How many of the hormones above are released by the pituitary gland? A. B. C. D. 2 3 4 5
38. The structure labelled X is the A. B. C. D. renal pelvis. renal cortex. renal medulla. urinary bladder.
- 14 -
X Y
39. Which of the following occurs between X and Y? A. B. C. D. tubular excretion pressure filtration selective reabsorption counter-current exchange ________________________________________________ 40. Tubular excretion occurs when molecules move from the A. B. C. D. loop of Henle to the renal medulla. Bowmans capsule into the glomerulus. proximal tubule into the peritubular capillary network. peritubular capillary network into the distal convoluted tubule.
OVER - 15 -
blood flow out blood flow in
41. Compared to structure Y, structure X contains A. B. C. D. a higher concentration of urea. a higher concentration of glucose. a lower concentration of uric acid. a lower concentration of carbaminohemoglobin. ________________________________________________ 42. In which structure is activity increased by raised concentrations of urea and salts in the blood? A. B. C. D. pancreas adrenal cortex anterior pituitary posterior pituitary
43. Aldosterone causes sodium to be reabsorbed by which part of the nephron? A. B. C. D. loop of Henle collecting duct proximal tubule distal convoluted tubule.
- 16 -
44. All of the following have a similar function except for the A. B. C. D. prostate gland. Cowpers gland. seminal vesicles. seminiferous tubules.
45. Which of the following is the correct order of structures through which sperm pass as they leave the body? A. B. C. D. epididymis urethra vas deferens seminiferous tubules epididymis urethra seminiferous tubules vas deferens seminiferous tubules urethra vas deferens epididymis seminiferous tubules epididymis vas deferens urethra
Use the following diagram to answer question 46. X Y
W Z
46. Which of the following provides energy to propel the sperm? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER - 17 -
47. Higher levels of a hormone released from which of the following structures results in an increase in muscle mass at puberty? A. B. C. D. thyroid interstitial cells adrenal medulla seminiferous tubules
48. Testosterone secretion is controlled through negative feedback due to increased amounts of which hormone? A. B. C. D. oxytocin testosterone progesterone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
49. What is the function of the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. It stores urine. It matures ova before ovulation. It receives the penis during copulation. It is the site of embryonic development.
- 18 -
50. During birth, the concentration of a particular hormone in the mothers blood was measured at various times. Which of the following describes the feedback mechanism and the hormone involved? Type of Feedback A. B. C. D. positive negative positive negative
Hormone oxytocin oxytocin progesterone progesterone
OVER - 19 -
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Use a pen for this part of the examination unless otherwise instructed. 2. Write your answers in the space below the questions. 3. You may not need all of the space provided to answer each question.
1. Give two functions of each of the following. water: i) (2 marks)
ii)
lipids: i)
(2 marks)
ii)
lysosome: i)
(2 marks)
ii)
- 20 -
2. Complete the table below by giving three differences between DNA and RNA. (3 marks: 1 mark for each contrasting pair)
DNA
RNA
OVER - 21 -
3. Describe the structure and function of each of the following molecules. (4 marks: 1 mark each for structure; 1 mark each for function) mRNA: structure:
function:
tRNA: structure:
function:
- 22 -
4. Explain how enzymes catalyze reactions in cells.
(4 marks)
OVER - 23 -
5. a) Describe how carbohydrates are digested and absorbed in the human digestive system. (6 marks)
b) Describe the role of the pancreas and the liver in maintaining blood sugar levels. (3 marks)
- 24 -
6. In an effort to improve fitness level, an adult participates in a tennis program for five months. The following data were collected over this time period. April resting pulse rate (beats/min) pulse rate during exercise (beats/min) time for pulse to return to resting rate after exercising (min) resting blood pressure (mm Hg) resting breathing rate (breaths/min) breathing rate during exercise (breaths/min) 75 140 13 125/89 17 35 August 65 110 2 120/80 15 25
a) In August the persons resting blood pressure is 120/80. Explain how the numbers 120 and 80 relate to heart function. (2 marks)
b) Explain why the pulse rate during exercise went down between April and August. (1 mark)
c) Explain the change in breathing rate from resting to exercise.
(2 marks)
OVER - 25 -
7. Explain how the lymphatic and circulatory systems respond to a viral infection.
(3 marks)
- 26 -
8. Using the following table, distinguish between the chemical composition of the blood in the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary bed in a muscle. (3 marks)
Arterial End
Venous End
OVER - 27 -
Y Z
9. Identify structures X, Y and Z and give one function of each. (6 marks: 1 mark each for name; 1 mark each for function) structure X: name: function:
structure Y: name: function:
structure Z: name: function:
- 28 -
10. Give one function of each of the following. renal pelvis:
proximal convoluted tubule:
ureter:
OVER - 29 -
11. a) Complete the table for a typical 28-day ovarian cycle. Pituitary Hormone Responsible for Changes in the Ovary
(2 marks)
Days 112 1528
b) Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation.
(2 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 30 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
AUGUST 2003
Course Code = BI
1. Place the stickers with your Personal Education Number (PEN) in the allotted spaces above. Under no circumstance is your name or identification, other than your Personal Education Number, to appear on this booklet. 2. Ensure that in addition to this examination booklet, you have an Examination Response Form. Follow the directions on the front of the Response Form. 3. Disqualification from the examination will result if you bring books, paper, notes or unauthorized electronic devices into the examination room. 4. When instructed to open this booklet, check the numbering of the pages to ensure that they are numbered in sequence from page one to the last page, which is identified by
*END OF EXAMINATION* .
5. At the end of the examination, place your Response Form inside the front cover of this booklet and return the booklet and your Response Form to the supervisor.
Question 9: 9. (5) Question 10: 10. (6) Question 11: 11. (4) Question 12: 12. (2)
BIOLOGY 12
AUGUST 2003
COURSE CODE = BI

Suggested Time 45 minutes 75 minutes 120 minutes
Value 1. This examination consists of two parts: PART A: 50 multiple-choice questions PART B: 12 written-response questions Total: 50 marks 50 marks 100 marks
INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle on the Response Form that has the letter corresponding to your answer.
1. What organelle contains enzymes that hydrolyze proteins? A. B. C. D. ribosomes lysosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum
X W
2. Which labelled structure modifies polypeptides produced at the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER -1-
3. Which of the following increases in concentration when amino acids are dissolved in water? A. B. C. D.
H+ OH HCO3 COOH
4. What is the empirical formula of a carbohydrate? A. B. C. D.
CH 4 CHO CH2 O C 6H12 O6
5. Which of the following would function as a structural component of plant cell walls? A.
O
O
C.
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O
CH2
O
O
O
O
D.
O
O
O O
CH2
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
-2-
B.
O
O
O O
O
O
CH2
O
O
O
O
O
O
CH2
O
O
CH2
O
O
6. What accounts for the secondary structure of a protein molecule? A. B. C. D. hydrolysis denaturation ionic bonding hydrogen bonding
7. Which of the following is an example of complementary base pairing? A. B. C. D. guanineuracil adeninecytosine cytosinethymine cytosineguanine
8. Which of the following is a characteristic of replication? A. B. C. D. Sugar joins to phosphate groups, producing new DNA. Anticodons bond to codons by complementary base pairing, producing proteins. Adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine, producing mRNA. Adenine bonds with uracil and cytosine bonds with guanine, producing new DNA.
9. What is meant by the term unzipping as it occurs during replication? A. B. C. D. denaturing of the DNA molecule formation of temporary bonds between mRNA and tRNA breaking the bonds between the bases of DNA nucleotides breaking the bonds between the sugar and phosphate molecules
OVER -3-
Y Z
10. Which of the following correctly identifies the parts labelled W, X, Y and Z? W A. B. C. D. phosphate thymine adenine adenine X ribose uracil thymine thymine Y cytosine ribose phosphate deoxyribose Z guanine phosphate ribose phosphate
________________________________________________
11. What are two characteristics of the cells shown in the diagram? A. B. C. D. rapid growth and low metabolic rate contact inhibition and abnormal nuclei lack of contact inhibition and disorganized growth contact inhibition and the inability to cause vascularization
-4-
12. When asbestos dust causes normal genes to become cancer-causing genes it is acting as A. B. C. D. a promoter. an initiator. an inhibitor. an oncogene.
13. Which of the following does not affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? A. B. C. D. pH temperature osmotic pressure substrate concentration
14. Vitamins act as which of the following in biochemical reactions? A. B. C. D. buffers enzymes substrates coenzymes
15. What structure prevents food from entering the trachea? A. B. C. D. the tongue the pharynx the epiglottis the cardiac sphincter
16. Which is a function of the large intestine? A. B. C. D. the secretion of bile the absorption of vitamins the production of glycogen the release of sodium bicarbonate
OVER -5-
blood amino acid concentration in 50 hepatic portal vein (mg/100 ml)
X time
17. What enzyme is responsible for the change at time X? A. B. C. D. lipase amylase nuclease peptidase ________________________________________________
18. Which of the following is a reactant in the chemical digestion of food? A. B. C. D. water enzymes hormones heavy metals
19. Which enzyme functions optimally in a low pH? A. B. C. D. lipase pepsin trypsin amylase
20. What would result if insulin was injected into a healthy person? A. B. C. D. Blood glucose levels would increase. The liver would convert glycogen into glucose. Glucose concentration in body cells would increase. The cell membrane would become less permeable to glucose. -6-
21. The removal of the gall bladder would affect the rate of digestion of which of the following? A. B. C. D. lipids proteins nucleotides carbohydrates
22. Which of the following results in an increase in the surface area of food? A. B. C. D. lipase digesting starch peristalsis in the stomach synthesis of glycogen in the liver absorption of water in the large intestine
Use the following table to answer question 23. Blood vessel W X Y Z Average blood pressure (mm Hg) 100 1 20 60 Total cross-sectional area ( cm 2 ) 2.5 8 2500 40
23. Through which vessel would blood move most slowly? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 24. What two vessels carry blood to the anterior vena cava? A. B. C. D. the jugular vein and the iliac vein the jugular vein and the subclavian vein the hepatic portal vein and the renal vein the coronary vein and the pulmonary vein
OVER -7-
25. Which of the following maintains the osmotic pressure of the blood? A. B. C. D. urea protein glycogen phospholipids
Y Z
26. Which of the labelled structures prevents blood from re-entering the right atrium from the right ventricle? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 27. Through how many heart valves must a blood cell pass as it moves from the brain to the lungs? A. B. C. D. 2 4 6 8
-8-
28. What is the effect of acetylcholine on the body? A. B. C. D. It decreases the heart rate. It increases the blood pressure. It decreases the blood flow to the skin. It decreases the blood flow to the digestive system.
29. Cilia in the trachea sweep debris toward which of the following structures? A. B. C. D. the alveoli the bronchi the pharynx the bronchioles
30. What structure, composed of thin-walled epithelial cells that secrete lipoproteins, allows the diffusion of gases? A. B. C. D. the alveolus the bronchiole the diaphragm the pleural membrane
31. Which of the following occurs during exhalation? A. B. C. D. The diaphragm flattens. The rib muscles contract. Air pressure increases in the lungs. The thoracic cavity increases in volume.
OVER -9-

Y
32. Which of the following occurs if the neuron is stimulated at Y? A. B. C. D. The nerve impulse will travel to X and then to the brain. The nerve impulse will travel to a sensory receptor located at Z. The nerve impulse will travel to Z and then stimulate an effector. The nerve impulse will travel to X and stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. ________________________________________________ 33. Which of the following events causes the polarity to change from 65mV to + 40mV across the membrane of the axon? A. B. C. D. the diffusion of sodium ions into the axon the diffusion of potassium ions into the axon the active transport of sodium ions out of the axon the active transport of potassium ions out of the axon
34. Which of the following would initiate an action potential? A. B. C. D. the release of neurotransmitters from the postsynaptic membrane the exit of potassium ions from the axon during the refractory period the depolarization of the dendrite when the threshold level is reached the decreased permeability of the presynaptic membrane to calcium ions
35. What is the function of hydrolytic enzymes in the synaptic cleft? A. B. C. D. to increase the threshold level to break down neurotransmitters to stimulate contractile proteins in the synaptic ending to increase the permeability of the presynaptic membrane to calcium ions
- 10 -
36. Which of the following causes nerve impulses to move more quickly along the neuron? A. B. C. D. the presence of the myelin sheath an increased intensity of the action potential the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system the action of hydrolytic enzymes present in the synaptic gap
37. The structure labelled X is located in what part of the kidney? A. B. C. D. the renal artery the renal pelvis the renal cortex the renal medulla ________________________________________________ 38. Where does active transport play an important role in urine formation? A. B. C. D. in the glomerulus in the renal artery in the Bowmans capsule in the distal convoluted tubule
OVER - 11 -
39. Urine enters the bladder through which structure? A. B. C. D. the ureter the kidney the urethra the collecting duct
Y W Z
40. Which labelled structure receives the contents of the collecting ducts? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 41. Upon what is filtration of blood in the glomerulus dependent? A. B. C. D. blood pressure decreased blood volume parasympathetic stimulation increased waste concentration in the blood
42. What structure secretes aldosterone? A. B. C. D. the adrenal gland the hypothalamus the pituitary gland the medulla oblongata - 12 -
Use the following diagram to answer questions 43, 44, 45 and 46.
W X Y U
T S
43. Which of the following correctly describes the pathway sperm follow from their formation to their exit from the body? A. B. C. D. UYWT SZWX SZXY SZVT
44. Which of the following is a function of the secretions from the structure labelled S? A. B. C. D. to buffer the pH of the semen to cause beard growth at puberty to cause rhythmic contractions of the uterus to cause increased secretion of releasing hormones
45. Structure X refers to which of the following? A. B. C. D. the testes the epididymis the vas deferens the seminal vesicles
46. Which labelled structure transfers semen to the female? A. B. C. D. X Y Z U OVER - 13 -
47. Which of the following structures secretes testosterone? A. B. C. D. the prostate the epididymis the vas deferens the interstitial cells
W X Y Z
48. Where does fertilization of an egg usually occur? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 49. What occurs when hormones are released by the corpus luteum? A. B. C. D. Menstruation begins. The uterine lining thickens. The secretion of releasing hormones increases. The production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) decreases.
- 14 -
50. What effect would decreasing levels of estrogen and progesterone have on the female reproductive system? A. B. C. D. Ovulation would occur. The corpus luteum would degenerate. The endometrium would break down. The uterine lining would become secretory.
OVER - 15 -
- 16 -
1. Name structures X and Y and explain how each functions in protein synthesis. (4 marks: 1 mark each for structure; 1 mark each for function) structure X: name: function:
structure Y: name: function:
OVER - 17 -
2. Draw a diagram showing the bonding between water molecules and explain how the structure of the water molecules allows these bonds to form. (You may use a pencil for your diagram.) (3 marks: 1 mark for diagram; 2 marks for explanation)
explanation:
- 18 -
3. Describe how each of the following contributes to the production of a protein. DNA:
(4 marks)
codon:
tRNA:
ribosome:
OVER - 19 -
side A
side B
15% salt
distilled water
membrane
4. An experiment was carried out to study the movement of molecules through a membrane. Two solutions were placed into a container on either side of a membrane which is permeable to salt and water. The temperature was maintained at 40C . a) Describe what happens to the volume of the solution on both side A and side B after five hours. Explain your answer. (2 marks)
b) Describe what happens to the solute concentration on side B. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
- 20 -
c) If the temperature at the beginning of the experiment was at 5C , describe how the results obtained at 5C would be different from the results obtained at 40C . Explain your answer. (2 marks)
OVER - 21 -
Use the following symbols to answer question 5.

