KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS ON RUMAKI A Repeat Survey

By Simeon Mesaki and Justin Bamanyisa Submitted to WWF-TPO December 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.APPROAC AND MET ODOLOG!......................................................................................"#

3.1 Survey Instruments and Data Collection.........................................................................16 3.2 Field Work....................................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Understanding and erce!tions o" t#e $nvironment% &atural 'esources and (iodiversity .............................................................................................................................................. 1) 4.2 $nvironmental Im!act Caused (y *uman +ctions..........................................................24 4.3 +vaila,ility o" "is# over time............................................................................................ 2) 4.4 -t#er Sea Creatures........................................................................................................ 2. 4./ Conservation................................................................................................................... 30 4.61 2earning +,out t#e $nvironment................................................................................... 32 4.) (eac# 3anagement Units 4(3Us5................................................................................... 3/ 4.. 'U3+6I% 'egulations% 3anagement 7 (ene"its to t#e Community.................................3)

$.CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................%" #.RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................................%3 Re&ere'(e)........................................................................................................................................ %$

LIST OF TABLES

Ta*+e " ,a-.Nu.*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++a3e 2' t4e 566# Survey.........................................."% Ta*+e " ,*-.Nu.*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++a3e 2' t4e 566# Survey.........................................."% Ta*+e 57 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02'3 t/ 12++a3e9Su*:v2++a3e a'0 O((upat2/')......."% Ta*+e 37 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02'3 t/ Cate3/r2e) 2' t4e 566# Survey.................."$ Ta*+e %7 Type) /& .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)................................................................................."; Ta*+e $7 566# )urvey re)p/')e) /' type) /& .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e) ......................................"< Ta*+e #7 W4at are C/ra+)=..........................................................................................................."< Ta*+e ;7 T4e re)p/')e) t/ t4e )a.e >ue)t2/' 2' 566# 8ere a) &/++/8)7......................................."? Ta*+e < ,a-7 I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4=................................................................"? Ta*+e < ,*-7 I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4= ,566# )urvey re)p/')e)-......................."? Ta*+e ? ,a- I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4=........................................................."? Ta*+e ? ,*- A'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4= ,566# )urvey re)p/')e)-............................."? Ta*+e "6 ,a-7 T4e re+at2/')42p *et8ee' (/ra+) a'0 &2)4 ,a) per 56"" )urvey-.............................56 Ta*+e "6 ,*-7 I.p/rta'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4 a) per 566# )urvey.....................................................56 Ta*+e "6 ,(-7 2) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4=..............................................................5" Ta*+e "" ,a-7 T4e )23'2&2(a'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4....................................................................5" Ta*+e "" ,*-7 I.p/rta'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4 ,566# Survey Re)p/')e)-..................................5" Ta*+e "5 ,a-7 S23'2&2(a'(e /& )ea p+a't) t/ &2)4.............................................................................5" Ta*+e "5 ,*-7 I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& )ea8ee0 t/ &2)4=..........................................................55 Ta*+e "3 ,a-7 Ta*+e "3 ,*Ta*+e "3 ,(-7 /8 0/ ./)t &2)4 repr/0u(e=..................................................................................55 /8 0/ &2)4 repr/0u(e a) per 566# Survey Re)p/')e)...........................................55 /8 0/ ./)t /& &2)4 repr/0u(e *y /((upat2/'........................................................55

Ta*+e "% ,a-7 W4at type /& (reature 2) 0u3/'3=...........................................................................53 Ta*+e "% ,*-7 W4at 0/e) 0u3/'3 eat=............................................................................................53 Ta*e "$ ,a-7 At 84at a3e 0/ turt+e) )tart t/ +ay e33)=..................................................................5%
3

Ta*+e "$ ,*-7

/8 .a'y turt+e) &r/. /'e 'e)t )urv2ve t/ t4e a3e /& +ay2'3 e33)=.....................5%

Ta*+e "#7 E'v2r/'.e'ta+ 2.pa(t (au)e0 *y 4u.a' a(t2/').......................................................5% Ta*+e "; ,a- T4e e@te't /& t4e 2.pa(t /& 0y'a.2te &2)42'3 /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty..........................5$ Ta*+e "; ,*-7 T4e e@te't /& t4e 2.pa(t /& u)2'3 ).a++ 'et) /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty..........................5$ Ta*+e "<7 T4e e@te't /& t4e 2.pa(t /& 3reat 'u.*er /& &2)4er) /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty...................5$ Ta*+e "? ,a-7T4e 8/r)t 2.pa(t t/ t4e ava2+a*2+2ty /& &2)4.............................................................5# Ta*+e "? ,*-7 u.a' e'v2r/'.e'ta+ 2.pa(t a) per 566# )urvey re)p/')e) ..............................5#

Ta*+e 567 566# re)u+t) /' )(ar(2ty /& &2)4 0ue t/ /ver &2)42'3 .....................................................5< Ta*+e 5"7 S(ar(2ty )/.e )ea (reature) 0ue t/ /veru)e a) per 566# &2'02'3)...............................5? Ta*+e 55 ,a- Pre)e'(e /& 0u3/'3 '/8 ,56""- (/.par2'3 t/ t4e prev2/u) &2ve year)...................36 Ta*+e 55 ,*- Rea)/') &/r t4e 0e(rea)e /& 0u3/'3) .......................................................................36 Ta*+e 53 ,a- C/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e) 2' t4e v2++a3e ,56"" &2'02'3)-..............................................3" Ta*+e 53 ,*- C/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e) 2' t4e v2++a3e ,566# &2'02'3)-..............................................3" Ta*+e 5%7 W4/ 2) (urre't+y .a'a32'3 (/a)ta+ a'0 .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)= .........................35 Ta*+e 5$7 W4/ 2) (urre't+y .a'a32'3 (/a)ta+ a'0 .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)=..........................35 Ta*+e 5#. Fav/ur2te Ne8)paper)....................................................................................................33 Ta*+e 5;7 Mea') /& I'&/r.at2/' D2))e.2'at2/'...........................................................................3% Ta*+e 5<7 By:+a8) *r/u34t a*/ut *y BMU) a((/r02'3 t/ re)p/'0e't)...................................3$ Ta*+e 5?7 Dut2e) /& BMU C/..2ttee)...........................................................................................3# Ta*+e 36 ,a-7 RUMAKI 3/a+) a) per 566# Survey re)p/')e)......................................................3; Ta*+e 36 ,*-7 E@te't RUMAKI 3/a+) 8/u+0 *e'e&2t t4e (/..u'2ty a((/r02'3 t/ )/(2a+ 3r/up 2' 566#.............................................................................................................................................. 3; Ta*+e 3" ,a-7 K'/8+e03e /& RUMAKI a'0 2t) O*Ae(t2ve)............................................................3< Ta*+e 3" ,*-7 Per(ept2/') /' 4/8 RUMAKI 4a) *ee' *e'e&2(e't t/ (/..u'2t2e)....................3< Ta*+e 357 E@te't RUMAKI pr/3ra.) 4ave *e'e&2te0 v2++a3e (/..u'2ty.................................3? Ta*+e 33 ,a-7 W4/ 2) re)p/')2*+e &/r &2)4ery 'atura+ re)/ur(e) .a'a3e.e't=..........................3? Ta*+e 33 ,*-7 W4/ 2) re)p/')2*+e &/r 'atura+ re)/ur(e .a'a3e.e't '/8= ,A) per 566# )urvey3?

Ta*+e 3%7 I' 3e'era+ 4/8 0/ y/u )ee t4e RUMAKI pr/3ra.=....................................................%6 Ta*+e 3$7 I& RUMAKI pr/3ra. 8/u+0 4ave t/ (/'t2'ue 2' t4e 'e@t $ year) 842(4 pr2/r2ty 8/u+0 y/u 8a't 2t t/ 0/=................................................................................................................. %"

LIST OF ACRON!MS
RUMAKI "u#i$-Ma#ia-%i&'a WWF:TCO KAP ACE ('areness) *ommunications and +ducation BMU) Beac, Mana-ement .nits 1ICOBA /i&&a-e *ommunity Banks CSO) *i0i& Society Or-anisations SPSS Statistica& Packa-e #or Socia& Sciences TBC G/v't -o0ernment

EBECUTI1E SUMMAR!
T4e Ta)C T,e "u#i$i Ma#ia %i&'a 2".M(%34 seasca5e started to be im5&emented in 2001 'it, t,e aim o# im5ro0in- t,e socio-economic 'e&&-bein- o# t,e coasta& communities o# "u#i$i) Ma#ia-and %i&'a districts t,rou-, sustainab&e) 5artici5atory and e6uitab&e uti&isation and 5rotection o# t,eir marine and coasta& resources7 T,e #irst 5,ase o# t,e 5ro-ramme 'as sc,edu&ed to end in 2011 and WWFT*O deemed it necessary to ,a0e a re5eat %(P sur0ey to com5are 'it, t,e base&ine study conducted in 20017T,e same team o# consu&tants ',o did t,e 2001 study 'ere assi-ned to do t,e re5eat sur0ey bet'een 28t, 9o0ember 2011 and 11t, December 20117 Re)p/'0e't) O# t,e 1)220 res5ondents o0er one t,ird 23!7 :4 'ere #is,ers ',i&e $ust o0er a 6uarter 22;70:4 'ere #armers and sc,oo& 5u5i&s com5rised 137;:7 T,e ot,ers 'ere businessmen<'omen) sa&aried em5&oyees) unem5&oyed yout,s) re&i-ious teac,ers) sc,oo& teac,ers and retired o&der 5eo5&e ',o ran-ed #rom 8: 2business4 to re&i-ious 5eo5&e 2172:47 "e-ardin- t,e se= com5osition o# t,e inter0ie'ees) ma&es #ormed a&most t,ree-6uarters 2;171:4 and #ema&es $ust o0er a 6uarter 22>7 :47 +ducationa& &e0e&s 'ere suc, t,at $ust o0er ,a&# 2!27!:4 o# t,e res5ondents ,ad second &e0e& o# 5rimary education) t,at is standards !-;) 1 7 : ,ad com5&eted &o'er &e0e& 5rimary education 2standard 1- 47 1178: ,ad ,ad no #orma&<secu&ar education at a&& ',i&e 871: recei0ed madrassa<is&amic<6uran ty5e o# education7 Secondary education 'as attained by a mere >78: and ,i-,er education 'as e0en &o'er ,a0in- been attained by on&y 1 5ersons 207!:4 o# t,e sam5&e7 (s e=5ected) t,e o0er',e&min- ma$ority o# t,e sam5&e 2817;:4 'as Mus&ims ',i&e on&y 372: 'ere *,ristians and on&y 1 5erson c&aimed to be&on- to anot,er #orm o# re&i-ion7 For a com5arison o# t,e res5ondents? c,aracteristics 'it, t,e 2001 sur0ey t,e reader is ad0ised to consu&t t,at re5ort7 O*Ae(t2ve) i7 3denti#y re&e0ant -a5s in community a'areness and understandin- t,at 'ou&d constitute t,e 5riority areas #or #uture ".M(%3?s ('areness) *ommunications and +ducation 2(*+4 Strate-ies) ii7 Measure t,e im5act o# ".M(%3?s a'areness) communications and education acti0ities com5ared to t,e base&ine situation in 2001) iii7 Find out kno'&ed-e) attitudes and 5erce5tions c,an-es about ob$ecti0es o# ".M(%3 5ro-ramme@ si-ni#icant bene#it #rom marine A coasta& resources mana-ement initiati0es o# ".M(%3 5ro$ect@ conce5ts and #acts under&yin- sustainab&e mana-ement o# marine and coasta& resources@ #is,eries &e-is&ations) re-u&ations and mana-ement 5&ans and t,eir im5acts o0ertime com5ared to t,e situation be#ore commencement o# ".M(%3 5ro-ramme K'/8+e03e /& Natura+ 2)t/ry (s 'as in t,e 2001 sur0ey t,e de-ree o# community C'/8+e03e /& 'atura+ 42)t/ry 'as measured by re6uestin- t,e res5ondents to mention at &east se0en ty5es o# marine resources7 T,e most mentioned in 2011 'ere #is,) sea'eed) cora&s) man-ro0es) crabs) octo5us and turt&es) in t,at order) ',i&e in 2001 t,ey 'ere #is,) man-ro0es) cora&s) octo5us) sea cucumbers and crabs) in t,at order7

C/ra+) T,ere 'as a si-ni#icant c,an-e on t,e res5onses o# 84at are (/ra+) com5ared to 2001 sur0ey res5onses7 T,us ',ereas o0er ,a&# 2!17>:4 considered cora&s to be &i0e stones) in 2001 3>71: ,ad said so7 T,e 5ercent 0ie'in- cora&s as dead stone ,ad dec&ined #rom 2;7!: to 2172:7 3.p/rta'(e /& a*2tat) "es5onses on t,e i.p/rta'(e /& 4a*2tat) to #is, ,ad a&so 'itnessed some 5ositi0e c,an-es7 3n 2001) o0er t'o-t,irds 2; 71:4 o# res5ondents sa' a re&ations,i5 bet'een #is, and cora&s) by 2011

t,is ,ad $um5ed to > 72:) a -ood tent, im5ro0ement@ a&so t,ose ',o did not kno' t,e )23'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) to #is, dro55ed #rom 2!78: to 127;:7 Perce5tions o# t,e si-ni#icance o# man-ro0es to #is, rose #rom 1;72: in 2001) >271: in 2011) ',i&e t,ose ',o did not see any re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7 O0era&&) com5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey) t,ese is a 5ositi0e c,an-e in understandin- t,e im5ortant ro&e cora&s) man-ro0es) and sea 5&ants ,a0e to #is,) as ,abitat) source o# #ood) breedin- 2re5roduction4) ,idin-7 Repr/0u(t2/' /& F2)4 On t,e repr/0u(t2/' /& &2)4 a-ain 'e note an im5ro0ement #rom !172: in 2001 to !;7 : by 2011@ t,ere 'as a s&i-,t dro5 in t,ose ',o attribute t,e Bcomin- o# #is, 'it, rainsC #rom 372: to 27!:) t,e idea t,at #is, 'ere brou-,t by Dod #e&& #rom 27>: to 171:) B-i0in- birt,C stood at 1>70: as o55osed to 1>7 : in 20017 3t is a&so note'ort,y t,at t,e cate-ory o# don?t kno' #e&& #rom 2 70: to 1!70:7 Du3/'3) 3n 2001 about a tent, 21373:4 ,ad said it 'as a mamma& and by 2011 t,is ,ad risen to 2078:) sti&& t,ere 'as no im5ro0ement on t,e idea t,at du-on- is a #is, because in 2001) o0er t'o t,irds 2;07;:4 ,ad said so) t,is dro55in- by on&y 07!: to ;072 : in 20117 On ',at du-on-s ate , in 2001 a 6uarter 22 7 :4 ,ad said correct&y t,at t,ey #ed on sea-rass or<and sea'eeds) by 2011 t,is ,ad im5ro0ed to 272:7 3n 2011) t,ere 'as consensus t,at du-on-s ,ad drastica&&y dec&ined accordinto o0er ,a&# 2!>71:4) indeed a&most a&& t,e res5ondents ,ad on&y ,eard about t,e creature and ne0er seen it) &et a&one eatin- its meat7 On t,e sentimenta& 0a&ue attac,ed to t,e mamma&) t,e resu&ts o# 2011 s,o' t,at #or near&y a ,a&# 2 ;70:4) t,e scarcity o# t,e du-on- 'as an im5ortant issue t,at touc,ed t,eir ,earts and #or a #i#t, 2207 :4 it 'as an im5ortant issue 5ersona&&y7 For t,ose ',o attac,ed 0a&ue to t,e creature in 2011) its im5ortance &ay in t,e #o&&o'in- as5ectsE ,erita-e-#uture -enerations) 5romotion o# tourism) de&icacy meat and biodi0ersity7 Turt+e) T,e #indin-s s,o' a dro5 in t,e cate-ory o# BDon?t kno'C #rom o0er t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 to &ess t,an a ,a&# 2 ;70:4 o# kno'&ed-e about ,o' turt&es breedin-7 On t,e correct a'areness o# t,e #act t,at on&y one ,atc,&in- out o# 100-5&us 'ou&d make it to maturity) in 2011) 3: -a0e t,e correct ans'er ',ereas in 2001 it 'as 27;:7 E'v2r/'.e'ta+ I.pa(t Cau)e0 *y u.a' A(t2/') +n0ironmenta& im5act caused by ,uman actions 'as an area 'e&& co0ered in t,e t'o sur0eys7 (s 'as t,e case in 2001) dynamite #is,in- 'as ranked as bein- t,e most bane#u& acti0ity 'it, t,e -reatest ne-ati0e im5act causin- t,e ,ea0iest conse6uences on t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is,7 T,en it 'as mentioned by !872: o# t,e res5ondents7 3n 2011) a&most t,ree-6uarters 2;37>:4 5ointed an accuisn- to dynamite #is,in-7 3n t,e 5re0ious sur0ey t,is 'as #o&&o'ed by sma&& mes, siFe #is,nets) number o# #is,ers in an area and #re6uent #is,in- on t,e same area7 T,is time) uncontro&&ed ,ar0est o# man-ro0es 'as mentioned by a tent, 21072:4 o# res5ondents ',i&e t,e 6uestion o# Dod?s 'i&& ,ad dec&ined #rom 171: in 2001 to 27!: and a ne' #actor) o# tra'&ers mentioned by 270:7 F2)4 Ava2+a*2+2ty (&to-et,er t,ere 'as a noted decrease 2#rom &itt&e or -reat4 mentioned by t,ree-6uarters 2;171:4 o# res5ondents in t,e 2011 study) ',i&e a tent, 21078:4 did not 5ercei0e any c,an-e) and 871: ,ad noted some increase7 (not,er 'ay o# 2.pr/v2'3 t4e ava2+a*2+2ty o# #is, is t,e ado5tion o# sustainab&e #is,in- -ears7 T,is 6uestion #eatured in t,e 2001 study as 'e&& as in 20117 3n 2001 sustainab&e #is,in- -ears 'ereE Ms,i5i) Madema) Jari#e) Da-aa nets and 'ando7 3n t,e 2011 study) Ms,i5i 2&ines4 to55ed t,e &ist 'it, c&ose to t'o-t,irds 2!871:4 o# t,e res5onses #o&&o'ed by Jari#e 2 17>:4) Madema 23!7>:4) and ordinary nets o# 27!C22>78:47 ( sur5rise mention 'as t,at o# "in--net) t,ou-, by on&y a sma&& 5ercenta-e 227!:47 De(+2'e /& F2)4 Spe(2e) T,e s5ecies o# #is,es t,at ,ad dec&ined 'as e=5ressed by t,e mentionin- o# #i#ty-#i0e 2!!4 o# t,em ran-in- #rom mbuFi ba,ari to 5ra'ns) #rom kisabuni to sa&ama'aFi) ',i&e a tent, 21071:4 did not

