Section 9.

5
C09S05.001: First note that


1
1
1
= +
. Then
x(1 x)
x 1x

1
dx =
x(1 x)


1 dt;

ln

x
= Cet ;
1x

x(0)
2
=
= C = 2;
12
1 x(0)

x
= 2et ;
1x

x = 2(x 1)et ;

(1 2et )x = 2et ;

C09S05.002: First note that



1
1
=
x(10 x)
10

1
dx =
10x x2
ln


1
1
+
. Thus
x 10 x

1 dt;

x
= 10t + C1 ;
10 x

x
= Ce10t ;
10 x
C=

x
1
= e10t ;
10 x
9

1
1
C09S05.003: First note that
=
2
1x
2
1
dx =
1 x2


dx = 10t + C1 ;

1
;
9

9x = 10e10t e10t x;

(9 + e10t )x = 10e10t ;

ln

2et
2
.
=
t
2e 1
2 et

1
1
+
x 10 x

1
x(0)
=
= C;
10 1
10 x(0)

x(t) =

 

x
= t + C1 ;
1x

x(t) =

10e10t
10
=
.
9 + e10t
1 + 9e10t


1
1
+
. Hence
1x 1+x
 


1 dt;

1+x
= 2t + C1 ;
1x

1
1
+
1+x 1x


dx = 2t + C1 ;

1+x
= Ce2t ;
1x

1+3
= C = 2;
13

(1 + x) = 2e2t (1 x);

(1 2e2t )x = (1 + 2e2t );

x(t) =

C09S05.004: First note that

1
1
=
9 4x2
6

2e2t + 1
.
2e2t 1


1
1
+
. Thus
3 + 2x 3 2x
1

1
6

 

1
1
+
3 + 2x 3 2x


dx =

1 dt;

1
1
ln(3 + 2x) (3 2x) = 6t + C1 ;
2
2
ln

3 + 2x
= 12t + C2 ;
3 2x

3 + 2x = (3 2x)e12t ;

3 + 2x
= Ce12t ;
3 2x

3+0
= C = 1;
30

2x + (2x)e12t = 3e12t 3;

x(t) =

C09S05.005: First note that

1
1
=
x(5 x)
5

1
1
+
x 5x


.

Therefore


1
1
+
x 5x



ln 


dx = 15 dt;


 x 
15t


 5 x  Ae

x(0) = 8,

so

A=


x 
= 15t + C;
5x

(where A = eC > 0);

8
.
3

Also x > 0 and 5 x < 0.

Hence
x
8
= e15t ;
x5
3
x(t) =

3x = 8xe15t 40e15t ;

40e15t
;
3 8e15t

x(t) =

40
.
8 3e15t

C09S05.006: We are to solve

1
dx = 3 dt,
x(x 5)

x(0) = 2.

Thus




x5

 = 15t + C;
ln 
x 


x
1

dx = 15 dt;
x5 x


x5
15t


 x  = Ae
x>0

(A = eC > 0).

and x 5 < 0,

x(0) = 2,

so

A =

so

5x
= Ae15t .
x

5x
3
= e15t ;
x
2

3
:
2
2

3(e12t 1)
.
2(e12t + 1)

10 2x = 3xe15t ;

x(t) =

10
.
2 + 3e15t

C09S05.007: We are to solve



1
1
+
x 7x


dx = 28 dt,

x(0) = 11.



 x 


 7 x  = 28t + C;
x(0) = 11 :
4x = 11(x 7)e28t ;
x(t) =

77e28t
;
11e28t 4



 x 
28t


 7 x  = Ae
A =

11
,
4

x > 0,

(A = eC > 0).
7 x < 0.

4x 11xe28t = 77e28t ;
x(t) =

77
.
11 4e28t

C09S05.008: Given:
1
dx = 7 dt,
x(x 13)


A =


1
1

dx = 91 dt;
x 13 x


 x 13 
91t


 x  = Ae .
4
,
17

x > 0,

x(0) = 17.


 x 13 
 = 91t + C;
ln 
x 
x(0) = 17 :
x 13
4 91t
=
e ;
x
17

x 13 > 0.

