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VOL. AP-28, NO. 2 , MARCH 1980

A Plane-Polar Approach for Far-Field Construction from Near-Field Measurements

YAHYA RAHMAT-SAMII.
SEYIORMEMBER. IEEE.

VICTOR GALINDO-ISRAEL.

FELLOW. IEEE. AND RAJ

MITTRA. FELLOW. [EEE*

In the past the planar configuration has been used with a probe scanning a rectangular geometry, and computations field scan geometries. the planar configuration has attracted considerable havebeenmadewithatwo-dimensionalfastFouriertransattention. In the past the planar configuration has been used with a probe form (FFT) algorithm (there are also available on line onescanning a rectangular geometryin the near field. and computation of the dimensional FFTs [ 141 ). An alternative useful scan geometry far field has been made with a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform is a polar scan of the probe in the plane. As will be shown, (FFT).The applicability of the planar configuration with a probe scanning whilethisscangeometrypermitsprobedirectivitycompena polar geometr, is investigated. The measurement process is represented sation as in the retan-alar and cylindrical scan, computations as a convolution derivable from the reciprocity theorem. The concept of are particularly efficient with the application of the Jacobiprobe compensation as a deconvolution is then discussed with numerical Bessel series expansion [ 151 -[ 181 fortheevaluationofthe results presented to verify the accuracy of the method. The far field is farfield.It is worth mentioning that the polar sampling of constructed using the Jacobi-Ressel series expansion and its utility relative to the FFT in polar geometry is examined. Finally, the far-field patternof the near fieldinthescanplanedoesnotlenditself to the the Viking high gain antenna is constructed from the plane-polar near-field direct application of thetwo-dimensional FFT. The planemeasureddataandcompared with the previouslymeasuredfar-field polar technique together with the series expansion algorithm pattern. Some unique mechanical and electrical advantages of the planehavea numberofimportantmechanicalandcomputational polarconfigurationfordeterminingthefar-fieldpattern of largeand features. gravitationally sensitive space antennas a r e discussed. The time convention The mechanical features can be readily inferred from the exp UWI ) is used but is suppressed in the formulations. geometry in Fig. 1. 1) Only a single line of motion is required for the probe, while the test antenna is rotated around the z axis fortheotherdimensionofmotion. 2) Theantenna I. INTRODUCTION pointsin a fixedpositionascompared to the rotation in a ITH THE ADVENT of the space shuttle, larger antennas cylindrical geometry. This permits fine tuning the anechoic can be carried into space.Becauseof the inherent difchamber for one pointing direction. 3) The antenna caneasily ficultiesoftestingtheselargeantennas in far-fieldranges it be pointed skyward. This feature has important applications is very likely that near-field measurements will be used more forthemeasurementofgravitationallysensitivelightspace in the future for the determination of far-field patterns. antennas. 4) Analogue data from measurements on the plane Therearealreadysomemajorfacilitiesbeingdevelopedfor are more readily interpretable than for cylinder measurements thispurpose, e.g., [ 11.Generallyspeaking,therearethree because of the extensive literature relating plane aperture basic near-field type techniques for determining the far field. fields to the far zone fields by Fourier transform. In the first technique the phase and amplitude distributions The computational features can be inferred from the use are sampled by a scanning probe, and then the measured of the Jacobi-Bessel series expansionwiththe plane-polar distribution is transformedtothefar field. In thesecond data are used directly without geometry. 1) Plane-polar technique a plane wave that is approximately uniform in interpolation in rectangular a grid. 2) The Jacobi-Bessel amplitude is created by a large reflector or array in the vicinity series computations require numerical manipulations proof the test antenna. The third technique utilizes the test portional to A T for N data and N observation points. 3) The antenna focused within the radiating near-, orFresnel,field numerical value of N that is required is determined only by region so as t o measure the far-field pattern over small angular theinformationcontentofthemeasuredfield.Noaliasing ranges. A summarized description of these techniques can be errors are introduced n o matter how sparsely spaced the data found in [ 2 ] . Inthispaperweconsiderthefirstapproach. points are located, and no zero fill is required. 4)The valueof Far-field reconstruction from near-field measurements has N can be substantially reduced by taking full advantage of any beerL showntobe apotentiallypowerfulscheme,andthe rotationalsymmetryintheantennapatterns. 5 ) Thechoice amountofwork t o justifythisobservationisvoluminous. and number of observation points are not constrained. 6 ) The Here we only refer to a few references [ 21 -[ 131. In reconintegrations involved can be performed piecewise over the structing far-field patterns from near-field measurements aperture plane with no added complexity. Thuslarge quantities three basic geometrical surfaces surrounding the test antenna 7) Once the far of data can be readily handled if necessary. 1) planar, 2) cylindrical, and 3 ) spherical. have been probed: field is computedatoneobservationpointitcanbedeterWe consider the planar configuration. minedatanyotherobservationpointwith relatively little effort and computer time. In this section we have summarized some unique features Manuscript received May 4, 1979; revised September 9. 1979. This t o assist the work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- of the method in the above paragraphs in order reader to look for these features as the paper progresses. In tion under Contract No. NAS 7-100. Y . Rahmat-Samii and V . Galindo-Israel are with the Jet Propulsion Section I1 wefirstdefine thegeometryandthenformulate Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91 103. the measurement as a convolution of the probe and test R. Mittra is with the University of Illinois. Urbana. 1L 61801. and is antenna fields over the plane. This formulation is readily also a consultant to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute found from application of the reciprocity theorem 171. This of Technology. Pasadena, CA. interpretation is extremely valuable since it permits us t o * The order of listing of the authors is arbitrary.
.4bstracf--lt is well-known that the far field of an arbitrary antenna may be calculated from near-field measurements. Among various possible near-

0018-926X/80/0300-0216$00.75 0 1980 IEEE

RAHMAT-SAM11e t nl.: FAR-FIELD CONSTRUCTION FROhf NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS