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sense any dec&ine@ 5a5a) ko&eko&e) 0ibua) c,an-u) tasi) c,e'a) and n-uru 'ere mentioned in t,at order7 3n t,e 2001 study) t'enty one 2214 ty5es o# #is, and creatures 'ere mentioned inc&udinem5eror #is,) s,ark) 5om5ano) mackere& and rabbit #is,@ du-on-) 5ra'ns) turt&es) sea cucumber and octo5us7 Ot4er Sea Creature) T,e 2011 sur0ey 5robed into t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# octo5us) sea cucumber and 5ra'ns in t,e 5re0ious #i0e years7 T,e #indin-s indicate t,at t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# t,e /(t/pu), com5ared to t,e 5recedin#i0e years) ,ad decreased accordin- to a&most t'o-t,irds 21378:4 o# t,e res5ondents7 On&y 17 : t,ou-,t t,ey ,ad increased) ',i&e 87 : ,ad not noticed any c,an-e7 Wit, re-ard to sea cucumbers, a&most ,a&# 2 >70:4 o# t,e res5ondents) said t,ey ,ad dec&ined com5ared to t,e 5re0ious #i0e years) ',i&e a #i#t, 22171:4 'ere not a'are o# t,e #act7 (&so) o0er t'o-t,irds 21 71:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere o# t,e o5inion t,at t,ere ,ad been a decrease in t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# ).a++ pra8') com5ared to t,e 5recedin- #i0e years7 On&y >7>: t,ou-,t t,ere ,ad been an increase@ 1 7;: ,ad not noticed any c,an-e7 (s 'as t,e case in 2001) t,e reasons ad0anced areE t,e e=5ansion o# trade in 5ra'ns) octo5us) sea cucumber and s,e&&s@ destruction o# breedin-rounds) es5ecia&&y cora&s@ o0er-#is,in- 5articu&ar&y o# #is, and 5ra'ns@ t,ri0in- e=terna& markets o# sea cucumber &eadin- to t,e co&&ection o# e0en $u0eni&e ones@ tra'&er #is,in- by e=terna& #is,ers and 5o0erty7 C/')ervat2/' O0er t'o-t,irds 21878:4 'ere a'are o# t,at Gonin- as essentia& in conser0ation o# marine and coasta& resources ',i&e o0er a 6uarter 22873:4 'ere not a'are o# suc, arran-ements7 On t,e bene#its t,at 'ou&d accrue #rom suc, a measure) o0er ,a&# 2!;:4 t,ou-,t it 'ou&d -reat&y en,ance t,e abundance o# #is, as t,ey 'ou&d breed undisturbed7 O0er ,a&# 2!878:4 'ere a'are o# natura& resources conser0ation acti0ities in t,eir 0i&&a-es) ',ic, consisted o# co&&aborati0e conser0ation) settin- u5 Beac, Mana-ement .nits 2BM.s4) conser0in- man-ro0es) 5rotectincora&s and combatin- i&&e-a& #is,in-7 3t is to be noted t,at o0er t,ree-6uarters 2;17;:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere not en-a-ed in any o# t,e conser0ation acti0ities takin- 5&ace in t,eir 0i&&a-es7 On t,e 6uestion ',ic, in6uired ',et,er t,e res5ondent in 6uestion ne-ati0e&y im5acted on t,e en0ironment) o0er a tent, 21171:4 'ere #rank enou-, to admit t,at t,ey did) ',i&e t,ree-6uarters 2;87!:4 dec&ined7 I'&/r.at2/'9Lear'2'3 a*/ut t4e e'v2r/'.e't T,e radio 'as t,e most e##ecti0e medium o# &earnin- about t,e en0ironment #or ',ic, as muc, as t'o-t,irds 211:4 o# t,e 2011 res5ondents -ained kno'&ed-e #rom t,is medium t,ou-, en0ironment<natura& resources 5ro-rammes came t,ird 22271:4 a#ter ne's bu&&etins 2;;7!:4 and s5orts 23871: as a #a0oured 5ro-ramme7 *om5arati0e 5ercenta-es #or t,e 2001 study 'ereE 9e's bu&&etins 2 !70:4) Music 21873 :4) S5orts 21171:4) and en0ironment<natura& resources rankin#ourt, and bein- #a0oured by >71:7 Mobi&e 5,ones 'ere res5onsib&e #or educatin- 1178: o# t,e res5ondents on t,e en0ironment7 T,e most 2.p/rta't .e))a3e ,eard #rom t,e dissemination met,ods 'as on en0ironmenta& mana-ement ',ic, 'as a&&uded to by o0er t,ree 6uarters 2> 7 :4 o# t,e res5ondents) #o&&o'ed by &e-a&<5ermitted #is,in- -ears<met,ods 21178:47 Peo5&es? kno'&ed-e on nationa& &a's concernin- #is,in- 'as suc, t,at t,ree-6uarters 2;!73:4 o# t,e res5ondents mentioned one o# t,e &a's) 5ertainin- to acce5ted #is,in- met,ods7 T,is 'as #o&&o'ed by t'o-t,irds 21178:4 ',o mentioned t,e necessity to be &icensed be#ore one can #is,7 On &a's t,at needed re0ie'in- o0er a t,ird 23;71:4 'anted c,an-es in t,e &a' on #is,in&icences) and 1171: on t,e need #or re-isterin- #is,in- 0esse&s7 Bea(4 Ma'a3e.e't U'2t) ,BMU)Beac, Mana-ement .nits 2BM.s4 ,a0e been t,e main area o# #ocus o# t,e ".M(%3 5ro-ramme since it started7 T,e 2011 study 'anted res5ondents to name at &east t,ree strate-ies on #is,eries mana-ement brou-,t about by BM. in eac, 0i&&a-e7 O0er ,a&# 2!178:4 mentioned combatini&&e-a& #is,in-) conser0in- marine resources suc, as man-ro0es 23;7!:4 and 5atro&s a-ainst i&&e-a& #is,in- met,ods suc, as dynamite7 (bout a 6uarter 22 71:4 o# t,e res5ondents said t,e community 'as in0o&0ed in 0arious ste5s<'ays in makin- t,e strate-ies) but o0er a ,a&# 2!;7>:4 said t,ey 'ere una'are7 On understandabi&ity o# t,e strate-ies) t,e res5onses s,o' t,at about a

t,ird 2287 :4 said t,ey 'ere understandab&e) ',i&e o0er t'o-t,irds 2 173:4 'ere not a'are o# t,e strate-ies7 o0era&& about a t,ird 23071:4 t,ou-,t t,ey strate-ies 'ere acce5tab&e ',i&e a 6uarter 2217>:4 deemed t,em not acce5tab&e7 On ',et,er t,e strate-ies ,a0e been bene#icia& to #is,ermen and im5ro0ed 5ros5ects o# #is, a0ai&abi&ity in t,e #uture) a t,ird 23 7;:4 'ere a##irmati0e but it is to be noted t,at o0er a ,a&# 2!37>:4 said t,ey Bdid not kno'7C T4e RUMAKI )ea)(ape pr/3ra..e 3n t,e 2001 study about a #i#t, 21>73:4 o# t,e res5ondents ,ad ,eard about t,e ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme7 3n t,e 2011) t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 ,ad ,eard about it and ',ereas o0er a ,a&# 2!372:4 didn?t kno' its ob$ecti0es a&most a 6uarter 2227>4 kne' it 'as on conser0ation o# t,e en0ironment@ a&most a #i#t, 21>7 :4 understood it to aimin- at im5ro0in- community H5eo5&esI &i0es7 *oncernin- t,e e=tent ".M(%3 ,ad bene#ited 0i&&a-e communities) o0er a t,ird 23>73:4) indicated 5ositi0e&y bene#itin-) ',i&e o0er ,a&# 2!370:4 did not see any bene#its7 O0era&& ".M(%3 ,as been commended #or t,e #ormation and o5eration o# /i&&a-e *ommunity Banks 2/3*OB(4 as one o# t,e most bene#icia& o# its inter0entions7 (&most a ,a&# 2 ;7;:4 said it 'as -ood and s,ou&d continue t,ou-, a t,ird 2317;:4 ,ad not understood it 'e&& yet7 On its continuity #or anot,er ! years and t,e 5riorities to be tack&ed) 10 areas 'ere &isted 'it, /3*OB( bein- t,e #irst #o&&o'ed by i4 -reater 5artici5ation o# 0i&&a-ers) ii4 better #is,in- -ears) iii4 im5artinentre5reneuria& ski&&s) i04 in0o&0in- more 0i&&a-es) and 04 stress on conser0ation7 Ma'a32'3 Natura+ re)/ur(e) O0er t'o-t,irds 2;172:4 e=5ressed ea-erness to be in0o&0ed in mana-in- natura& resources o# t,e coast7 On t,e ot,er ,and) a 6uarter 22!71:4 did not 'ant to be in0o&0ed at a&&7 T'o-t,irds 2117>:4 'ou&d &ike to be in0o&0ed in issuin- o# 5ermits #or outside #is,ermen and anot,er t'o-t,irds 21>71:4 'ou&d &ike to be in0o&0ed in 5atro&s a-ainst i&&e-a& #is,in-) 1371: 'ant to be in0o&0ed in co&&etin- #is,in- statistics7 Part2(2pat2/' T,e res5ondents? satis#action 'it, t,eir 5artici5ation in runnin- and mana-in- #is,ery resources is di0ided7 W,ereas o0er t'o t,irds 2 27>:4 are in0ariab&y 2sca&e o# Bsome,o' to 0ery muc,C4 satis#ied) c&ose to a ,a&# 2 ;71:4 a&so e=5ressed 0aried &e0e&s o# satis#action 2some,o'<not satis#ied at a&&47 On ',o s,ou&d and ',o actua&&y mana-es #is,ery resources) 0aried o5inions 'ere -i0en7 T,ust,e community in -enera& 'as credited by o0er t'o t,irds 2 1:4 o# res5ondents) BM.s by 11: and t,e 0i&&a-e -o0ernment by 1!:7 T,e 2001 study ,ad s,o'ed district counci&s 221:4) community<0i&&a-e 213:4 but it s,ou&d be noted t,at by t,en BM.s 'ere not #unctionint,en7 (n interestin- #indin- is t,at on t,e 6uestion about ',o s,ou&d actua&&y mana-e t,e #is,ery resources) 1: o# t,e res5ondents came u5 'it, a 5re#erence t,at t,e task to be undertaken by community in -enera&) ',i&e BM. came t,ird 'it, a tent, 21173:4 5re#errin- it to be res5onsib&e) a #indin- ',ic, 5oints to t,e #act t,at a &ar-e section o# t,e community do not re-ard t,e BM.s as re5resentin- t,e community interest in -enera&7

CONCLUSIONS ". Ga2') a'0 3ap) 2' (/..u'2ty a8are'e)) a'0 u'0er)ta'02'3 /& t4e E'v2r/'.e't, Natura+ Re)/ur(e) a'0 B2/02ver)2ty We note t,at t,ere ,a0e been a number o# -ains since 20017 17 T,ere 'as an increase in a'areness o# t,e ty5es o# natura& marine and coasta& resources7 "es5ondents mentioned !! ty5es o# coasta& and marine resources ',i&e in 2001 t,ey ,ad mentioned 21 on&y7 27 T,ere 'as a&so a si-ni#icant c,an-e on t,e res5onses on ',at are cora&s com5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey) a'areness o# t,eir im5ortance $um5ed #rom 3>71: to !17>: and t,ose ',o did not kno' t,eir si-ni#icance dro55ed #rom 2!78: to 127;:7 37 "es5ondents rea&isin- t,e im5ortance o# man-ro0es to #is, rose #rom 1;72: to >271:) ',ereas t,ose ',o did not see t,e re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7 7 *om5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey) a 5ositi0e c,an-e in understandin- t,e o0era&& im5ortant ro&e o# cora&s) man-ro0es) and sea 5&ants ,a0e to #is,7 10

!7 On #is, re5roduction a-ain t,ere is an im5ro0ement o# 172: #rom !172: o# 20017 (not,er notab&e c,an-e 'as t,at t,e 5ercenta-e o# t,ose ',o Bdon?t kno'C about #is, re5roduction dro55ed #rom 2 70: to 1 78:7 17 T,e a&&usion to Dod?s endo'ment ,ad decreased #rom 173: in 2001 to 27>: in 20117 ;7 "e-ardin- du-on-s) in 2001) a tent, 2117>:4 did not kno' ',at t,ey 'ere) by 2011 t,is ,ad dro55ed to >72: and ',i&e in 2001) ;07;: ,ad said it 'as a ty5e o# #is,) in 2011 t,ere 'as a decrease o# 07!: ',i&e t,e 1373: t,inkin- it to be a mamma& ,ad a&most doub&ed to 2078:7 >7 3n 2001 on&y a 6uarter 22 7 :4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere ab&e to say correct&y t,at du-on-s ate sea-rass or<and sea'eeds) by 2011 t,e 5ercenta-e ,ad increased to a&most t'ice) i7e7 272:7 87 Wit, res5ect to turt&es) in t,e 2011 study) o0er t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 o# res5ondents said t,ey did not kno' t,e a-e turt&es started to &ay e--s ',i&e in 2001 t,e i-norance 'as to t,e tune o# 8!78:@ but on ,o' many ,atc,&in-s 'ou&d sur0i0e to t,e a-e o# &ayin- e--s t,ere 'as a minima& im5ro0ement #rom 27;: to 3: -i0int,e correct ans'er7 107 T,e 2001 study ,ad s,o'ed 5eo5&es? t,orou-, understandin- o# main ,uman im5acts on marine resource@ t,e same can be said o# t,e 2011 study and as 'as t,e case in 2001) dynamite #is,in- 'as ranked as bein- t,e most bane#u& acti0ity 'it, t,e -reatest ne-ati0e im5act causin- t,e ,ea0iest conse6uences on t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is,7 5. K'/8+e03e, A8are'e)) a'0 Per(eptua+ (4a'3e) a*/ut RUMAKI 1 3n t,e 2001 study about a #i#t, 21>73:4 o# t,e res5ondents in t,e t,ree districts ,ad ,eard about t,e ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme but about t,ree 6uarters 2;173:4 'ere not a'are o# its -oa&s@ by 2011 o0er t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 ,ad ,eard about ".M(%37 2 T,e 2011 study #indin-s re0ea&ed t,at not on&y did o0er a t,ird o# res5ondents name t,e t,ree im5ortant ".M(%3 acti0ities but a&so si-ni#icant 5ercenta-es mentioned many ot,ers7 3 Furt,er ana&ysis s,o's t,at a&most a 6uarter 2227>:4 said its ob$ecti0e 'as to conser0e t,e sea en0ironment and about a #i#t, 21>7 :4 said it aimed at im5ro0in- community H5eo5&esI &i0es7 (&most a ,a&# 2 ;7;:4 said ".M(%3 'ere 5ositi0e about t,e continuity o# t,e ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme 3. I.pa(t /& RUMAKID) a8are'e)), (/..u'2(at2/') a'0 e0u(at2/' a(t2v2t2e) Jere t,e #indin-s are mi=ed7 17 District counci& o##icia&s 'ere e=5ected to be t,e source o# in#ormation on t,e en0ironment) but a&most a ,a&# 2 >72:4 did not &earn anyt,in- #rom suc, o##icia&s) instead 1 7;: &earnt t,rou-, seminars<trainin-s<meetin-s outside t,e 0i&&a-e or outside t,e district7 27 Discussions 'it, ot,er 0i&&a-ers enab&ed a t,ird 23372:4 o# t,e res5ondents to -ain some kno'&ed-e on t,e en0ironment 37 *&ose to a ,a&# 2 !7 :4 o# 0i&&a-ers became kno'&ed-eab&e about t,e en0ironment #rom discussions 'it, ot,er 0i&&a-ers at t,e market 5&aces and o##s,ore settin-s 7 Primary sc,oo& #esti0a&s 2e7-7 Wor&d +n0ironmenta& day4 'ere uti&ised by a 6uarter 22!7 :4 o# t,e res5ondents) ',i&e t,ree-6uarters 2; 71:4 'ere not ab&e7 !7 On&y a tent, 213:4 'ere ab&e to &earn about t,e en0ironment by readin- t,e Bahari book #or 5rimary sc,oo&s 11

17 (bout a #i#t, 2187!:4 'ere ab&e to &earn by re#errin- to 0arious &e-is&ations and 5o&icies on t,e en0ironment ;7 /ideos 'ere 'atc,ed by o0er ,a&# 2!87 :4 but since t,e #a0ourite 5ro-rammes 'atc,ed 'ere s5orts) music and comedy 2Ma&iasi&i-natura& resources bein'atc,ed by on&y about a tent, 287 :4 t,ey cannot be said to be amenab&e to raisin- a'areness on en0ironment and natura& resources >7 ( #i#t, 2217!:4 'ere ab&e to bene#it #rom raedin- 9ationa& ne'sa5a5ers t,ou-, t'o-t,irds 2 171:4 said t,ey read ne's5a5ers<$ourna&s re-u&ar&y RECOMMENDATIONS 3t is instructi0e to re0isit t,e 2001 recommendations7
17 T,e Pro$ect s,ou&d create community-'ide a'areness initiati0es t,at bui&d a ste'ards,i5 et,ics across t,e socia& cate-ories. 27 3ncor5orate en0ironmenta& education 2'it, a #ocus on marine resources and en0ironmenta& conser0ation47 37 3ncrease 5ub&ic understandin- o# t,e im5ortance o# marine resource mana-ement and o# ".M(%3 5ro-rammes and demonstrate ',y communities must be custodians o# marine resources 2e7-7 e=5&ain t,at a&& t,in-s in a natura& system are connected and t,ere#ore not on&y #is,ers are concerned 'it, mana-ement o# t,e marine resources but 5eo5&e o# a&& socia& strata47 7 De0e&o5 district<0i&&a-e communication 5&ans) consistent 'it, a ".M(%3 communication strate-y to ensure district sta## and 0i&&a-ers recei0e consistent messa-es about acti0ities and 5ro-rams in t,eir district<0i&&a-es7 !7 +stab&is, a monitorin- body to e=amine media messa-es #rom community -rou5s) *i0i& Society Or-anisations 2*SOs4) -o0ernment) and 6uasi--o0ernment to ensure t,at t,e 5ub&ic recei0es a55ro5riate messa-es 17 "eco-nise and ,onour best 5ro-ramme 5er#ormers 2indi0idua&s) 0i&&a-es) sc,oo&s or districts4 by re'ardin- t,eir e##orts and accom5&is,ments7 ;7 *reate trans5arent and accessib&e mec,anisms to make in#ormation #rom many di##erent kno'&ed-e bases a0ai&ab&e to a&& stake,o&ders7 >7 *o&&ect base&ine data and a0ai& t,e same in a55ro5riate #ormats #or broader use 20i&&a-es) district o##ices and sc,oo& &ibraries47 87 3ncrease 0isits by district o##icia&s accom5anied by ".M(%3 sta## 107 Pre5are and disseminate re-u&ar re5orts in %is'a,i&i t,at out&ine t,e status) cumu&ati0e e##ects) t,res,o&ds) and &imits o# marine resources7 117 +stab&is, and maintain &on--term) mu&ti-5arty seasca5e -o0ernance bodies 2e7-7) 0i&&a-e committees) $oint mana-ement committees 'it, ba&anced re5resentation -. 127 +stab&is, -uidin- 5rinci5&es o# o5enness) trans5arency) inc&usi0eness) #&e=ibi&ity) and res5ect7