17x 221 = 4xe91t ;

x(t) =

221
.
17 4e91t

C09S05.009: Given:
dP
= kP 1/2 ;
dt

P (0) = 100,

P  (0) = 20.

Separation of variables yields

P 1/2 dP = k dt;
20 = 2(P0 )1/2 = C :
20 = P  (0) = k 10 :

k = 2;

2P 1/2 = C + kt.

2
P (t) = 10 + 12 kt .
P (t) = (10 + t)2 .

Therefore in one year there will be P (12) = 222 = 484 rabbits.

C09S05.010: If the death rate is proportional to P 1/2 (and = 0), then
dP
= kP 1/2 P = kP 1/2 ;
dt
3

P (0) = 900,

P (6) = 441.

Separation of variables yields

P 1/2 dP = k dt;
60 = C :

2P 1/2 = C kt.

2P 1/2 = 60 kt.

2 21 = 60 6k :

2P 1/2 = 60 3t;

P (t) =

60 3t
2

k = 3.

2
.

Clearly P (t) = 0 when t = 20. Answer: 20 weeks.

C09S05.011: If = aP 1/2 and = bP 1/2 , then
dP
= (a b)P 1/2 P = kP 1/2
dt
where k = a b. In part (b) we will use the information that P0 = P (0) = 100 and P (6) = 169. For
Part (a):
P 1/2 dP = k dt;
1

P (t) =

Therefore P (t) =

2 kt

1
2 kt

+ 12 C


2

2P 1/2 = C + kt
P0 =

 1 2
:
2C

(C > 0);

1
P0
2C =

(because C > 0).

2
P0

Part (b): Here we have

P (t) =

1

2 kt

2
+ 10 .

Thus
3k + 10 = 13;

196 = P (6) = (3k + 10)2 ;

k=1


2
P (t) = 10 + 12 t .

(because k > 0).

Thus after one year there will be P (12) = 162 = 256 sh in the lake.
C09S05.012: Here we have
dP
= kP 2 ;
dt

P (0) = 12 (in 1988),

P (10) = 24 (in 1998).

Thus

1
dP = k dt;
P2

1
= C kt;
P

1
.
C kt

12 = P (0) =

P (t) =
P (t) =

12
.
1 12kt

24 = P (10) =
4

1
:
C
12
:
1 120k

k =

1
.
240

P (t) =

240
,
20 t

0
t < 20.

There will be four dozen alligators in the swamp when P (t) = 48: t = 15; that is, in the year 2003. Because
P (t) + as t 20 , doomsday occurs in the year 2008.
C09S05.013: The birth rate is = aP (t) and the death rate is = bP (t) where a > b > 0. Thus
dP
= [aP (t) bP (t)] P (t) = kP 2
dt
where k = a b > 0. As usual, let P0 = P (0). Then

1
dP = k dt;
P2

1
= C kt;
P

P (t) =

1
.
C kt

Part (a):
P0 = P (0) =

1
,
C

so

P (t) =

P0
.
1 kP0 t

Part (b): With P0 = 6, P (10) = 9, and t measured in months:

P (t) =

6
;
1 6kt

k =

9 = P (10) =

1
;
180

P (t) =

6
;
1 60k

180
.
30 t

Because P (t) + as t 30 , doomsday occurs when t = 30 months.

C09S05.014: The birth rate is = aP (t) and the death rate is = bP (t) where b > a > 0. Thus
dP
= [aP (t) bP (t)] P (t) = kP 2
dt
where k = b a > 0. As usual, let P0 = P (0). Then

1
dP = k dt;
P2

1
= C + kt;
P

P (t) =

1
.
C + kt

Then
P0 = P (0) =

1
,
C

so

P (t) =

P0
.
1 + kP0 t

The rabbit population dies out in the long run: Because k and P0 are positive,
lim P (t) = lim

P0
= 0.
1 + kP0 t

C09S05.015: Measure P in millions and t in years, with t = 0 corresponding to the year 1940. Given:
P (0) = 100, P  (0) = 1, and
dP
= kP (200 P )
dt
5

(k constant).