su bs
tra
te
products
enzy
me
5. Using all of the symbols above as often as necessary, produce a diagram to illustrate how enzymes function. Explain your diagram. (You may use a pencil for your diagram.) (4 marks: 2 marks for diagram; 2 marks for explanation)
explanation:
- 22 -
6. Explain how the small intestine is specialized for the absorption of nutrients.
(4 marks)
7. Describe three roles of the lymphatic system. i)
(3 marks)
ii)
iii)
OVER - 23 -
8. Complete the following table. (4 marks: 1 mark each for location; 1 mark each for function)
Structure
Location in the heart
Function
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Purkinje fibres
- 24 -
9. a) Compare the pH and temperature of the blood in the lung capillaries with the blood in the capillaries of other body tissues. (2 marks)
b) How does the pH and temperature of the blood in the body tissues affect the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin? (1 mark)
c) How would the conditions of the blood in the body tissues change during strenuous exercise? (2 marks)
OVER - 25 -
10. a) Identify the division of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in the fight or flight response.
(1 mark)
b) Identify the hormone involved in the fight or flight response, name its source gland, and give three effects that the hormone has on the body. (5 marks: 1 mark for hormone; 1 mark for source gland; 3 marks for effects) hormone: source gland: effects: i)
ii)
iii)
- 26 -
11. Describe how the secretion of each of the following will affect the composition of blood. (4 marks: 2 marks each) aldosterone:
antidiuretic hormone:
OVER - 27 -
12. Explain what happens to the uterine lining during the first five days of the uterine cycle and explain why this occurs.
(2 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 28 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
JUNE 2003
Course Code = BI
Question 9: 9. (4) Question 10: 10. (4) Question 11: 11. (4) Question 12: 12. (4) Question 13: 13. (2) Question 14: 14. (3)
BIOLOGY 12
JUNE 2003
COURSE CODE = BI

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle on the Response Form that has the letter corresponding to your answer.
1. Which of the following cells could produce the greatest amount of lipase? A. B.
C.
D.
OVER -1-
2. Phagocytosis involves the infolding of what structure? A. B. C. D. the nucleolus the mitochondria the cell membrane the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
H H O
3. The polarity of the molecule above accounts for which of the following characteristics? A. B. C. D. an acidic pH low density as a liquid its ability to act as a solvent its ability to buffer reactions
-2-
Use the following diagram to answer questions 4 and 5. X
Y Z 4. What does the molecule labelled Y represent? A. B. C. D. ATP water oxygen carbon dioxide
5. If the molecules at X represent amino acids, then what does the molecule at Z represent? A. B. C. D. insulin glycerol glycogen messenger RNA

CH2OH H H OH HO H OH H O O H H H OH H H OH OH CH2OH O H
6. What is the molecule illustrated above? A. B. C. D. glycogen a nucleotide an amino acid a disaccharide OVER -3-
7. Where in the cell does this process take place? A. B. C. D. in the nucleus in the ribosome in the Golgi body in the rough endoplasmic reticulum ________________________________________________ 8. Which of the following are characteristics of DNA but not of RNA? A. B. C. D. single stranded double stranded single stranded double stranded contains adenine contains guanine contains thymine contains uracil translates replicates replicates translates
-4-
Molecule X
9. What process produces molecule X? A. B. C. D. translation replication denaturation transcription
10. What type of bond joins the structure in box Y with the structure in box Z? A. B. C. D. ionic peptide covalent hydrogen
11. What two components are part of the structure shown in box Y? A. B. C. D. ribose and guanine ribose and cytosine deoxyribose and uracil deoxyribose and adenine
OVER -5-
12. What is produced during translation? A. B. C. D. messenger RNA steroid hormones a polypeptide chain new DNA molecules
13. What molecules act as carriers of glucose in the cell membrane? A. B. C. D. proteins nucleic acids phospholipids carbohydrates
14. Which of the following describes active transport? A. B. C. D. Water moves across the cell membrane. Small molecules are pushed into the tissue fluid by blood pressure. Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient using energy. Molecules are moved with the concentration gradient without using energy.
Use the following list to answer question 15. temperature shape of molecule concentration gradient 15. How many of the conditions above would affect the rate of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane? A. B. C. D. 0 1 2 3
-6-

white blood cell
bacterium time
16. What is the next step in the process shown above? A. B. C. D. Water is drawn into the cell. Enclosed substances leave the cell. A lysosome fuses with the vacuole. A vesicle fuses with the cell membrane. ________________________________________________ 17. The appendix is attached to which of the following structures? A. B. C. D. the colon the stomach the gall bladder the small intestine
18. Which of the following compares the blood glucose concentration in the hepatic portal vein to that of the hepatic vein after the digestion of carbohydrate-rich food? A. Blood glucose concentration is higher in the hepatic vein due to the actions of insulin. B. Blood glucose concentration is higher in the hepatic vein because the liver stores excess glucose. C. Blood glucose concentration is similar in each vein because glucose remains in the bloodstream. D. Blood glucose concentration is lower in the hepatic vein because glucose is converted to glycogen.
OVER -7-
Vessel X
Vessel Y
Vessel Z
19. The diagrams above illustrate cross-sectional views of three different types of blood vessels. Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of each blood vessel? Vessel X A. carries blood to the heart blood velocity is highest in this type of vessel smooth muscle allows for contraction contraction of skeletal muscle aids blood flow Vessel Y contains one-way valves carries blood toward the heart carries blood from the heart smooth muscle allows for contraction Vessel Z contraction of skeletal muscle aids blood flow exchanges gases, nutrients and wastes with tissue fluids carries blood toward the heart blood velocity is lowest in this type of vessel
B.
C.
D.
-8-
20. Which of the following graphs illustrates the changes in the blood pressure between the pulmonary trunk and the left atrium? A. B.
blood pressure (mm Hg)
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary capillaries
left atrium
pulmonary trunk
left atrium
C.
D.
pulmonary trunk
left atrium
pulmonary trunk
left atrium
________________________________________________ 21. Which of the following statements is true? A. B. C. D. Arteries have thinner walls than veins. Veins have greater elasticity than arteries. Arteries have one-way valves and veins do not. Veins have a larger internal diameter than arteries.
22. What blood vessel carries oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle? A. B. C. D. the aorta the carotid artery the coronary artery the pulmonary artery
OVER -9-
Y X Z
23. Which labelled blood vessel would contain the highest concentrations of oxygen and nutrients? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
- 10 -
24. What structures are responsible for collecting excess tissue fluids in the body? A. B. C. D. the venules the lymph nodes the blood arterioles the lymph capillaries
25. Which of the following is found in greater amounts in the blood of a person with a viral infection? A. B. C. D. urea platelets antibodies red blood cells
26. Which of the following describes the net movement of water at the arterial end of a capillary bed? A. net movement of water into the tissues because blood pressure is less than the osmotic pressure of the blood B. net movement of water into the tissues because blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood C. net movement of water into the capillaries because blood pressure is less than the osmotic pressure of the blood D. net movement of water into the capillaries because blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood
27. The secretion of which of the following would lead to a decrease in blood pressure? A. B. C. D. adrenaline aldosterone acetylcholine antidiuretic hormone
OVER - 11 -
Y X Z W
28. Which arrow indicates the location of the vocal cords? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 29. What structure prevents food from entering the trachea? A. B. C. D. the pharynx the epiglottis the diaphragm the bronchioles
30. Which of the following events occurs during exhalation? A. B. C. D. The diaphragm flattens and the rib muscles relax. The diaphragm flattens and the rib muscles contract. The diaphragm becomes dome shaped and the rib cage moves up and out. The diaphragm becomes dome shaped and the rib cage moves down and in.
- 12 -
31. High blood concentrations of which of the following substances increases the rate and depth of breathing? A. B. C. D. acetylcholine hydrogen ions oxyhemoglobin carbonic anhydrase
32. What structure in a neuron contains the nucleus? A. B. C. D. the axon the vesicle the dendrite the cell body
33. What event occurs during repolarization? A. B. C. D. the sodium gates open the potassium gates open the net movement of sodium ions into the axon the net movement of potassium ions into the axon
34. To which structure does a nerve impulse travel after leaving the axon of an interneuron? A. B. C. D. a receptor an effector an axon of a sensory neuron a dendrite of a motor neuron
35. Which of the following is a function of the hormone produced by the adrenal medulla? A. B. C. D. to increase the heart rate to decrease blood pressure to stimulate the actions of the digestive system to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
OVER - 13 -
36. If damage to the brain leads to difficulties in voluntary muscle response and speech, what area of the brain is most likely affected? A. B. C. D. the cerebrum the hypothalamus the pituitary gland the medulla oblongata
X W
37. Which of the following are functions of X? A. B. C. D. to regulate heart rate and breathing rate to control temperature and water balance to control muscle co-ordination and balance to integrate sensory information and act as a relay station
38. Which structures act as the neuro-endocrine control centre? A. B. C. D. V and X V and Z W and X W and Y
- 14 -
39. Which of the following correctly compares the relative concentrations of the given substances in urine and blood in the renal vein? Urine Urea A. B. C. D. high high low low Hydrogen ions low high high low Glucose high low low high Blood in the renal vein Urea high low low high Hydrogen ions low low low high Glucose high high high low
40. How does the composition of blood in the renal vein change if ADH is secreted? A. B. C. D. It contains more water. It contains more glucose. It contains more aldosterone. It contains more bicarbonate ions.
41. Which part of the nephron re-absorbs the majority of nutrients? A. B. C. D. the glomerulus the loop of Henle the distal convoluted tubule the proximal convoluted tubule
OVER - 15 -
Y Z X W
42. The cells of which labelled structure respond to aldosterone? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 43. What substance is increasingly re-absorbed as blood pH decreases? A. B. C. D. urea ammonia ( NH3 ) bicarbonate ions ( HCO3 ) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
44. The secretion of which of the following affects blood volume? A. B. C. D. ADH thyroxin ammonia bicarbonate ions
- 16 -
45. Which of the following is not a function of seminal fluid? A. B. C. D. to cause uterine contractions to neutralize acidic pH of the vagina to provide fructose for ATP production to stimulate the ovaries to release an egg
X W Z
46. Which structure contains high numbers of mitochondria? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 47. Which of the following secrete female reproductive hormones? A. B. C. D. the vagina and the cervix the uterus and the clitoris the follicle and the corpus luteum the fallopian tubes and the urethra
OVER - 17 -
48. Which of the following is an effect of estrogen? A. B. C. D. maturation of the corpus luteum decreased levels of LH secretions increased levels of FSH secretions increased thickness of the uterine lining
49. Which of the following describes the hormonal levels on day 13 of a 28-day uterine cycle? Follicle-stimulating hormone A. B. C. D. low high low high Luteinizing hormone high high low low
50. What structure secretes luteinizing hormone? A. B. C. D. the ovary the placenta the corpus luteum the anterior pituitary
- 18 -
1. Describe how the function of the cell membrane, vacuoles and lysosomes are related. (3 marks)
2. Describe three ways that water is important to living organisms. i)
(3 marks)
ii)
iii)
OVER - 19 -
Use the following diagram to answer question 3. Substance X

S P P S P S P S P S P S P S P S S P S P S P S S P S P S P S S S P S P P S S P P S S P S P S P P S S P S S P P S P S S P S P S
Substance Y
3. A radioactive molecule is added to a cell culture where the process shown in the diagram is taking place. Upon analysis, it is found that substance Y is radioactive but substance X is not. Give a possible identity for the radioactive molecule which was added and explain why it is only in substance Y. (2 marks: 1 mark for molecule; 1 mark for explanation) molecule: explanation:
- 20 -
4. Each of the following diagrams illustrates an event in the growth and development of cancer in the body.
Event X Event Y Event Z
X ray
a) Place the events in the correct order from the start of carcinogenesis.
(1 mark)
b) Explain what is occurring in each of the events. event X:
event Y:
event Z:
OVER - 21 -
5. Compare the process of facilitated transport with that of active transport.
(3 marks)
- 22 -
6. Explain how each of the following affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that occurs in the mouth. (6 marks: 2 marks each) adding more enzyme:
changing the pH from 7.2 to 12:
lowering the temperature from 37C to 10C :
OVER - 23 -
Use the following graph to answer question 7. Blood Glucose Concentration vs. Time of Day
130
blood glucose concentration (mg/100 mL)
85
6 a.m. 7 a.m. 8 a.m. 9 a.m. 10 a.m. 11 a.m. 12 p.m. 1 p.m.
time of day 7. A person eats a well-balanced meal at 7 a.m. and again at 12 p.m. Explain the changes that occur in blood glucose concentration at each of the times indicated below. (6 marks: 2 marks each) between 7 a.m. and 8 a.m.
between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m.
between 11 a.m. and 12 p.m.
- 24 -
8. a) Name the substance which emulsifies fat in the digestive system.
(1 mark)
b) Explain how emulsification assists in the chemical digestion of fat.
(1 mark)
9. a) What is the name of the pacemaker of the heart and where in the heart is it located? (2 marks) name: location:
b) Explain how the Purkinje fibres function to control heartbeat.
(2 marks)
OVER - 25 -
10. a) State three functions of hemoglobin. i)
(3 marks)
ii)
iii)
b) How does the hemoglobin found in the pulmonary artery differ from the hemoglobin found in the pulmonary vein? (1 mark)
- 26 -
11. Compare the structural similarities and differences of motor and sensory neurons. (4 marks: 2 marks for similarities; 2 marks for differences) similarities:
differences:
OVER - 27 -
W X Y
12. Identify each of the labelled regions or structures. region W: region X: structure Y: structure Z:
(4 marks)
- 28 -
13. Identify the source of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males and describe its effect on the testes. (2 marks) source: effect:
14. Give one function of each of the following hormones. testosterone:
progesterone:
oxytocin:
END OF EXAMINATION
- 29 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
NOVEMBER 2003
Course Code = BI
Question 1: 1. (2) Question 2: 2. (2) Question 3: 3. (5) Question 4: 4. (4) Question 5: 5. (4) Question 6: 6. (4) Question 7: 7. (2)
BIOLOGY 12
NOVEMBER 2003
COURSE CODE = BI

PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Value: 67 marks
Suggested Time: 80 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle on the Response Form that has the letter corresponding to your answer. Use the following diagram to answer questions 1 and 2.
X
1. Which of the following best describes the function of the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. It produces ATP. It produces lipids. It produces ribosomal RNA. It stores hydrolytic enzymes.
2. Which of the following could be produced at the structure labelled Y? A. B. C. D. rRNA tRNA testosterone hemoglobin ________________________________________________ 3. What is the function of the nucleolus? A. B. C. D. It produces mRNA. It produces ribosomal subunits. It provides a site for transcription. It provides a site for ATP production. OVER -1-

H H N H C R C OH O
4. This unit molecule is a component of which of the following polymers? A. B. C. D. protein fatty acid nucleic acid polysaccharide

O O O
5. What is the molecule above? A. B. C. D. glucose maltose cellulose glycogen

X Y
6. What part of the molecule above allows it to serve as the energy currency of cells? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
-2-

C
7. What determines the level of protein structure in the molecule above? A. B. C. D. dehydration synthesis of amino acids hydrogen bonding between amino acids two or more polypeptides forming the molecule covalent bonding between the R-groups of amino acids
8. Which of the following molecules is a major structural component of the organelle above? A. B. C. D. starch glucose neutral fat phospholipid ________________________________________________ 9. What property of water allows it to form hydrogen bonds? A. B. C. D. It has a neutral pH. Its molecules are polar. It is an excellent solvent. Its molecules can dissociate. OVER -3-
N O
C C
N
C C C
H O
O N O H
10. What is the function of HCO 3 (bicarbonate ion) when it helps to maintain the blood pH at about 7.4? A. B. C. D. to act as a base to act as an acid to buffer the blood to catalyze reactions
11. During which process would adenine bond with thymine but not uracil? A. B. C. D. translation replication transcription dehydration synthesis
12. Which of the following is found in RNA but not in DNA? A. B. C. D. ribose adenine maltose phosphate
13. What is the percentage of guanine in a DNA sample containing 20% thymine? A. B. C. D. 10% 20% 30% 40% Use the following diagram to answer question 14.
14. In which organelle does the above process occur? A. B. C. D. nucleus nucleolus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum -4-
15. Consider the following portion of an mRNA strand: UAC GGG AUA What are the anticodons that will be paired to this strand? A. B. C. D. ATG ATA AUG UAC CCC GGG CCC GGG TAT TAC UAU AUA
16. During transcription, hydrogen bonds form between which of the following? A. B. C. D. amino acid pairs mRNA and DNA mRNA and ribosomes sugar and phosphate molecules
17. Which of the following describes the fluid-mosaic model of a cell membrane? A. B. C. D. phospholipids floating in a layer of glycoproteins cholesterol embedded between a double layer of protein a layer of protein molecules between two layers of cellulose protein molecules embedded in a double layer of phospholipids
18. Which of the following is an example of osmosis? A. B. C. D. the absorption of water by the large intestine the absorption of amino acids by the small intestine the movement of carbon dioxide into the blood from the tissues the movement of fluids from the glomerulus to Bowmans capsule
19. Which of the following processes results in the production of ADP and phosphate? A. B. C. D. the absorption of water by the large intestine the absorption of oxygen into the blood by the alveoli the movement of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the blood the re-absorption of glucose by the proximal convoluted tubule
OVER -5-
20. What process allows chloride ions to move into a cell without the use of energy? A. B. C. D. osmosis endocytosis active transport facilitated transport
21. What is the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. a vesicle a glycoprotein a phospholipid a channel protein ________________________________________________ 22. What occurs when a cell is placed in a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than its cytoplasm? A. B. C. D. The volume of the cell increases. More solute diffuses out of the cell. More water leaves the cell than enters the cell. The concentration of solute in the cell decreases.
23. How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction? A. B. C. D. They produce energy. They become denatured. They produce coenzymes. They decrease the energy of activation. -6-
24. Why does maltase hydrolyze maltose but not starch? A. B. C. D. Maltose is a vitamin. Starch denatures the tertiary structure of maltase. The active site of maltase is complementary to maltose. Maltose provides activation energy and starch does not.
25. How are coenzymes involved in enzymatic reactions? A. B. C. D. They provide atoms for the reaction. They increase enzyme concentration. They provide energy for the reaction. They increase substrate concentration.
26. What is the function of thyroxin? A. B. C. D. to cause ovulation to increase metabolic rate to decrease the rate of digestion to control the concentration of sodium ions in the blood
Reaction rate
reaction rate
X Progress of reaction
27. The graph shows changes in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. What accounts for the shape of the graph between X and Y? A. B. C. D. There is not enough substrate. All the active sites are occupied. More coenzyme has been added. Heavy metal ions have been added. OVER -7-
E1
E2
E3 E6
E4 E7
W Z
E5
E1 to E7 are enzymes S to Z are substrates
28. In an experiment, substrate S was added to a beaker containing equal amounts of enzymes E1 to E 7 . The metabolic pathway in the diagram shows the reactions that occurred. After 15 minutes a competitive inhibitor for E 3 is added to the beaker and the reactions continue to completion. What would occur? A. B. C. D. The rate of production of T would increase. The rate of production of Z would increase. The rate of production of X would increase. The rate of production of E 4 would decrease. ________________________________________________ 29. What two structures produce chemicals that digest proteins? A. B. C. D. the liver and the pancreas the salivary and intestinal glands the gastric glands and the pancreas the gastric glands and the gall bladder
Use the following list to answer question 30. emulsification by bile chewing in the mouth churning in the stomach nucleic acid digestion by nuclease production of vitamins by bacteria
30. How many of the above are examples of physical digestion? A. B. C. D. 2 3 4 5
-8-
31. Which of the following is not produced in the liver? A. B. C. D. bile urea lipase glycogen
32. When the liver is unable to break down red blood cells, which of the following would be produced in decreased amounts? A. B. C. D. maltose peptides fat droplets nucleotides
33. Which of the labelled structures is the anterior vena cava? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z OVER -9-
34. What blood vessel supplies blood directly to the heart muscle? A. B. C. D. the aorta the carotid artery the coronary artery the pulmonary artery
35. Where does lymphatic fluid enter the bloodstream? A. B. C. D. the aorta the jugular vein the subclavian vein the pulmonary vein
36. Which vessel contains blood with the lowest concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide? A. B. C. D. the aorta the carotid artery the pulmonary vein the inferior vena cava
Use the following diagram and list of substances to answer question 37.
X capillary blood flow Y
substances urea oxygen glucose amino acids carbon dioxide
37. How many of the substances would be found in relatively higher concentrations at point Y when compared to point X? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4 - 10 -
38. What structure does blood flow through immediately after leaving the right ventricle? A. B. C. D. the aorta the AV valve the pulmonary vein the pulmonary trunk
X
120
80
Pressure (mm Hg)

40
0.2
0.4 0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Time (sec.)
39. What accounts for the blood pressure recorded at X? A. B. C. D. The AV valves are opening. The ventricles are in diastole. The ventricles are contracting. Blood is entering the ventricles.
OVER - 11 -
40. Which of the following graphs illustrates how blood pressure changes during sympathetic nervous system stimulation? A.
140 130 120 Blood Pressure 110 100 90 80 Time Blood Pressure
B.
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 Time
C.
140 130 120 Blood Pressure 110 100 90 80 Time
D.
140 130 120 Blood Pressure 110 100 90 80 Time
Use the following list to answer question 41. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. atria contract Purkinje fibres conduct SA node stimulates AV node stimulates ventricles contract
41. Which of the following describes a correct sequence? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 1 2 4 4 2 5 1 1 5
- 12 -
42. What is the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. the trachea a bronchus the pharynx a bronchiole ________________________________________________ 43. Which of the following directs mucus towards the pharynx? A. B. C. D. cilia in the trachea cartilage in the bronchi elastic fibres in the larynx lipoprotein layer in the alveoli
OVER - 13 -
Use the following list to answer question 44. Air rushes into the lungs. The rib cage moves up and out. The thoracic cavity increases in volume. The diaphragm becomes dome shaped. Pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases.
44. How many of the events listed occur during inhalation? A. B. C. D. 2 3 4 5 ________________________________________________ 45. Which reaction occurs at the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli? A. B. C. D.
H + + Hb HHb HbO2 O2 + Hb CO2 + Hb HbCO2 H + + HCO3 CO2 + H2 O
46. Which of the following structures is found only in the central nervous system? A. B. C. D. the axon of an interneuron the axon of a motor neuron the dendrite of a sensory neuron the cell body of a sensory neuron
- 14 -

+40
Membrane potential (millivolts)
65
Y Time (milliseconds)
47. Which of the following occurs between time X and time Y? A. B. C. D. repolarization depolarization resting potential refractory period ________________________________________________ 48. What does the term threshold refer to during synaptic transmission? A. B. C. D. the number of impulses in a given unit of time the amount of stimulus required to cause depolarization the maximum number of sodium ions that can exit the axon the maximum time neurotransmitters spend in the synaptic cleft
49. What process ensures that a greater concentration of sodium ions is maintained outside the axon relative to the inside of the axon? A. B. C. D. diffusion through sodium channels transport by carriers and the use of ATP exocytosis due to infolding of the membrane facilitated transport by sodium-potassium carriers
OVER - 15 -
50. What structure insulates nerve fibres and speeds up the conduction of a nerve impulse? A. B. C. D. the cell body the dendrites the myelin sheath the nodes of Ranvier
51. What is the function of the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. It produces ATP. It produces thyroxin. It carries sodium and potassium ions to the receptors. It carries neurotransmitters to the presynaptic membrane.
52. What does structure Y represent? A. B. C. D. a sodium-potassium pump at an axon a receptor on a postsynaptic membrane a binding site for neurotransmitters on an axon an attachment site for calcium ions at a dendrite
- 16 -
53. The autonomic nervous system includes A. B. C. D. the brain and spinal cord. the somatic nervous system. the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Y X
Z W
54. Reflex actions, such as sneezing and vomiting, are controlled by which labelled region? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
55. Which labelled region is responsible for fine motor co-ordination and balance? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER - 17 -
56. Where is the loop of Henle located? A. B. C. D. in the renal cortex in the renal medulla in the collecting duct in the Bowmans capsule

W
X Y
57. At which labelled point would the concentration of glucose in the filtrate be highest? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
58. Which labelled structure is affected by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
- 18 -
59. Which of the following correctly compares the relative concentrations of the given substances in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct? Loop of Henle Amino acids A. B. C. D. low high high low Histamine low low high high Collecting duct Amino acids low low low high Histamine high high low low
60. Where do large amounts of Na + and Cl enter into the renal medulla? A. B. C. D. at the loop of Henle at the collecting duct at the Bowmans capsule at the proximal convoluted tubule
61. What structure transfers sperm to the female? A. B. C. D. penis testes prostate epididymis
62. What substance causes the secretion of both testosterone and progesterone? A. B. C. D. luteinizing hormone antidiuretic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone human chorionic gonadotropic hormone
OVER - 19 -
63. What is the effect of secretions produced by structure X during days 15 to 28 of the uterine cycle? A. B. C. D. The endometrium disintegrates and blood vessels rupture. The follicle matures producing large amounts of estrogen. A sudden rise in luteinizing hormone causes the follicle to release an egg. Increased amounts of progesterone are produced causing the endometrium to become secretory.
64. What do secretions from the structure labelled X cause? A. B. C. D. menstruation and follicle maturation ovulation and genital growth at puberty thickening of the endometrium and breast development development of the corpus luteum and contraction of the uterus - 20 -
65. What are days 5 to 13 of the uterine cycle called? A. B. C. D. the luteal phase the follicular phase the secretory phase the proliferation phase
66. What is an effect of oxytocin? A. B. C. D. release of an egg development of breasts loss of the endometrium contraction of the uterus
67. What is a function of estrogen on the female reproductive system? A. B. C. D. rupturing of the follicle thickening of the uterine lining maturation of the corpus luteum degeneration of the endometrium
This is the end of the multiple-choice section. Answer the remaining questions directly in this examination booklet. OVER - 21 -
1. Name the product of this organelle that is required in the transport of materials across a cell membrane. Explain the products role in this process. (2 marks) product: explanation:
- 22 -
Use the following chart of mRNA codons to answer question 2.