".M(%3 Pro-ramme ,as to e0a&uate ,o' t,ese ,a0e been im5&emented7 3n adition t,e #o&&o'in- are recommendedE 17 3t is recommended t,at t,e as5ect o# c&imate c,an-e ',ic, 'as not 5rioritised in t,e #irst 5,ase o# t,e Pro-ramme) is inc&uded as a main com5onent o# ".M(%3 27 Since /3*OB( ,as been acce5ted and seems to be a 0ery 5romisin- inter0ention e##orts s,ou&d be increased and used as an entry 5oint into ne' communities@ t,is ca&&s #or studies to determine t,e &e0e& and nature o# im5acts o# t,e inter0ention 37 T,e sustainabi&ity o# t,e BM.s can on&y be assured i# #unds are a0ai&ab&e7 Furt,er in0estment and su55ort o# t,ese a&ready estab&is,ed institutions to #urt,er im5ro0e im5&ementation moda&ities is recommended7 T,ey s,ou&d be institutiona&ise and stream&ined din district counci& 5&ans and bud-ets to ensure sustainabi&ity o# t,e co-mana-ement initiati0e 7 T,ere is need #or maintainin- o# constant #&o' o# in#ormation and s,arin- o# success stories on im5&ementation o# t,e BM. 5&ans !7 3n#ormation dissemination and a'areness raisin- are some o# t,e key c,a&&en-es in t,e ".M(%3 5ro$ect7 T,ere is need #or more com5re,ensi0e communication strate-ies to be de0e&o5ed c&ear&y de#inin- ty5es o# messa-es to be de0e&o5ed) communication materia&s to be used and means o# communication to reac,in- out to t,e communities and district stake,o&ders7 12

13

". BACKGROUND T,e WWF- TanFania *ountry O##ice 2WWF T*O4) in 5artners,i5 'it, district aut,orities in "u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a@ Ma#ia 3s&and Marine Park and coasta& communities) are committed to #aci&itate t,e de0e&o5ment o# coasta& &i0e&i,oods t,rou-, t,e sustainab&e mana-ement o# marine and coasta& resources in t,e t,ree districts by im5&ementin- t,e "u#i$i-Ma#ia-%i&'a 2".M(%34 Seasca5e 5ro-ramme since 200 7 T,e ".M(%3 Seasca5e 5ro-ramme aims at) B3m5ro0ed socio-economic 'e&&-bein- o# coasta& "u#i$iMa#ia-%i&'a communities t,rou-, sustainab&e) 5artici5atory and e6uitab&e uti&isation and 5rotection o# t,eir marine and coasta& resources7C (s t,e 5ro-ramme comes to t,e end o# P,ase 3 2200!-20114 o# its im5&ementation) a re5eat kno'&ed-e) attitudes and 5ractices %(P sur0ey in re5resentati0e coasta& communities 'as deemed necessary and WWFT*O7 T,is e=ercise 'as conducted durin- t,e &ast 'eek o# 9o0ember 2011 and t,e second 'eek o# December 2011) by Dr7 Simeon Mesaki and Mr7 Justin Bamanyisa) ',o ,ad done t,e ori-ina& base&ine study si= years 5re0ious&y 2see B*onsu&tancy "e5ort #or WWF-TPOE%(P Sur0ey in Ma#ia) %i&'a and "u#i$i DistrictsC by S7 Mesaki and J7 Bamanyisa ) Fina& Dra#t June 20014 i7e7 bet'een 28t, 9o0ember) 200! and 11t, January) 2001 in 1! 0i&&a-es o# t,e t,ree districts as s,o'n in Tab&es 1 2a4 and 2b4 be&o'E

Ta*+e " ,a-.Nu.*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++a3e 2' t4e 566# Survey D2)tr2(t Nu.*er /& Re)p/'0e't) Per(e't Ma#ia 337> "u#i$i 21 3270 %i&'a !0 3 72 T/ta+ "3"$ "66 Ta*+e " ,*-.Nu.*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++a3e 2' t4e 566# Survey 12++a3e) Nu.*er /& Per(e't re)p/'0e't) Mc,un-u 1> !72 %iomboni 10> >72 Msa&a >3 173 Mbuc,i >2 172 Pomb'e >0 171 %i0in$e 2m-on-eni4 ! 71 %isi'ani >1 17! Mtuk'ao > 37> Soman-a-ndumbo ;1 !7 Ma&a&ani ;> !78 Son-oson-o 113 >71 Bondeni 1>2 137> B'eni 122 873 *,un-uruma ;! !7; Ban$a 1! 78 131! 100 Tab&e 2 s,o's t,e 0i&&a-es and number o# res5ondents in t,e 2011 sur0eyE Ta*+e 57 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02'3 t/ 12++a3e9Su*:v2++a3e a'0 O((upat2/') Ma2' O((upat2/' 1

12++a3ae O+09 ret2re0 F2)4er Far.er

Sa+ar2e0 e.p+/ye e

U'e.p+ /ye0 y/u'3 .a'

Re+232/u ) +ea0er

S(4//+ tea(4er

Stu0e't

Bu)2'e)) .e'

T/ta+

%i&indoni< Bondeni B'eni Ban$a *,un-uru ma %i0in$e %isi'ani Mtuk'ao Soman-a Son-osono Mc,un-u %iomboni Msa&a Mbuc,i Pomb'e T/ta+

1 ; 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 5;

!8 >1 11 20 2; 11 1! 31 !0 33 3! 12 11 31 %35

11 8 32 1 13 8 31 18 > 12 3; !1 ! 18 35?

1 ; 3 3 13 2 > 12 ! 1 2 3 <"

3 3 2 1 0 3 > > 1 3 1 1 3 %"

3 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 2 1 "$ 2 2 1 0 ! 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 "<

! 13 ; 1 13 8 ; 21 > > 1 > "#;

2> 1 > > 10 0 8 1; ; 3 1 ! 8 ""6

";3 "5% ;" $5 <% %$ ;" <; ""< #; ?" ;$ <$ ;; "556

(s s,o'n in tab&e 2 abo0e o# t,e 1)220 res5ondents o0er one t,ird 23!7 :4 'ere #is,ers ',i&e $ust o0er a 6uarter 22;70:4 'as #armers and sc,oo& 5u5i&s com5rised 137;:7 T,e ot,ers 'ere businessmen<'omen) sa&aried em5&oyees) unem5&oyed yout,s) re&i-ious teac,ers) sc,oo& teac,ers and retired o&der 5eo5&e ',o ran-ed #rom 8: 2business4 to re&i-ious 5eo5&e 2172:47 T,e cate-ories o# t,e res5ondents in t,e 2001 sur0ey 'ere as #o&&o'sE #is,in- 23278:) #armin- 327 :) business 1;7;: sc,oo&in- 871: and some #orms o# #orma& em5&oyment ;7>:7 Tab&e 3 -i0es t,e detai&s7 Ta*+e 37 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02'3 t/ Cate3/r2e) 2' t4e 566# Survey Cate3/r2e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't Fis,in33 3278 Farmin21 327 Sma&& business 233 1;7; +m5&oyees 103 ;7> Students 120 871 T/ta+ "3"$ "66 "e-ardin- t,e se= com5osition o# t,e inter0ie'ees) ma&es #ormed a&most t,ree-6uarters 2;171:4 and #ema&es $ust o0er a 6uarter 22>7 :47 T,is com5ares 'it, t,e 1!71: ma&es and 3 7 : #ema&es in t,e 2001 sur0ey7 Wit, re-ard to marita& status) a&most t'ot,irds 21270:4 'ere married) ',i&e near&y a t,ird 2307 :4 'ere sin-&e@ di0orces<se5arations 'ere sur5risin-&y &o' at 27>: and 278:) res5ecti0e&y) ',i&e 'ido',ood 'as 270:7 +ducationa& &e0e&s 'ere suc, t,at $ust o0er ,a&# 2!27!:4 o# t,e res5ondents ,ad second &e0e& o# 5rimary education) t,at is standards !-;) 1 7 : ,ad com5&eted &o'er &e0e& 5rimary education 2standard 1- 47 (bout a tent, 2178:4 ,ad ,ad no #orma&<secu&ar education at a&& ',i&e 871: recei0ed madrassa<is&amic<6uran ty5e o# education7 Secondary education 'as attained by a mere >78: and ,i-,er education 'as e0en &o'er ,a0in- been attained by on&y 1 5ersons 207!:4 o# t,e sam5&e7 Ot,er trainin- 'as o##ered to a disma& 170: o# t,e res5ondents7 (s e=5ected) t,e o0er',e&min- ma$ority o# t,e 1!

sam5&e 2817;:4 'ere Mus&ims ',i&e on&y 372: 'ere *,ristians and on&y one 5erson c&aimed to be&on- to anot,er #orm o# re&i-ion7
5. OBEECTI1ES T,ere are #our main ob$ecti0es o# t,e assi-nment ',ic, areE i07 3denti#y re&e0ant -a5s in community a'areness and understandin- t,at 'i&& constitute t,e 5riority areas #or #uture ".M(%3?s ('areness) *ommunications and +ducation 2(*+4 Strate-ies@ 07 Measure t,e im5act o# ".M(%3?s a'areness) communications and education acti0ities com5ared to t,e base&ine situation in 2001@ 0i7 +0a&uate t,e im5act o# t,e Ma#ia 3s&and Marine Park a'areness and education 5ro-ramme since year 2001@ and 0ii7 Find out kno'&ed-e) attitudes and 5erce5tions c,an-es about ob$ecti0es o# ".M(%3 5ro-ramme@ si-ni#icant bene#it #rom marine A coasta& resources mana-ement initiati0es o# ".M(%3 5ro$ect@ conce5ts and #acts under&yin- sustainab&e mana-ement o# marine and coasta& resources@ #is,eries &e-is&ations) re-u&ations and mana-ement 5&ans and t,eir im5acts o0ertime com5ared to t,e situation be#ore commencement o# ".M(%3 5ro-ramme7

AND MET ODOLOG! T,e ob$ecti0e o# t,e consu&tancy 'as to 5&an and im5&ement a re5eat %(P study in re5resentati0e coasta& communities 'it,in t,e "u#i$-Ma#ia-%i&'a seasca5e) in c&ose co&&aboration 'it, t,e WWF ".M(%3 team) ',ic, inc&uded t,e *ommunications) ('areness A Trainin- *oordinator at WWF ,ead o##ice in Dar es Sa&aam and t,e Pro$ect +=ecutants in "u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a7 3n 5ractice) because t,e e=ecution o# t,e assi-nment coincided 'it, t,ree main e0ents) name&y ".M(%3 (d0isory Drou5 Meetin-) ".M(%3 P&annin- meetin- and *&imate *,an-e Works,o5 t,e ".M(%3 team cou&d not 5artici5ate as 5&anned7 T,e Princi5a& *onsu&tant and t,e *onsu&tant or-aniFed and conducted #ie&d sur0eys ',ic, entai&ed t,e administration o# a sur0ey 6uestionnaire to 1)220 res5ondents in t,e t,ree districts ',ere t,e 5ro-ramme ,as been im5&emented #or t,e 5ast #i0e years7 3." Survey I')tru.e't) a'0 Data C/++e(t2/' T,e Princi5a& *onsu&tant and t,e *onsu&tant assisted in re#inin- t,e sur0ey 6uestionnaire a co5y o# ',ic, is attac,ed in (55endi= 33) ensurin- its com5re,ensi0eness and co0era-e as re6uired@ de0e&o5in- a re5resentati0e sam5&in- desi-n) identi#ication and trainin- o# #ie&d enumerators) inc&udin- a 5re-test o# t,e 6uestionnaire7 3.5 F2e+0 W/rC ( tota& o# 30 enumerators i) 1! #or Ma#ia district and 1! #or %i&'a and "u#i$i districts) 'ere trained in administerin- t,e sur0ey and carried out t,e #ace-to-#ace inter0ie's on e&ders) #is,ers) #armers) sa&aried em5&oyees<business 5ersons) businessmen<'omen) re&i-ious &eaders) sc,oo& teac,ers and students<5u5i&s se&ected #rom a Bmu&tista-e strati#ied random sam5&in-7C T,e criteria #or se&ectin- t,e 0i&&a-es 'ere based on discussions 'it, t,e WWF coordinator) conditions 5ertainin- in t,e researc, sites and consideration o# t,e 5re0ious undertakin-7 T,e 5rinci5a& consu&tant and t,e consu&tant su5er0ised t,e #ie&d 'ork7 ( tota& o# 1)220 res5ondents 'ere inter0ie'ed in "u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a durin- t,e &ast 'eek o# 9o0ember and t,e second 'eek o# December 20117
%. RESULTS AND FINDINGS

3. APPROAC

11

T,e 6uestionnaire data 'as entered into Statistica& Packa-e #or Socia& Sciences 2SPSS4 so#t'are a#ter codin- t,e o5en-ended res5onses by 1! trained data c&erks7 T,en t,e consu&tant did data c&eanin- and ana&ysis to -enerate descri5ti0e statistics main&y #re6uencies and cross tabu&ations7 T,e #re6uencies are attac,ed as a55endi= 3337 71 U'0er)ta'02'3 a'0 Per(ept2/') /& t4e E'v2r/'.e't, Natura+ Re)/ur(e) a'0 B2/02ver)2ty (s 'as in t,e 2001 sur0ey) t,e de-ree o# community kno'&ed-e o# natura& ,istory 'as measured by re6uestin- t,e res5ondents to mention at &east se0en ty5es o# marine resources t,ey kne'7 (s s,o'n in Tab&es and !) se0en marine resources t,at 'ere most mentioned are #is,) man-ro0es) cora&s) crabs) octo5us) turt&es and sea -rass7 Wit, t,e e=ce5tion o# #is, t,ere 'as a si-ni#icant increase in 5ercenta-e o# t,e res5onses 'it, re-ard to ot,er resources com5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey7 3nterestin- is t,e increase o# ty5es o# resources mentioned com5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey7 T,is denotes a 5ositi0e c,an-e on kno'&ed-e o# marine natura& resources7 Ta*+e %7 Type) /& .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e) Re)p/')e) DonKt kno' Fis, Sea 'eed *ora&s Man-ro0es .du#i Dondo %aa %amba Makome Mac,eFa Maku&u&u Ma$on-oo Octo5us %asa Miti aina ya Mi5ira *,um0i Ji5o5otamus Tortoise Monkey Da-aa %amba Du-onPa5a Ma'e ya ka'aida Mba&ata %an-e *rocodi&e %umbasi 9-isi %ome (mbari Pomboo /uk'e Fre>ue'(2e) 12; 103; 283 0 1!0 !1 8; 213 381 13 1 1 1; 212 32 321 11 23 21 1 2 1 112 ;1 12 ; 1 1! 13 11> 13 1> 32 3; 1; Per(e't 107 >!72 2 70 3172 !373 71 >70 2171 3271 1170 1171 17 217! 3!7! 217 078 178 17; 07! 072 37 1373 172 170 071 071 172 171 137> 171 17! 271 370

/ikon-o M$eta .0umba %ombe Ma5an-a Matarambe Pot'e Ma5ambo Mi0in$e ba,ari 9-amba

1; 1 3 31 10 ! 28 3 1; 28

17 07! 072 27! 07> 07 27 072 17 27

Ta*+e $7 566# )urvey re)p/')e) /' type) /& .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e) Type /& re)/ur(e Fis, *ora& 2matumba'e4 %asa 2turt&e4 P'eFa 2octo5us4 Ma$on-oo 9-u0a Mikoko<ka55a 2man-ro0es4 Makome *,aFa %amba 9-isi Madondo Fuk'e 2Beac,4 Lu&u 25ear&s4 M'ani 2sea-rass4 Mc,an-a 2Sand4 %aa 2crabs4 Ma5an-a Ot,er Don?t kno' Re)p/')e) 1113 1 2>> 1! 31> 1!0 !3> 21! 12! 3> 11 11! 12 13 233 13 221 1> 12 31 Per(e't >>73 3378 217>8 317! 2 71; 117 07>8 1173 87! 33728 >71; >7; 0781 0788 1;7;1 0788 117> 173; 0781 27;

T,ere 'as a si-ni#icant c,an-e on t,e res5onses o# ',at are cora&s com5ared to 2001 sur0ey res5onses as de5icted in Tab&es 1 and ;E Ta*+e #7 W4at are C/ra+)= Re)p/')e DonKt kno' Dead Stones &i0e stones (nima&s P&ants Ot,er t,inFre>ue'(y 180 2!8 183 1; 21 0 1> Per(e't 1!71 2172 !17> 17 17; 373

T/ta+

"556

"66.6

Ta*+e ;7 T4e re)p/')e) t/ t4e )a.e >ue)t2/' 2' 566# 8ere a) &/++/8)7 "es5onse Fre6uency Percent Dead stones 311 2;7! Li0in- stones !0> 3>71 (nima&s ! 07 P&ants 13 170 Ot,er t,in221 117> DonKt kno' 20; 1!7; Tota& 131! 10070 %."." I.p/rta'(e /& Fvar2/u)G 4a*2tat) t/ &2)4

T,e study sou-,t to estab&is, res5ondents? kno'&ed-e on t,e im5ortance o# certain ,abitats suc, as cora&s) man-ro0es) sea-rasses etc7 to #is,7 T,e #indin-s s,o' t,at 5eo5&e ,a0e a ,i-, understandin- o# t,e im5ortance o# t,ese ecosystems and t,eir re&ations,i5 to #is,7 *om5ared to 2001 ',en ; 71: o# res5ondents said t,ere 'as a re&ations,i5 bet'een #is, and cora&s) t,ere ,as been an im5ro0ement o# 1071 : ackno'&ed-in- t,e im5ortance o# cora&s to #is,@ but t,ose ',o did not kno' t,e si-ni#icance o# cora&s to #is, dro55ed #rom 2!78: to 127;:7Tab&es > 2a4 and 2b4 s,o' t,e detai&s7 Ta*+e < ,a-7 I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4= Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y DonKt kno' 3> Mes 102; 9o 1!! Tota& 1220 Per(e't 371 > 72 127; 10070

Ta*+e < ,*-7 I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4= ,566# )urvey re)p/')e)Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't !e) 8 ; ; 71 N/ 3 1 2!78 Tab&es 8 2a4 and 2b4 s,o' t,at t,e 5ercent o# res5ondents rea&isin- t,e im5ortance o# man-ro0es to #is, rose #rom 1;72: to >271:) ',ereas t,ose ',o did not see t,e re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7 Ta*+e ? ,a- I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4= Fre6uency 2! 100> 1>3 1220 Percent 270 >271 1!70 073 10070

DonKt kno' Mes 9o 9ot ans'ered Tota&

Ta*+e ? ,*- A'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4= ,566# )urvey re)p/')e)18