(1)

Note that

1
1
=
P (200 P )
200



1
1
+
. Thus
P
200 P

1
dP =
P (200 P )

ln

 


k dt;

P
= 200kt + C1 ;
200 P

1
1
+
P
200 P


dP = 200kt + C1 ;

P
= Ce200kt
200 P

100
= Ce0 = C;
100

P
= e200kt .
200 P

By Eq. (1), 1 = P  (0) = k 100(200 100) = 10000k, so k = 1/10000. Therefore

P
= et/50 ;
200 P

200 P
= et/50 ;
P

200
= 1 + et/50 ;
P

P (t) =

200
.
1 + et/50

Thus the population in the year 2000 (corresponding to t = 60) will be

P (60) =

200
153.7
1 + e6/5

(million).

C09S05.016: Given:
N  (t) = kN (t)(15000 N (t))
1
1
First note that
=
N (15000 N )
15000
 

1
1
+
N
15000 N

(k constant),

N (0) = 5000,

N  (0) = 500.


1
1
+
. So
N
15000 N


dN =

15000k dt;

ln

N
= C1 + 15000kt;
15000 N

N
= Ce15000kt
15000 N

5000
= C;
10000

N
1
= e15000kt ;
15000 N
2

500 = N  (0) = k 5000 10000;

k=

1
;
100000

N
1
= e3t/20 ;
15000 N
2

1
N = 7500e3t/20 e3t/20 N ;
2

N + 12 N e3t/20 = 7500e3t/20 ;

1 + 12 e3t/20 N = 7500e3t/20 ;

N (t) =

15000e3t/20
;
2 + e3t/20

Now we solve N (T ) = 10000:

6

N (t) =

7500e3t/20
;
1 + 12 e3t/20

N (t) =

15000
.
1 + 2e3t/20

1 + 2e3T /20 =

3
;
2

e3T /20 =

e3T /20 = 4;

1
;
4

3T = 20 ln 4;

and therefore T = 20
3 ln 4 9.242. Thus it will require a little more than nine additional days for another
5000 people to contract this disease.
C09S05.017: Given:
dx
200x x2
4
1 2
= x
x =
; x(0) = 50.
dt
5
250
250


1
1
1
1
1
First note that
=
=
+
. Then
200x x2
x(200 x)
200 x 200 x

 

1
1
1
1
x
4
+
dx =
dt;
ln
= t + C1 ;
200
x 200 x
250
200 x
5
x
= Ce4t/5 ;
200 x

1
= Ce0 = C;
3

x
1
= e4t/5 ;
200 x
3


1 4t/5
200 4t/5
1+ e
;
e
x=
3
3

x=

200 4t/5 1 4t/5

e
x;
e
3
3

x(t) =

200e4t/5
200
=
.
4t/5
3+e
1 + 3e4t/5

Part (a): We need to solve x(T ) = 100:

100 =

200
;
1 + 3e4T /5

e4T /5 =

1 + 3e4T /5 = 2;

1
;
3

4
T = ln 3.
5

5
ln 3 1.373 (seconds).
4
Part (b): As t +, x(t) 200. So there is no maximum amount of salt that will dissolve, but for
all practical purposes, the maximum is 200 g. (The amount that dissolves becomes arbitrarily close to, but
remains always less than, 200 g.)
Thus T =

C09S05.018: With P (t) measuring the number of squirrels at time t (in months), we are given
dP
1
=
P 2 kP,
dt
1000

P (0) = 100,

P  (0) = 8

(where k is a constant). Substitution of these numerical data in the dierential equation yields
8 = P  (0) =
so that 100k = 10 8 = 2: k =