217

tionfixedwithrespecttotheantenna.However,when a dual-polarized probeisusednomechanicalrotationofthe probe is necessaryand the probe rotation can beaccurately done on the computer [ 191. If the probe can be considered as aninfinitesimalelement,noproberotation will beneeded. More discussion on this matter will be presented later. Let us denote the magnetic and electric-nearfield of the test antenna in the scan plane at z = 0 by H,(jT") and 2,G') where F" = x " ;i y";. We then characterize the probe by in t h e its equivalent tangential magnetic and electric currents scan plane. These magnetic and electric currents aredesignate! by and ~ p h ( ~ " when ) the probe is oriented in the h direction,andby ~ p u ( ~ " and ) when theprobe is 2riented in the i, direction.Ingeneral,thetwoorientations h and i, neednotcoincide p i t h t h e 2 and f directions. In this work, however, we set h = 2 and d = 3 f_or simplicity. The quantities 2, = --Zp X 2 and-&, = --z* X H p are related E', and H, fieldsinthedesignated totheprobetangential plane of measurement at z = 0. Strictly speaking, the probe itself need not have its aperture at this plane, although conceptually it is convenient t o deal with the probe aperture at the z = 0 plane. Our objective now is t o determine the interactionbetweentheantenna fieldandtheprobeequivalent aperture currents and relate this interaction to the probe output pickup. testoursoftwareindependentofexperimentaltestsbythe We obtain this relationship by applying Lorentz reciprocity creationofasyntheticprobe.Itfurthermorepermits us to t o a surface of an infinite hemisphere (S,), a surface bounding examine with great precision the need, the advantages, and the the probe (S,), and the designated measuring plane at-z =-0, disadvantagesofprobedirectivitycompensation.Thiscarenamely X. The fieldsradiatedbythetestantenna (En, H a ) ful study is made in Section IV after we apply the Jacobiand by the probe g p ) are those existing with both Bessel series for evaluation of the Fourier transform in Section antennas present. We obtain the familiar form 111. In Section IV we will also carefully examine the conver-

zph(p'")

au~")

(r,,

'

of the Jacobi-Bessel series under some gence properties synthetic, but extremely stringent, aperture fields for the test antenna. Finally, in Section V we present the comparison of the far-field patterns from the experimentally measured nearfield data of the Viking1 high gain antenna with its measured far-field patterns. The accuracy of the results obtained for both right and left circularly polarized fields is demonstrated. In particular,someparameterstudies will bepresentedfor providing useful guidelines for the users.

The integral over S, can be shown to vanish and the integral [7] over S,, the surface taken over the probe, can be shown t o be proportional to the probe "voltage" output. Simple manipulation permits us to then write

11. GEOMETRY AND BASIC FORMULATIONS

The geometry of a plane-polar configuration is depicted in Fig. 1. The test antenna is mounted on the z axis with the - - J p u , h ( $ ' ) * Ea($') ] ds", probe measuring its near field on the x-y scan plane perpendicular to the z axis at z = 0. Referring t o thiscoordinate where P , u , h is proportional to the probe output (the integral system,theantennafocalplanemay belocatedat z = ZO. over S p ) for the u or the h orientations of the probe, and rn Primed coordinates are used t o designate the integration designates Pu,h as a measurement or detected quantity at the coordinates. The near-field measurements in a plane-polar probe. In [ 7 ] , starting from (2.1), the authors used the plane configuration can be achieved in various ways. Here we obwave spectral approach to derive the far-field pattern of the serve a useful approach in which the probe moves along the x , > 0 axis and the test antenna rotates on the z axis. This antenna. In this paper we take an alternative approach which arrangementhasproven to have manymechanicaland elec- is based on the application of the convolution concept and principle as applied in writing the integrand of trical advantages. We also assume that the probe can be rotated Huygens' on its own axis (parallel t o t h e z axis) at any location on the (2.2). Strictly speaking, (2.2) is theprobeoutputfor a fixed scanplane.This is necessary forapplyingtheconvolution position of the probe. As the probe scans or moves over the formulation. The probe, in this circumstance, is then adjusted planar scan area, we make the assumption that the fields of so that it rotates in the same direction as the antenna fields of thetestantennaarethe fields rotation and with the same speed in order to keep its orienta- theprobeandthe radiated by each without the other present (ignoring multiple scattering). (We of coursecannotmakethisassumptionfor 1 Viking is the name of the L.S. spacecraft mission to Mars. The the integral over S, leading to the detected "voltage.") With highgain antenna was mounted on theorbiterportion of thespacethis assumption, then, the motion of the probe results in a craft for communications with the Earth.

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2 , MARCH 1980

relative translation of the fields of the probe and test antenna z i t h respect t o eachother.Therefore,theprobeoutputat p' can be constructed from (2.2) using the following corwolution expression:

Let US nowbrieflypauseandrecapitulatewhatwehave demonstrated so far. As stated earlier, our main objective is t o determinethetestantenna'sfar-fieldpattern.Theantenna's electric far-field pattern may be specified as

Za(e, $1 = E

, (0, ~

$14 + ~,,(e,

(2.12)

As stated earlier, we set = $ and = andreexpress (2.3) using vector quantities, for the sake of simplicity in the notations, toarrive a t

<

which raises the question: how can we determine (2.12) from (2.11)? If the probe was aninfinitesimalcurrentelement, (2.12) could have been constructed by using the standard determination of the far field from the radiation integral (2.9), namely,

P , (F')

E,(e, $1 = -(i

- E)

- ?(e, $1

(2.13)

1 7 , (3')- Fm (p')

(2.4)

where

and denotes the convolution operator. We will subsequently be making synthetic (computer) measurements where we can accurately assume thatFm G') is zero. The apparent induced current in the scan plane may now be defined by

where is theunitdyadandtheproportionalityconstantis omitted. In general, however, the probe may not be an infinitesimal elementandhasitsowndirectivepattern.Underthiscondition we can solve the vector integral equation (2.1 1) directly for Face, 4). This is accomplished very straightforwardly once we recall that the Fourier transform of the current is directly related to the far fields. Using the results derived in Appendix A. we find
+ 1 Fr[H,1 =~ ~@E,, i n 2 cos e

+ COS e COS @E,&

I

where

1 +-2 cos [-cos@ e

E,, f cos8 sin @E,b]j' (2.14)

7, (p") = 2; x z ,@') I ? (P') ,= -2; x E, (5')

and

From (2.6) we define a radiation-type integral as

+where
(x,
,!?pu.h

2 cos 0

[cos 8 cos @ EpeUoh- sin @

-m

(2.1 5 )
designates the probe pattern in the antenna u and h orienfations,respectively Similar results can be constructed forf [E,] and F [&"" 1 Substituting (2.14) and (2.15) into (2.1 11, we arrive at

where = 7 , r and 7is the far-field position vector with spherical coordinates ( Y , 8, 9). Equation (2.8) is the Fourier transform of 4', and can be notationally expressed by

y,

z ) coordinatesfor

%e,@)=F[?,l

(2.9)

where F denotes the Fourier transform operator. Substituting (2.5) into (2.6) and using (2.9), one finally finds Ea@andInthemajorityof fromwhichwecandetermine cases it is preferable to express (2.16) in terms of the probe ( x p , pp, z,), asshown in patternintheprobecoordinates Fig. 1. Let us dsnote the probe pattern in the ( x p , y p , zp) coordinates by zp(8,,&). From Fig. 1 we can then establish the following relationship between the probe pattern in two sets of coordinates, namely,

which can be further simplifiedt o

In deriving (2.11) we havemadeuse of thefactthatthe Fourier transform of the convolution is the multiplication of the transforms.

