The Nobel Prizes are awards that are given each year for special things that people

or groups of people have achieved. They are awarded in six areas: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace and economics. The prizes come from a fund that was created by the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. He wanted to use some of his money to help make the world a better place to live. Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Stockholm on 21 October 1833.. In 1842, Alfred moved with his mother and brothers to St. Petersburg. Alfred did not attend school but received private tutoring from good teachers. He was quick to master four foreign languages, and showed great ability in the natural sciences, especially chemistry. Alfred Nobel patented the nitroglycerine-based explosive dynamite in 1867. In the following year, he received an honorary award from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for "important inventions for the practical use of mankind". By this time Alfred Nobel was already establishing himself as a successful industrialist and businessman, first in Europe and then in the USA. Alfred Nobel lived much of his adult life in Paris. In 1891 he moved to San Remo, Italy. A few years later, he bought the Bofors ironworks and armaments factories, had a splendid mansion erected in Karlskoga, and gradually prepared to move home to Sweden for good, despite a hearty dislike of the Nordic winter. That is not how things turned out, however. On December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel died suddenly in his home in San Remo. Many organizations, chosen by Alfred Nobel himself, determine who receives the prizes. Each award consists of a gold medal, a diploma and a lot of money. Prizes can only be given to individuals of all races, countries and religions. Only the Peace Prize can also be given to a group. Marie Skodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalizedFrench physicist and chemist, famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. She was also the first female professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthon in Paris. Nobel Foundation was established in 1900 as a private, independent non-governmental organization, with an initial capital of 31 million Swedish kronor. The first prize is 150 000 kroons. Currently, the premium amount is 10 million Swedish kronor. Selecting the winners perform The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute and the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The Nobel Peace Prize - the highest award for achievement in the areas of peace, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Oslo Each Nobel Prize winner is free to decide how to dispose of their prize. Some winners, funds for charity.

Sir Konstantin Sergeevich "Kostya" Novoselov, FRS, HonFRSC, FInstP (Russian: ; born 23 August1974) is a Russo-British physicist, known for his works on graphene together with Andre Geim, which earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. Konstantin Novoselov was born in Nizhny Tagil, Soviet Union, in 1974 in a Russian family. He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1997. Kostya Novoselov participated in the Graphene Flagship project a 1 billion initiative of the European Commission and was featured in the official promotion movie of the project. Novoselov is a director of National Graphene Institute. Novoselov holds both Russian and British citizenship and is married with two daughters.

Alferov was born in Vitebsk in the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia , now Belarus . In 1952, he graduated from the Electrical Engineering Institute VI Ulyanov ( Lenin ) in Leningrad . From 1953, he worked at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 2 . He became Doctor of physical and mathematical sciences in 1970. He is director of the institute since 1987. He was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in 1972 and member of the academy in 1979. Since 1989 he is Vice President of the Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the Science Center Saint Petersburg .