10000
100k,
1000

1
. Next,
50
dP
1
1
P (P 20)
=
P2 P =
.
dt
1000
50
1000
7

Note that

1
1
=
P (P 20)
20


1
1

. Thus
P 20 P


1
1
dP =
dt;
P (P 20)
1000

 
1
1
1
1

dP =
t + C2 ;
20
P 20 P
1000
ln

P 20
1
=
t + C1 ;
P
50

20
= Cet/50 ;
P

P (t) =
C=

P 20
= Cet/50 ;
P
20
= 1 Cet/50
P

20
;
1 Cet/50

100 = P (0) =

4
;
5

P (t) =

20
;
1C

20
.
1 45 et/50

We need to nd the value of T for which P (T ) = 200:

200 =

20
;
1 45 eT /50

4 T /50
9
=
e
;
5
10
T = 50 ln

1
4
20
=
;
1 eT /50 =
5
200
10
eT /50 =

9
;
8

9
5.889 (months).
8

C09S05.019: We are given an animal population P (t) at time t (in years) such that
dP
1
= kP 2
P;
dt
100

P (0) = 200,

P  (0) = 2

where k is a constant. Substitution of the numerical data in the dierential equation yields
2 = P  (0) = 40000k 2,

so that

k=

1
.
10000

Thus
dP
P 2 100
P (P 100)
=
=
.
dt
10000
10000


1
1
1
1
Because
=

, we have
P (P 100)
100 P 100 P

 

1
1
1
1

dP =
dt.
100
P 100 P
10000
Therefore
8

ln

P 100
1
= C1 +
t;
P
100

P 100
= Cet/100 ;
P

200 100
1
=C= ;
200
2

100
1
= 1 et/100 ;
P
2

P (t) =

100
1
= et/100 ;
P
2
100
200
=
.
2 et/100
1 12 et/100

Part (a): We need to solve P (T ) = 1000:

1000 = P (t) =
eT /100 =

200
;
2 eT /100

2 eT /100 =

9
;
5

1
;
5

9
T = 100 ln .
5

Answer: In approximately 58.779 years. Part (b): Doomsday will occur when the denominator in P (t) is
zero; that is, when et/100 = 2, so that t = 100 ln 2. Answer: In approximately 69.315 years.
C09S05.020: Part (a): We are given a population x(t) of alligators at time t (in months) satisfying the
initial value problem
dx
1
1
x2 100x
=
x2
x=
,
dt
10000
100
10000


1
1
1
1
Because
=

, we have
x(100 x)
100 x 100 x
1
100

 

1
1

x 100 x


dx =

1
dt;
10000

ln

x(0) = 25.

1
x 100
= C1 +
t;
x
100

x 100
= Cet/100 ;
x

100
= 1 Cet/100 ;
x

x(t) =

100
= Cet/100 ;
x
100
.
1 Cet/100

The initial condition x(0) = 25 now yields C = 3. Therefore

x(t) =

100
0
1 + 3et/100

as

t +.

Part (b): If the initial condition is x(0) = 125, then C = 13 , so that

x(t) =

100
300
.
1 t/100 =
3 et/100
1 3e

Now x(t) + as t (100 ln 3) , so doomsday occurs after approximately 109.861 (months).

C09S05.021: If we write P  = bP (a/b P ) we see that M = a/b. Hence
B0 P0
(aP0 )P0
a
=
= = M.
D0
bP02
b
9

Note also (for Problems 22 and 23) that a = B0 /P0 and b = D0 P02 = k.

(C.H.E.)

C09S05.022: The relations in Problem 21 given k = 1/2400 and M = 160. The solution is P (t) =
19200/(120 + 40et/5 ). We nd that P = 0.95M after about 27.69 months.
(C.H.E.)
C09S05.023: The relations in Problem 21 give k = 1/2400 and M = 180. The solution is P (t) =
43200/(240 60e3t/80 ). We nd that P = 1.05M after about 44.22 months.
(C.H.E.)
C09S05.024: If we write P  = aP (P b/a) we see that M = b/a. Hence
D0 P0
(bP0 )P0
b
=
= = M.
B0
aP02
a
Note also (for Problems 25 and 26) that b = D0 /P0 and a = B0 /P02 = k.

(C.H.E.)

C09S05.025: The relations in Problem 24 give k = 1/1000 and M = 90. The solution is
P (t) =

9000
.
100 10e9t/10

We nd that P = 10M after about 24.41 months.