Mes or 9o Mes 9o

Fre6uency >> 31

Percent 1;72 327>

O0er t,ree-6uarters 2> 72:4 said cora&s 'ere crucia& to t,e sur0i0a& o# #is, 2in terms o# ,abitation) ,idin-) #ood and breedin-4 and on&y 127;: did not see suc, si-ni#icance7 3n t,e same 0ein) t,e si-ni#icance o# man-ro0es to #is, 'as ascertained by a -reat number 2>27!:4 o# t,e res5ondents and a-ain t,e si-ni#icance 'as 'it, re-ard to breedin-) source o# #ood) ,idin- and ,abitat) but 1!71: did not rea&iFe t,e si-ni#icance7 (not,er 6uestion ,ad in6uired about ot,er ty5es o# 0e-etation<5&ants #ound in t,e sea) to ',ic, 2871: mentioned ko&ombani &ea0es 22871:4 and 117 : mentioned sea 'eed or m'ani@ 1 71: mentioned man-ro0es7 "es5ondents 'ere a&so asked about t,e si-ni#icance o# suc, 0e-etation<5&ants to #is,) to ',ic, 2272: res5onded in t,e ne-ati0e) but o0er t,ree6uarters 2;;7>:4 credited t,e ,abitats #or bein- bene#icia& to #is, but most&y as a source o# #ood and &ess #or ,abitation 22>72:4) ,idin- 22 71:4 and breedin- 5ur5oses 21;73:47 Sea'eeds 'ere o0er',e&min-&y mentioned as bein- most si-ni#icant to #is, by >>7>: o# t,e res5ondents) #or #eedin-7 3t is to be noted t,at in t,e 2001 study) bet'een t'o-t,irds and c&ose to t,ree-6uarters o# t,e res5ondents ,ad rea&ised t,e re&ations,i5 bet'een #is, and cora&s) man-ro0es) sea -rasses as ,abitats) ,idin- 5&aces) sources #ood and breedin5&aces7 *om5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey) tab&es 10 N12 s,o' a 5ositi0e c,an-e in understandin- t,e im5ortant ro&e cora&s) man-ro0es) and sea 5&ants ,a0e to #is,7 Ta*+e "6 ,a-7 T4e re+at2/')42p *et8ee' (/ra+) a'0 &2)4 ,a) per 56"" )urveyRe)p/')e) DonKt kno' Jabitat Jidin- 5&aces Source o# #ood Breedin- 5&aces Ot,er Fre>ue'(2e) 208 12; 31! 2>> !0 3 Per(e't /& Ca)e) 207!: 117!: 3!7>: 2>73: 72: 073:

Ta*+e "6 ,*-7 I.p/rta'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4 a) per 566# )urvey I.p/rta'(e Jabitat Jidin- 5&aces Source o# #ood "e5roduction 5&aces Ot,er Don?t kno' 9( Fre>ue'(y Per(e't !8> 310 1!> 2;1 1 31 3 0 3 7> 1>70 872 1!7> 073 271 187>

*ora&s 'ere considered to be ,abitats 23 7>:4) ,idin- 5&aces 21>70:4) source #ood 28:4 and breedin- 5&aces 21!7>:47 Furt,er ana&ysis s,o'ed -a0e t,e #o&&o'in- 5icture in terms o# socia& -rou5s? 5erce5tions on si-ni#icance o# cora&s to #is, as s,o'n tab&e 102c47 20

Ta*+e "6 ,(-7 2) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4= O((upat2/' Cate3/ry O&d<retired Fis,er Farmer Sa&aried em5&oyee .nem5&oyed youn- man "e&i-ious &eader Sc,oo& teac,er Student Bussness man T/ta+ D/'Ht C'/8 0 10 3 0 0 11 1 3< Re)p/')e) T/ta+ !e) 2 0; 2!3 18 31 12 11 121 >8 "65; N/ 3 21 11 > ; 3 2 30 1! "$$ 5; %35 35? <" %" "$ "< "#; ""6 "556

Ta*+e "" ,a-7 T4e )23'2&2(a'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4 Re)p/')e) Per(e'ta3e) /& Fre>ue'(2e) (a)e) DonKt kno' 2; 2;71: Jabitat 3 0 3 72: Jidin- 5&aces 381 3873: Source o# #ood >3 >71: Breedin- 5&aces 2!0 2!72: Ot,er 2 27 : Tota& 1;12 1;;730: Ta*+e "" ,*-7 I.p/rta'(e /& .a'3r/ve) t/ &2)4 ,566# Survey Re)p/')e)I.p/rta'(e Fre>ue'(y I Jabitat 21; 1173: Jidin- 5&aces 21 1171: Source o# #ood ; 2870: "e5roduction 5&aces 11! 1071: DonKt kno' 31 272: 9( 30 2173: Ta*+e "5 ,a-7 S23'2&2(a'(e /& )ea p+a't) t/ &2)4 Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(2e) DonKt kno' 23> Jabitat 302 Jidin- 5&aces 21 Source o# #ood >!0 Breedin- 5&aces 1>! Ot,er 11 DonKt kno' 2 1>!; Per(e't 2272: 2>72: 2 71: ;873: 1;73: 17!: 072: 1;373:

21

Ta*+e "5 ,*-7 I) t4ere a'y )23'2&2(a'(e /& )ea8ee0 t/ &2)4= Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y DonKt kno' !8 Mes 10>3 9o ;> Tota& 1220 %.".5 Repr/0u(t2/' /& F2)4

Per(e't 7> >>7> 17 10070

(n im5ortant as5ect ',ic, 'as a&so in0esti-ated in t,e 5re0ious %(P study o# 2001 'as on ,o' #is, re5roduced7 3n 2011 t,e ans'ers 'ere as #o&&o'sE Ta*+e "3 ,a-7 /8 0/ ./)t &2)4 repr/0u(e= Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y DonKt kno' 1>3 *ome 'it, rains 38 Brou-,t by Dod 3 Lay e--s ;00 Di0e birt, 220 /omit 18 Ot,er 'ay 1! 9ot ans'ered 10 T/ta+ "556 Per(e't 1!70 372 27> !;7 1>70 171 172 07> "66.6

Ta*+e "3 ,*-

/8 0/ &2)4 repr/0u(e a) per 566# Survey Re)p/')e) Re)p/')e *ome 'it, rains Brou-,t by Dod Lay e--s Di0e birt, /omit Ot,er 'ay DonKt kno' T/ta+ Fre>ue'(y 33 1 1;3 2 2 13 2! 31! "3"$ Per(e't 27! 171 !172 1>7 170 178 2 70 "66

(s s,o'n in tab&es 13 2a4 and 2b4 abo0e) in t,e 2001 study o0er ,a&# 2!172:4 o# t,e res5ondents ,ad said t,at most #is, &aid e--s@ t,e 2011 study s,o's an increase o# about 172:7 3t is interestin- to note t,at t,ere is no a55reciab&e c,an-e in t,ose ',o said #is, -a0e birt, 'it, a dro5 o# on&y 07 :) i7e7 #rom 1>7 : to 1>70:7 Sti&& anot,er si-ni#icant c,an-e is t,at t,e 5ercenta-e o# t,ose ',o Bdon?t kno'C dro55ed #rom 2 70: to 1 78:7 (-ain ',ereas in 2001) 2: o# res5ondents be&ie0ed some #is, 'ere 0omited) in 2011 t,e 5ercenta-e ,ad dro55ed to 171:7 T,e a&&usion to Dod?s endo'ment ,ad decreased #rom 173: in 2001 to 27>: in 20117 Tab&e 10 2c4 -i0es a c&earer 5icture on ,o' t,e 0arious -rou5s res5onded to t,e 6uestion o# #is, re5roduction7 3t s,ou&d be noted t,at t,e 2011 data does not ,a0e suc, detai&s7 Ta*+e "3 ,(-7 O((upat2/' /8 0/ ./)t /& &2)4 repr/0u(e *y /((upat2/' /8 0/ ./)t /& &2)4 repr/0u(e D/'Ht C/.e Br/u Lay G2ve 1/.2t Ot4er C'/8 82t4 34t e33) *2rt4 8ay 22

N/t a')8e

T/ta+

O&d<retired Fis,er Farmer Sa&aried em5&oyee .nem5&oyed youn- man "e&i-ious &eader Sc,oo& teac,er Student Bussness man T/ta+

2 3! 11 > 8 1 1 2 2 "<3

ra2') 0 1 > 3 1 0 2 ; 3?

*y G/0 1 1! 12

20 211 183 !3

83 1 11 1

0 2 1 1 2 0

0 ! 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 "$

re0 0 2 2 1 0 1 0 3 1 "6

2; 32 328 >1 1 1! 1> 11; 110 "556

1 0 0 0 1 3%

21 8 1 11 !> ;66

1 31 18 556

0 12 1 "?

%.".3 Du3/'3) Tab&es 1 2a4 and 1 2b4 5resents res5onses to t,e 6uestions on ',at du-on-s are and ',at t,ey eat #ro t,e 2011 sur0ey7 Ta*+e "% ,a-7 W4at type /& (reature 2) 0u3/'3= Fre6uency DonKt kno' 100 Fis, >!; Mamma& 2!! 9ot ans'ered > Tota& 1220 Ta*+e "% ,*-7 W4at 0/e) 0u3/'3 eat= "es5onses DonKt kno' Fis, Sea insects Sea Drass Sea 'eed 2m'ani4 Ot,er Tota& Percent >72 ;072 2078 07; 10070

Fre6uencies Percenta-e o# cases 3!> 2873: 3 2>72: 1;; 1 7!: 182 1!7;: 323 217!: 13 171: 1 0; 11!73:

T,e 2001 sur0ey data ,ad t,e #o&&o'in- #indin-s on du-on-sE ( si-ni#icant 5ercenta-e 2117>:4 did not kno' ',at du-on-s 'ere@ by 2011 t,is ,ad dro55ed to >72:7 Di0er-ence on ',et,er t,e creature is a mamma& or #is, is t,at ',ereas in 2001) ;07;: said it 'as #is, and 1373:) a mamma&@ t,e 2011 s,o'ed a decrease o# 07!: #or du-on- bein- a #is, and an increase to 2078: o# t,e creature bein- a mamma&7 3n 2001 on&y a 6uarter 22 7 :4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere ab&e to say correct&y t,at du-on-s ate sea-rass or<and sea'eeds@ by 2011 t,e 5ercenta-e ,ad increased to a&most t'ice) i7e7 272:7 23

%.".% Turt+e) "es5onses 'ere sou-,t on t,e a-e at ',ic, turt&es started to &ay e--s7 Tab&es 1! 2a4 and 1! 2b4 s,o' t,e resu&ts on a-e and ,o' many ,atc,&in-s #rom a nest7 Ta*e "$ ,a-7 At 84at a3e 0/ turt+e) )tart t/ +ay e33)= Fre6uency DonKt kno' 1 - ! years 1 - 28 years 30 O years Tota& Ta*+e "$ ,*-7 >21 1 8 1!3 8; 1220 Percent 1;73 1272 127! >70 10070

/8 .a'y turt+e) &r/. /'e 'e)t )urv2ve t/ t4e a3e /& +ay2'3 e33)= Fre6uency DonKt kno' 0-1 2 - 10 11 - 8 !0 - 100 (&& 1700 Tota& !; 3; 1 8 120 1>1 1 11> 1220 Percent ;70 370 1272 87> 1 7> 37 87; 10070

3n t,e 2011 study) o0er t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 o# res5ondents said t,ey did not kno' t,e a-e turt&es started to &ay e--s@ and $ust under a ,a&# did not kno' ,o' many ,atc,&in-s 'ou&d sur0i0e to t,e a-e o# &ayin- e--s7 T,ese #indin-s com5ared 'it, t,ose o# 2001 s,o' some im5ro0ement in t,at t,en an o0er',e&min- section o# t,e res5ondents) 28!78:4 did not kno' t,e a-e at ',ic, sea turt&es started &ayin- e--s7 But t,ere 'as on&y a 0ery sma&& im5ro0ement on t,e a'areness o# t,e #act t,at on&y one ,atc,&in- out o# 100-5&us 'ou&d make it to maturity in t,at in 2011) 3: -a0e t,e correct ans'er ',ereas in 2001 it 'as 27;:7 %.5 E'v2r/'.e'ta+ I.pa(t Cau)e0 By u.a' A(t2/') 9atura& resources in t,e ".M(%3 Seasca5e) &ike TanFania as a ',o&e) are under constant 5ressure #rom ,uman acti0ities7 T,e root<direct causes identi#ied 'ere o0er-,ar0estino# marine resources beyond t,eir natura& ca5acity and use o# destructi0e #is,in- 5ractices suc, as dynamite and sma&&-mes, seine nets@ commercia& tra'&in- as 'e&& as se0enteen ot,er re&ated causes suc, as 5o0erty and &ack o# &i0e&i,ood o55ortunities7 Ta*+e "#7 E'v2r/'.e'ta+ 2.pa(t (au)e0 *y 4u.a' a(t2/') Re)p/')e) DonKt kno' Destruction o# breedin- -rounds Decrease o# #is, Man-ro0es de#orestation %i&&in- unintended s5ecies 2 Fre>ue'(y 8; ;;3 !>0 32 33 Per(e't >70: 137 : ;71: 2171: 3!7!:

*&imatic c,an-e +n0ironmenta& destruction T/ta+

1 181 5%%?

37>: 1171: 566.?I

T,e 2001 study s,o'ed 5eo5&es? t,orou-, understandin- o# main ,uman im5acts on marine resources 2dynamite #is,in-) sma&& mes, nets) 5oison) i&&e-a& ,ar0est o# man-ro0es and cora&s4 and as in t,e current study dynamite 'as ranked ,i-,est #or its ne-ati0e conse6uences7 T,e 2011 study) ,o'e0er) 'ent #urt,er in seekin- kno'&ed-e on t,e e##ects o# t,e t'o most destructi0e #is,in- tec,ni6ues) i7e7 dynamite and sma&& mes, nets) 'it, res5ect to t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is,7 T,e e=tent o# t,e im5act o# dynamite #is,inand use o# sma&& nets on #is, a0ai&abi&ity 'as rated as s,o'n in tab&es 1; 2a4 and 2b47 /ery -reat P>17>: DreatP!7>: some,o' -reatP171: Sma&&P 078: DonKt kno'P272: T,e e=tent o# t,e im5act o# usin- sma&& nets on #is, a0ai&abi&ity 'as re-arded as se0ere by ;870: o# t,e res5ondents and on&y 87>: said t,ey did not 5ercei0e t,eir ne-ati0e im5acts7 Ta*+e "; ,a- T4e e@te't /& t4e 2.pa(t /& 0y'a.2te &2)42'3 /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty Re)p/')e) DonKt kno' /ery -reat Dreat Some,o' -reat Sma&& 9o im5act Tota& Fre>ue'(y 2; 10!8 ;1 18 11 33 1220 Per(e't 272 >17> !7> 171 078 27; 10070

Ta*+e "; ,*-7 T4e e@te't /& t4e 2.pa(t /& u)2'3 ).a++ 'et) /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty Re)p/')e) DonKt kno' /ery -reat Dreat Some,o' -reat Sma&& 9o im5act Tota& Fre>ue'(y 33 !13 303 1!0 101 120 1220 Per(e't 27; 270 2 7> 1273 >73 87> 10070

T,e study a&so 'anted to -au-e t,e e=tent o# t,e im5act o# number o# #is,ers on #is, a0ai&abi&ity7 T,e resu&ts s,o' t,at on&y 2!: did not 5ercei0e im5act on a0ai&abi&ity o# #is, #rom t,e number o# #is,ers #is,in- in one area7 Ot,er'ise ;37!: 'ere o# t,e o5inion t,at indeed t,is #actor a##ected t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is, and in #act a ,i-, 5ercenta-e 2 17 :4 t,ou-,t it 'as o# -reat ma-nitude7 Ta*+e "<7 T4e e@te't /& t4e 2.pa(t /& 3reat 'u.*er /& &2)4er) /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty 2!

Re)p/')e) Don8t kno9 /ery -reat Dreat Some,o' -reat Sma&& 9o im5act 9<( 9ot ans'ered T/ta+

Fre>ue'(y 24 2;1 23 23; 1!1 2>1 2 20 "556

Per(e't 2.0 2272 1872 187 127 2370 072 171 "66.6

(s 'as t,e case in 2001) dynamite #is,in- 'as ranked as bein- t,e most bane#u& acti0ity 'it, t,e -reatest ne-ati0e im5act causin- t,e ,ea0iest conse6uences on t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is,7 T,en it 'as mentioned by !872: o# t,e res5ondents7 3n 2011 a&most t,ree-6uarters 2;37>:4 5ointed a #in-er an accusin- to dynamite #is,in-7 3n t,e 5re0ious sur0ey t,is 'as #o&&o'ed by sma&& mes, PsiFe #is,nets) number o# #is,ers in an area and #re6uent #is,in- on t,e same area7 T,is time) uncontro&&ed ,ar0est o# man-ro0es 'as mentioned by 1072: o# res5ondents ',i&e t,e 6uestion o# Dod?s 'i&& ,ad dec&ined #rom 171: in 2001 to 27!: and a ne' #actor) o# tra'&ers mentioned by 270: as s,o'n in Tab&es 18 2a4 and 2b4 Ta*+e "? ,a-7T4e 8/r)t 2.pa(t t/ t4e ava2+a*2+2ty /& &2)4 "es5onses Fre6uency Percent DonKt kno' 3> Dynamite #is,in800 Sma&& mes, nets !1 Dods *ommand 31 Dreat number o# #is,ers 21 Fis,in- in one area e0ery time 2 Tra'&ers 2 .ncontro&&ed ,ar0est o# man-ro0es 12 9ot ans'ered ; Tota& 1220

371 ;37> 72 27! 17; 270 270 1072 071 10070

Ta*+e "? ,*-7 u.a' e'v2r/'.e'ta+ 2.pa(t a) per 566# )urvey re)p/')e) Cate3/ry C/u't Per(e't DonKt kno' 2 0 87> Dynamite ;;8 317> .se o# sma&& mes, nets ; 1873 Poison #is,in31; 1!70 Takin- cora&s 1>; ;71 *uttin- man-ro0es 28> 1272 O0er #is,in101 73 T/ta+ re)p/')e) 5%$" "66.6 Ta*+e "? ,(-7 T4e e@te't /& t4e 2.pa(t /& &2)42'3 /' t4e )a.e area /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty Fre>ue'(y Per(e't DonKt kno' !1 71 /ery -reat 3 > 2>7! Dreat 2;3 227 Some,o' -reat 21; 1;7> Sma&& 1 2 1171 21