Three-letter codons of messenger RNA and the amino acids specified by the codons
AAU AAC AAA AAG ACU ACC ACA ACG AGU AGC AGA AGG AUU AUC AUA AUG Asparagine Lysine CAU CAC CAA CAG CCU CCC CCA CCG Histidine Glutamine GAU GAC GAA GAG GCU GCC GCA GCG Asparatic acid Glutamate UAU UAC UAA UAG UCU UCC UCA UCG UGU UGC Glycine UGA UGG UUU UUC Valine UUA UUG Leucine Stop Tryptophan Tyrosine Stop
Threonine
Proline
Alanine
Serine
Serine Arginine
CGU CGC CGA CGG
Arginine
GGU GGC GGA GGG
Cysteine
Isoleucine Methionine
CUU CUC CUA CUG
Leucine
GUU GUC GUA GUG
Phenylalanine
2. Consider the following DNA base sequence read from left to right: CCA GGA ATA CCT Determine the amino acid sequence that results from this DNA strand. (2 marks)
OVER - 23 -
3. The following procedure demonstrates the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme trypsin. 10 ml of a protein solution is added to each of five numbered test tubes, each of which is buffered at a different pH. The pH of each of the test tubes is maintained. An equal amount of a trypsin solution is added to each test tube. The temperature is maintained at 37C . Each test tube is analyzed after three hours. The results are recorded in the table below:
Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5
pH 2.0 3.5 7.0 8.5 10.0
Amount of product (g) 0.3 0.8 1.7 3.5 2.1
a) Use the data from the table to produce a line graph which illustrates the Amount of product vs. pH (plot the pH on the x-axis).
(2 marks)
- 24 -
b) Name the chemical product found in each test tube.
(1 mark)
c) Explain why less product is found in test tubes 1 and 2 than in the others.
(1 mark)
d) Name an enzyme that could further digest the product found in each of the test tubes. (1 mark)
OVER - 25 -
4. Compare the chemical composition of the blood in the right atrium of a fetus to the blood in the right atrium of an adult. Give reasons for these differences. (4 marks: 2 marks for the comparisons; 2 marks for the reasons)
5. Describe the process of exhalation.
(4 marks)
- 26 -
6. Many substances are moved by active transport in the nephron. Using four examples, explain how active transport is involved in urine production. (4 marks)
7. Describe how the hypothalamus increases testosterone levels in the blood.
(2 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 27 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
JANUARY 2003
Course Code = BI
10/20/00
BIOLOGY 12
JANUARY 2003
COURSE CODE = BI

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle that has the letter corresponding to your answer.
W X V U Y
1. Which labelled organelle produces most of the ATP in the cell? A. B. C. D. V W Y Z
2. Which labelled organelle has a bilayer of phospholipids and pores through which mRNA passes? A. B. C. D. U V X Y
OVER -1-
3. What could be produced by a cell with a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A. B. C. D. enzymes antibodies hemoglobin testosterone

X O H H H O H
4. What type of bond is represented by X? A. B. C. D. ionic peptide covalent hydrogen ________________________________________________ 5. Gastric juice contains a high concentration of which of the following? A. B. C. D.
H+ bile OH NaHCO3
6. Which of the following are lipids? A. B. C. D. ATP DNA steroids glycogen
-2-

X Y
P W
P Z
7. Which labelled part of the molecule is associated with energy storage? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 8. What is found in RNA but not in DNA? A. B. C. D. uracil thymine deoxyribose sugar-phosphate backbone
9. During what process are polypeptides assembled at the ribosomes? A. B. C. D. hydrolysis translation replication transcription
10. What does metastasis refer to? A. B. C. D. mutation leading to a cancer-causing gene differentiated cells becoming undifferentiated the formation of new blood vessels in a tumour the spread of cancerous cells throughout the body
OVER -3-
11. What process occurs during the development of cancer which allows a growing tumour to eliminate carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes? A. B. C. D. anaplasia metastasis carcinogenesis vascularization
12. A substance that causes the expression of cancer-causing genes is acting as A. B. C. D. an initiator. a promoter. an oncogene. a proto-oncogene.
13. What process does not require the use of ATP? A. B. C. D. exocytosis pinocytosis active transport facilitated transport
14. Which of the following is an example of pinocytosis? A. B. C. D. Transport vesicles are formed at the Golgi bodies. Small particles move because of osmotic pressure. Large molecules are engulfed and brought into the cell. A white blood cell forms a vacuole around a bacterium.
15. What will happen to an animal cell when it is placed into a concentrated salt solution? A. B. C. D. It will excrete salt. Its volume will decrease. It will absorb more water. Its volume will remain the same.
-4-
time
16. What could the structure labelled X contain? A. B. C. D. bacteria glycogen white blood cells protein molecules ________________________________________________ 17. Increased secretion by the thyroid gland results in which of the following? A. B. C. D. increased use of oxygen decreased body temperature increased synthesis of glycogen decreased carbon dioxide production
18. What could be added to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to decrease its rate? A. B. C. D. enzymes substrate lead ions coenzymes
OVER -5-
reaction rate
X
progress of reaction
19. What would cause the change in the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction at X? A. B. C. D. an increase in enzyme concentration an increase in the temperature to 37C a decrease in the substrate concentration a decrease in the competitive inhibitor concentration
20. The absorption of water is the main function of which labelled structure? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
-6-
21. Which of the following is not a component of pancreatic juice? A. B. C. D. lipase amylase hydrochloric acid sodium bicarbonate
X W Z
22. Which labelled structure produces a substance which aids in the physical digestion of food? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 23. What part of the digestive tract has the greatest surface area? A. B. C. D. the stomach the esophagus the large intestine the small intestine
24. Which of the following combinations will produce the most product in the presence of water? A. B. C. D. amylase and fat at pH 7.4 lipase and starch at pH 8.0 trypsin and protein at pH 8.0 nuclease and nucleic acid at pH 3.0 OVER -7-

H H N H C R O C N H R C OH C O + H2O H H N H C R O C OH + H H N R C H OH C O
25. What enzyme catalyzes this reaction? A. B. C. D. lipase maltase nuclease peptidase ________________________________________________ 26. Which enzyme is most effective at pH 2.5? A. B. C. D. lipase pepsin nuclease salivary amylase
27. What is absorbed into the lacteals? A. B. C. D. lipids glucose nucleotides amino acids
28. Which of the following correctly compares the blood in the pulmonary arteries to the blood in the aorta? A. B. C. D. The blood in both vessels has low concentrations of oxyhemoglobin. The blood in both vessels has a high concentration of oxyhemoglobin. The blood in the pulmonary arteries has less oxyhemoglobin than the blood in the aorta. The blood in the pulmonary arteries has more oxyhemoglobin than the blood in the aorta.
-8-
29. What is produced by white blood cells that inactivates bacteria or viruses? A. B. C. D. antigens platelets antibodies hemoglobin
30. The chordae tendineae of the heart help to prevent the backflow of blood from the A. B. C. D. atria into the ventricles. ventricles into the atria. ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. aorta and pulmonary trunk into the ventricles.
31. What valve opens when the heart chamber producing the highest blood pressure contracts? A. B. C. D. the aortic semi-lunar valve the pulmonary semi-lunar valve the left atrioventricular valve the right atrioventricular valve
32. What vessel carries blood away from the right ventricle? A. B. C. D. the aorta the vena cava the pulmonary vein the pulmonary trunk
33. During exhalation, what structure does air pass through immediately after leaving the bronchioles? A. B. C. D. the alveoli the bronchi the trachea the pharynx
OVER -9-
X W Y Z
34. Which labelled structure maintains negative pressure in the thoracic cavity? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 35. What is a function of mucus in the respiratory tract? A. B. C. D. to trap dust and debris to activate carbonic anhydrase to decrease the pH in the lungs to increase the pressure in the lungs
- 10 -
36. Which of the following events occurs during inhalation? A. B. C. D. The rib muscles relax. The diaphragm flattens. The thoracic volume decreases. The rib cage moves down and in.
37. What occurs at the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries? A. B. C. D. internal respiration external respiration the binding of hydrogen to hemoglobin the release of oxygen from hemoglobin
38. Which of the following substances formed during internal respiration counteracts a decrease in blood pH? A. B. C. D. oxyhemoglobin carbonic anhydrase reduced hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin
39. Which of the following conditions favours the release of oxygen from hemoglobin at the tissues? A. B. C. D. increased levels of carbon dioxide and increased pH decreased pH and increased levels of carbaminohemoglobin increased levels of hydrogen ions and increased temperature decreased levels of carbon dioxide and decreased temperature
40. What is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system? A. B. C. D. It causes the pupils to dilate. It increases the breathing rate. It increases blood flow to the digestive system. It is responsible for the fight or flight reactions.
OVER - 11 -
41. What structure in the brain regulates the heartbeat and contains reflex centres for swallowing? A. B. C. D. the thalamus the cerebellum the corpus callosum the medulla oblongata
X Y Z W
42. Which of the labelled arrows points to the renal cortex? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 43. Where does selective reabsorption occur? A. B. C. D. in a collecting duct in the renal medulla in a Bowmans capsule in a proximal convoluted tubule
44. The function of which of the following is most dependent upon adequate blood pressure? A. B. C. D. the glomerulus the loop of Henle the collecting duct the proximal convoluted tubule
- 12 -
W X
Y Z
45. Which labelled structure is the efferent arteriole? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 46. In what structure is the corpus luteum found? A. B. C. D. the uterus the ovary the clitoris the oviduct
47. What would be an effect of high estrogen concentrations in the female? A. B. C. D. The placenta would begin to develop. The follicle would increase the release of its secretions. The corpus luteum would reduce the release of progesterone. The anterior pituitary would reduce the release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
OVER - 13 -
W X Y Z
48. What is represented by the structure labelled W? A. B. C. D. the ovary the uterus the vagina the oviduct
49. Which labelled structure secretes hormones that cause the changes that occur in the female body during puberty? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
50. What will occur at X as a result of a reduction in the secretion of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)? A. B. C. D. The follicle will not mature. The secretion of estrogen will increase. The secretion of progesterone will increase. The corpus luteum will secrete human chorionic gonadotropin.
- 14 -
1. a) Name an organ whose cells contain large amounts of the organelle shown in the diagram. (1 mark)
b) Describe two functions of the organelle. i)
(2 marks)
ii)
OVER - 15 -
2. In an experiment investigating conditions in the digestive tract, the concentration of hydrogen ions was measured in three areas, A, B and C. The following graph shows the results.
concentration of hydrogen ions C A
area of digestive tract Identify areas A and B and explain how the conditions there contribute to proper digestion. (4 marks: 1 mark each for name; 1 mark each for explanation) area A: name: explanation:
area B: name: explanation:
- 16 -
3. List three structural components of the unit molecule that form the polymer shown. (3 marks) i)
ii)
iii)
OVER - 17 -

Molecule X Molecule Y
4. Describe three ways in which molecule X differs from molecule Y. i)
(3 marks)
ii)
iii)
- 18 -
5. a) Identify molecule X.
(1 mark)
b) Give one function of the molecules labelled Y.
(1 mark)
OVER - 19 -

A B C X Y progress of reaction
reaction rate
6. The graph shows the change in the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction over time. a) Explain why the rate became constant at time X. (1 mark)
b) Which labelled line correctly illustrates what would occur if more enzyme was added at time Y. Explain your answer. (2 marks)
________________________________________________
7. Name the organ that produces an enzyme which chemically digests fats and identify the enzyme it produces. (2 marks) organ: enzyme:
- 20 -
blood pressure (mm Hg) Y
heart
capillaries
8. a) Name and explain what is occurring in the heart to cause the conditions shown on the graph at point X and point Y. (4 marks) point X: explanation:
point Y: explanation:
b) Explain why blood pressure decreases as blood flows from the arteries to the capillaries. (1 mark)
c) Why is it important that blood flows very slowly in the capillaries?
(1 mark)
d) Explain why blood velocity increases slightly as it moves from the capillaries to the veins. (1 mark)
OVER - 21 -
150 125 100 average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure 75 (mm Hg) 50 25 0 1 2 3 4
time X
average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
time (min.)
9. a) Describe the mechanisms at work in the body which led to the changes that occurred between minute two and minute three. (2 marks) i)
ii)
b) If acetylcholine was administered at time X, describe the effect on the body.
(1 mark)
- 22 -
10. a) Describe the events that occur between the time a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon and the release of the neurotransmitters. (3 marks)
b) What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft? (2 marks)
OVER - 23 -
X W V
Z U
11. Write the letter indicating the part of the brain with the following functions. (3 marks: 1 mark each)
Function the neuroendocrine control centre ensures that skeletal muscle moves in a smooth and coordinated manner allows nerve impulses to pass between cerebral hemispheres Letter
- 24 -
12. List the structures, in the correct order, through which a glucose molecule passes as it travels through the tubule from the renal artery to the renal vein. (4 marks: 3 marks for structures; 1 mark for correct order)
OVER - 25 -
gland X
13. How does gland X function to regulate sodium ion concentration in the blood?
(2 marks)
- 26 -
hormone X
relative levels of hormones
hormone Y
14 day
21
28
14. a) Identify each of the following. hormone X: hormone Y:
b) Describe the effect of hormone X on the female reproductive system during days 15 to 28 of a 28-day cycle.
(2 marks)
c) What would occur during days 1 to 13 of the ovarian cycle if follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was not secreted? (2 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 27 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
JUNE 2004
Course Code = BI
1. Place the stickers with your Personal Education Number (PEN) in the allotted spaces above. Under no circumstance is your name or identification, other than your Personal Education Number, to appear on this booklet. 2. Ensure that in addition to this examination booklet, you have an Examination Response Form. Follow the directions on the front of the Response Form. 3. Disqualification from the examination will result if you bring books, paper, notes or unauthorized electronic devices into the examination room. 4. When instructed to open this booklet, check the numbering of the pages to ensure that they are numbered in sequence from page one to the last page, which is identified by END OF EXAMINATION. 5. At the end of the examination, place your Response Form inside the front cover of this booklet and return the booklet and your Response Form to the supervisor.
Question 1 0 1 2 3
. .
(5) NR
Question 2 0 1 2
(5) NR
Question 3 0 1 2 3 4
. .
5 6
(5) NR
(5) NR
. .
(5) NR
(5) NR
85966176
BIOLOGY 12
JUNE 2004
COURSE CODE = BI

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle on the Response Form that has the letter corresponding to your answer. 1. Lipids are synthesized by which of the following cell structures? A. B. C. D. nucleolus ribosomes Golgi bodies smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2. Which organelle is present in large numbers in the interstitial cells of the testes? A. B. C. D. lysosome nucleolus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. What is the function of a buffer? A. B. C. D. to prevent large changes in pH to act as a competitive inhibitor to decrease the energy of activation to increase the uptake of glucose into cells
OVER -1-
4. Which of the following is a unit molecule of glycogen? A.

