Regulation of Flowering Time through Histone Deacetylation of Florigen Gene of Flowering Time Summery Paper Jarren Adam Salt

Lake Community College

Introduction: The devolvement of plant depends greatly on timing. The plant has certain time from when it transitions from vegetative state to a reproductive state. It is very important for the plant to change for reproductive success in the flowering of the plant. Timing of plants is synchronizing with the changing of the season to flower at the correct time. The timing can change with different seasonal variables like high latitude. In this experiment they use the Arabidopsis thaliana to determine the flowering locus. The photoperiod pathway determines the responses of plants to the relative lengths of the light and dark periods by chemicals reactions. The photoperiod pathway works with CO to determine day length because CO decreases greatly at night. The chemical compound in plants, like histone acetylation and de-acetylation, regulate the plants chromatin structure and gene expression that determines the photoperiod pathway. The histone acetylation specifically is involved with plant gene regulation. De-acetylation affects the plant by decreasing at night, which gives the plant a timing response to know the day is up. It is an expressed florigen gene in the flowering locus to reduce the flowering at night. The experiment is using two functional relatives of the yeast SAP30 (protein) to change the acetylation level of flowering locus chromatin upon flowering locus start and at the end of long days. Reasons for Research: The reason for the research is to understand plants better. By understanding the plants we learn more about their genes and how their system works with chemical reactions, and gain more understanding of a major part of our ecosystem. Goal is to understand the genes and time of the developmental change from a vegetative to a reproduction state. The more we understand the genes and the development change from vegetative to reproductive state the better we can produce food from plants (like farming) and learn ways to improve food from plants.

Method and Materials: The plants were monitored by putting different plants in long days (16h light/8-h dark) or short days (8-h light/16-h dark) under white fluorescent light at 22C. The researchers used a system called yeast two-hybrid assay which is a coding sequence for the multiple plants that were used and introduced into the yeast strain. The yeast was seen on selective media lacking of leucine, tryptophan, and histidine. RNA analysis by real time quantitative PCR was used to find the total RNAs that were extracted from aerial parts of 10- to 11-d-old seedlings grown in long days. It is the measurement of the gene expression has been used extensively in monitoring the biological response to flowering locus. The use of plasmid constructor was used because it is a good cloning vector. It carries origin of replication and can replicate by themselves. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation was a total chromatin that was taken from the ten day old seedlings of first pair of rosette leaves from 13-d-old seedlings grown in the later days immunoprecipitated with acetylated histone. Result: The researchers found that Arabidopsis has any functional relatives of ScSAP30 which is an amino acid sequence. They wanted to find similar proteins that are located in each other and the nucleic acid binding (Sin3-binding region). They found loss of function in the plant when they altered the protein sequence. There was mutation that resulted in a bad change in the plants (number of leaves, flowing time change, narrower leaf blade, increased leaf start rate, and the proper leaf growth) the timing in the plant with the day light and season was out of order. There was early and late flowering which damaged the plant. But there are genetic pathways promoting flowering in Arabidopsis, including the autonomous, photoperiod, vernalization, and thermosensory pathways. The idea was to avoid the mutation like Cells in leaf vein effect the day length and was found that CO flowering locus is a regulatory component of the photoperiod

pathway to control flowering. CO is required for the flowering time to down regulation at the end of long days and CO directly binds to the flowering time chromatin. Discussion: In this study we have found that CO is a down regulation for the end of long day with timing of the flower with the plants. Histone deacetylation is focused on the florigen gene on the flowering locus to reduce the flowering at dusk in longer days in Arabidopsis. The CO acts more of recruiter for Histone deacetylation for the plant to make sure there is the correct flowering time. They found out a temporary mechanics for a chromatin (Histone deacetylation) for plant to regulate their timing in higher plants. Conclusion: That plant has chemical reactions that effect their flowering time due to the time of the day and the season. By altering proteins in the plant, it mostly causes bad mutation but there are some positives. Histone deacetylation is the main chemical that makes sure there is correct flowering time due to the CO. The plant needs to change to vegetative state to a reproductive state in the flowering of the plant to reproduce. Limitation of this Study: This study is based on surveillance of the multiple plants and understanding the chemical structure through experiments of plants through protein and DNA/RNA coding.

Bibliography http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001649#s3