9o im5act 9<( 9ot ans'ered T/ta+

1>2 1 1 "556

1 78 71 71 "66.6

%.3 Ava2+a*2+2ty /& &2)4 /ver t2.e (not,er a55roac, o# determinin- abundance o# #is, 'as to ask ,o' 5eo5&e 5ercei0ed t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is, current&y com5ared to t,e 5re0ious #i0e years7 (&to-et,er t,ere 'as a noted decrease 2#rom &itt&e or -reat4 mentioned by t,ree-6uarters 2;171:4 o# res5ondents7 On&y 1078: did not 5ercei0e any c,an-e) ',i&e on&y 871: said t,ey ,ad noted some increase 2&itt&e increase bein- 71: and -reat increase by !70:7 (not,er 'ay o# im5ro0in- t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is, is t,e ado5tion o# sustainab&e #is,in- -ears7 T,is 6uestion #eatured in t,e 2001 study as 'e&& as in 20117 3n 2001 sustainab&e #is,in- -ears 'ereE Ms,i5i) Madema) Jari#e) Da-aa nets and 'ando7 3n t,e 2011 study) Ms,i5i to55ed t,e &ist 'it, !871:) #o&&o'ed by Jari#e 2 17>:4) Madema 2 3!7>:4) ordinary nets o# 27!C22>78:4 and da-aa nets 2>71:4)WandoP171:7 ( sur5rise mention 'as t,at o# "in--net) t,ou-, by on&y a sma&& 5ercenta-e 227!:47 %.3." Cau)e /& &2)4 0e(+2'e a'0 )pe(2&2( )pe(2e) T,e study 'anted to -et t,e o0era&& 5icture o# ',y #is, ,a0e dec&ined and t,e resu&ts are s,o'n in t,e bo= be&o'E Rea)/') &/r &2)4 0e(+2'e 17 DonKt kno' 21171:4 27 Dynamite #is,in- 22171:4 37 Tra'&ers 2370:4 7 Sma&& mes, nets 2271:4 !7 Dra- nets 2370:4 17 Fe&&in- man-ro0es 217 :4 ;7 Poisonin- #is,in- 2170:4 >7 O0er-#is,in- in one area 21;7!:4 87 *&imate c,an-e777t,e sea is 'arm 2 7>:4 107 Lack o# Fonin- 2071:4 117 Tsunami t,reat 2 71:4 127 "emo0ed by DodKs 'is, 2172:4 137 Marine Park 2073:4 1 7 T,ey are #e' 2071:4 1!7 .sa-e o# H-asI bott&e 2073:4 117 Soi& de5osition 227!:4 1;7 9(P2 7>: T,e study 'as interested in t,e s5ecies o# #is,es t,at ,a0e dec&ined7 (s a resu&t a tota& o# #i#ty-#i0e 2!!4 s5ecies 'ere mentioned to ,a0e dec&ined) ran-in- #rom mbuFi ba,ari to 5ra'ns) #rom kisabuni to sa&ama'aFi) ',i&e 1071: did not sense any dec&ine7 T,ose mentioned 'ereE S,ark P 1870: %o&eko&e P1272: /ibua P 107>: *,an-u P 1!7!: Tasi P >71: *,e'a P >7!: 2;

 9-uru P ;72: Du-on- P >73: 3n 2001) res5ondents ,ad noted t,e scarcity o# 21 ty5es<s5ecies o# #is,@ in 5articu&ar t,e #o&&o'in- ty5es o# #is, and creatures 'ere mentionedE em5eror #is,) s,ark) 5om5ano) mackere& and rabbit #is,@ du-on-) 5ra'ns) turt&es) sea cucumber and octo5us7 O0er#is,in-) i&&e-a& #is,in- 5ractices 2dynamite) 5oison and sma&& mes, nets4) tra'&ers) &ucrati0e #orei-n markets and #is, #erti&ity 'ere cited as causes o# t,e dec&ine7 "es5ondents 'ere asked to rate t,e ne-ati0e e##ects o# dra- nets7 T,e resu&ts s,o' t,at an o0er',e&min- 5ercent 2>!70:4 'as a-ainst t,ese i&&e-a& means) ',i&e a tent, 21170:4 sa' no ,arm in t,eir use7 T,e ne-ati0e im5acts 'ere &isted as t,e destruction o# cora&s 23373:4 and de5&etion o# youn- #is, 2> 7>:47 Ta*+e 567 566# re)u+t) /' )(ar(2ty /& &2)4 0ue t/ /ver &2)42'3 Spe(2e) Fre>ue'(y *,an-u 2!1 %o&eko&e 203 Tasi 131 Pa5a 2!; Taa 80 %a&imbisi >> %ibua 11; Son-oro 21 9-uru 12 *,aa 20 *,e'a 8! Mkunda$i 11 Pomboo 11 Pono 2! MkiFi 108 Sanye !3 .du#i 20 Mba&ata 20 %inen-'e 3 Ot,ers ;> 9one 1;1 Per(e't 137; 1171 ;72 1 70 78 7> 17 17 37 171 !72 078 078 17 !78 278 171 171 072 73 873

%.% Ot4er Sea Creature) T,e study 'as a&so concerned 'it, t,e status o# ot,er sea creatures ',ic, in #act 'ere deemed to be se0ere&y t,reatened suc, as du-on-s7 From t,e res5onses t,e #o&&o'in'ere mentionedE du-on-s 23>72:4) turt&es 23;7 :4) and 5ra'ns 2107;:4) sea cucumber 2307!:4) a bird by t,e name o# koa 2 res5ondents4) 5omboo 2270:4 and ,i55o 2kiboko4 mentioned by one 21:4 res5ondent7 (t t,e same time 237>: 2a&most a 6uarter) i7e7 280 res5ondents4 said t,ey cou&d not te&& ',ic, ty5e o# sea creature t,at ,ad dec&ined7 3n 2001) nine 284 sea creatures deemed to ,a0e become scarce 'ereE du-on-) 5ra'ns) turt&es) sea cucumber) octo5us) 9-isi) Makome) *rabs) and 9yamata7 T,en t,e dec&ine o# t,ese ot,er sea creatures 'as attributed to o0er-#is,in- and i&&e-a& #is,in- 5ractices suc, as dynamite) 5oisonin- and use o# sma&& mes, nets7 T,is time 220114 in addition) c&imate c,an-e-t,e sea is 'arm 2 7>:4@ #rom tsunami t,reat 2 71:4 'ere mentioned7 %.%." O(t/pu), Sea (u(u.*er a'0 Pra8') 2>

T,e 2011 sur0ey 5robed into t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# octo5us) sea cucumber and 5ra'ns in t,e 5re0ious #i0e years7 T,e #indin-s indicate t,at t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# t,e /(t/pu), com5ared to t,e 5recedin- #i0e years) ,ad decreased 2&itt&e and -reat4 accordin- to a&most t'o-t,irds 21378:4 o# t,e res5ondents7 On&y 17 : t,ou-,t t,ey ,ad increased) ',i&e 87 : ,ad not noticed any c,an-e7 37;: did not kno') ',i&e 237 : o# t,e res5onses 'ere desi-nated as 9<(7 Wit, re-ard to sea cucumber 2.aA/'3//-, a&most ,a&# 2 >70:44 o# t,e res5ondents) said t,ey ,a0e dec&ined com5ared to t,e 5ast #i0e years) ',i&e 2171: 'ere i-norant o# t,e #act and ;7>: sa' no c,an-e7 (&so) o0er t'o-t,irds 21 71:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere o# t,e o5inion t,at t,ere ,ad been a decrease 2&itt&e<-reat4 in t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# ).a++ pra8') com5ared to t,e 5ast #i0e years7 On&y >7>: t,ou-,t t,ere ,ad been an increase 2&itt&e<-reat4@ 1 7;: ,ad not noticed any c,an-e ',i&e 1370: didn?t kno'7 (s 'as t,e case in 2001 t,e reasons ad0anced areE- t,e e=5ansion o# trade in 5ra'ns) octo5us) sea cucumber and s,e&&s@ destruction o# breedin- -rounds) es5ecia&&y cora&s@ o0er-#is,in- 5articu&ar&y o# #is, and 5ra'ns@ t,ri0in- e=terna& markets o# sea cucumber &eadin- to t,e co&&ection o# e0en $u0eni&e ones@ tra'&er #is,in- by e=terna& #is,ers and 5o0erty7 Ta*+e 5"7 S(ar(2ty )/.e )ea (reature) 0ue t/ /veru)e a) per 566# &2'02'3) Creature P'eFa %asa Du-onJon-oo %amba 9-isi Makome %aa 9yamata Ot,ers 9one C/u't 123 1>! 2;3 183 2>8 21 10 ;1 3 3! 3!3 Per(e't ).0: 10.6 1/.6 11.0 117! 17! 37 73 0.2 2.0 20.2

%.%.5 Du3/'3) Du-on-s are &isted on (55endi= 3 o# *3T+S and c&assi#ied -&oba&&y as Q0u&nerab&e to e=tinction? due to a 5o5u&ation dec&ine in t,e &ast 80 years 23.*9) 200> ,tt5E<<'''7iucnred&ist7or-<detai&s<1808<0 47 3n TanFania) du-on-s are endan-ered and are o##icia&&y 5rotected under Fis,eries &e-is&ations7 T,e sout,ern section o# t,e "u#i$i De&ta is kno'n to ,arbour t,e on&y remnant and &ast re#u-e o# du-on-s in TanFania) but t,ere ,a0e been occasiona& si-,tin-s o# t,e mamma& in a&& t,e t,ree districts 2SeaSense) 2008E!47 T,e t'o studies in6uired into 0arious e=istentia& as5ects o# t,is eni-matic creature said to be) BRt,e on&y ,erbi0orous mamma& t,at is strict&y marine7C 3n t,e 2001 sur0ey a si-ni#icant 5ercenta-e 2117>:4 did not kno' ',at du-on-s 'ere7 T,ere 'as a&so di0er-ence on ',et,er t,e creature 'as a mamma& or #is, ',en o0er t'o t,irds 2;07;:4 ,ad t,ou-,t it 'as a #is, ',i&e 1373: took it to be a mamma&7 3n t,e 2011 study t,ere 'as a s&im decrease o# 171: to si-ni#icant 1871: sayin- it 'as a #is, a-ain7 But ',ereas in 2001 $ust o0er a tent, 21373:4 said it 'as a mamma&) in 2011 t,e 5ercenta-e ,ad risen to a #i#t, 22072:4 and t,ose ',o ,ad no kno'&ed-e about t,e creature ,ad decreased #rom 117>: to 171:7 On ',at du-on-s ate) o0er a 6uarter 22>72:4 said t,ey ate #is,) 1 7!: sea insects) 1!7;: sea-rass and $ust o0er a 6uarter 2217!:4 'ere correct in t,at t,ey eat m'ani<sea 'eed ',i&e a&most a t,ird 22873:4 did Bnot kno'C ',at du-on-s ate7 On its status today) t,ere 'as consensus t,at t,ere ,as been a drastic dec&ine) indeed a&most a&& t,e res5ondents ,ad on&y ,eard about t,e creature and ne0er seen it) &et a&one 28

eatin- its meat) de&icious as it is7 (s s,o'n in tab&e 22 2a4 t,e 5resence o# du-on-s no' com5ared to t,e 5ast #i0e years 'as t,ou-,t to ,a0e dec&ined by !>71: o# t,e res5ondents) ',i&e 307;: ,ad no idea 2did not kno'4 and !78: said t,ey ,ad increased and !72: ,ad seen no c,an-e7 (ccordin- to Tab&e 22 2b4 t,e reasons #or t,e dec&ine<decrease o# du-on-s 'as attributed to bein- ,unted 0ery muc, 21>7!:4 or beincau-,t accidenta&&y 2 7 :47 We 'anted to -au-e t,e sentimenta& 0a&ue attac,ed to t,e mamma&7 T,e resu&ts s,o' t,at #or t,e ma$ority 2 ;70:4 o# t,e res5ondents) t,e scarcity o# t,e du-on- 'as an im5ortant issue t,at touc,ed t,eir ,earts7 Jo'e0er 207 : did not t,ink it as an im5ortant issue 5ersona&&y and 2371: ,ad no o5inion7 For t,ose ',o attac,ed 0a&ue to t,e creature its im5ortance &ay in t,e #o&&o'in- as5ectsE biodi0ersity 2;78:4) ,erita-e-#uture -enerations 21872:4) and 5romotion o# tourism 2117;:4 and as a de&icious&y edib&e meat 2>71:47 Ta*+e 55 ,a- Pre)e'(e /& 0u3/'3 '/8 ,56""- (/.par2'3 t/ t4e prev2/u) &2ve year) Re)p/')e) DonKt kno' /ery muc, increased Some,o' increased 9o c,an-es<9orma& Some,o' decreased /ery muc, decreased T/ta+ Ta*+e 55 ,*- Rea)/') &/r t4e 0e(rea)e /& 0u3/'3) "es5onses DonKt kno' T,ey are 0ery muc, ,unted T,ey are cau-,t mistaken&y<not by 5ur5ose T,ey #orm a sma&& 5o5u&ation 2uFao mdo-o 4 9<( 9ot (ns'ered T/ta+ Fre6uency 2!8 221 ! 1! >3 "556 Percent 2172 1>7! 7 1271 3871 371 "66.6 Fre>ue'(y 3;! 3 28 1 8! 11 "556 Per(e't 307; 37! 27 !72 ;7> !073 "66.6

3n t,e 2001 study 'e ,ad described t,e situation o# du-on-s as #o&&o'sE BWit, re-ard to t,e current status o# du-on-) most o# t,e res5ondents 'ere a'are o# t,e dec&ine o# t,e creature in t,e 5ast #i0e years7 T,ey attributed t,e s,ar5 decrease o# du-on-s most&y to ,untin- and bein- cau-,t accidenta&&y by #is,ers7 More t,an ,a&# 2137;:4 o# t,e res5ondents e=5ressed t,eir concern to t,e scarcity o# du-on-s7 To more t,an ,a&# o# t,e res5ondents t,e concern about t,e rareness o# du-on-s 'as a 0ery im5ortant issue to t,em7 T,e reasons #or suc, im5ortance as mentioned by t,e res5ondents 'ere 2in ascendin- order4 ,erita-e #or #uture -enerations) meat Hde&icacyI) 5romotion o# tourism and conser0ation o# biodi0ersity7C %.$ C/')ervat2/' T,e study 'as interested in 5eo5&es? kno'&ed-e on conser0ation measures e&se',ere in t,e country ',ic, cou&d be o# bene#it to t,eir o'n settin-s7 T,us a 6uestion 'as asked ',et,er res5ondents kne' o# t,e conce5t o# Fonin-) ',ic, is settin- aside areas #or #is, to breed and t,us im5ro0e t,eir a0ai&abi&ity7 T,e #indin-s s,o' t,at o0er t'o-t,irds 21878:4 'ere a'are o# t,at 5ractice ',i&e o0er a 6uarter 22873:4 'ere not a'are o# suc, 30

arran-ements7 On t,e bene#its t,at 'ou&d accrue #rom suc, measures) !;: t,ou-,t it 'ou&d -reat&y en,ance t,e abundance o# #is,7 T,e most im5ortant di0idend #or suc, a mo0e 'as t,at #is, 'ou&d be ab&e to breed at B5eaceC undisturbed7 (ny'ay >78: did not t,ink suc, measures 'ou&d ,e&5 at a&&7 *&oser to ,ome res5ondents 'ere asked i# t,ere 'ere any conser0ation acti0ities -oin- on in t,eir 0i&&a-es7 O0er ,a&# 2!878:4 conceded t,at t,ere 'ere natura& re)/ur(e) (/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e) in t,eir 0i&&a-es) ',i&e o0er a t,ird 23;7>:4 dec&ined7 (ccordin- to Tab&e 23 2a4) t,ese acti0ities consisted o# co&&aborati0e conser0ation 2u&inFi s,irikis,i4 1172:@ BM.s 287!:4) conser0in- o# man-ro0es 23073:4) 5rotectin- cora&s 237!:4 and combatin- i&&e-a& #is,in- 21273:47 9ote t,at o0er a t,ird 2387;:4 'ere desi-nated 9<(7 3t is dis,eartenin- to note t,at o0er t,ree-6uarters 2;17;:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere not en-a-ed in any o# t,e conser0ation acti0ities takin- 5&ace in t,eir 0i&&a-es7 For t,ose ',o took 5art t,ey 'ere en-a-ed in BM. members,i5 217>:4) bee kee5in- 2371:4) obser0in- #is,in- by-&a's 237>:4 and 5&antin- trees 2371:47 ( tricky 6uestion 5osed 'as t,at ',ic, in6uired ',et,er t,e res5ondent in 6uestion ne-ati0e&y im5acted on natura& resources and t,e en0ironment by ,is actions7 ( si-ni#icant 5ortion 21171:4 'as #rank enou-, to admit t,at t,ey did) ',i&e t,ree-6uarters 2;87!:4 dec&ined to admit7 T,ose t,at admitted cited t,e cases o# #e&&intrees 2 73:4) encroac,in- on #orbidden areas 217>4 and i&&e-a& #is,in- 2273:47 T,e #o&&o'in- t'o tab&es de5ict t,e ty5e o# conser0ation acti0ities carried out in t,e 0i&&a-es as 5er t,e t'o sur0eys7 Ta*+e 53 ,a- C/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e) 2' t4e v2++a3e ,56"" &2'02'3)Re)p/')e) DonKt kno' .&inFi s,irikis,i 2co&&aborati0e4 /i&&a-e -o0ernment BM.s *onser0in- t,e en0ironment man-ro0es Protectin- cora&s 3ssuin- &icense Ban i&&e-a& #is,inWWF *entra& -o0ernment 9<( T/ta+ Fre>ue'(y 123 13; 33 111 3;0 3 1 1!0 23 1 > "$6; Per(e't /& (a)e) 10 11 3 10 30 4 1 12 1 40 124

Ta*+e 53 ,*- C/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e) 2' t4e v2++a3e ,566# &2'02'3)Re)p/')e) Presence o# M3MP o##ice *onser0ation o# man-ro0es Bannin- i&&e-a& #is,in9o ,ar0estin- cora&s 'it,out a 5ermit 9( T/ta+ re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y 132 !82 280 1;3 ;8! "?<5 Per(e't 17; 2878 1 71 >7; 071 "66.6

Tab&e 2 5ro0ides a breakdo'n do'n o# res5onses accordin- to socia& -rou5s on ',o 'as res5onsib&e #or mana-in- coasta& and marine resources in 20017 31

Ta*+e 5%7 W4/ 2) (urre't+y .a'a32'3 (/a)ta+ a'0 .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)= W,o is current&y mana-in- coasta& and marine natura& resourcesS C/.. Ce'tra+ Mu'2(2 u'2ty 2' 12++a3e N/t I 0/'Dt G/ver' pa+ Ge'era F2)4er 3/ver' a')8er C'/8 .e't (/u'(2+ + .e' BMU .e't e0 O&d<retired 1 3 ! 3 3 3 3 1 Fis,er !3 1 31 >> 23 121 1 28 Farmer 1! 21 11 !3 ; 8! !3 18 Sa&aried 1! 3 12 11 1 1 1! ! em5&oyee .nem5&oyed 11 2 3 ! 1 12 1 1 youn- man "e&i-ious 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 &eader Sc,oo& 0 0 1 0 2 2 teac,er Student 8 ; 12 2! ! 2! 3! 8 Bussness 20 10 3 21 1> 21 3 man T/ta+ 55% ?5 <3 55" $6 5?# "<$ #?