NH2 R1 C H C OH
B.
H
H C H
H C H
H C H
H C
H C
H C H C
OH
C.
H C HO
CH2OH C H OH C H H C OH OH O H C
D.
O O P O H H O CH2 H H O H H H N
CH3 O N H O
________________________________________________ 5. Which process can produce maltose? A. B. C. D. the addition of water during the hydrolysis of a disaccharide the bonding of two saturated fatty acids and the addition of glycerol the bonding of two amino acids and the removal of one water molecule the bonding of two monosaccharides and the removal of one water molecule
-2-

H H C O O C H C H O H C O C H C H O H C H O P O O H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H
+
H C H H C H
H C H H C H CH3
H C H H C H
H C H H C H
H C H
H H C C H H H
H C H H C H
H C H H C H
H C H H C H
H C H H C H
H C H H C H
H C H H C H
H C H H C H H H
C H
C C H H
CH3
CH3
6. What is the molecule illustrated above? A. B. C. D. ATP glycogen neutral fat phospholipid ________________________________________________ 7. Which of the following polymers has the empirical formula CH2O ? A. B. C. D. DNA cellulose cholesterol saturated fat
OVER -3-

C
8. What is the unit molecule of the polymer above? A. B. C. D. glucose fatty acids nucleotides amino acids ________________________________________________ 9. Which of the following is a possible use for recombinant DNA? A. B. C. D. producing steroid hormones producing insulin using bacteria cloning tissue cells for transplant encouraging nerve cells to regenerate
10. Which of the following is a definition of transcription? A. B. C. D. the production of rRNA from tRNA the production of mRNA from DNA the production of protein by ribosomes the production of new DNA before cell division
-4-
N O
C C
N
C C C
H O
O N O H
mRNA X
11. Where is structure X produced? A. B. C. D. in the nucleus in the nucleolus in the ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum ________________________________________________ 12. Which of the following carries amino acids to the ribosome? A. B. C. D. DNA tRNA rRNA mRNA
13. What is the anticodon which corresponds to the DNA base sequence G A C ? A. B. C. D. CTG CUG GAC GUC
OVER -5-
Use the following chart to answer question 14.

AAU AAC AAA AAG ACU ACC ACA ACG AGU AGC AGA AGG AUU AUC AUA AUG Asparagine Lysine CAU CAC CAA CAG CCU CCC CCA CCG CGU CGC CGA CGG Histidine Glutamine GAU GAC GAA GAG GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG Aspartic acid Glutamate UAU UAC UAA UAG UCU UCC UCA UCG UGU UGC Glycine UGA UGG UUU UUC Valine UUA UUG Leucine Stop Tryptophan Phenylalanine Tyrosine Stop
Threonine
Proline
Alanine
Serine
Serine Arginine
Cysteine
Arginine
CUU CUC CUA CUG
Leucine
GUU GUC GUA GUG
14. The DNA strand C G A T G C G A C A T T undergoes a mutation in which the section coding for the amino acid threonine is lost. Which of the following would be the correct codons after this mutation? A. B. C. D. ACG GCU GCU GCU CUG ACG CUG ACG UAA CUG UAA UAA
________________________________________________ 15. Which molecule accounts for a cell membranes flexible and fluid nature? A. B. C. D. protein glycogen glycolipid phospholipid
-6-
Y X W Z
16. Which molecule allows cells to be recognized as foreign? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 17. For which of the following processes is ATP not required? A. B. C. D. osmosis exocytosis pinocytosis active transport
OVER -7-
40 30 20
% Change in cell mass
10 0 10 20 0 5 10 15 20 25
....................% Solu te
% Solute
18. The data displayed on the graph above were collected in an experiment studying the effect of changes in solute concentration on the mass of tissue cells. What solute concentration is isotonic to the cells? A. 0% B. 15% C. 23% D. 35% ________________________________________________ 19. Which of the following characteristics facilitates an increase in the rate at which metabolic wastes leave the cell? A. B. C. D. a large nucleus a spherical shape an irregularly shaped surface a small surface area to volume ratio
20. Which of the following is a model used to describe enzymatic action? A. B. C. D. translation transcription lock and key dehydration synthesis
-8-
21. Which of the following substances will cause an enzyme to be denatured? A. B. C. D. vitamins a substrate an inhibitor heavy metal ions
22. What is structure X? A. B. C. D. the aorta the trachea the esophagus the cardiac sphincter
OVER -9-
23. What structure is found between organ X and organ Y? A. B. C. D. the appendix the epiglottis the pyloric sphincter the cardiac sphincter
24. What substance aids in the digestion of proteins in structure X? A. B. C. D. lipase pepsin trypsin amylase
- 10 -
Y Z
25. Which structures produce secretions which digest starch? A. B. C. D. U, Y V, W W, Z X, Z ________________________________________________ 26. Which of the following is an effect of gastric secretions on digestion? A. B. C. D. Trypsin breaks maltose down to glucose. An emulsifier increases the surface area of fats. Sodium bicarbonate increases pH facilitating the action of lipase. Hydrochloric acid maintains a low pH facilitating the action of pepsin.
27. What is peristalsis? A. B. C. D. physical breakdown of fats by bile breakdown of food products by enzymes storage and compacting of feces in the rectum muscle contractions that assist the movement of food
OVER - 11 -
28. How would decreased secretions by the liver affect digestion? A. B. C. D. by decreasing chemical breakdown of fats by decreasing physical digestion of proteins by increasing absorption of materials into the lymph system by increasing absorption of materials into the intestinal capillaries
Use the following diagrams to answer questions 29 and 30.

Vessel W Vessel X
Vessel Y
Vessel Z
29. Which blood vessel carries oxygen and nutrients from the aorta to the heart muscle? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
30. Which blood vessel exchanges nutrients and wastes with the tissues? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
- 12 -
31. What circulatory pathway carries blood to the lungs? A. B. C. D. renal hepatic systemic pulmonary
32. What structure takes up tissue fluids not absorbed by the blood capillaries? A. B. C. D. lymph vessel subclavian artery hepatic portal vein posterior vena cava
33. What heart structure prevents the AV valves from inverting (turning inside out)? A. B. C. D. SA node AV node Purkinje fibres chordae tendineae
34. Contraction of which heart chamber forces blood into the aorta? A. B. C. D. left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle
Use the following list of events to answer question 35. secretion of ADH dilation of blood vessels secretion of acetylcholine sympathetic nervous system stimulation
35. How many of the events could cause a blood pressure reading of 160/100? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4 OVER - 13 -
36. Breathing rate is controlled by which of the following? A. B. C. D. the alveoli the cerebral cortex the anterior pituitary the medulla oblongata
37. What condition initiates exhalation? A. B. C. D. high oxygen levels in the blood low air pressure in the thoracic cavity low carbon dioxide levels in the blood increased stimulation of the stretch receptors of the alveoli
Use the following table to answer question 38. Amount of O 2 in the blood (partial pressure mmHg) 40 42 104 40 Amount of CO 2 in the blood (partial pressure mmHg) 45 42 40 104
Location in the body W X Y Z
38. The data table indicates the amounts of O2 and CO2 (partial pressure) in the blood at four different locations in the body. At which location is the blood leaving the lungs? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 39. Where are interneurons found? A. B. C. D. within the pacemaker attached to muscle cells between a stretch receptor and a motor neuron between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
- 14 -
40. Which of the following refers to the threshold of nerve transmission? A. B. C. D. the frequency of action potentials which occur down a neuron the action potential created when potassium ions leave the neuron the total polarity change across the membrane during an action potential the minimum level of stimulus necessary for an action potential to occur

X Y
direction of action potential
41. The diagram illustrates a section of an axon as an action potential proceeds from X to Z. If the action potential has proceeded to Y, what prevents it from reversing direction? A. B. C. D. Depolarization occurs at Z. Potassium gates are still open at X. The sodium-potassium pump stops working at X. Negatively charged ions have moved out of the axon at X.
OVER - 15 -
+ 40
Membrane potential (millivolts)
65
Time (milliseconds)
42. The graph illustrates changes in membrane potential during the transmission of an action potential. What point on the graph corresponds to the time when repolarization begins? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 43. Which of the following illustrates the all-or-none response of a neuron? A. B. C. D. repolarization will or will not occur depolarization will or will not occur all sodium ions inside the neuron will or will not cross the membrane all potassium ions inside the neuron will or will not cross the membrane
- 16 -
44. Where in the myelinated axon would an action potential occur? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 45. The absorption of what ion begins the process which moves synaptic vesicles toward the presynaptic membrane? A. B. C. D. calcium chlorine potassium bicarbonate
46. What is the advantage of reflex arcs? A. B. C. D. They stop the sensation of pain in the brain. They provide a quick response to a stimulus. They take place independently of any nerve function. They allow us to think about an appropriate response to a stimulus.
47. What type of cells carry information to the central nervous system? A. B. C. D. receptors interneurons motor neurons sensory neurons OVER - 17 -
Use the following table to answer question 48. Heart rate (beats/minute) 120 65 Breathing rate (breaths/minute) 25 12
Time X Y
48. The data table indicates the change in heart rate and breathing rate of a person who was under stress. Which of the following could be responsible for the changes shown between time X and time Y? A. B. C. D. Adrenalin is released by the adrenal medulla. Noradrenalin is released by the sympathetic nervous system. Noradrenalin is released by the parasympathetic nervous system. Acetylcholine is released by the parasympathetic nervous system. ________________________________________________ 49. What part of the brain is responsible for memory and thinking? A. B. C. D. the thalamus the cerebrum the cerebellum the medulla oblongata
50. What structure transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body? A. B. C. D. the ureter the urethra the collecting duct the distal convoluted tubule
51. Which region of the kidney contains the glomeruli? A. B. C. D. the renal cortex the renal medulla the adrenal cortex the adrenal medulla
- 18 -
52.
In addition to water, which of the following substances are the main components of urine? A. B. C. D. urea and salts ammonia and bile amino acids and fatty acids hydrochloric acid and uric acid
53. Which of the following molecules is not normally found at X? A. B. C. D. urea water glucose hemoglobin
OVER - 19 -
54. In which of the following does pressure filtration occur? A. B. C. D. the glomerulus the afferent arteriole the efferent arteriole the peritubular capillaries
55. Which of the following conditions would lead to an increase in the amount of fluid entering the Bowmans capsule? A. B. C. D. dehydration a decrease in systolic blood pressure constriction of the efferent arterioles a decrease in the secretion of aldosterone
56. What area of the nephron is the site of hydrogen ion ( H + ) excretion? A. B. C. D. the loop of Henle the collecting duct the distal convoluted tubule the proximal convoluted tubule
57. Which of the following would result from the inhibition of ADH secretion? A. B. C. D. a decrease in urine volume an increase in the excretion of glucose an increase in the concentration of urine a decrease in the amount of water re-absorbed
58. What structure secretes a hormone to regulate the concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood? A. B. C. D. the adrenal gland the thyroid gland the hypothalamus the pituitary gland
- 20 -
Use the following list of structures to answer question 59. testes urethra vas deferens prostate gland Cowpers gland
59. How many of the structures listed above contribute to the production of semen? A. B. C. D. 2 3 4 5
Y X W
60. Which structure is a target of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER - 21 -
Y Z
W 61. Which part of the cell uses ATP most rapidly? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 62. Which of the following would occur if the concentration of testosterone in the blood was too low? A. B. C. D. The hypothalamus would produce more GnRH. The testes would produce less luteinizing hormone. The anterior pituitary gland would produce more testosterone. The hypothalamus would produce less follicle-stimulating hormone.
63. Through what structure does the egg travel in order to reach the uterus? A. B. C. D. the ovary the cervix the vagina the oviduct
- 22 -
64. Where are the hormones produced which cause the endometrium to become secretory during the uterine cycle? A. B. C. D. in the uterus in the hypothalamus in the corpus luteum in the posterior pituitary
65. What is the result of increased luteinizing hormone secretion on day 14 of the ovarian cycle? A. B. C. D. ovulation implantation menstruation degeneration of the corpus luteum
66. The onset of uterine contractions results in which of the following? A. B. C. D. the secretion of less GnRH the secretion of more oxytocin the secretion of less progesterone the secretion of more human chorionic gonadotropin
67. Implantation results in the secretion of what hormone? A. B. C. D. progesterone luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone human chorionic gonadotropin
OVER - 23 -
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Use a pen for this part of the examination unless otherwise instructed. 2. Write your answers in the space below the questions. 3. You may not need all of the space provided to answer each question. 1. Describe three cellular processes which make use of vesicles. (3 marks)
- 24 -
2. Describe two ways in which enzymes are used during DNA replication.
(2 marks)
OVER - 25 -
3. Two digestive enzymes produced by two different glands act on the same substrate. Both enzymes function optimally at a pH of 7.1 to 8.4 and a temperature of 37C . a) Describe the similarity of the enzymes structures and explain why this affects their ability to act on the same substrate. (2 marks)
b) What would happen to the rate of the reaction above if the pH was changed to 3.0? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
- 26 -
4. Describe two digestive reactions which occur as a result of pancreatic secretions.
(4 marks)
OVER - 27 -
5. Describe the location of each of the following fetal structures and explain their function in fetal circulation. (6 marks: 2 marks each) oval opening:
venous duct:
umbilical arteries:
- 28 -
6. Describe the events that lead to inhalation after stimulation by the respiratory centre. (4 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 29 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
AUGUST 2004
Course Code = BI
. .
(5) NR
Question 2 0 1 2
(5) NR
Question 3 0 1 2 3 4 5
. . .
(5) NR
(5) NR
Question 5 0 1 2
(5) NR
Question 6 0 1 2 3
. .
(5) NR
Question 7 0 1 2 3
(5) NR
85966176
BIOLOGY 12
AUGUST 2004
COURSE CODE = BI

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle on the Response Form that has the letter corresponding to your answer. 1. Which organelles produce molecules for cell recognition? A. B. C. D. the ribosomes the lysosomes the Golgi bodies the mitochondria
Use the following diagrams to answer question 2. Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Y Z
2. The structure labelled V in diagram 1 produces a substance that is a part of which cellular structure in diagram 2? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER -1-
3. What molecules are produced during the hydrolysis of dipeptides? A. B. C. D. nucleotides amino acids fatty acids and glycerol glucose molecules and water
4. During what type of reaction do glucose molecules bond together to form starch? A. B. C. D. synthesis hydrolysis translation transcription

H O H H H H H H C OH + HO C C C C C C H H H H O H H H H H H H C OH + HO C C C C C C C H H H H H H H O H H H H H C OH + HO C C C C C H H H H H H

H O H H H H H H C O C C C C C C H H H H
+ H2O
O H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C H + H2O H H H H H H O H H H H H C O C C C C C H H H H H H
+ H2O
5. What are the structures labelled X and Y? X A. B. C. D. starch amino acid glycerol glycogen Y glycogen tripeptide fatty acid ATP
-2-
6. How are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids similar? A. B. C. D. They act as catalysts. They are made up of carbon atoms. They have a tertiary shape held together by hydrogen bonds. They form part of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane.