(2.1 ' i )

RAHMAT-SAM11 et al.: FAR-FIELD CONSTRUCTION

FROM NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS

219

Furthermore, if we assume that the h-oriented probe is the result of a 90 rotation of the u-oriented probe, we find that

~p~ce oP) p ,= zp,(ep. G~ - 4 2 ) .

4

(2.18)

Substituting (2.13) into (2.12) and using (2.16), we finally amve at the following probe directivity compensated farfield pattern for the test antenna, &.,
I

-1 Ene(O, Q) = - COS e[EP:,,yn -e,

-G

- n/2) T,(e,

thattheJacobiandeterminant on C isaconstantasinthe planar(rectangularandpolar)andcircularcylindrical gecmetries. The simplicity of viewing probe directivity compensation as a vector deconvolution is thus lost in such geometries as the sphere wherein the Jacobian determinant vanes as sin 8. Determination of Ea,g and E,, in (2.19) calls for the efficient evaluation of T, and T, from (2.5). T h i s is the topic of the next section where a procedure most suitable for the plane-polar geometry is presented.

+ qJ:,,(T - 0, -G)Ty(6,

4 1
Q)

III. EVALUATION OF ?(e, 4) USING THE JACOBI-BESSEL SERIES EXPANSION

We begin by expressing (2.8) in polar coordinates to obtain

~ ~ ~Q)(= 0 COS , e[zPeu(n - 8, -G - ~ 2 T,(e, )

+~peU(~-eB,-~))y(e,~)~,

a
1

%e,@>=
(2.19) where

a+ lim m

[d a ( F . ,
dpdGf

ejkpsine

(3.1)

A=Ep:,,u(n-~,-Q-n/2)~pe,8(n-B,-Q)

-~

~ 6~ , -G)Ep:peu(n ( n - - 6 , -4 - 7~/2).(2.20)

Note that the antenna far-field phase reference is referredto as the coordinate origin shown in Fig. 1. A physical interpretation of (2.19) can be made and illustrated in Fig. 1. We note (e,$) is measured that the test antenna pattern in the direction by the probe pattern in the directions (n - 8 , -6) and (n - 8 , -4 -n/2).Hence, if theprobepatternhasa nullinthese directions, there is no way to recover the information ( E , e , Ea$) in this (e, 6)direction since A = 0 in (2.20). Also, for the directions in which A + 0, the probe pattern compensation is not possible. This is the meaning of the notion of linear independence for the two probe measurements. Furthermore, e) (2.19)shouldbemultipliedbythefactorexp(-jkzocos if theantenna far-fieldcenter is shifted to apointwitha coordinate z = zo alongthe z axis. Thereadercaneasily - Q) sin cos (4 - Q) = sin COS (9 verify that if the probe pattern is taken to be the one due to an infinitesimal current element, then (2.19) reduces to + (c, cos Q + C, sin Q) (2.13). of nearTheprecedingresultsareusefulforanykind - (c, cos Q + C, sin 4) (3.2) field planar geometry so long as the probe keeps its orientation where C, and C, areunknownconstantsyettobedeterT i e d while the plane is scanned. Ignoring the normalization mined. To combine the first two terms on the right side of constants, the result in (2.19) is identical to that obtained in (3.2) we introduce the following functions: [ 7 ] wherein a plane wave spectral analysis approach is used. We believe that the procedure derived herein offers a useful 77 sin (Y = sin 6 sin C, alternativeapproachforobtainingaclearunderstanding of the probe pattern compensation concept. qcos(Y=sinecosQ+c,. (3.3) It is most significant to note that with the earlier assump tion that on C the probe and test antenna fields are the same 7 becomes zero at the observation It is now demanded that without the other device present, the as those radiated , as angle ( O B , @ B ) . This allows one to determine C , and C vector convolutions. If the resultant forms (2.3) and 2.5) are probe were an infinitesimal dipole, then clearly this delta C, = -sin O B COS QB functionprobecurrentwouldresult in adirectmeasure of the true test antenna field. The probe directivity compensation c, = -sin e B sin QJj (3.4) process is therefore observed t o be simply a vector deconvoluand, furthermore, to express 1) and a by tion of thevectorconvolutionsineither(2.10)or(2.11). That is, a correction is needed for the probe directivity being = &in e sin Q c,)2 (sin COS Q c,)z other than thatof an infinitesimal dipole. Note that with the assumption that on theprobeand sin 0 sin Q C , test antenna radiate their free-space radiation fields, the (Y = tan-1 (3.5) sin e cos Q c, measurement process is always a vector convolution providing

scan or measurement plane. In where a is the radius in the practice a is always bounded and its extent is determined by the degree of accuracy needed for the far-field result. Further commentsonthismatter will be given inSection V. For this reason the operation lim a + m is omitted in the subsequent discussion. Since we will shortly evaluate (3.1) by the Jacobi-Bessel series [ 171 , the coordinate center of (3.1) will playasignificantrole.Fouriertransformation(3.1)hasits center at 6 = 0 where the exponential can be replaced with 1. In many cases it will be desirable to rearrange (3 .l) in a manner so that the transformation center islocatedat 8 = O B , 4 = 4~ where ( O B , 4 ~ designates ) thedirection of the pencil beam in the far-field pattern. As will be presented later if we can choose ( O B , &) as closely as possible to the actual far-fieldpencilbeamdirection, we canuseafewer number of the seriestermsforrapidconvergence. To thisend we introduce the following. Let

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2 , MARCH 1980

Incorporating (3.2)-(2.5) into (3.11, we arrive following expression for T , viz.,

at the

where

e'($)

4'

(-')e-jkp'(C, m P

cos$'+C,sin@')

(3.7)

As aFouriertransform,theintegrationof(3.6)canbe accomplished by using a variety of computational methods includingthe FFT. In thisuork,however,weemploythe Jacobi-Bessel series expansion, as it has very suitable features for constructing beam-shaped patterns and is compatible with in using the plane-polarmeasurementtechnique.Notethat t h e FFT onehas t o dealwithuniformlyspacedrectangular grids and,therefore,aninterpolationof all themeasured data is then necessary to transfertheplane-polarmeasured dataintotherectangular grid data.Thesuccessfulapplication of the Jacobi-Besselseries expansionhasalreadybeen demonstratedfor symme,tric andoffsetparabolicreflectors [ 161, [ 171. Some basic features of this expansion are summarized in Appendix B. Returning t o (3.6), let us first introduce a normalized variable
--.I