T/ta+ 5; %35 35? <" %" "$ "< "#; ""6 "556

T,e #indin-s o# t,e 2011 sur0ey are summarised in Tab&e 2! ',ic, ,o'e0er dose not ,a0e a breakdo'n in terms o# socia& -rou5sE Ta*+e 5$7 W4/ 2) (urre't+y .a'a32'3 (/a)ta+ a'0 .ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)= Re)p/')e Don?t kno' *entra& Do0ernment District counci& *ommunity in Denera& Fis,ermen BM. /i&&a-e -o0ernment 9ot ans'ered Tota& Fre>ue'(y 22 82 >3 221 !0 281 1>! 18 1220 Per(e't 1>7 ;7! 17> 1>71 71 2 73 1!72 !7; 10070

%.#7 Lear'2'3 A*/ut t4e E'v2r/'.e't T,e study a&so sou-,t to kno' ,o' 0i&&a-ers ,ad &earnt about en0ironment by 0isits #rom 0arious o##icia&s7 T,e resu&ts s,o' t,at) a&most a ,a&# 2 >72:4 did not &earn anyt,in- #rom suc, o##icia&s7 On t,e ot,er ,and 1871: said t,ey &earned B0ery muc,)C 1 78: Bsome,o' muc,C and 1;7>: &earnt B$ust a &itt&eC7 On&y 1 7;: said t,ey &earnt somet,in- by attendin- seminars<trainin-s< meetin-s outside t,e 0i&&a-e or outside t,e district7 Discussions 'it, ot,er 0i&&a-ers ',o attended trainin-s 'as credited #or enab&in- a t,ird 23372:4 o# t,e res5ondents to -ain some kno'&ed-e on t,e en0ironment@ t,e ot,er t'o-t,irds 2117>:4 did not bene#it #rom t,is medium7 /i&&a-ers ',o be#itted in 0arious &e0e&s 20ery muc,) some,o' and &itt&e4 did so #rom discussions 'it, ot,er 0i&&a-ers at t,e market 5&aces@ o##-s,ore settin-s 'ere bene#icia& to !7 :) ',i&e o0er ,a&# 2! 71:4 ,ad no suc, o55ortunity7 Primary sc,oo& #esti0a& 32

attendance 5ersona&&y or #rom ones c,i&d 2e7-7 Wor&d en0ironmenta& day4 'as re5orted to be a 5otentia&&y anot,er mode o# &earnin-7 3n t,is res5ect on&y a 6uarter 22!7 :4 'as ab&e to uti&ise t,is a0enue) ',i&e t,ree-6uarters 2; 71:4 'ere not ab&e7 ( book kno'n as Bahari #or 5rimary sc,oo&s is a&so anot,er ostensib&e medium o# &earnin- about t,e en0ironment7 T,e #indin-s s,o' t,at on&y 13: 'ere ab&e to &earn about t,e en0ironment) t,rou-, t,is means) 5resumab&y by 5rimary sc,oo& 5u5i&s7 Ot,er'ise 'e&& o0er t,ree 6uarters 2>171:4 did not bene#it #rom t,is medium7 T,ere are a&so documents re-ardin- &a's and en0ironmenta& 5o&icies ',ic, cou&d be a source #or &earnin- by 0i&&a-ers and stake,o&ders7 On t,is t,e #indin-s te&& us t,at on&y 187!: 'ere ab&e to uti&ise t,is medium) ',i&e ;87!: cou&d not7 On t,e ot,er ,and) o0er ,a&# 2!87 :4 o# res5ondents said t,ey 'atc,ed 0ideos) t,ou-, on&y B#e' timesC 2327>:4 and 071: did not7 T,ey 'atc,ed 0ideos most&y at ,ome 21!7>:4 or 'it,in t,eir 0i&&a-es 2337 :47 (55arent&y) s5orts accounted #or o0er ,a&# 2!270:4 o# t,e #a0ourite 0ideo 5ro-rammes 'atc,ed) #o&&o'ed by 9e's1 2sic4 'it, 3;78: and comedy 21;7>:4) ',i&e t,e 5ro-ramme Ma&iasi&i 2natura& resources4 'as 'atc,ed by on&y 87 : Potentia&&y nationa& ne's 5a5ers are anot,er source o# in#ormation and &earnin- on t,e en0ironment7 T,e #indin-s s,o' t,at on&y 217!: 'ere ab&e to bene#it #rom t,is medium) incidenta&&y because o# t,e remoteness o# t,e 0i&&a-es ',ere t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# 5a5ers is erratic) at best7 T,us ;;7!: did not bene#it #rom t,is medium7 Sti&& o0er t'o-t,irds 2 171:4 o# res5ondents said t,ey read ne's5a5ers<$ourna&s re-u&ar&y ',i&e !378: did not7 !171: a&&e-ed t,ey read t,em dai&y 2871: read on&y #e' times7 T,e #a0ourite ne's 5a5ers are as s,o'n in Tab&e 21E Ta*+e 5#. Fav/ur2te Ne8)paper) Re)p/')e) Fema S5orts ne'F Jabari &eo M'ananc,i 9i5as,e Dai&y ne's MFa&endo Ma$ira .,uru MtanFania Fre>ue'(y !1 221 2> 1 1!0 12 !> 13 ; !2 Per(e't /& Ca)e) 11 2 ! 2; 2> 2 11 12 1 10

T,e 0i&&a-e notice board 'as used to -ain some #orm o# kno'&ed-e about t,e en0ironment by 2>71: o# t,e res5ondents ',i&e ;17!: did not7 On t,e ot,er ,and ca&endars and broc,ures 5ro0ed to be amenab&e #or t,ey 'ere t,e source o# in#ormation #or a&most ,a&# 2 >7!:4 o# t,e res5ondents7 Met anot,er ,a&# 2!17!:4 o# t,e res5ondents did not uti&ise t,is medium7 (55arent&y mos6ue meetin-s 'ere a&so instrumenta& in de&i0ery o# messa-es about t,e en0ironment #or ',ic, a 6uarter 2217>:4 credit t,is means o# de&i0ery7 Sti&& a&most t,ree-6uarters 2;372:4 did not bene#it #rom t,ese meetin-s7 *on0ersations in market 5&aces or &andin- sites<5orts 'ere res5onsib&e #or a0ai&in- o# kno'&ed-e on t,e en0ironment #or ;72: o# t,e res5ondents as o55osed to !278: ',o did not a0ai& t,is a0enue7 T,e radio 'as t,e most e##ecti0e medium o# &earnin- about t,e en0ironment in t,at a&most t'o t,irds 211:4 o# res5ondents -ained kno'&ed-e #rom t,is medium7 (n
1

33

o0er',e&min- ma$ority 2>170:4 said t,ey &istened to t,e radio ',i&e 1 70: did not7 Just o0er a t,ird 23>72:4 'as not ab&e to uti&ise t,is medium #or 0arious reasons inc&udin- non 5ossession o# t,e same7 On t,e #re6uency) t,e #indin-s s,o' t,at a tent, 2137;:4 &istened dai&y and a t,ird 23178:4 on&y a #e' times7 O0er t,ree-6uarters 2;;7>:4 &istened to t,e radio usin- t,eir o'n 5ersona& radios7 T,e most &istened to radio is TB*<"adio TanFania 2;27!:47 T,e 5re#erred time o# &istenin- to t,e radio 'as mornin-s and e0enin-s 2i7e7 1-8 am 23072:4 and 15m -85m 2217 :47 T,e #a0ourite radio 5ro-rammes &istened to areE 9e's bu&&etins 2;;73:4) S5orts 23871:4) +n0ironment<ma&iasi&i 22271:4) Music 2217;:4 and Farmin--%i&imo 2;7!:47 *om5arati0e 5ercenta-es #or t,e 2001 study areE 9e's 2 !70:4) a-ricu&ture 2171:4) S5orts 21171:4) Music 21873 :4 and +n0ironment<natura& resources 2>71:47 Te&e0ision ,as a&so come to be 5rominent in enab&in- 5eo5&e to &earn about t,e en0ironment7 T,us e0en in t,ese 5eri5,era& areas a t,ird 23172:4 -ained kno'&ed-e #rom t,is medium ',i&e 117;: 'ere not ab&e to7 Mobi&e 5,ones 'ere res5onsib&e #or educatin- a tent, 21178:4 o# t,e res5ondents on t,e en0ironment7 W,i&e an o0er',e&min- ma$ority 2>>70:4 ,a0e not uti&ised t,is ,andy -ad-et7 (ccordin- to t,e #indin-s t,e best 'ays o# disseminatin- in#ormation on t,e en0ironment) by order o# rankin- are as indicated in Tab&e 2;E Ta*+e 5;7 Mea') /& I'&/r.at2/' D2))e.2'at2/' I'&/r.at2/' 02))e.2'at2/' 8ay) "adios /isits by district counci& o##icia&s on natura& resources and en0ironment *a&endars and broc,ures *on0ersations in markets or at 5orts<,arbour Discussions 'it, ot,er 0i&&a-ers in t,e markets) o## s,ore Seminars<trainin-s<meetin-s in t,e 0i&&a-e Te&e0ision Discussions 'it, ot,er0i&&a-ers ',o are #rom trainin-s /ideos on en0ironment T,e book kno'n as Ba,ari 25rimary sc,oo&4 /i&&a-e notice board or munici5a& o##ice Students Meetin-s in c,urc,<mos6ue Primary sc,oo& #esti0a&s 2e7-7 Wor&d en0ironmenta& day4 9ationa& ne's 5a5ers

Per(e't 12 !2 8 ; ! 1 3> 33 32 31 28 2> 2; 2! 23

Documents re-ardin- &a's and en0ironmenta& 5o&icies Seminars<trainin-s< meetin-s outside t,e 0i&&a-e and<or t,e district Mobi&e 5,ones

21 1! 12

T,e most im5ortant messa-e ,eard #rom t,e dissemination met,ods 'as on en0ironmenta& mana-ement ',ic, 'as a&&uded to by > 7 : o# t,e res5ondents) #o&&o'ed by &e-a&<5ermitted #is,in- -ears<met,ods 21178:4) and t,en) Btrees are &i#eC 2173:4) turt&eKs &i#e and ,o' to 5rotect t,em 2 71:4 T,e study 'anted to assess 5eo5&es? kno'&ed-e on nationa& &a's concernin- #is,in-7 T,e res5onses are encoura-in- in t,at t,ree-6uarters 2;!73:4 o# t,e res5ondents actua&&y mentioned one o# t,e &a'sE 5ertainin- to acce5ted #is,in- met,ods@ t,is 'as #o&&o'ed by t'o-t,irds 21178:4 ',o mentioned t,e necessity to be &icensed be#ore one can #is,7 ( siFeab&e 5ercenta-e 21>70:4 mentioned t,e need to re-ister #is,in- boats and 1 70: on 5rotectin- marine natura& resources7 On&y a #e' mentioned co&&aborati0e mana-ement o# #is,in- 227;:4 and contro&&in- mi-rant #is,ers 237 :47 On &a's t,at needed re0ie'ino0er a t,ird 23;71:4 'anted c,an-es in t,e &a' on #is,in- &icences) 1171: on need #or re-isterin- #is,in- 0esse&s and en#orcement o# 5rotectin- marine natura& resources &a' 2;7;:47 %.; Bea(4 Ma'a3e.e't U'2t) ,BMU)T,e -o0ernment) t,rou-, t,e Fis,eries (ct 9umber 22 o# 2003 and its 5rinci5a& "e-u&ations o# 2008 2"e-u&ation 133-1314) 5ro0ides #or estab&is,ment o# 5artici5atory resource mana-ement a55roac, by in0o&0in- &oca& #is,in- communities) a system common&y kno'n as co-mana-ement t,rou-, Beac, Mana-ement .nits) a mana-ement too& ',ic, de5ends on t,e 5artici5ation o# t,e &oca& communities in t,e mana-ement o# t,e #is,ery resources7 BM.s ,a0e been t,e main area o# #ocus o# t,e ".M(%3 5ro-ramme since it started7 (t t,e time o# t,e sur0ey t,ere 'ere 2! ".M(%3 su55orted and community-run BM.s7 T,e study 'anted to see ,o' t,is ne' #orm o# institutiona& set u5 'as #unctionin- and 5ercei0ed7 To start 'it, 'e in6uired i# 5eo5&e 'ere a'are o# t,e by-&a's brou-,t about by BM.s7 T,e res5onses 'ere as s,o'n in tab&e 2>E Ta*+e 5<7 By:+a8) *r/u34t a*/ut *y BMU) a((/r02'3 t/ re)p/'0e't) A)pe(t9I))ue Per(e't (bidin- 'it, re-u&ations on 5ermitted -ears 273: Bannin- t,e ,ar0est<cuttin- o# man-ro0es 3 7!: indiscriminate&y "e6uirement o# &icences in order to #is, 3 70: *ontro& o# B#orei-nC2 mi-rant4 #is,ers 2871: Payin- dues<&e0ies to t,e 0i&&a-e -o0ernment 1;70: T,en 'e 6ueried i# 5eo5&e ,ad taken 5art in t,e #ormu&ation o# t,e said by-&a's) to ',ic, it became a55arent o0er a t,ird 23>7!:4 e=5ressed t,at t,ey 'ere in0o&0ed 0arious&y 2muc,) some ,o') &itt&e) 0ery muc,4 in dra#tin- t,em7 Just o0er a tent, 21370:4 c&aimed not to ,a0e been in0o&0ed ',i&e c&ose to a ,a&# 2 >71:4 said t,ey 'ere not a'are o# suc, by-&a's7 On t,e understandabi&ity o# t,e by-&a's) a 6uarter 23 71:4 said t,ey are understandab&e ',i&e 107;: said t,ey 'ere not and a ,a&# 2!078:4 said t,ey did not kno'7 ( minority 2370:4 com5&ained t,at t,ey 'ere not a0ai&ab&e any'ay7 T,e &e0e& o# acce5tabi&ity di##ered7 T,us) ',ereas $ust o0er a t,ird 2317!:4 said t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e on 0aryin3!

de-rees) anot,er t,ird 23 73:4 said t,ey 'ere com5&ete&y not acce5tab&e and 1 7!: t,at t,ey 'ere B&ess acce5tab&e7C On ,o' t,e #is,ermen ad,ered to t,e by-&a's) a-ain 'e #ind 0aryin- &e0e&s o# com5&iance7 W,ereas o0er ,a&# 2!37>:4 did not kno') >78: said t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e to a&&) 87>: t,at t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e to t,ree-6uarters o# t,em) 117;: said t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e to ,a&# and107;: t,ou-,t t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e to on&y a 6uarter o# t,e #is,ers7 %.;." BMU )trate32e) T,e 2011 study 'anted res5ondents to name at &east t,ree strate-ies on #is,eries mana-ement brou-,t about by BM. in eac, 0i&&a-e7 O0er ,a&# 2!178:4 mentioned combatin- i&&e-a& #is,in-@ t,e ne=t strate-y mentioned 'as conser0in- marine resources suc, as man-ro0es 23;7!:4 and 5atro&s a-ainst i&&e-a& #is,in- met,ods suc, as dynamite 22370:47 (bout a 6uarter 22 71:4 o# t,e res5ondents said t,e community 'as in0o&0ed in 0arious ste5s<'ays in makin- t,e strate-ies) but o0er a ,a&# 2!;7>:4 said t,ey 'ere una'are7 On understandabi&ity o# t,e strate-ies) t,e res5onses 'ere a-ain di0ided suc, t,at ',ereas 287 : said t,ey are understandab&e) 1!7 : said t,ey are not t,at muc, understandab&e) ',i&e o0er t'o-t,irds 2 173:4 are not a'are o# t,ese 5&ans7 (cce5tabi&ity is anot,er issue7 T,e #indin-s s,o' t,at o0era&& about a t,ird 23071:4 t,ink t,ey are acce5tab&e ',i&e a 6uarter 2217>:4 say t,ey are not acce5tab&e7 On ',et,er t,e strate-ies ,a0e been bene#icia& to #is,ermen and im5ro0ed 5ros5ects o# #is, a0ai&abi&ity in t,e #uture) a t,ird 23 7;:4 t,ou-,t yes t,ey ,a0e been bene#icia& and on&y 171: did not see any bene#its@ it is to be noted t,at o0er a ,a&# 2!37>:4 said t,ey Bdid not kno'7C T,e study a&so in6uired into ,o' t,e 0i&&a-ers understood t,e duties o# BM. committees7 T,e resu&ts s,o' a 'ide and 6uite e=tensi0e understandin- o# t,e ro&es e=5ected o# BM.s) some #ar #rom t,ose 5ronounced in t,e -uide&ines 27 T,e #indin-s3 came u5 'it, nine ro&es inc&udin-E su5er0isin- t,e entry o# mi-rants 2#orei-n #is,ers4 23;7!:4@ co&&ectin- data<statistics 21 7;:4@ conductin- 5atro&s 23;7>:4@ or-anisin- meetin-s 'it, 0i&&a-ers 21272:4@ o0erseein- ,y-iene<sanitation o# a&& t,e coasta& en0ironments 22172:4@ issuin- #is,in- &icences 21871:4) co&&ectin- &e0ies 2us,uru4P117 :4) education 21272:4 and co&&ecti0e sur0ei&&ance 2173:47 %.;.5 Dut2e) /& BMU C/..2ttee) Ta*+e 5?7 Dut2e) /& BMU C/..2ttee) Re)p/')e) *ontro& #orei-n 2mi-rant4 #is,ers *o&&ect H#is,in-I statistics Patro& Or-anise meetin-s 'it, 0i&&a-ers O0ersee sanitation<,y-iene o#
2

Fre>ue'(y 13> ! 138 ! ;>

Per(e't 3;7!: 1 7;: 3;7>: 1272: 2172:

;#e roles o" (3Us are1 i5 en"orce relevant legislations 4e.g. "is#eries5< ii5 !re!aration o" ,y=la9s to su!!lement national la9s< iii5 ensure ,eac# sanitation>#ygiene< iv5 collect "is#eries data and disseminate< v5educate stake#olders on negative im!acts o" illegal "is#ing !ractices% vi5 ensure security o" t#e !eo!le and !ro!erty and vii5 undertake 3onitoring% Control and Surveillance 43CS5
3

*#7 B(ccordin- to t,e 5artici5ants in Mc,un-u 0i&&a-e) t,e conce5t o# co&&aborati0e #is,eries mana-ement and BM. as ad0anced by t,e WWF 'as a better o5tion as it 5ro0ided t,e &oca& residents 'it, t,e ski&&s) ca5acity and mandate to decide u5on t,e use o# t,eir resourcesC29orad Periodic Pro-ress "esu&ts "e5ort) 30t, Marc,) 20084

31

t,e s,ore&ine Di0e 5ermits to #is,ers *o&&ect re0enue<&e0ies +ducation *o&&ecti0e sur0ei&&ance T/ta+

;2 2 ! 23 #3#

1871: 117 : 1272: 173: ";5.<I

(s t,e tab&e s,o's contro& o# mi-rant #is,ers) 5atro&s and o0erseein- s,ore&ine sanitation 'ere t,e &eadin- duties o# BM. committess7 We do not ,a0e in#ormation on t,eir 5er#ormance #or 2001 because et,ey 'ere not #unctionin- ',en 'e conducted t,e sur0ey t,en7 %.< RUMAKI, Re3u+at2/'), Ma'a3e.e't J Be'e&2t) t/ t4e C/..u'2ty One o# ".M(%3?s strate-ic a55roac,es 'as to) Bensure t,at t,e -reatest 5ossib&e numbers o# 5eo5&e understand t,e 5ur5ose o# t,e 'ork and see ',at is ,a55enin- at eac, ste5-es5ecia&&y 'it, t,e a&&ocation o# bene#itsRC 2WWF) 200!E 047 %.<." K'/8+e03e /& RUMAKI 3n t,e 2001 study about a #i#t, 21>73:4 o# t,e res5ondents in t,e t,ree districts ,ad ,eard about t,e ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme7 3t is ,o'e0er note'ort,y t,at about a t,ird 2317;:4 o# t,ose ',o ,ad ,eard about t,e 5ro-ramme com5rised #is,ers7 Sa&aried em5&oyees and business 5eo5&e 'ere a&so a'are o# t,e 5ro-ramme7 T,e res5ondents #rom ot,er socia& -rou5s ,ad ne0er ,eard about ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme t,en7 Wit, re-ard to a'areness on t,e -oa&s o# ".M(%3 seasca5e) o0er t'o t,irds 2;173:4 o# t,e res5ondents ',o re5orted to ,a0e ,eard about ".M(%3 seasca5e 'ere not a'are o# its -oa&s7 ( si-ni#icant 5ercenta-e 21 72:4 ,o'e0er 5ointed out t,at t,e ".M(%3 -oa&s are 2in ascendin- order4 conser0ation o# t,e en0ironment) im5ro0in- 5eo5&e?s &i0e&i,oods and reducin- ne-ati0e en0ironmenta& im5act7 Furt,er ana&ysis re0ea&ed t,at most o# t,e res5ondents 'it, e=ce5tion o# t,e sa&aried em5&oyees and business5ersons 'ere 5essimistic on t,e #uture bene#its o# ".M(%3 seasca5e to t,e community7 Ta*+e 36 ,a-7 RUMAKI 3/a+) a) per 566# Survey re)p/')e) G/a+ 3m5ro0e 5eo5&eKs &i0es *onser0e t,e en0ironment +n,ance en0ironmenta& a'areness "educe en0ironmenta& ne-ati0e im5acts Monitorin- and researc, 3ncrease community 5artici5ation DonKt kno' 9( Tota& res5onses Fre>ue'(y 13 1 2 1 3 ; 111 311 ;2 Per(e't 27> 370 07 173 071 17! 2 71 1!78 100

Table 30 (b): E@te't RUMAKI 3/a+) 8/u+0 *e'e&2t t4e (/..u'2ty a((/r02'3 t/ )/(2a+ 3r/up 2' 566# S/(2a+ Gr/up 1ery Great L2tt+e N/'e D/'Dt N/t T/ta+ 3reat C'/8 a')8ere0 +&ders 1 0 0 0 0 38 0 Fis,ers 10 1 1 2 3 >; 108 Farmers 3 1 0 2 100 11! +m5&oyees<Busine ; 1 0 !3 18 3;

ss Mout,s "e&i-ious &eaders Sc,oo& teac,ers Students T/ta+

1 0 1 0 5%

0 0 0 0 "3

1 0 0 0 ?