CH2OH O H HO H OH H H OH H OH
7. Which polymer is formed by the monomer shown in the diagram? A. B. C. D. lipid protein sucrose glycogen ________________________________________________ 8. Which element is present in proteins but not in most carbohydrates? A. B. C. D. carbon oxygen nitrogen hydrogen
OVER -3-
9. Which of the following molecules is a component of X? A. B. C. D. glucose fatty acids nucleotides amino acids
10. What occurs when the bond labelled X is broken? A. B. C. D. Energy is released. Water is produced. The molecule is denatured. Carbon dioxide is produced.
-4-
11. What is the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. uracil ribose protein phosphate ________________________________________________ 12. Which of the following is a product of the hydrolysis of DNA? A. B. C. D. water ribose nucleotides an amine group
13. What type of chemical bond is broken during the first step of replication? A. B. C. D. ionic peptide covalent hydrogen
14. What is the production of mRNA called? A. B. C. D. mutation translation replication transcription
OVER -5-
Use the following chart to answer question 15.

AAU AAC AAA AAG ACU ACC ACA ACG AGU AGC AGA AGG AUU AUC AUA AUG Asparagine Lysine CAU CAC CAA CAG CCU CCC CCA CCG CGU CGC CGA CGG Histidine Glutamine GAU GAC GAA GAG GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG Aspartic acid Glutamate UAU UAC UAA UAG UCU UCC UCA UCG UGU UGC Glycine UGA UGG UUU UUC Valine UUA UUG Leucine Stop Tryptophan Phenylalanine Tyrosine Stop
Threonine
Proline
Alanine
Serine
Serine Arginine
Cysteine
Arginine
CUU CUC CUA CUG
Leucine
GUU GUC GUA GUG
15. What is a base sequence for a section of DNA which codes for the amino acids serine and arginine? A. B. C. D. AGC AGT AGU UCA AGA GCT AGA UCU ________________________________________________ 16. What molecule does the word mosaic refer to in the fluid-mosaic model of cell-membrane structure? A. B. C. D. protein glycogen cholesterol phospholipid
17. What is the diffusion of water across a selectively-permeable membrane called? A. B. C. D. osmosis pinocytosis endocytosis active transport
-6-
18. Which of the following would result in the greatest rate of diffusion of particles across a membrane? A. B. C. D. small particles at 10C large particles at 20C large particles at 30C small particles at 40C
19. What is the process illustrated in the diagram above? A. B. C. D. hydrolysis exocytosis pinocytosis phagocytosis ________________________________________________ 20. What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution? A. B. C. D. lysis crenation plasmolysis increased turgor
21. The secretion of thyroxin would trigger which of the following effects? A. B. C. D. an increase in ATP production a decrease in the speed of nerve impulse transmission an increase in the amount of glycogen present in the liver a decrease in the amount of sodium re-absorbed into the blood
OVER -7-
Use the following chart to answer question 22. Temperature ( C ) W X Y Z 37 37 70 15
pH 2.0 8.0 7.4 2.0
Substrate protein starch dipeptides protein
22. During which of the conditions above would pepsin function optimally? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 23. Which structure is not part of the pathway that food follows on its way through the digestive tract? A. B. C. D. pharynx duodenum gall bladder cardiac sphincter
-8-
24. What is a function of the secretions produced by structure X? A. B. C. D. to increase the surface area of fats to decrease the pH of the stomach to break down proteins to peptides to break down glycogen to maltose
OVER -9-
Y Z
V U
25. Which structures produce secretions which aid in the digestion of proteins? A. B. C. D. U, Y V, W Y, Z X, V
26. Which structures produce secretions which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates? A. B. C. D. U, V U, Y W, V X, Z ________________________________________________ 27. How would digestion be affected if liver secretions were unable to enter the duodenum? A. B. C. D. The rate of emulsification would increase. The breakdown of maltose would increase. There would be less amino acid production. The rate of fatty acid production would decrease.
- 10 -
28. Which of the following is a result of the low pH of the stomach? A. B. C. D. the production of vitamin K the activation of trypsinogen the break down of starch to maltose the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
X Y
29. Where does the absorption of amino acids take place? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 30. Which characteristics of the digestive system increase its surface area? A. B. C. D. E. coli, bile and villi villi, ridges/folds and length sphincters, peristalsis and epiglottis intestinal glands, gastric glands and ridges/folds
OVER - 11 -
31. Which blood vessels carry blood to and from the legs? A. B. C. D. iliac arteries and veins renal arteries and veins hepatic vein and posterior vena cava mesenteric arteries and hepatic portal vein
32. What is the function of structure X? A. B. C. D. to carry oxygenated blood to the body from the heart to return oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart to return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body
33. Which blood vessel is not shown in the diagram? A. B. C. D. the aorta the coronary artery the anterior vena cava the posterior vena cava
- 12 -
34. What is the blood vessel labelled X? A. B. C. D. the renal vein the hepatic vein the mesenteric artery the hepatic portal vein
OVER - 13 -
Y Z
35. What would be a result of structure Y remaining functional after birth? A. B. C. D. Blood would flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle. The levels of oxygen in structure Z would be lower than normal. The levels of carbon dioxide in structure X would be lower than normal. Blood in the left atrium would have higher concentrations of oxygen than blood in the right atrium.
36. What are the functions of each type of cell shown?
A. B. C. D.
to carry oxygen to fight infection to make antibodies to transport hydrogen ions
to carry carbon dioxide to engulf bacteria to fight infection to engulf bacteria
- 14 -
37. What causes materials to move from the blood to the tissues at the arterial end of the capillary bed? A. B. C. D. osmosis blood pressure active transport facilitated transport
38. What is the last heart chamber that blood passes through on its way to the systemic system? A. B. C. D. left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle
39. Which heart structure is not functioning properly if an electrical device is needed to stimulate the atria to contract? A. B. C. D. septum SA node AV node chordae tendineae
40. What is the function of the Purkinje fibres? A. B. C. D. to cause atrial contraction to act as a pacemaker and initiate the heartbeat to prevent the valves from inverting during heartbeat to conduct impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
41. Where are the pleural membranes found? A. B. C. D. in both bronchi inside the alveoli surrounding all cells lining the thoracic cavity
OVER - 15 -
Y X Z
42. Which structure is capable of constricting and dilating as a result of the contraction of the surrounding smooth muscle? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
- 16 -
Y Z
43. Which of the following indicates the site of external respiration? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER - 17 -
Use the following graph to answer question 44. Change in lung volume over time
Lung volume
lung volume (ml)
Y Time
44. When does the diaphragm contract during breathing? A. B. C. D. W X XZ XY YZ ________________________________________________ 45. Which structure has rings of cartilage? A. B. C. D. the trachea the epiglottis the diaphragm the bronchioles
- 18 -
46. Which graph shows the changes that occur in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood during external respiration? A.
Blood concentration at the alveoli CO2 O2
Time
B.
CO2 Blood concentration at the alveoli
O2
Time
C.
Blood concentration at the alveoli O2
CO2
Time
D.
Blood concentration at the alveoli
O2
CO2
Time
OVER - 19 -
47. How does a neuron respond to a strong stimulus? A. B. C. D. It produces a larger action potential. It causes more action potentials in a given period of time. It causes action potentials to be conducted down the neuron at a faster rate. It causes more ions to cross the neuron membrane during the action potential.
48. What is the pathway of an impulse in a reflex arc? A. B. C. D. from the brain to the interneuron, then to the sensory neuron from the motor neuron to the brain, then to the sensory neuron from the motor neuron to the interneuron, then to the sensory neuron from the sensory neuron to the interneuron, then to the motor neuron
49. What type of cell is found only in the central nervous system? A. B. C. D. receptor interneuron motor neuron sensory neuron
50. Which part of the nervous system functions to lower blood pressure and heart rate after a frightening experience? A. B. C. D. a reflex arc the somatic system the sympathetic system the parasympathetic system
51. Which of the following occurs during increased acetylcholine secretion? A. B. C. D. bronchioles dilate increase in blood pressure decrease in intestinal activity conversion of glucose to glycogen
- 20 -
Z W
52. Which labelled structure is responsible for smooth and coordinated movement in the body? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
53. Which of the following is a function of structure W? A. B. C. D. solving a mathematical problem sweating to cool the body on a hot day waking up to music from an alarm clock sneezing when an irritant enters the nose ________________________________________________ 54. How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary? A. B. C. D. It sends impulses to the anterior pituitary by way of nerve cells. It sends neurotransmitter chemicals along axons to the anterior pituitary. It produces releasing hormones which are delivered to the anterior pituitary along axons. It produces releasing hormones that are transported to the anterior pituitary through the blood.
OVER - 21 -
55. What structure stores urine? A. B. C. D. the ureter the urethra the renal medulla the urinary bladder
56. What organ removes urea from the blood and reabsorbs glucose and amino acids? A. B. C. D. the liver the kidney the pancreas the adrenal gland
Use the following list of substances to answer question 57. water urea glucose uric acid large proteins hydrogen ions red blood cells 57. How many of these substances are normally found in urine? A. B. C. D. 3 4 5 6 ________________________________________________ 58. What part of the kidney filters blood plasma, selectively re-absorbs salt and excretes potassium ions? A. B. C. D. the nephron the glomerulus the renal pelvis the renal medulla
- 22 -
59. Which of the following surrounds the glomerulus? A. B. C. D. the afferent arteriole the Bowmans capsule the peritubular capillaries the proximal convoluted tubule
60. Inhibition of sodium reabsorption could lead to an increase in the excretion of which of the following? A. B. C. D. water glucose proteins red blood cells
61. Through which structure do sperm travel after leaving the vas deferens? A. B. C. D. the urethra the epididymis the prostate gland the seminiferous tubules
62. Which of the following is a function of the seminal vesicles? A. B. C. D. to carry semen to the urethra to produce releasing hormones to add secretions to the seminal fluid to provide a place for sperm to mature
OVER - 23 -
X W Z
63. Which structure contains many mitochondria which provide energy for the cell to move? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 64. Secretions from which of the following controls the production of testosterone? A. B. C. D. the prostate gland the seminiferous tubules the anterior pituitary gland the posterior pituitary gland
- 24 -
Ti m
65. Which substance causes the development of structure X? A. B. C. D. estrogen luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone human chorionic gonadotropin ________________________________________________ 66. The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is primarily the result of increased secretions by the A. B. C. D. follicle. endometrium. corpus luteum. posterior pituitary.
67. Which of the following would be a result of increased levels of HCG in the blood? A. B. C. D. Menstruation would occur. Ovulation would not occur. There would be a decrease in the amount of progesterone secreted. There would be an increase in the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone in the blood.
OVER - 25 -
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Use a pen for this part of the examination unless otherwise instructed. 2. Write your answers in the space below the questions. 3. You may not need all of the space provided to answer each question. 1. Describe four different functions of proteins found in the cell membrane. (4 marks)
- 26 -
2. Explain how the following are involved in protein synthesis. nucleolus:
enzymes:
OVER - 27 -
Use the following data to answer question 3.
Amount of substrate (g) 0.3 0.9 1.3 2.4 3.5
Rate of product production (g/min) 0.3 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.3
3. In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the amount of substrate was measured and compared to the rate of product production. The data is shown above. a) Graph the data. (Plot the amount of substrate [independent variable] on the x-axis.) (2 marks)
Rate of product production vs. Amount of substrate
- 28 -
b) Explain the observed results.
(2 marks)
c) Suggest a way to increase the rate of product production for substrate amounts greater than 3.5 grams.
(1 mark)
OVER - 29 -
4. Explain how a damaged AV valve on the left side of the heart could cause fluids to build up in the lung tissues. (4 marks)
- 30 -
5. a) Explain why the knee-jerk reflex still functions in a person with a severed spinal cord. (1 mark)
b) Why is there is no sensation of the stimulus?
(1 mark)
OVER - 31 -
6. Explain how ADH secretion affects the composition of the blood.
(3 marks)
- 32 -
7. Describe how the secretion of testosterone is regulated in males.
(3 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 33 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12
JANUARY 2004
Course Code = BI
BIOLOGY 12
JANUARY 2004
COURSE CODE = BI

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle on the Response Form that has the letter corresponding to your answer. 1. Which of the following structures is composed of DNA and protein? A. B. C. D. ribosomes Golgi bodies chromosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2. Which of the following structures is attached to the nuclear envelope? A. B. C. D. Golgi body mitochondrion cell membrane endoplasmic reticulum
3. Where are the structures that distinguish rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum produced? A. B. C. D. in the nucleolus in the Golgi bodies in the mitochondria in the cell membrane
H 2O + polymer unit molecules
4. Which cell structure stores substances that could produce the reaction illustrated above? A. B. C. D. nucleus vacuoles lysosomes ribosomes OVER -1-
5. What characteristic of a water molecule accounts for its polarity? A. B. C. D. its cohesiveness its ability to act as a solvent its unequal sharing of electrons the hydrogen bonding to neighbouring water molecules
6. What is the function of a buffer? A. B. C. D. to carry oxygen to release energy to catalyze a reaction to maintain a constant pH
W X Y
7. What structure produces substances that result in a low pH? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
-2-
8. What substance deactivates antigens? A. B. C. D. lipids proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates
9. What is the function of this molecule? A. B. C. D. to carry codons that are complementary to DNA long term energy storage in the liver and muscles to form the main component of the phospholipid bilayer to release energy when the bonds between the phosphate groups are broken

P S P S P S P S C G S T A S P G C S P T A S P P
10. Which of the following is indicated by X? A. B. C. D. RNA a codon a nucleotide an amino acid
OVER -3-
11. Which of the following is a definition of recombinant DNA? A. B. C. D. plasmids bacterial DNA DNA which has been cloned DNA from more than one source
12. In an experiment to determine the identity of an unknown substance, it is determined that the sample contains 12% adenine, 12% thymine, 38% cytosine and 38% guanine. What is the unknown substance? A. B. C. D. ATP DNA mRNA nuclease
13. Which of the following differentiates DNA from RNA? A. B. C. D. DNA is linear and RNA is a double helix. DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose. DNA is single-stranded and RNA is double-stranded. DNA is produced during transcription and RNA is produced during replication.
-4-
Use the following chart to answer questions 14 and 15.