SomeimportantGatures of. (3.12)maybesummarizedas follows: 1) once , C , and D,, are determined, they can be in used for all observation angles; 2) the dominant behavior the vicinityof 71 = 0 is the well-knownAirydiscfunction J l ( l ) / g ; 3) the numerical evaluation of (3.10) is much simpler than (3.6) as its integrand does not contain the highly oscillatory Fourier transform kernel of (3.6). Having determined (3.1 2 ) we can then determine the test antenna far field from (2.19). In the next section we focus our attention on the numerical evaluation of (3.10) and (3.12). IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

p =aY,

(3.8)

in terms of a Fourier series and modified and then expand Jacobi polynomials, viz.,

As evident from (3.12), a doubly infinite summation must be performed t o determine the far field at a desired observation point. Although the Jacobi-Bessel series of (3.12) is convergent, the efficiency of the seriesisdeterminedbyits i (imconvergence at the upper limits, say 17 = N and m = h plying ( N 1)-(M -k 1) terms). A general purpose computer program has been developed based on the derivations given in the previous sections. In this section we devise some synthetic test antenna field distributions in order t o study the convergence of (3.12) for different:I1 and X . Of equal importance is the study of the effecr of and the need for probe directivity compensation. The formulation of the measurement as a convolution of the probe and test antenna fields on the measurement plane (2.3) will enable us t o utilize a synthetic probe field and thus determine precisely theeffectsofprobedirectivitycompensationfordifferent probe sizes.

A. Convergence Tests
As the first example, let us assume that the test antenna nearfield is uniformlydistributedinacircularregionwith radius d = 25 h and that the magnetic field is linearly polarized is in the direction. Furthermore, we assume that the probe an infinitesimal magnetic current element and scans a circular region of radius Q = 50 h. Thus, H,, from (2.5), is a direct measure of the antenna's near field, and we can implement this information-to evaluate integration (3.10), Note that for this exampleE , = 0. The importance of this convergence test derives from the fact that, although the far fieldofthis25 h distribution is the Airy disc function J l ( k d sin 6 ) / k d sin 8, where d = 25 the leading term of the Jacobi-Bessel series (3.12),
J l ( k a sin 0)

n=O m = O

(3.9) and D , are constant where Fm is defined by (B.2) and Cartesian vector coefficients constructed by using the orthogonalitypropertiesoftheexpansionfunctions.Using(B.5) one can readily show that these constants are obtainable from

e,,

x,

(3.10) where E, is the Neumann factor obtained in the Fourier series expansion and takes the following values:

ka sin I9

'

(3.1 1) Substituting (3.9) into (3.6) and fiially finds using(B.1)2nd (B.61, one

R=O

m=O

has as its argument a = 50 h. The main lobe of this Airy disc function is about one-half the width of the main lobe of the farfieldofthe d = 25 h aperture. The difference between these two terms must be filled in by the higher order terms of (3.12). In a real measurement the amplitude will not drop off as a step function, but the phase will generally be slowly varying over a central region (e.g., over d = 25 h) and then vary more and more rapidly over the remaining measurements area (>d and 6 ) becauseof the sphericalcharacterof the test antenna field beyond the projected aperture limits. Sincethetestantenna fieldandthusisindependentof d', the only nonzero coefficients are those with12 = 0. We thus evaluate(3.10)fordifferentvaluesof m , andtheresulting coefficients are substituted into (3.12) in order t o finally

'

RAHMAT-SAM11 e t al.: FAR-FIELD CONSTRUCTION FROM NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS

22 1

determine the far-field pattern from (2.19). Note that for an infinitesimal magnetic current in the 3, direction

= cos @,e, - cos

e,

sin ~ ~ p o ~ .

(4.1)

Theconvergence of the Jacobi-Besselseries is illustratedin Fig. 2 . The far-field pattern as a function of M is shown in -20 this figure and a comparison is made with the exact solution ([! - ?] times the Airy disc function). This is an extremely difficulttestforconvergencesincerealmeasuredfields will dB -30 vary relatively smoothly in amplitude with respect tothe radius. This synthetic distribution has a step-function variation. suffice for essentially Nevertheless, 12 terms of the series perfect accuracy to two full sidelobes and the first three nulls -40 of the field, down to level a of about -40 dB. In the foregoing example we dealtwithacircularlysymmetric aperture distribution. Let us now consider an aperture -50 distribution with no circular symmetry as shown in Fig. 3(a). --- u = 9 The synthetic near-field distribution is assumed t o be uniform & =I 7 ............ ,u=j inarectangularregionwithanx-polarizedmagneticfield. The scan region is chosen to be circular with a radius of a = 0 IO 23 50 h which circumscribes the rectangular geometry. Again we K a SIN : : I : is aninfinitesimalmagneticcurrent assumethattheprobe Fig. 2. Convergence test for circular distribution (N = 0). element. This convergence test is particularly stringent, not only becauseof theassumedstep-functioncharacterofthetest antenna field in the measurements plane, but also because of It is assumed that the antenna magnetic field gais polarized the rectangular geometry. The plane-polar measurement in the 2 direction and the probe consists of linearly polarized technique and Jacobi-Bessel algorithm were designed for magnetic current elements distributed in a circular region. measurements and computations wherein advantage could be As was stated earlier, the probe directivity compensation can taken of a reasonable degree of circular symmetry. What we be performed if theprobe rotates in thesamedirection as propose to demonstrate here is that even extreme degrees of the antenna rotation and with the same speed. Using this noncircular symmetry can be managed, albeit not as effi- fact it is easily found that the result of the convolution inteciently, using the same measurements method and the same gral in (2.3) will be independent of 6' for the model under algorithm. investigation. Referring t o Fig. 5 weplace the center of the Note that once the coefficients in (3.12) are determined, probeat p' andthenperformtheconvolutionintegralfor the far field at any observation point can be determined with different values of p' t o arrive at only minor additional computation time. For the rectangular I + in terms of distribution the exact far field can be expressed H , = ( n b 2 ) i ,p ' d -b , sinc ( * ) sinc ( * ) type functions. Fig. 3 demonstrates the g , = [ n b 2 - d COS n d b 2 - d 2 cos2 52 convergence of the series for different values of N and M in different far-field planar cuts. As is evident, due to the exces- b2 sin-l ( d / b COS 52) - 2p'd cos 52 sive lack of symmetry in 6' many coefficients are needed for proper determination of the far field. Nevertheless, with + d 2 COS A2 sin 52 d 2 sin-l(cos a)];, p'< L , M = N = 13, accurate results can be obtained down to almost the -40-dB level. G, = [-2p'd cos 52 d 2 cos sin A2-k a2 sin-l (cos 52) As our lastexampleweconsidertheconstruction of a difference pattern using the Jacobi-Bessel series. To this end a cos - d 2 cos2 524- b 2 we devise the near-field aperture distribution shown in Fig. 4. The far field of this distribution is also illustrated in Fig. 4, * sin-l ( ( d l b ) cos a)];, L <p f d + h , andit clearlyexhibitsthedifferencepatternwiththenull + at the center. It isworthmentioningthatthevalue of the H, = 0, p'>d b, (4.2) coefficient of the leading term of the series is a direct measure of the null depth of the difference pattern. where we note that B. Probe Directivity Compensated Patterns d 2 p f 2- b2 It is convenient to create a synthetic aperture distribution L = J ~ ,s i n S t = (4.3) 2dp and a synthetic aperture probe field which can be integrated inclosedform so as t o testboththeaccuracy of the softSubstituGng ( 4 . 2 ) into ( 2 . 7 ) and using (2.8), we can finally wareandtheeffectoftheprobecompensation.InFig. 5 a synthetic uniform aperture distribution of radius d is meas- determine T ( 0 , 4) from (3.1 2) and then obtain the far-field pattern using (2.19). Since the probe has a uniform circular ured over the scan area of radius a by a probe with a uniform distribution with radius b , its far-field pattern can readily be circulardistribution of radius b in themeasurementplane.