0 0 0 1 3

0 0 1 0 "6

31 38 3#5

3> 1 0 %5"

3n t,e 2011 study #irst 'e 5osed t,e 6uestionE Ja0e you e0er ,eard about ".M(%3 5ro-rammeS T,e BayesC 'ere o0er t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 and BnaysC #ormed one-t,ird 2327;:47 T,is 'as #o&&o'ed by a 6uestion on t,e main ob$ecti0e o# ".M(%3 to ',ic, $ust o0er a ,a&# 2!372:4 said t,ey did not kno'@ a&most a 6uarter 2227>:4 said it 'as on conser0in- t,e sea en0ironment@ anot,er 1>7 : said it 'as meant #or t,e im5ro0incommunity H5eo5&esI &i#e) 71: t,ou-,t H0a-ue&yI it 'as #or increasin- community coo5eration ',i&e on&y 171: mentioned t,at it 'anted to increase #is, a0ai&abi&ity7 T,e res5onses are re5roduced in Tab&e 312a47 Ta*+e 3" ,a-7 K'/8+e03e /& RUMAKI a'0 2t) O*Ae(t2ve) Re)p/')e) DonKt kno' 3m5ro0in- community &i#e Sea en0ironment 5reser0ations To increase community coo5eration To increase #is, a0ai&abi&ity T/ta+ Fre>ue'(y 1 8 22 2;> !1 13 "556 Per(e't !372 1>7 227> 71 171 "66.6

Ta*+e 3" ,*-7 Per(ept2/') /' 4/8 RUMAKI 4a) *ee' *e'e&2(e't t/ (/..u'2t2e) A(t2v2ty Fre>ue'(y Per(e't Formation o# BM.s and co-mana-ement 223 317 Pro0ide education on sea en0ironment 282 ;7; Formation o# /3*OB( 12 1;73 Fattenin- o# crabs 1> 1171 Fis, Farmin- 2m'atiko4 101 117! Oysters and Pear&s %ee5in13 271 Fis,ery Statistics *o&&ection 1! 27! %.<.5 L2ve+24//0) ".M(%3 2200!E >4 #rom t,e start stro0e to #ind 'ays o# im5ro0in- +2ve+24//0) acce5tance Seasca5e communities t,e outcomes o# ',ic, 'ou&d be a reduction in se0era& #orms o# 5o0erty and im5ro0ed 6ua&ity o# &i#e as a resu&t o# im5ro0ed use o# natura& resources) en,anced enter5rise mana-ement ca5acity and access to #inancia& su55ort by im5ro0in- t,e -enera& en0ironment #or enter5rise de0e&o5ment7 Since t,e cardina& ob$ecti0e o# ".M(%3 is) B3m5ro0ed socio-economic 'e&&-bein- o# coasta& "u#i$i-Ma#ia%i&'a communities t,rou-, sustainab&e) 5artici5atory and e6uitab&e uti&isation and 5rotection o# t,eir marine and coasta& resources)C T,e study 5osed t,e 6uestionE to ',at e=tent do you t,ink ".M(%3 5ro-rams ,a0e bene#ited 0i&&a-e community7 T,e res5onses indicated o0era&& bene#its as e=5ressed by 3>73:7 On t,e ot,er ,and o0er ,a&# !378: did not kno' ',et,er ".M(%3 ,ad brou-,t bene#its or not ',i&e ;7>: a##irmed 3>

t,at it ,ad not brou-,t any bene#its at a&&7 We asked ',o and ',o ,ad 5artici5ated in ".M(%3 5ro-rammes7 T,e 2011 study 'anted to -et at t,e core o# ".M(%3?s acti0ities by askin- res5ondents to name at &east t,ree acti0ities undertaken by t,e 5ro-ramme7 T,e #indin-s are re0ea&inin t,at not on&y did o0er a t,ird o# res5ondents name t,e t,ree im5ortant ".M(%3 acti0ities but a&so si-ni#icant 5ercenta-es mentioned ot,ers as s,o'n in Tab&e 327 Ta*+e 357 E@te't RUMAKI pr/3ra.) 4ave *e'e&2te0 v2++a3e (/..u'2ty Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't DonKt kno' 1!> !378 /ery muc, 113 873 Muc, 128 1071 Litt&e 22! 1>7 9ot at a&& 8! ;7> Tota& 1220 10070 T,e study 'anted to assess t,e e=tent o# 0i&&a-ers? 5artici5ation in meetin-s 'it, ".M(%3 o##icia&s concernin- uti&isation and conser0ation o# e=istin- natura& resources7 (ccordin- to 287 : o# t,e res5ondents t,ere 'ere some e&ements o# 5artici5ation but to t,e ma$ority 2;071:4 o# res5ondents c&aim t,at t,ere 'as no 5artici5ation7 T,e study 'anted to -et o5inions on ',o s,ou&d and ',o actua&&y mana-es #is,ery resources in t,e 0i&&a-es7 T,e 0aried o5inions are re5roduced be&o' in t,e #orm o# 5ercenta-es startin- 'it, ',o current&y mana-es t,e resource7 We 5osed a 6uestion on ',o current&y mana-es coasta& and marine natura& resources7 T,e res5onses 'ere as indicated in Tab&e 332a47 Ta*+e 33 ,a-7 W4/ 2) re)p/')2*+e &/r &2)4ery 'atura+ re)/ur(e) .a'a3e.e't= Re)p/')e) Per(e't Don?t kno' 11 *entra& Do0ernment 1 Munici5a& counci& *ommunity in Denera& 1 Fis,ermen ; BM. 11 /i&&a-e -o0ernment 1! T/ta+ "66 Ta*+e 33 ,*-7 W4/ 2) re)p/')2*+e &/r 'atura+ re)/ur(e .a'a3e.e't '/8= ,A) per 566# )urveyRe)p/')e) *entra& -o0ernment District counci& *ommunity<0i&&a-e Pri0ate sector *entra& -o0t) district counci&) *ommunity<0i&&a-e A 5ri0ate sector *entra& -o0t) district counci& A *ommunity<0i&&a-e D<counci& A community<0i&&a-e *entra& -o0t A 5ri0ate sector Per(e't 8 21 13 3 1 1 1 38

DonKt kno' 9( T/ta+

18 28 "66

O' 84/ )4/u+0 a(tua++y .a'a3e t4e &2)4ery re)/ur(e) t4e &/++/82'3 8ere t4e re)p/')e)7: *ommunity in -enera&P 170: /i&&a-e -o0ernmentP1 7>: BM.P1173: *entra& Do0ernmentP!7>: District counci&P378: Fis,ermen t,emse&0esP17>: DonKt kno'P1171 T,ese #indin-s are interestin- in t,at as muc, as 1: o# t,e res5ondents 5re#er t,e community in -enera& to actua&&y mana-e t,e #is,ery resources as o55osed to on&y a tent, 21173:4 t,e task bein- &e#t to BM.s7 T,is s,o's t,at a &ar-e section o# t,e community do not re-ard t,e BM.s as re5resentin- t,e community interest in -enera&7 T,e study 'anted a&so to -au-e i# res5ondents are satis#ied 'it, t,eir 5artici5ation in runnin- and mana-in- #is,ery resources at 5resent7 T,e #indin-s te&& us t,at t,ey are di0ided7 T,us ',ereas 27>: are in0ariab&y 2sca&e o# Bsome,o' to 0ery muc,C4 satis#ied) ;71: e=5ressed 0aried &e0e&s o# satis#action 2some,o'<not satis#ied at a&&4 and >7;: 'ere indi##erent7 W,en asked about t,e e=tent o# im5ro0ement in o55ortunities #or 5artici5ation and in0o&0ement in mana-in- #is,ery resources by ".M(%3 a -ood 5ercent) c&ose to a ,a&# 2 7>:4 e=5ressed 5ositi0e commendation ',i&e a 6uarter 2217>:4 'ere sce5tica& and anot,er 6uarter 22;70:4 BDid not kno'C T,e #ormation and o5eration o# /3*OB( 'as ,ai&ed by o0er a 6uarter 22;70:4 o# res5ondents as t,e most bene#icia& inter0ention o# ".M(%37 Fina&&y 'e asked ,o' res5ondents 0ie'ed ".M(%3 in -enera&7 T,e resu&ts 'ere a-ain di0ided as s,o'n in Tab&e 3 7 (&most a ,a&# 2 ;7;:4 said it 'as -ood and s,ou&d continue) a t,ird 2317;:4 ,ad not understood it 'e&& yet7 Ta*+e 3%7 I' 3e'era+ 4/8 0/ y/u )ee t4e RUMAKI pr/3ra.= Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y DonKt understand it #u&&y yet > 3t ,as not e=5anded 'e&& 28 3t is -ood s,ou&d continue !>2 To succeed it s,ou&d 5rioritise t,e 5eo5&e 21 3# en,anced it is -ood) no' it caters #or #e' 5eo5&e 1 T,y 0isit us a &ot understandin- is su55osed to be ,i-, 22 3t is -ood #or t,ose ',o ,a0e $oined on&y ! 3t is no -ood@ it o55resses #is,ers > T,e 5ro-ramme is not 'e&& understood 11 T/ta+ "556 Per(e't 317; 27 ;7; 17; 171 17> 37; 378 078 "66

W,en asked i# ".M(%3 5ro-ram 'as to continue #or anot,er ne=t ! years) ',ic, 5riorities s,ou&d be ado5ted) res5ondents &isted 10 areas 'it, /3*OB( bein- t,e #irst #o&&o'ed by i4 -reater 5artici5ation o# 0i&&a-ers@ ii4 better #is,in- -ears@ iii4 im5artinentre5reneuria& ski&&s@ i04 in0o&0in- more 0i&&a-es@ and 04 stress on conser0ation7 On a sour note !7>: 'ant ".M(%3 to 5ack and &ea0e) ',i&e 2371: did not kno'7 0

Ta*+e 3$7 I& RUMAKI pr/3ra. 8/u+0 4ave t/ (/'t2'ue 2' t4e 'e@t $ year) 842(4 pr2/r2ty 8/u+0 y/u 8a't 2t t/ 0/= Fre>ue'(y Per(e't DonKt kno' 2>> 2371 T,ey s,ou&d cease<not 'anted ;1 !7> Peo5&es? 5artici5ation 111 1371 +n,ance /3*OB( 203 1171 Better #is,in- -ears 1 8 1272 +ducation on /3*OB( >2 17; 3m5art entre5reneuria& ski&&s > 178 More 0i&&a-es to be in0o&0ed 10! >71 *onser0ation ! 37; Di0e 5riority to sma&& mes, nets 1> 17! *ontro& #orei-n tra'&ers > 07; 9ot ans'ered 1 071 T/ta+ "556 "66 "es5ondents 'ere asked ,o' muc, t,ey 'ou&d &ike to be in0o&0ed in issues o# mana-ino# natura& resources o# t,e coast7 O0er t'o-t,irds 2;172:4 e=5ressed ea-erness to take 5art and o0er ,a&# 2! 7>:4 'ere B0ery muc,C interested7 On t,e ot,er ,and a 6uarter 22!71:4 did not 'ant to be in0o&0ed at a&&7 T'o t,irds 2117>:4 'ou&d &ike to be in0o&0ed in issuin- o# 5ermits #or outside #is,ermen and anot,er t'o-t,irds 21>71:4 'ou&d &ike to be in0o&0ed in 5atro&s a-ainst i&&e-a& #is,in-) 1371: 'ant to be in0o&0ed in co&&etin#is,in- statistics7 T,e &ast 6uestion 'as to name $ust one 5ro$ect t,at 'ou&d ostensib&y im5ro0e t,e &i0instandards o# t,e 0i&&a-ers i# im5&emented7 (&to-et,er 13 5ro$ects 'ere mentioned to55ed by im5ro0ement o# in#rastructure) #o&&o'ed by more education on en0ironmenta& conser0ation) better #is,in- -ears) /3*OB() entre5reneurs,i5) 5ro$ects t,at #a0our yout, and #ina&&y better c&assrooms7

$. CONCLUSIONS

Ga2') a'0 3ap) 2' (/..u'2ty a8are'e)) a'0 u'0er)ta'02'3 /& t4e E'v2r/'.e't, Natura+ Re)/ur(e) a'0 B2/02ver)2ty We note t,at t,ere ,a0e been a number o# -ains since 20017 17 For e=am5&e in res5ondents mentioned !! ty5es o# coasta& and marine resources in 2011 ',i&e in 2001 t,ey ,ad mentioned 21 on&y7 27 T,ere 'as a&so a si-ni#icant c,an-e on t,e res5onses on ',at are cora&s com5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey) a'areness o# t,eir im5ortance #rom 3>71: to !17>: and t,ose ',o did not kno' t,eir si-ni#icance dro55ed #rom 2!78: to 127;:7 37 "es5ondents rea&isin- t,e im5ortance o# man-ro0es to #is, rose #rom 1;72: to >271:) ',ereas t,ose ',o did not see t,e re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7 7 *om5ared to t,e 2001 sur0ey) a 5ositi0e c,an-e in understandin- t,e o0era&& im5ortant ro&e o# cora&s) man-ro0es) and sea 5&ants ,a0e to #is,7 !7 On #is, re5roduction a-ain t,ere is an im5ro0ement o# 172: #rom !172: o# 20017 (not,er notab&e c,an-e 'as t,at t,e 5ercenta-e o# t,ose ',o Bdon?t kno'C about #is, re5roduction dro55ed #rom 2 70: to 1 78:7 17 T,e a&&usion to Dod?s endo'ment ,ad decreased #rom 173: in 2001 to 27>: in 20117 1

;7 "e-ardin- du-on-s) in 2001) a tent, 2117>:4 did not kno' ',at t,ey 'ere) by 2011 t,is ,ad dro55ed to >72: and ',i&e in 2001) ;07;: ,ad said it 'as a ty5e o# #is,) in 2011 t,ere 'as a decrease o# 07!: ',i&e t,e 1373: t,inkin- it to be a mamma& ,ad a&most doub&ed to 2078:7 >7 3n 2001 on&y a 6uarter 22 7 :4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere ab&e to say correct&y t,at du-on-s ate sea-rass or<and sea'eeds) by 2011 t,e 5ercenta-e ,ad increased to a&most t'ice) i7e7 272:7 87 Wit, res5ect to turt&es) in t,e 2011 study) o0er t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 o# res5ondents said t,ey did not kno' t,e a-e turt&es started to &ay e--s ',i&e in 2001 t,e i-norance 'as to t,e tune o# 8!78:@ but on ,o' many ,atc,&in-s 'ou&d sur0i0e to t,e a-e o# &ayin- e--s t,ere 'as a minima& im5ro0ement #rom 27;: to 3: -i0int,e correct ans'er7 107 T,e 2001 study ,ad s,o'ed 5eo5&es? t,orou-, understandin- o# main ,uman im5acts on marine resource@ t,e same can be said o# t,e 2011 study and as 'as t,e case in 2001) dynamite #is,in- 'as ranked as bein- t,e most bane#u& acti0ity 'it, t,e -reatest ne-ati0e im5act causin- t,e ,ea0iest conse6uences on t,e a0ai&abi&ity o# #is,7 KAP (4a'3e) a*/ut /*Ae(t2ve) /& RUMAKI pr/3ra..eK 17 3n t,e 2001 study about a #i#t, 21>73:4 o# t,e res5ondents in t,e t,ree districts ,ad ,eard about t,e ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme but about t,ree 6uarters 22;173:4 'ere not a'are o# its -oa&s@ by 2011 o0er t'o-t,irds 21;73:4 ,ad ,eard about ".M(%37 27 T,e 2011 study #indin-s re0ea&ed t,at not on&y did o0er a t,ird o# res5ondents name t,e t,ree im5ortant ".M(%3 acti0ities but a&so si-ni#icant 5ercenta-es mentioned many ot,ers7 37 Furt,er ana&ysis s,o's t,at a&most a 6uarter 2227>:4 said its ob$ecti0e 'as to conser0e t,e sea en0ironment and about a #i#t, 21>7 :4 said it aimed at im5ro0incommunity H5eo5&esI &i0es7 7 (&most a ,a&# 2 ;7;:4 said ".M(%3 'ere 5ositi0e about t,e continuity o# t,e ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme I.pa(t /& RUMAKID) a8are'e)), (/..u'2(at2/') a'0 e0u(at2/' a(t2v2t2e) Jere t,e #indin-s are mi=ed7 17 District counci& o##icia&s 'ere e=5ected to be t,e source o# in#ormation on t,e en0ironment) but a&most a ,a&# 2 >72:4 did not &earn anyt,in- #rom suc, o##icia&s) instead 1 7;: &earnt t,rou-, seminars<trainin-s<meetin-s outside t,e 0i&&a-e or outside t,e district7 27 Discussions 'it, ot,er 0i&&a-ers enab&ed a t,ird 23372:4 o# t,e res5ondents to -ain some kno'&ed-e on t,e en0ironment 37 *&ose to a ,a&# 2 !7 :4 o# 0i&&a-ers became kno'&ed-eab&e about t,e en0ironment #rom discussions 'it, ot,er 0i&&a-ers at t,e market 5&aces and o##s,ore settin-s 7 Primary sc,oo& #esti0a&s 2e7-7 Wor&d +n0ironmenta& day4 'ere uti&ised by a 6uarter 22!7 :4 o# t,e res5ondents) ',i&e t,ree-6uarters 2; 71:4 'ere not ab&e7 !7 On&y a tent, 213:4 'ere ab&e to &earn about t,e en0ironment by readin- t,e Bahari book #or 5rimary sc,oo&s 17 (bout a #i#t, 2187!:4 'ere ab&e to &earn by re#errin- to 0arious &e-is&ations and 5o&icies on t,e en0ironment ;7 /ideos 'ere 'atc,ed by o0er ,a&# 2!87 :4 but since t,e #a0ourite 5ro-rammes 'atc,ed 'ere s5orts) music and comedy 2Ma&iasi&i-natura& resources bein2