AAU AAC AAA AAG ACU ACC ACA ACG AGU AGC AGA AGG AUU AUC AUA AUG Asparagine Lysine CAU CAC CAA CAG CCU CCC CCA CCG CGU CGC CGA CGG Histidine Glutamine GAU GAC GAA GAG GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG Asparatic acid Glutamate UAU UAC UAA UAG UCU UCC UCA UCG UGU UGC Glycine UGA UGG UUU UUC Valine UUA UUG Leucine Stop Tryptophan Phenylalanine Tyrosine Stop
Threonine
Proline
Alanine
Serine
Serine Arginine
Cysteine
Arginine
CUU CUC CUA CUG
Leucine
GUU GUC GUA GUG
14. The following is a sequence of mRNA bases: GCU UCU CCU What sequence of amino acids results after translation occurs? A. B. C. D. arginine, serine, stop alanine, arginine, stop alanine, serine, proline arginine, arginine, glycine
15. Which of the following is an anticodon of a molecule of tRNA carrying isoleucine? A. B. C. D. ATA AUU TAA UAU
OVER -5-
16. How many ribosomes are needed for the production of one polypeptide containing 30 amino acids? A. 1 B. 3 C. 10 D. 30
17. Water molecules passing through the cell membrane is an example of which of the following? A. B. C. D. osmosis exocytosis active transport facilitated transport
18. Which of the following would decrease the rate of diffusion of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane? A. B. C. D. increasing the temperature decreasing the size of the molecules decreasing the concentration gradient increasing the size of the pores in the membrane
19. What is the role of maltase when it acts as a catalyst? A. B. C. D. It denatures maltose. It breaks down high energy phosphate bonds. It increases the energy of activation required in the reaction. It speeds up the reaction rate without being used in the reaction.
20. How do vitamins function in cells? A. B. C. D. They act as coenzymes. They catalyze reactions. They provide energy for reactions. They act as substrates in hydrolysis.
-6-
E1
E2
E3
21. What would occur if a competitive inhibitor for enzyme E2 was added to the metabolic pathway above? A. B. C. D. Less of D would be produced. Enzyme 1 would be denatured. There would be a decrease in B. There would be an increase in C.
Y Z
22. What is structure Z? A. B. C. D. the colon the stomach the pancreas the duodenum
23. What structure absorbs the products of protein digestion? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z OVER -7-
24. Which of the following is a cause of the watery feces characteristic of diarrhea? A. B. C. D. increased gastric secretions decreased activity of the cardiac sphincter decreased movement of chyme into the small intestine high solute concentration of the fecal material in the colon
Diagram A
Diagram B
25. If structure X in diagram A was not functioning properly, how would the processes in the structure shown in diagram B be affected? A. B. C. D. The absorption of fats would decrease. The production of lipase would increase. The digestion of proteins would decrease. The absorption of glucose would increase. ________________________________________________ 26. What substance is digested by secretions released by both the salivary glands and the pancreas? A. B. C. D. fat starch protein maltose
-8-
27. What is a result of increased peristalsis in the duodenum? A. B. C. D. decreased production of bile decreased pH in the small intestine decreased absorption of amino acids increased hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach
28. Where are the enzymes that break down maltose and peptides produced? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER -9-
29. What is a purpose of the structure shown? A. B. C. D. to store and compact feces to secrete enzymes that break down starch to increase surface area of the small intestine to secrete substances that physically digest fat ________________________________________________ 30. Which of the following are characteristics of the blood vessel that carries blood from the arterioles to the venules? A. B. C. D. thin walls with valves thin walls, one cell layer thick thick walls to withstand pressure a thick middle layer of elastic tissue
- 10 -
31. Which structure carries oxygenated blood from the mother to the fetus? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
32. Which structure allows blood to bypass the lungs? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
OVER - 11 -
Z Y
33. What is the blood vessel labelled W? A. B. C. D. renal vein iliac artery carotid artery hepatic portal vein
34. What is the blood vessel labelled Z? A. B. C. D. aorta carotid artery subclavian vein posterior vena cava
35. Which blood vessel originates from the left ventricle of the heart? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
- 12 -
36. What structures are shown in the diagram? A. B. C. D. platelets and red blood cells platelets and white blood cells red blood cells and white blood cells white blood cells and plasma proteins ________________________________________________ 37. What would result if the SA node received increased stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system? A. B. C. D. Heart rate and blood pressure would decrease. Mesenteric arteries and arterioles would dilate. Blood pressure and blood velocity would increase. Production of red blood cells and platelets would increase.
38. Which of the following describes the location and function of valves found in the circulatory system? A. found in capillary beds and regulate the diameter of venules B. found in blood vessels that have low blood pressure and prevent backflow of blood in the heart C. found in blood vessels where blood is moving the fastest and control blood entering the capillary beds D. found in blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart and limit high blood pressure in tissues
OVER - 13 -
39. What is the structure labelled X? A. B. C. D. the larynx the bronchus the epiglottis the bronchioles ________________________________________________ 40. What would occur if the cilia in the respiratory tract were damaged? A. B. C. D. Mucus would accumulate. The larynx would stop functioning. Air would become trapped in the lungs. The diaphragm would increase thoracic volume.
41. Which of the following occurs during internal respiration? A. B. C. D. ATP is produced. Oxygen enters the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream. HCO3 (bicarbonate ions) are produced.
- 14 -
blood flow Z Y blood flow
capillary network of one alveolus

42. Which labelled structure contains the highest concentrations of HCO3 (bicarbonate ions)? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 43. What is transported in the blood as carbaminohemoglobin? A. B. C. D. oxygen amino acids hydrogen ions carbon dioxide
44. Which of the following occurs during inhalation? A. B. C. D. The rib muscles relax. The diaphragm contracts. The diaphragm becomes dome-shaped. Pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.
OVER - 15 -
45. How does the formation of reduced hemoglobin have a buffering effect in the body? A. B. C. D. It absorbs oxygen in the lungs. It forms carbaminohemoglobin in the blood. It forms carbaminohemoglobin in the tissue fluids. It reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood.
46. Why would a neuron be unable to conduct impulses if, after the passage of an action potential, the sodium-potassium pump no longer functioned? A. Sodium ions would remain concentrated inside the axon; the outside of the axon would be positive compared to the inside. B. Potassium ions would remain concentrated inside the axon; the outside of the axon would be negative compared to the inside. C. Sodium ions would remain concentrated outside the axon; the outside of the axon would be positive compared to the inside. D. Potassium ions would remain concentrated outside the axon; the outside of the axon would be negative compared to the inside.
47. How does the presence of the myelin sheath around a neuron increase the speed of impulse conduction? A. B. C. D. It prevents ion exchange except at the nodes. It transfers ions down the length of the neuron. It acts as an enzyme to speed the reactions of the action potential. It helps to carry ions across the cell membrane during the action potential.
- 16 -
X Y Z
48. Which of the following describes the role of calcium ions during synaptic transmission? A. B. C. D. They cause Y to become inactivated. They act as carriers to move Y toward Z. They cause Y to undergo endocytosis at W. They initiate the process that results in X moving toward W. ________________________________________________ 49. Which branch of the nervous system does not have nerves which directly connect to the heart? A. B. C. D. the central nervous system the peripheral nervous system the sympathetic nervous system the parasympathetic nervous system
50. What part of the brain controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland? A. B. C. D. the thalamus the cerebellum the hypothalamus the medulla oblongata
OVER - 17 -
Y X Z W
51. Which part of the brain allows the sharing of sensory information from both sides of the body? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z Use the following chart to answer questions 52 and 53. Substances in the blood Substance W X Y Z 52. What is substance W? A. B. C. D. salt urea water glucose Amount of the substance filtered/day 170 g 150 L 50 g 700 g Re-absorbed by nephron (%) 100% 99% 40% 98% Amount of the substance in the urine/day 0g 1.5 L 30 g 15 g
53. What is substance Y? A. B. C. D. urea water glucose penicillin - 18 -
54. Which of the following are located in the renal cortex? A. B. C. D. the efferent arteriole and the ureter the Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus the distal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle the collecting tubule and the proximal convoluted tubule
55. Which of the following is produced by the liver as a result of the metabolism of nitrogenous wastes? A. B. C. D. urea uric acid ammonia amino acids
56. What is a function of the collecting ducts? A. B. C. D. pressure filtration water re-absorption tubular excretion of penicillin receptors for the hormone insulin
57. Tubular excretion involves the addition of substances into which of the following? A. B. C. D. the loop of Henle the Bowmans capsule the distal convoluted tubule the proximal convoluted tubule
58. Which of the following receives blood from the efferent arteriole? A. B. C. D. the renal vein the glomerulus the afferent arteriole the peritubular capillaries
59. The cells of which structure contain relatively large numbers of mitochondria? A. B. C. D. the glomerulus the afferent arteriole the Bowmans capsule the proximal convoluted tubule OVER - 19 -
60. Which of the following results from the secretion of ADH? Urine volume A. B. C. D. low low high high Concentration of urine low high high low
61. Which of the following is an effect of an increased secretion of aldosterone on the composition of urine? A. B. C. D. Urea decreases. Sodium ions increase. Potassium ions increase. Hydrogen ions decrease.
62. Where does sperm production occur? A. B. C. D. in the epididymis in the vas deferens in the interstitial cells in the seminiferous tubules
63. Which of the following would result if fructose was not present in seminal fluid? A. B. C. D. Sperm would be less motile. Semen would become acidic. Less sperm would be produced. Less testosterone would be secreted.
64. Reduced secretions from which structure would result in decreased breast development? A. B. C. D. the endometrium the interstitial cells the anterior pituitary the posterior pituitary
- 20 -
65. Which of the following is a function of estrogen? A. B. C. D. to initiate menstruation to stimulate the posterior pituitary gland to cause maturation of the corpus luteum to initiate the growth of the endometrium
Ti m
66. What would occur as a result of structure X releasing hormones? A. B. C. D. Ovulation would occur. The follicle would mature. Estrogen secretion would increase. The endometrium would become secretory. ________________________________________________ 67. Taking birth control pills that contain estrogen and progesterone results in which of the following? A. B. C. D. the onset of menstruation an increased production of luteinizing hormone a decreased production of follicle-stimulating hormone an increased production of human chorionic gonadotropin
OVER - 21 -
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Use a pen for this part of the examination unless otherwise instructed. 2. Write your answers in the space below the questions. 3. You may not need all of the space provided to answer each question. Use the following chart to answer question 1.
AAU AAC AAA AAG ACU ACC ACA ACG AGU AGC AGA AGG AUU AUC AUA AUG Asparagine Lysine CAU CAC CAA CAG CCU CCC CCA CCG CGU CGC CGA CGG Histidine Glutamine GAU GAC GAA GAG GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG Asparatic acid Glutamate UAU UAC UAA UAG UCU UCC UCA UCG UGU UGC Glycine UGA UGG UUU UUC Valine UUA UUG Leucine Stop Tryptophan Phenylalanine Tyrosine Stop
Threonine
Proline
Alanine
Serine
Serine Arginine
Cysteine
Arginine
CUU CUC CUA CUG
Leucine
GUU GUC GUA GUG
1. The following is a DNA base sequence:

G C A C C T ATA G G A AC C
Explain what would occur during the translation of this gene if ATA underwent a mutation and was converted to A T T . (3 marks)
- 22 -
2. Compare active transport and facilitated diffusion.
(4 marks)
OVER - 23 -
3. Describe two changes that could be made to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction which would result in a decrease in the rate of the reaction. Explain why these changes cause the reaction rate to decrease. (4 marks)
- 24 -
4. Explain how nutrients and oxygen in the blood move first into the tissue fluids, and then into the cells.
(4 marks)
OVER - 25 -
5. Explain how an action potential is passed from one neuron to another.
(5 marks)
- 26 -
6. Describe how positive feedback functions in the female reproductive system.
(3 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
- 27 -
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Biology 12 AUGUST 2005

Course Code = BI
Biology 12
AUGUST 2005
Course Code = BI
MINISTRY USE ONLY
Question 1 0 1 2 (.5) NR
Question 2 0
(.5) NR
Question 3 0 1 2 3 4 (.5) NR
Question 4 0 1 2 3 (.5) NR
Question 5 0 1 2 3 4 (.5) NR
Biology 12
Question 6
AUGUST 2005
Course Code = BI
(.5) NR
Question 7 0 1 2 3 (.5) NR
58581
Version 0508.1

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Response Form provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle on the Response Form that has the letter corresponding to your answer. 1. What organelle has saccules that produce vesicles? A. B. C. D. a Golgi body the nucleolus a mitochondrion the rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Which of the following breaks down old blood cells? A. B. C. D. a lysosome the nucleolus a chromosome the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Organelle X produces proteins. These proteins move through organelle Y toward organelle Z where they are packaged. What are X, Y and Z? Organelle X A. B. C. D. ribosome ribosome nucleolus chromosome Organelle Y mitochondrion rough endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane nucleus Organelle Z lysosome Golgi body Golgi body smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved.
Page 1
4. What organelle produces steroid hormones? A. B. C. D. a lysosome a chloroplast the nucleolus the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Structure X Structure Y
5. Which of the following is produced by structure X and becomes a part of structure Y? A. B. C. D. ATP vesicles cellulose lysosomes ________________________________________________ 6. What type of molecule is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? A. B. C. D. a fat a steroid a protein a nucleotide
Page 2
Use the following list to answer question 7. Molecules water glucose phospholipid 7. How many of the molecules above are polar? A. B. C. D. 0 1 2 3 ________________________________________________ 8. Which molecular property allows water to act as a solvent? A. B. C. D. the lack of ionic bonds within the molecule the ability to donate electrons between its atoms the unequal sharing of electrons between its atoms the presence of covalent bonds within the molecule
9. Equal quantities of four different acids were placed in separate test tubes. OH- was added until the pH in each test tube was 3.0. The graph shows the amount of OH- added to each test tube.
Amount of OH needed
Y Acid
Which of the four acids had the highest initial pH? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z

Page 3
10. Which of the following molecules is a monomer of lipids? A. B. C. D. glycerol glycogen amino acid cholesterol
11. Which of the following is a formula for a carbohydrate? A. C 2 H6O2 B. C 3H 3O6 C. C 3H8O 3 D. C 5H10O5
12. Which of the following molecules functions as a hormone? A.