<

+ ndb2

<

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL. AP-28, NO. 2, MARCH 1980

1
0
5
) I

10

slhfu~

(C) Fig. 3. Convergence test for a rectangular distribution. (a) Far-field pattern in @ = 0" plane. (b) Far-field patternin 90" plane. (c) Far-field pattern in 0 = 45" plane.
@=

M = b4

13

20

10

0 SIN (g)

IO

20

Fig. 4.

Convergence test for a difference pattern.

RAHMAT-SAM11 e t al.: FAR-FIELD CONSTRUCTION FROM NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS

223

SYNTHETIC UNIFORM MAGNETIC AT PXOBE CURRENT

5'5i.

I'

- - - - COMPENSATED
NOT COMPENSATED

EXACT

I x

TEST ANTENNA APEPTURE AMPLITUDE

d = 451

d =45h

Fig. 5. Synthetic vector convolution for test.

determined as

I_ -60I 0 10

(4.4)
0

where the factor [2 J , ( k b sin B,)/(kb sin e,)] results from - - - - COMPENSATED b > 0 or the distributed nature of the probe field. FurtherNOT COMPENSATED -10 more, in deriving (4.4) we have assumed that the probe magnetic currentisorientedinthe j , direction.Notethataprobe N U L L OF x PROBE PATTERN diameter of 2b here would have a probe pattern corresponding to that of a realhornwithadiameter of about1.5 x (2b) sincethis synthetic probeaperturehasbothuniformphase -20 and amplitude-which a real horn does not possess. Employing (4.2) and (4.4) in the computer software, we generate the following numerical results. As an example, we let a = 50 h and d = 45 h. The probe radius b is vaned and in dB -30 eachcasetheresultantcomputedfieldsarepresefitedboth with and without probe directivity compensation. The results are compared with the exact result which is the. far-field pattern of a uniform circular aperture with radius d = 45 h. -40 Fig. 6(a) and (b) shows the compensated and noncompensated patterns for b = 3 h and 5 X,respectively. Even with asynthetic probe of diameter 2b. = 10 X, the far field is correctly found, withoutdirectivitycompensation,atthesecondsidelobe to -50 within approximately 3/4 of a decibel. A synthetic probe of diameter 2b = 6 h yieldsthesameaccuracy to the fourth sidelobeatthe-30-dBlevel. A syntheticprobe of diameter 2b = 2 X shows no difference between the compensated and -60 noncompensated patterns over the full range of ka sin 0 < , 40. The above results are extremely significant since they illustrate that real horns of diameters up to as much as 5 h Fig. 6. Probe pattern Compensation. (a) b = 3 h ( 1 1 ' = 0, M needlittle if anyprobecompensation,andrealprobes of (b)b=Sh(N=O,M=13). diameters in the neighborhood of 5-10 h also really need no probe compensation over most observation angles.
'

O'<

The question of the need for a larger probe also remains. A larger probe will undoubtedly lead t o a higher interaction betweentheprobeandtestantennaand,thus,morelikely violate the basic postulate required for probe compensation, Le., the free-space fields convolute in the measurement plane. The idea that a larger probe islesssensitive to chamber noise or reflections is also not necessarily valid in the planar geometrymeasurements.Theregion of measurementwherein noise is most likely to be troublesome is the region beyond the projected aperture (x > 45 h in Fig. 5, for example). In this region the test antenna field is not collimated but is divergent or approximately spherical asis evidenced by the rapid phase variations observed in many measurements. Thus a smaller probe with a greater directivity at wider angles than a larger probe will detect a stronger signal in this region. Thus a smaller probe, it seems, may have a larger signaljnoise ratio inthe region where this is most significant. This result is noted in the results of larger probes without probe directivity compensation.Inourresults, Fig. 6andothers,theuncompensated results invariably have lower sidelobes -a result of the tapering of the apparent measured fields, or stated otherwise, the lottzer serzsitivitv of the largerprobes in the outer regions of the measurements area. In Fig. 6(b), in the vicinity of ku sin 0 = 238, probe directivitycompensation is not possiblesince theprobepattern (4.4) has a null at ka sin OP = +38. In other words, the determinantofthevectordeconvolutionmatrixin (2.20), 3,is near zero at this value of 0,. It is thus not possible for a large 0, = 7~ - 0 (Fig. 1) to besensitive t o probe with a zero at the test antenna field in the 0 direction.
V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIOK

An experiment was performed using the Viking high gain paraboloid reflector antenna (used for Mars orbiter communications). The geometry of this antenna is shown in Fig. 7(a) and the operating frequency is in X-band at 8.415 GHz ( h = 1.407" = 3.561 cm). The plane-polar measurements were obtained using the near-field facility at JPL (which was originally designed for cylindrical a geometry). Fig. 7(b) illustratestheexperimentalsetupwhereintheprobemoves vertically and the antenna rotates on its horizontal axis. Special care was devoted t o align the axis of rotation so that it was perpendicular to the probe's vertical motion. The probe was an undersized dielectrically loaded and open-ended waveguide with a far-field pattern similar to that of a small magneticdipoleinitsforwarddirection.Thischaracteristichas been verified experimentally by comparing the probe farfield patternwiththepatternofan idealmagneticdipole. Due to this Observation it is not necessary to rotate the probe in a direction the same as the antenna rotation, thereby making it possible t o relate the measured output of the probe to the polar components of the antenna near field, which may then be easily transformed back t o Cartesian components. The probe was positioned at z o = 58.68" = (149.05 cm) from the antennaaperture.Thetotalexcursionoftheprobeduring measurements, namely, the radius of the scan area, w'as a = 60" (152.4 cm), while the data were measured at radial intervalsof every 0.4" (1.016 cm). At every radial position of the probe the data were sampled at intervals of every 0.5", as the antenna rotated, and recorded digitally. These data were recorded for two orthogonal orientations of the probe. The total number of measured data pointsconsisted of 710 (=360/ 0.5') points on each of 150 (=60"/0.4") rings. We thus col-