'atc,ed by on&y about a tent, 287 :4 t,ey cannot be said to be amenab&e to raisin- a'areness on en0ironment and natura& resources >7 ( #i#t, 2217!:4 'ere ab&e to bene#it #rom raedin- 9ationa& ne'sa5a5ers t,ou-, t'o-t,irds 2 171:4 said t,ey read ne's5a5ers<$ourna&s re-u&ar&y
#. RECOMMENDATIONS

3t is instructi0e to re0isit t,e 2001 recommendations7

17 T,e Pro$ect s,ou&d create community-'ide a'areness initiati0es t,at bui&d a ste'ards,i5 et,ics across t,e socia& cate-ories. 27 3ncor5orate en0ironmenta& education 2'it, a #ocus on marine resources and en0ironmenta& conser0ation47 37 3ncrease 5ub&ic understandin- o# t,e im5ortance o# marine resource mana-ement and o# ".M(%3 5ro-rammes and demonstrate ',y communities must be custodians o# marine resources 2e7-7 e=5&ain t,at a&& t,in-s in a natura& system are connected and t,ere#ore not on&y #is,ers are concerned 'it, mana-ement o# t,e marine resources but 5eo5&e o# a&& socia& strata47 7 De0e&o5 district<0i&&a-e communication 5&ans) consistent 'it, a ".M(%3 communication strate-y to ensure district sta## and 0i&&a-ers recei0e consistent messa-es about acti0ities and 5ro-rams in t,eir district<0i&&a-es7 !7 +stab&is, a monitorin- body to e=amine media messa-es #rom community -rou5s) *i0i& Society Or-anisations 2*SOs4) -o0ernment) and 6uasi--o0ernment to ensure t,at t,e 5ub&ic recei0es a55ro5riate messa-es 17 "eco-nise and ,onour best 5ro-ramme 5er#ormers 2indi0idua&s) 0i&&a-es) sc,oo&s or districts4 by re'ardin- t,eir e##orts and accom5&is,ments7 ;7 *reate trans5arent and accessib&e mec,anisms to make in#ormation #rom many di##erent kno'&ed-e bases a0ai&ab&e to a&& stake,o&ders7 >7 *o&&ect base&ine data and a0ai& t,e same in a55ro5riate #ormats #or broader use 20i&&a-es) district o##ices and sc,oo& &ibraries47 87 3ncrease 0isits by district o##icia&s accom5anied by ".M(%3 sta## 107 Pre5are and disseminate re-u&ar re5orts in %is'a,i&i t,at out&ine t,e status) cumu&ati0e e##ects) t,res,o&ds) and &imits o# marine resources7 117 +stab&is, and maintain &on--term) mu&ti-5arty seasca5e -o0ernance bodies 2e7-7) 0i&&a-e committees) $oint mana-ement committees 'it, ba&anced re5resentation -. 127 +stab&is, -uidin- 5rinci5&es o# o5enness) trans5arency) inc&usi0eness) #&e=ibi&ity) and res5ect7

".M(%3 Pro-ramme ,as to e0a&uate ,o' t,ese ,a0e been im5&emented7 3n addition t,e #o&&o'in- are recommendedE 17 3t is recommended t,at t,e as5ect o# c&imate c,an-e ',ic, 'as not 5rioritised in t,e #irst 5,ase o# t,e Pro-ramme) is inc&uded as a main com5onent o# ".M(%3 27 Since /3*OB( ,as been acce5ted and seems to be a 0ery 5romisin- inter0ention e##orts s,ou&d be increased and used as an entry 5oint into ne' communities@ t,is ca&&s #or studies to determine t,e &e0e& and nature o# im5acts o# t,e inter0ention 37 T,e sustainabi&ity o# t,e BM.s can on&y be assured i# #unds are a0ai&ab&e7 Furt,er in0estment and su55ort o# t,ese a&ready estab&is,ed institutions to #urt,er im5ro0e im5&ementation moda&ities is recommended7 T,ey s,ou&d be institutiona&ise and stream&ined din district counci& 5&ans and bud-ets to ensure sustainabi&ity o# t,e co-mana-ement initiati0e 7 T,ere is need #or maintainin- o# constant #&o' o# in#ormation and s,arin- o# success stories on im5&ementation o# t,e BM. 5&ans !7 3n#ormation dissemination and a'areness raisin- are some o# t,e key c,a&&en-es in t,e ".M(%3 5ro$ect7 T,ere is need #or more com5re,ensi0e communication strate-ies to be de0e&o5ed c&ear&y de#inin- ty5es o# messa-es to be de0e&o5ed) communication materia&s to be used and means o# communication to reac,in- out to t,e communities and district stake,o&ders7

Re&ere'(e)
Distribution and status o# coasta& ,abitats and resources in TanFaniaC Dra#t "e5ort submitted to WWF N Dar es Sa&aam by *7 Mu,ando and *7 "umis,a) 200> Stren-t,enin- *ommunity *a5acity in Fis,eries *o-mana-ement 2S**(F*OM4 9O"(D Periodic Pro-ress "esu&ts "e5ort 2001-200> Ju&it,a M'an-ami&o) 30t, Marc,) 2008 SeaSense 220084 *ommunity-based +ndan-ered Marine s5ecies *onser0ationE TanFania (nnua& "e5ort January N December 2008 5re5ared by Lindsey West WWF 2200!4 ".M(%3 Seasca5e Pro-rammeE *o&&aborati0e *oasta& "esources Mana-ement and Li0e&i,oods De0e&o5ment in "u#i$i) Ma#ia A %i&'a Districts) TanFania

RUMAKI 56"" Survey E'u.erat/r) Ma&2a 17 (&&y "as,id 2Marine Park4 27 Mo,amed S,amte 2Marine Park4 37 Besta Msuman$e 2Marine Park4 7 (ntonia M5emba 2Fis,eries O##icer4 !7 Subira Muya 2Fis,eries O##icer4 17 (yubu Sabu 2Fis,eries O##icer4 ;7 Mariam Jamdan B( 2+n0ironmenta& Studies4 >7 Met,od *,en-u&a 2Fis,eries o##icer4 K2+8a 17 27 37 7 !7 Ru&2A2 17 27 37 7 !7 Mr %en-e&a Mas,imba Mr Ste0en Mo,ana Ms +ster Sa&0atory Ms *,arity 9-enFi Mr Omary M5oto Mr (nt,ony Mbe-a Mr M-a&u&a Pau& Ms M'anamisi Mr Peter %itundu Mr Ja5,et Manyama 2Fis,eries O##icer-Soman-a4 2Fis,eries O##icer-%i&'a %i0in$e4 2Fis,eries O##icer-%i&'a Masoko4 2*ommunity De0e&o5ment O##icer-%i&'a4 2+ducation O##icer-%i&'a Masoko4 B7 Sc7 2(6ua4<Fis,eries O##icer-.tete Fis,eries (ssistant- "u#i$i Distrcit-.tete *ommunity De0e&o5ment (ssistant-.tete Fis,eries (ssistant- Mu,oro Fis,eries (ssistant- 9yamisati

Fr/. Dar e) Sa+aa. Dr S2.e/' Me)aC2 Lea0 C/')u+ta't Mr Eu)t2' Ba.a'y2)a C/')u+ta't 17 Mr Wi&&y Barnos (ssistant Lecturer-M.*oOBS 27 Mr Patrick 9-'i&a (ssistant Lecturer-Mu*oOBS 37 Mr Maya&a Mato-oro (ssistant Lecturer-M.*oOBS 7 Ms Ja55y Lyaruu B( 2Socio&o-y4 !7 Ms Janet, Mkenda B( 2+conomics4 17 Mr (nt,ony %i$a B( 2+conomics4 ;7 Ms Fait,u&a Mb'ana (d0anced Di5&oma Juman "esources >7 Ms "e-ina 9-anema M( 2De0e&o5ment Studies4 ?. Ms (kii *,a'ac,i Bac,e&or o# La's 107 Mr Ja5,et Sa&akana B( 2*ommunity De0e&o5ment4 117 Mr Mbe&u 9$a'a B( 2Socio&o-y4 127 Mr Dennis M'end'a B( 2Socio&o-y4 137 Mr +mmanue& (nan-isye B( 2Socio&o-y4

TOR) FOR CONDUCTING KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES J PERCEPTIONS ,KAPREPEAT SUR1E! IN RUFIEI, MAFIA J KILWA DISTRICTS ". BACKGROUND T,e WWF TanFania Pro-ramme O##ice 2WWF T*O4 in 5artners,i5 'it, District aut,orities in "u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a@ Ma#ia 3s&and Marine Park) and coasta& communities ,as committed itse&# to #aci&itatin- t,e de0e&o5ment o# coasta& &i0e&i,oods t,rou-, t,e sustainab&e mana-ement o# marine and coasta& resources in "u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a Districts by im5&ementin- t,e ".M(%3 seasca5e 5ro-ramme o0er an initia& #i0eyear 5eriod startin- #rom Ju&y 200 7 T,e 5ur5ose o# t,e ".M(%3 Seasca5e 5ro-ramme is Improved socioeconomic well-being of coastal RUFIJI-MAFIA-KI !A comm"nitie thro"gh s"stainable# participator$ and e%"itable "tilisation and protection of their marine and coastal reso"rces& 5. OUTPUTS Out o# t,e ! Out5uts o# t,e ".M(%3 Pro-ramme) Out5ut 2 re&ates to a'areness) communication and education7 3t?s aim is e=5ressed as@ Knowledge shared and awareness raised amongst sta'eholders on iss"es relating to s"stainable management of marine and coastal reso"rces( T,e main target a"dience #or communications 'ork inc&udes a&& t,e main stake,o&der -rou5s) but 'it, an em5,asis on communities) inc&udin- sc,oo&-c,i&dren many o# ',om become resource users and<or traders e0en be#ore com5&etin- 5rimary sc,oo&7 !omen a55ear to o#ten be e=c&uded #rom decision-makin- in coasta& communities) so it is necessary to identi#y means to direct&y communicate better 'it, 'omen and #aci&itate t,em to 5artici5ate more direct&y and e##ecti0e&y in natura& resource mana-ement7 T,e met,ods) too&s and media to be used to ac,ie0e t,is out5ut are bein- identi#ied t,rou-, desi-n o# a detai&ed comm"nications and awareness-raising and ed"cation )A*+, strateg$7 T,e 5rocess #or desi-nin- t,e strate-y ,as be-un and secondary sources o# in#ormation are bein- re0ie'ed to summarise 5resent kno'&ed-e about t,e tar-et -rou5s and t,e en0ironmenta& issues7 W,at is needed no' is a #ie&d sur0ey to test e=istin- kno'&ed-e and 5erce5tions on re&e0ant marine and coasta& resources issues7 Out5ut ! o# t,e ".M(%3 Pro-ramme re&ates to data and in#ormation mana-ement and ,as t,e e=5ressed aim o#E improving availabilit$ of information for nat"ral reso"rces management decision ma'ing within -istricts# MIM. and comm"nities# thro"gh development and strengthening of s"stainable data gathering and information management s$stems& T,is com5onent inc&udes monitorin- indicators #or ".M(%3 5ro-ramme e0a&uation as contained in t,e 5ro-ramme &o-ica& #rame'ork7 T,is inc&udes se0era& indicators t,at re&ate to community 5erce5tions) #or e=am5&eE /wo thirds of coastal residents perceive significant benefit from marine 0 coastal reso"rces management initiatives of RUMAKI pro1ect At least two thirds of comm"nit$ across different social strata "nderstand ob1ectives of RUMAKI programme b$ end $r2 At least two thirds of comm"nit$ across different social strata are aware of legislation# reg"lations 0 vario"s management plans relevant to coastal 0 marine reso"rces b$ $r At least two thirds of comm"nit$ across different social strata "nderstand 'e$ concepts 0 facts "nderl$ing s"stainable management of marine 0 coastal reso"rces b$ end $r 3 3n order to be ab&e to e0a&uate c,an-e in t,ese indicators) resu&tin- #rom 5ro$ect inter0entions) it 'as necessary to estab&is, a base&ine at t,e start o# t,e 5ro-ramme and conduct re5eat sur0ey to reassess t,e same indicators at t,e end o# t,e 5ro-ramme and com5are status o# t,e t'o 5eriods7 3. OBEECTI1ES OF T IS CONSULTANC! T,e ob$ecti0e o# t,e consu&tancy is to 5&an and im5&ement a re5eat sur0ey o# community kno'&ed-e) attitudes A 5erce5tions 2%(P4 in re5resentati0e coasta& communities 'it,in t,e "u#i$-Ma#ia-%i&'a seasca5e@ t,at 'i&& assist t,e ".M(%3 5ro-ramme toE ;

i4 identi#y re&e0ant -a5s in community a'areness and understandin- t,at 'i&& constitute t,e 5riority areas #or t,e ".M(%3?s #uture ('areness) *ommunications and +ducation 2(*+4 Strate-y@ ii4 estab&is, in#ormation and data t,rou-, ',ic, in com5arison 'it, t,e base&ine situation) t,e im5act o# t,e ".M(%3 a'areness) communications and education acti0ities can be measured@ iii4 conduct an e0a&uation o# t,e im5act o# t,e Ma#ia 3s&and Marine Park 2M3MP4 a'areness and education 5ro-ramme since year 2001 i04 conduct an ana&ysis to #ind out kno'&ed-e) attitudes and 5erce5tions c,an-es about ob$ecti0es o# ".M(%3 5ro-ramme@ si-ni#icant bene#it #rom marine A coasta& resources mana-ement initiati0es o# ".M(%3 5ro$ect@ conce5ts A #acts under&yin- sustainab&e mana-ement o# marine A coasta& resources@ #is,eries &e-is&ations) re-u&ations and mana-ement 5&ans and t,eir im5acts o0ertime com5ared to situation be#ore commencement o# ".M(%3 5ro-ramme 24ote5 Baseline s"rve$s data and information and findings of the proposed st"d$ will be basis for this comparison4 %. SCOPE OF WORK AND SPECIFIC TASKS %.". C/++a*/rat2/' T,e consu&tant 'i&& 'ork c&ose&y 'it, t,e WWF ".M(%3 teamE es5ecia&&y 'it, t,e Pro-ramme *oordinator and t,e *ommunications) ('areness and Trainin- *oordinator 2in DSM4 and t,e Pro$ect +=ecutants in Ma#ia and %i&'a7 T,e main WWF-TPO counter5art to t,e consu&tant 'i&& be t,e *ommunications) ('areness and Trainin- *oordinator 2*(T*4) Mr (&i T,ani7 T,e consu&tant 'i&& a&so) 'ork 'it, anot,er consu&tant) MSRRRRRR77) ',o 'i&& assist 'it, or-anisin- and im5&ementin- #ie&d sur0eys and 'i&& be res5onsib&e #or t,e data ana&ysis and data mana-ement7 T,e consu&tant 'i&& a&so co&&aborate c&ose&y 'it, district and M3MP sta## #or t,e task7 %.5. Preparat2/' 72717 T,e *onsu&tant 'i&& assist in re#inin- t,e e=istin- sur0ey 6uestionnaire) ensurin- t,at it co0ers t,e #o&&o'in- areasE Understanding and perceptions of the environment# nat"ral reso"rces# living things# biodiversit$( *omm"nit$ 'nowledge of nat"ral histor$( .erceptions of present practises in reso"rce "tilisation( ocal attit"des 0 beliefs regarding marine reso"rces( .erceptions of h"man impacts on marine reso"rces( evel of appreciation of the "ni%"eness of the 6eascape area( -istrib"tion of 'nowledge to the comm"nit$ 0 so"rces of information *omm"nit$ 'nowledge of nat"ral reso"rce laws and reg"lations and provisions for comm"nit$ comanagement of the coastal reso"rces( .resent behavio"r and practises in relation to some specific reso"rces( *omm"nit$ perceptions of benefit from the RUMAKI .rogramme 72727 T,e *onsu&tant 'i&& assist in de0e&o5in- a re5resentati0e sam5&in- desi-n) in co&&aboration 'it, MSRR77 and t,e ".M(%3 Pro-ramme *o-ordinator7 72737 T,e *onsu&tant 'i&& identi#y a team o# #ie&d enumerators and 5re5are and e=ecute trainin- #or t,em) inc&udin- a 5re-test o# t,e 6uestionnaire and 5ro0ision o# enumerators notes in S'a,i&i7 %.3. I.p+e.e'tat2/' T,e *onsu&tant 'i&&E assist t,e Princi5a& 3n0esti-ator in im5&ementin- a #ie&d sur0ey in t,e se&ected 0i&&a-es o# %i&'a) Ma#ia and "u#i$i in0o&0in- administerin- a55ro=imate&y 1)100 6uestionnaires) t,rou-, one-on-one inter0ie's 'it, in se&ected sam5&e 0i&&a-es 'it,in ".M(%3 area7@ assist a de-brie#in- e=ercise 'it, enumerators at end o# #ie&d 'ork 25robab&y in Dar es Sa&aam4@ co-ordinate data entry) conduct data ana&ysis and ensure sa#e-kee5in- o# data 6uestionnaires@ >

assist t,e Princi5a& 3n0esti-ator in 5re5arin- and submittin- a narrati0e re5orts) on t,e e=ercise) one #or t,e re5eat sur0ey #or areas outside Ma#ia 3s&and Marine Park) and one re5ortin- on t,e re5eat sur0ey #or Ma#ia 3s&and Marine Park) eac, re5ort as 5er t,e #o&&o'in- #ormatE )7, -etails of personnel responsible for the report# Agreement reference and the Agreement s"b1ect matter( )2, +8ec"tive s"mmar$ )9, Introd"ction - providing a brief description of the circ"mstances and bac'gro"nd that led to the s"rve$( ):, Methodolog$ 0 implementation5 a description of the s"rve$ e8ercise# incl"ding a, the methodolog$ "sed# incl"ding sampling design b, o"tline of act"al implementation sched"le c, an$ obstacles enco"ntered in implementation )logistical; sampling; appl$ing %"estionnaire etc(, )3, Res"lts a, A brief interpretive anal$sis of 'e$ res"lts )f"ll res"lts in Appendices,# b, an$ comments or observations on the credibilit$ of the data )<, *oncl"sions and recommendations with respect to5 a, "nderta'ing f"t"re s"rve$s5 logistics# sampling strateg$# %"estionnaire b, comm"nication# awareness and ed"cation needs )briefl$,; s"ccesses )in case of MIM., )=, Appendi8 I5 /erms of Reference )>, Appendi8 II5 %"estionnaires )?, Appendi8 III5 s"rve$ res"lts