OH CH3 CH3
B.
O O
C.
P O
D.
O H H H H H
H C O C C C C C C H H H H
O H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C H H H H H
O H H H H H C O C C C C C H H H H H H
Page 4
13. Which of the following is not found in this molecule? A. B. C. D. uracil nitrogen phosphate deoxyribose ________________________________________________ 14. Which of the following is the second step of replication? A. B. C. D. the formation of two new DNA molecules complementary base pairing of nitrogenous bases the breaking of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases the joining of bonds between the sugar and phosphate backbone
Page 5
15. Which of the above illustrates the result of replication? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
16. Where does this process take place? A. B. C. D. the nucleus the ribosome the nucleolus the Golgi body
Page 6
17. Which of the following is a step in transcription? A. B. C. D. Ribosomes move along mRNA. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. Adenine in DNA bonds to thymine in mRNA. Hydrogen bonds are broken to expose a section of the DNA helix.
A C G C C
C A
U
A
U A
U
A
G U A U C
18. The process shown includes which of the following steps? A. B. C. D. denaturing of tRNA codon-anticodon base pairing joining of adjacent nucleotides formation of hydrogen bonds between amino acids
19. Where in the cell does this process take place? A. B. C. D. the nucleus the nucleolus the Golgi bodies the rough endoplasmic reticulum ________________________________________________ 20. Ultraviolet light, which can alter DNA, is an example of which of the following? A. B. C. D. a mutagen polymerase an anticodon recombinant DNA
Page 7
21. Which property of a neutral fat allows it to diffuse through the cell membrane? A. B. C. D. the size of the molecule the non-polar characteristic of the molecule the presence of glycoproteins in the cell membrane the presence of protein carriers in the cell membrane
Time
22. Molecule X could be which of the following? A. B. C. D. water glucose acetylcholine potassium ions ________________________________________________ 23. Cholesterol molecules are synthesized in liver cells and packaged as LDLs (low-density lipoproteins). The LDLs are released into the blood. Which of the following is the process by which LDLs re-enter body cells from the blood? A. B. C. D. osmosis exocytosis endocytosis facilitated diffusion
Page 8
Use the following experiment to answer questions 24 and 25. Experiment A student designs an experiment to determine the effect of sucrose concentration on the mass of potato cells. The following procedure is carried out: 6 equal-sized cubes are cut from the same potato. The initial mass of each of the cubes is measured. 6 test tubes are filled with different solutions (distilled water, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% sucrose solutions) A single cube of potato is added to each test tube. After one hour the cubes are removed, blotted dry with a paper towel, and the mass of each cube is recorded.
24. One of the solutions was found to be isotonic to the cytoplasm of the potato cells. Why was there no change in the mass of the potato cube in this isotonic solution? A. B. C. D. There is an equal movement of water into and out of the cells. The water and sucrose do not move across the cell membrane. There is an equal movement of sucrose into and out of the cells. There is an equal movement of water and sucrose into and out of the cells.
25. What is the dependent variable in the experiment? A. B. C. D. the size of the potato cubes the mass of the potato cubes the concentration of the solution the time the cubes remain in the test tubes
Page 9
10 minutes elapsed time
26. Red blood cells are added to a salt solution in a beaker. Which of the following explains the changes that occurred to the red blood cells after 10 minutes? A. B. C. D. The red blood cells were placed in an isotonic solution. The red blood cells were placed in a hypotonic solution. The red blood cells were placed in a hypertonic solution. The red blood cells were hypertonic to the solution in the beaker. ________________________________________________ 27. Which of the following increases the rate of diffusion in cells? A. B. C. D. increased surface area to volume ratio decreased folding of the cell membrane a decrease in the concentration gradient an increase in temperature from 40o C to 90o C
28. Which of the following attaches to a protein to catalyze a metabolic reaction? A. B. C. D. an enzyme a coenzyme a heavy metal a competitive inhibitor
Page 10
29. A chemical reaction occurs slowly at 37C . When molecule X is added, the reaction speeds up. Which of the following is a monomer of molecule X? A.
H N H R C H C O
HO OH H H OH OH
OH
B.
H
CH2OH O H H
C.
O C HO
H C H
H C H
H C H
H C H N H
D.
P O
________________________________________________ 30. Which of the following decreases the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the body? A. B. C. D. adding more enzyme adding more substrate maintaining optimum pH changing the temperature from 37C to 10C
31. Which pair of structures produces amylase? A. B. C. D. the liver and the duodenum the liver and the salivary glands the pancreas and the small intestine the salivary glands and the pancreas
32. Which pair of structures produces enzymes that digest protein? A. B. C. D. the colon and the pancreas the stomach and the pancreas the small intestine and the liver the stomach and the large intestine
Page 11
33. Which of the following may be found in a persons stomach after they have eaten a meal? A. B. C. D. water, salts, maltase and bile starch, glycerol, amylase and trypsin protein, pepsin, hydrochloric acid and maltose hydrochloric acid, peptides, bicarbonate ions and nuclease
34. Which of the following results from decreased secretions from the gall bladder? A. B. C. D. increased gastric secretions increased peristalsis in the digestive tract decreased absorption of water in the small intestine decreased production of glycerol in the small intestine
35. What substances are absorbed by the lacteals? A. B. C. D. fats peptides nucleotides carbohydrates
36. How are veins and lymph vessels similar? A. B. C. D. both contain valves both return blood to the heart both have large amounts of elastic tissue both carry blood with a low oxygen concentration
37. Where is blood velocity the slowest? A. B. C. D. in a vein in a venule in an artery in a capillary
Page 12
X W Y
38. Which blood vessel can constrict to cause an increase in blood pressure? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
39. Which vessel is a venule? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
40. Which vessel contains blood with the highest concentration of bicarbonate ions and has the lowest pressure? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
Page 13
41. Where does lymph enter the circulatory system? A. B. C. D. at the hepatic vein at the jugular veins at the coronary veins at the subclavian veins
42. Blood enters the iliac artery from which of the following vessels? A. B. C. D. the aorta the renal artery the carotid artery the coronary artery
Use the following graph to answer questions 43 and 44.
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Distance from the heart

43. Which letter indicates the point at which the ventricles are in systole? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
44. Which of the following occurs at W? A. B. C. D. The semilunar valves are open. The ventricles are filling with blood. The atrioventricular valves are closed. The Purkinje fibres stimulate the atria to contract.
Page 14
Y X W V
45. In which area do voice sounds originate? A. B. C. D. V W X Y
46. What is the structure labelled W? A. B. C. D. the larynx the alveoli the trachea the bronchi
47. What structure prevents food from entering the respiratory system? A. B. C. D. U X Y Z
Page 15
48. What occurs as the pH of the blood in muscle capillaries decreases? A. B. C. D. Concentration of oxyhemoglobin increases. Activity in the medulla oblongata decreases. Concentration of reduced hemoglobin decreases. Concentration of oxygen in the blood plasma increases.

V W U S X T Z
49. Which letter indicates the interneuron? A. B. C. D. V X Y Z
50. Which letter indicates the dendrite of the structure which carries impulses from a pain receptor? A. B. C. D. S T U W
51. Which structure carries impulses away from the central nervous system? A. B. C. D.
Page 16
U V W Z
52. What part of the brain controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland? A. B. C. D. the thalamus the cerebrum the hypothalamus the corpus callosum
53. Which of the following would require the greatest activity in the cerebellum? A. B. C. D. recalling a memory smelling freshly baked bread adding numbers in your head performing a gymnastics routine
54. What part of the brain receives sensory information and sends it to the appropriate areas of the cerebrum? A. B. C. D. the thalamus the cerebellum the hypothalamus the corpus callosum
55. To what part of the kidney is the ureter attached? A. B. C. D. the nephron the renal pelvis the renal cortex the renal medulla
Page 17

Z Y X
56. What area of the kidney has the highest concentration of sodium ions and urea? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z
Z W
57. How many of the labelled structures allow water reabsorption? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4
Page 18
58. In what part of the nephron does glucose move from the filtrate to the surrounding blood vessels? A. B. C. D. the loop of Henle the Bowmans capsule the distal convoluted tubule the proximal convoluted tubule
Use the following list to answer question 59. ions water lipids protein blood cells amino acids
59. How many of the above items pass from the bloodstream into Bowmans capsule? A. B. C. D. 2 3 4 5
Page 19
Z W
60. Which gland releases a hormone that causes the reabsorption of sodium ions? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z ________________________________________________ 61. Where do sperm become motile? A. B. C. D. the epididymis the vas deferens the prostate gland the seminal vesicles
Page 20
62. Which of the following is a function of the substance produced at Y? A. B. C. D. to fertilize the egg to neutralize the acidity of the vagina to provide nourishment for the sperm to increase muscular development at puberty
63. Where do the cells stored in X move to next? A. B. C. D. the urethra the epididymis the vas deferens the seminal vesicles ________________________________________________ 64. Which of the following is a function of seminal fluid? A. B. C. D. to provide nutrition for the egg to cause contraction of the uterus to act as an acid to buffer the vagina to develop secondary sexual characteristics
Page 21
65. Which of the following hormones acts on the testes? A. B. C. D. ADH GnRH luteinizing hormone human chorionic gonadotropin
66. Which of the following is a consequence of increased secretions of progesterone? A. B. C. D. the release of the ova the maturation of the follicle a decrease in luteinizing hormone an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone
67. Which of the following occurs during days 1528 of the ovarian cycle? A. B. C. D. The follicle undergoes maturation. A luteinizing hormone surge occurs. Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum. Secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone begins.
Page 22
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Use a pen for this part of the examination unless otherwise instructed. 2. Write your answers in the space below the questions. 3. You may not need all of the space provided to answer each question. 1. A person is diagnosed with hypothyroidism, a condition in which an insufficient amount of thyroxin is present in the bloodstream. Explain how the breathing rate is affected by the decreased secretion of thyroxin. (2 marks)
Page 23
2. Using two examples, explain why correct pH is important for the efficient functioning of digestive enzymes. (4 marks)
3. How does the chemical composition of the blood in the aorta differ from that of the blood in the pulmonary trunk? (4 marks)
Page 24
4. Explain three ways in which the alveoli are well suited to their function.
(3 marks)
5. Describe the upswing and downswing of an action potential with respect to membrane polarity and movement of ions. (4 marks: 2 marks each) upswing:
downswing:
Page 25
6. Explain how the conditions in the renal medulla result in the production of urine which is hypertonic to blood. (3 marks)
7. Describe the events which initiate and control the secretion of oxytocin.
(3 marks)
END OF EXAMINATION
Page 26

Biology 12 AUGUST 2002: Course Code BI

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology 12 AUGUST 2002: Course Code BI

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MINISTRY USE ONLY

MINISTRY USE ONLY

Place Personal Education Number (PEN) here.

Place Personal Education Number (PEN) here.

MINISTRY USE ONLY

BIOLOGY 12 PROVINCIAL EXAMINATION

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK

PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE Value: 50 marks Suggested Time: 45 minutes

3. How many of the substances above have hydrogen bonding? A. B. C. D. 1 2 3 4

5. Which of the following molecules is used in the synthesis of lipids? A.

O C O CH3(CH2)16 C O CH3(CH2)16 C O CH2 O CH O CH2

Use the following diagram to answer question 9.

Use the following diagram to answer question 17.

Use the following diagram to answer question 19. E1 E2 E3

Use the following diagram to answer question 20.

Use the following diagram to answer question 21.

Use the following diagram to answer questions 22 and 23.

22. What is the structure labelled W? A. B. C. D. liver pancreas appendix duodenum

Structure A. B. C. D. stomach pancreas small intestine salivary glands

Use the following diagram to answer question 26.

blood glucose normal concentration

blood glucose normal concentration

blood glucose normal concentration

blood glucose normal concentration

Use the following diagram to answer questions 34 and 35.

Use the following diagram to answer question 39.

Use the following diagram to answer questions 41 and 42.

Use the following graph to answer question 46.

concentration of solutes in the urine

PART B: WRITTEN RESPONSE Value: 50 marks Suggested Time: 75 minutes

Use the following diagrams to answer question 1.

X 1. Describe how structures W, X, Y and Z work together.

Use the following diagram to answer question 2.

2. a) Describe replication of this molecule.

b) What is the role of this molecule in determining the structure of a protein?

d) Give the anticodons that are complementary to this mRNA sequence.

Use the following diagram to answer question 4.

4. Explain how the structure above is well-suited for its function.

right side of heart

left side of heart

b) Give one function of each of the following. carotid arteries:

(4 marks: 1 mark each)

Use the following diagram to answer question 6.

Use the following diagram to answer question 9.

9. Give one function of each of the following structures. Structure X:

(3 marks: 1 mark each)

Use the following diagram to answer question 10. X Y

10. a) Identify structure X.

b) Describe the process that occurs between X and Y.

MINISTRY USE ONLY

MINISTRY USE ONLY

Place Personal Education Number (PEN) here.

Place Personal Education Number (PEN) here.

MINISTRY USE ONLY

Biology 12 JUNE 2002

Question 9: 9. (7) Question 10: 10. (3)

BIOLOGY 12 PROVINCIAL EXAMINATION

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK

PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE Value: 50 marks Suggested Time: 45 minutes

Use the following diagram to answer questions 1 and 2.

Use the following diagram to answer question 6.

Use the following diagram to answer question 20.