lectedarelativelydensesample of data in order to perform parameter studies on the accuracy of the computed far-field patterns. A typical near-field measurement on a ring is shown in Fig. 8. These near-field data were used in conjunction with (3.10) to compute the c' and 0' coefficients. The computer algorithm was designed so that it first takes the data on each ring and performs the 3' integration using a trapezoidal rule and then usesSimpson'srule to perform the integration in p ' . In this in manner only a limited quantity of data need be employed the computer core at any given time.Thispermitsthepossibility of computing large quantities of data, in excess of the computer core maximum storage. In addition, the algorithm computes all four coefficients C,, C , DX, and D,,at once for any I I and m , thus saving a considerable amount of computation time. Having obtained the coefficients we can determine T from (3.1 2) for any observation point, which finally leads us to the determination of the far-field pattern from (2.19). Noticethat,asstatedbefore,theprobepatternwastaken t o be the pattern of a magnetic dipole as given in (4.1) and, therefore, no probe directivity correction was necessary. Study of the measured near-field analog data has revealed that while the probe resides in the projected aperture of the Viking antenna(onthescanplane)theamplitudeandthe phasehavearelativelysmoothbehavior,andastheprobe scans away from the projected aperture more and more rapid variations (particularly in phase) are observed. This is expected, since theradiated fieldbecomesmoresphericaloutsidethe projectedaperturereaon.Thescanboundary wasextended to a radial level wherein the amplitude of the near field drops at least t o a -35- t o -40-dB level relative to the value on its axis. It is worth mentioning that the rapid variation of the field is observed morestronglyintheradialthantheazimuthal direction. Note that in our computer algorithm we first integrate over $', which allows us t o deal with the smoother variation of the integrand first. In particular, as the near-field data exhibit more circularly symmetric characteristics, the integration over q i ' can be performed accurately with relatively widely spaced data points. This results in a wider spacing for sampling the data as the antenna rotates. Fig.9displaysthefar-fieldpatternconstructedfromthe near-fielddataforbothrightcircularlypolarized(RCP)and left circularly polarized (LC?) components. In this figure comparison is made between far-field patterns as a function of different densities of the near-field measured data. For instance, the designation 2 X 75 X 72 means that the spacing in the radial direction is Ap' = 2 X 0.4" = 0.57 h, the number of radiallayers of ringsofmeasurement is 75(which gives the radius of the scan areas as a = 75 X 0.8" = 60"), and the sampled spacing used in the azimuthal direction is Ap' = (720 X 0.5')/72 = 5'. Therefore, the results depicted in Fig. 9 demonstratethedependenceofthe far-field pattern on both the data spacing and the radius of the scan area. Note that ordinarily it is not difficult t o vary the sampled spacing in 9' as a function of radial position p ' , if it is desirable t o maintain an approximate specified Cartesian separation between points in certain areas of the scanned measurement (---) curveinFig. 9, the fararea. As is evidentfromthe fieldpattern is identicalforangularseparations of (720 x 0.5')/73 = 5' and (720 X 0.5')/144 = ?.So. Thisresult is expected because the near-field data have a relatively smooth variation in 9' and the data are more densely distributed in the

RAHMAT-SAM11 e,t al.: FAR-FIELD CONSTRUCTION FROM NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS

225

(b) Fig. 7. (a) Geometrical layout of Viking orbiter high gain antenna. (b) Experimental setup: near-field plane-polar measurements.

-10

I !

5 E

-20

-30

-40

I 00

I 120

I
180
9idegl

I
240

I 300

Fig. 8.

Viking orbiter near-zone linear circumferential measurement -f= 8.415 GHz.

226

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rC?

/-

-40

I . I I I ,

3
2
I I . l , l , l , l , l
4

5
d

O
B (dqJ

2
+ = 1%"

" 0 3 3 . 4

(b)

Fig. 9.

Experimentaldata:far-fieldfromnear-fielddataversusnumberofdatapoints: (a X 0 X y); a = Ap'/(0.4"), p = or/Ap', -y = 360"/A@'. (a) RCP = principal polarization. (b) LCP = cross polarization.

inner radial rather than the outer radial region.Comparison ) and (---) reveals that the patterns are of the curves ( almost identical up to a n obserCation angle near the peak of the first sidelobe. For these two cases the radius of the scan area is either a = 2 X 75 X 0.4" = 60'' o r a = 2 X 5 5 X 0.4" = 44",respectively.Thesameobservationcanbemadefrom curves (---) and (-----). Comparison of ( ) and (---)reveals that for approximately the same radius of the scan area, namely2 x 75 X 0.4" = 60" and 3 X 4 9 X 0.5'' = 58.8", a difference can be observed in the level of the beam maximum and the sidelobes as a function of the data spachg in the radial direction. Note that for ( ) A p f = 2 X 0.4" = 0.57 h, and that for (---) Ap' = 3 X O.4lf = 0.86 A. The curve ) is the result of the far-field computation from thenearfield data due to the scan area of radius 3 X 25 X 0.4" = 30" which is almost equal to the radius of the antenna aperture, namely, 29". Evidently, the computed far field for this case

(....

is erroneous because the scan area was .not extended far enough.Theaboveobservationsagreewithsome of t h e results reported in [ 201 for the rectdngular scan geometry. Fig. 10 demonstrates the convergence of the Jacobi-Bessel series (3.12) for the determination of the RCP and LCP farfieldcomponents.Forthisexampleweconsidertheresults planeandusethe 3 x 4 9 X 72data in the 4 = 90'-270' density. Notice that for this case the radius of the scan area, 3 X 49 X 0.4" = 58.8", is almost two times the radius of the Viking antenna aperture, 29". Clearly, we need at least M = : V = 9 terms of the series t o obtainaconvergingsolution for the angular region of 0 = ' 0 t o 25'. Thisconclusionis compatible with our earlier obseriation, discussed in Section IV, for the synthetic aperture distribution shown Fig. in 4. Finally, in Fig. 1 1 a comparison is made between the actual measured far-field patterns and those constructed using near-field measured data. Patterns are shown for two almost

RAHMAT-SAM11 e t al.: FAR-FIELD CONSTRUCTION FROM NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS

227

R=Y
l ' l ' , ~ l ' l ~ l ~ l r l ~ l r

0-

'

-13

dB -20-

3
4

0
el< 9 ldeg)

9 270'
~

+ = 90"

L
~~

--c

c b )

Fig. 10. Experimental data: far-field from near-field data versus numberof Jacobi-Bessel series terms. (a) RCP = principal polarization. (b) LPC = cross polarization.

orthogonal planar cuts, namely, qi = 150' and 4 = 250'. In each figure the RCP and LCP components of the far-field are shown. The axial ratio is also included in these figures. Information such as the axial ratio, tilt angle, etc., are very easily obtained from near-field measured data by simple data processing. Theconstructedpatternsfromnear-fieldpatternsare sketchedin ( ) andthemeasuredfar-fieldpatternsare shownin (---). Thelatterweremeasuredalmostfiveyears before the near-field data. As observed, agreement between the RCP components is very good, especially in the qi = 150' cut. This difference is due to the lack of accuracy in measuring the LCP componentinthe far-fieldrange (noticethatthetwo far-field measured cuts, Q = 150' and qi = 250, do not agree for LCP in the boresight direction). Good agreement was observed for other far-field planar cuts. In particular, we constructed the far-field pattern from the near-field data for the I$ = 0'-180' cut, so as to obtain Fig. 1 2 , and found that

this is the most nearly symmetric pattern cut. This agrees very well with the geometrical layout of the antenna as shown in Fig. 7 and is an indication that the near-field data have been accurately measured. Note that in Fig. 1 2 the heavy line in the reflector indicates the locationof the waveguide feed as shown in Figs. 8 and 7(a).

VI. CONCLUSION
The applicability of the planar configuration with a probe scanning a polar geometry has been demonstrated for the determination of the far field from near-field measurements. The concept of probe compensation as a vector deconvolution allowed us to useasyntheticaperturetoobtainnumerical resultswhichpermittedus t o preciselyevaluatethedegree of needforprobedirectivitycompensation.Fortheprobes withpatternsdifferentfromthesmalldipolepatternit is necessary that the probe rotates in the same direction as

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-28, NO. 2, MARCH 1980

5
4

9 - 70-

_ 0_

I-

250-

elaeg;

----

(b) Fig. 11. Experimental data: comparison of direct measured far field against far field constructed from near-field measured data. (a) 0 = 150" cut. (b) 0 = 250" cut.

the antenna rotation in order to keep the probe orientation has the option of either compensating or not compensating h i s can be achieved either for the directivity of the probe. fixed with respect to the antenna. T mechanically or electronically.Forsmalldipoleprobesthe rotation of the probe is not necessary. IthasbeendemonAPPENDIX A strated via some computer simulations that the probe pattern compensationhasa negligible effect on thefirstfewsideFOURIER TRANSFORMS AS FUNCTIONS O F Eo, Ed lobes, even when the probe diameter is as large as 5 h.Some TheFouriertransformrelations of (2.14) and(2.15)are unique features of the Jacobi-Bessel series applied tothe found as follows. From Rusch and Potter [ 211 we note that plane-polargeometryhavebeendiscussedanditsadvantages the Fraunhoffer fieldof the probe magnetic current isproover FFT forthisgeometryhavebeenpresented.Far-field patterns of the Vikinghigh gain antenna have been constructed portional as from near-field patterns and good agreement has been observed. Although not reported here, the substitution method hasbeenused t o determine the absolute gain, and veryaccurateresultshavebeenobtained.Ageneralcomputerproof Jangential on t h e gram has been developed for processing the near-field measuredwhere f is theFouriertransform measurement plane. Expanded into 0 and 4 components dataanddeterminingthe far-field patterns. The algorithm

iP

KAHMAT-SAM11 e t 01.: FAR-FIELD CONSTRUCTION FROM NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS

229

Fig. 12.

this cut).

(the ; component removed by (1- %.), we get

The results for f [&I and F [gal in terms of E,b) and (E,@, E,@) are found similarly. It is then readily verified resultant i i p a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ Q i [ ~ p ] x + c o ~ ~ s i n $that F [ the ~ p ] , ) products in (2.1 l), namely,

+ $(-sin @F[Zp], + COS @ F [ Z P ] , ) .

The

zpfield is found from

iip,

in terms of ( E a e , Ea6) and ( E p @ E , p d ) , both take the same

form as shown in the result of (2.16). APPENDIX B JACOBI-BESSEL SERIES EXPANSION Inthisappendixwederivesomebasicidentitiesforthe Jacobi-Bessel series expansion. These identities clearly establishourmotivationforusingthe series in the evaluation of (3.6). The Fourier series or trigonometric basis functiops can be integrated against the Fourier transform kernel to result in

zpa;x

valid in the far zone, so

.ZP ai (sinQF[Zp],

-cosQFIZp],) +i cos COS OFIZp], + sin @F[I?,],,).

From (A.4) we readily solve for the result in (2.1 5). In order toderive (2.14) we commence with

E', a ( !

F;)

F[?a]

from [ 181, where J', is the test antenna source elecfric current distribution.Theanalogueof(A.2) is derived from(A.5), and then wereadily solve for

F[S,]

a? -[cos QE,o

where J , is the nth order Bessel function. Next we define the modified Jacobi polynomialsas

cos e
1

- cos 0 sin $Ea0]

(A.6) real numberand P is theJacobipolynomial where CY is a obtained from Rodrigues' formula [22]

+ i - [ sin Erie + cos 0 cos QEU0] cos e

( I

We now note that on the measurement plane

P, ".P(x) =

(- 1)" 2-m

4X F[7,]= F[G,].
Using this resultin(A.6)wearrivedirectlyatthedesired (2.14).

(A.7)

m!

(1 -x)-"

I . .

23 0

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS PROPAGATION, AND

VQL. AP-28, NO. 2, MARCH 1980

which also satisfies the following recurrence relation:

I131 D. M. Kerns, Plane-wave scattering-Matrix theory of antemas and

antenna-antenna interactions. Nat. Bur. Stand. Boulder. CO, Rep. NBSIR 78-890, 1978. 1141 L. J . Kaplan, T.B. Dowling, J. D. Hanfling, andH. R. Grimm, Rapid planar near field measurements, Microwe J.. pp. 75-77. Jan. 1979. [I51D.Slepian, Prolate spheroidal wave functions, Fourier analysis and uncertainty-IV: Extensions to many dimensions; generalized prolate spheroidal functions, Bell Syst. Tech. J . . vol. 43, pp. 3009-3057, July-Dec. 1964. 161 V.-Galindo-Israel and R. M i m . A new series representation for the radiation integral with application to reflector antennas, ZEEE Trans. Anrennas Propagor.. vol. AP-25, pp. 631-641, Sept. 1977. 171 R. Mittra, Y. Rahmat-Samii, V. Galindo-Israel, and R. Norman, An efficient technique for the computation of vector secondary patterns of offset paraboloid reflectors. IEEE Trans. Anfennas Propo,qar.. vol. AP-27, pp. 296304, May 1979. 181 V. Galindo-Israel, Y. Rahmat-Samii, and R. Miara,A plane-polar approach for far-field reconstruction from near-field measurements, uresented at the 1979 Int. IEEE/AP-S Svmp., Seattle, WA, June 1979. [I91 F. H. Larsen andJ. E. Hansen, A dual-polarized probe system for near-field measurements, presented at the I979 Int. IEEE/AP-S Symp., Seattle, WA, June 1979. [20]A. D. Yaghjian, Upper-bound errors in far-field antenna parameters determined from planar near-field measurements. Part 1: Analysis. Nat. Bur. Stand.. Boulder. CO. NBSTech. Note667, 1975. 1211 W. Rusch andP. Potter. AnalwisqfRqflecror Anrennas. New York: Academic 1970. [22] W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger, and R. P. Soni, Fornmlas and Theorems for the Special Functions o f Mathematical Physics. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1966. [23) Bateman Manuscript Project. Tables of 1nte.qral Transforms. Vol. 11. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954.

2(m

+ l)(a+ m + l)(a + 2m) P , +l(~O)(x) = [ ( a+ 2m)(a + 2m + l)(a + 2m + 2)x + a2(a + 2m + ~ ) ] P , ( ~ ~ o ) ( x ) - 2m(a + m)(a + 2m + 2)P,-,(.o)(x).

(B.4)

The above recurrence relation can be used to generate F, in (B.2). Furthermore, one can establish the following orthogonalityandintegrationpropertiesfor F,, [ 121, [ 151, [ 231 :

and
I1
1

Formulas ( B . l ) , (B.S), and (B.6) are key expressions for the evaluation of (3.6). ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors ,would like t o thank Mr. R. Thomas and

Yahya Rahmat-Samii (S73-75-SM79) for a bio-mphy and photograph please see page 782 of the November 1979 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.

M r . G. Voyles for performing the measurements, Dr. K. Woo

for h i s encouragement, and Ms. G . Guzman for her typing of the manuscript.

Victor Galindo-Israel (S52-M57SM75-F77) was with the Hughes Aircraft Company and the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory from 1954 to 1960, where he performed research and development work in antenna and microwave problems. From 1960 to REFERENCES 1964 he was a part time Associate and Research C.E. Kirchhoff. Large aperture pattern measurement facility. in Specialist at the University of California, Berkeley, Proc. 1978 Anrenrla ApplicationsS~rnp.. Urbana, IL, Sept. 1978. and a part time Senior Microwave Engineer at the R. C. Johnson. H. A. Ecker. and J. S. Hollis, Determinationof far field Dalmo-Victor Corporation. He was a Member of the antenna pattern from near field measurements, Proc. IEEE. vol. 61, pp. Technical Staff at Bell. Laboratories. Inc., from 1668-1694, Dec. 1973. 1964 to 1969, andthen a Senior Staff Scientist at D. M. Kerns and E. S. Dayhoff, Theory of diffraction in microwave TRW Systemsuntil joining Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, interferometry, J . Res. Nar. Bur. Srand.. vol. 64B. pp. 1-13. Jan.Blacksburg. as Professor of Electrical Engineering in September 1971. During Mar. 1960. the fall of 1973, he was a Full Professor of Electrical Engineering at the D. M. Kerns, Correction of near-field antenna measurements made University of the Negev. and in December of that year he joined the Jet with an arbitrary but known measuring antenna, Elecrron. M r . . vol. 6. hopulson Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, as a pp. 346-347, May 1970. Member of the Technical Staff at Section Staff level. He has published and W. M. Leach, Jr., Probe compensated near-field measurements on a presented a great many papers throughout the world in the areas of radomes, cylinder, Ph.D. dissertation. Georgia Inst. Tech., Atlanta. Aug. 1972. reflector antenna synthesis. omniantennas, polarization studies, microwave and F. Jensen, Electromagnetic near-field far-field correlations, Ph.D. electromagnetic theory. near-field analysis and measurements, and extensively dissertation. Tech. Univ. Denmark, Lyngby, July 1970. on the analysis and design of phased array antennas and periodic st~ctures. He D. T. Paris. W.M. Leach. Jr.. and E. B. Joy, Basic theory of has published a book on the theory and analysis of phased array antennas (New probe-compensated near-field measurements. IEEE Trans. A~tennas York: Wiley. Mar. 1972). Asecond book on reflector analysis and synthesis is P r o p q a t . . vol. AP-26. pp. 373-379, May 1978. currently in preparation. He has also participated with contributions and E. B. Joy. W. M. Leach, Jr., G. P. Rodrigue. and D.T. Paris, presentations in short courses at Northeastern University, UCLA, West Coast Applications of probe-compensated near-field measurements, I University. and University of Southern California. His research and Trans. Anrennas P r o p a q t . . vol. AP-26, pp. 379-389, May 1978. publications include many significant basic advances in engineering and also in A. C. Newell. R. C. Baird, and P. F. Wacker, Accurate measurement the area of numerical analysis of inteed and differential equations. of antenna gain and polarization at reduced distances by an extrapolation Dr. Galindo-Israel is a member of Eta Kappa Nu. Tau Beta Pi. and Sigma Xi technique, IEEE Trans. Anrennar Propagat.. vol. AP-21. pp. 418(Cal. Tech.).He is the recipient of several scholastic awards. He was elected a 431. July 1973. Fellow to the IEEE (1977) for contributions to the theory and analysis of phased G. V. Borgiotti, Inte,pl equation formulation for probe corrected far array and reflector antennas. He recently received first prize for the Best Paper Trans. field reconstruction from measurements on a cylinder, I published in 1977 in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON A N T E N N A S AND Antennas Propa.qar.. vol. AP-26, pp. 572-578, July 1978. FROPAGATION. He is an elected f u l l member of URSI Commission B. J. Brown and E. V. Jull, The prediction of aerial radiation pattern from near-field mesurements, Proc. IEE. vol. IOgB, pp. 635424, Nov. 1961. R a j Mittra (S54-M57SM69-F71) for a biography and photograph please P. F. Wacker, Non-planar near-field measurements: Spherical see page 782 of the November 1979 issue of this TRANSACTIONS. scanning, Nat. Bur. Stand., Boulder, CO, Rep. NBSIR 75-809. 1975.