(C.H.E.)

C09S05.026: The relations in Problem 24 given k = 1/1100 and M = 120. The solution is
13200
.
110 + 10e6t/55

P (t) =
We nd that P = 0.1M after about 42.12 months.

(C.H.E.)

C09S05.027: We work in thousands of persons, so M = 100 for the total xed population. We substitute
M = 100, P  (0) = 1, and P0 = 50 in the logistic equation, and thereby obtain
1 = k(50)(100 50),

so

k = 0.0004.

If t denotes the number of days until 80 thousand people have heard the rumor, then Eq. (7) gives
80 =

50 100
,
50 + (100 50)e0.04t

so that t is approximately 34.66. Thus the rumor will have spread to 80% of the population in a little less
than 35 days.
(C.H.E.)
C09S05.028: Proceeding as in Example 3 in the text, we solve the equations
25.00k(M 25.00) = 3/8,

47.54k(M 47.54) = 1/2

for M = 100 and k = 0.0002. Then Eq. (7) gives the population function
P (t) =

2500
.
25 + 75e0.02t

We nd that P = 75 when t = 50 ln 9 110, that is, in 2035 A.D.

(C.H.E.)

C09S05.029: The solution of the initial value problem given in the statement of Problem 29 is
10

P (t) =

1
1


.
1489
341881
627t
0.0047496013 + (0.0276636323)e(0.03135)t
+
exp
313500 1358500
20000

(1)

Part (a): The year 1930 corresponds to t = 140, for which the equation in (1) predicts P (140) 127.008
(million). Part (b):
lim P (t) =

313500
210.544
1489

(million).

Part (c): The following table gives the year, the population predicted by Eq. (1), and the actual U.S. population (in millions) from the 1992 World Almanac and Book of Facts (New York: Pharos Books, 1991,
pp. 7475). The population data are rounded.

Predicted

Actual

Year

population

population

1790

3.900

3.930

1800

5.300

5.308

1810

7.185

7.240

1820

9.708

9.638

1830

13.061

12.861

1840

17.471

17.063

1850

23.193

23.192

1860

30.499

31.443

1870

39.616

38.558

1880

50.690

50.189

1890

63.707

62.980

1900

78.427

76.212

1910

94.362

92.228

1920

110.819

106.022

1930

127.008

123.203

1940

142.191

132.165

1950

155.803

151.326

1960

167.525

179.323

1970

177.272

203.302

11

1980

185.146

226.542

1990

191.358

248.710

2000

196.169

*281.422

*Note: This datum is from www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000/html, where the U.S. population on

April 1, 2000 is given as 281,421,906.
C09S05.030: Any way you look at it, you should see that, the larger the parameter k > 0 is, the faster
the logistic population P (t) approaches its limiting population M .
(C.H.E.)
C09S05.031: We begin with
dP
= kP (M P ),
dt

P (0) = P0 .

(6)

Thus


1
1
1
+
dP = k dt;
M P
M P


 P 
kM t


(A = eC > 0);
 M P  = Ae

1
dP = k dt;
P (M P )


 P 

 = kM t + C;
ln 
M P 
P
= BekM t
M P

(B = A).

For later use, we note at this point that B =

P0
. Next,
M P0

P = M BekM t P BE kM t ;
M BekM t
MB
P (t) =
=
= kM t
1 + BekM t
e
+B

M P0
M P0
.
P0
kM t
e
+
M P0

Therefore
P (t) =

M P0
.
(M P0 )ekM t + P0

(7)

C09S05.032: Part (a): We begin with

dP
= kP (P M ),
dt

P (0) = P0 .

Then


1
1
1

dP = k dt;
M P M
P


P M 
kM t


(A = eC > 0);
 P  = Ae

1
dP = k dt;
P (P M )


P M 
 = kM t + C;
ln 
P 
12

(13)

P M
= BekM t
P

(B = A).

We note for later use that B =

P0 M
. Thus
P0

P M = BP ekM t ;
P BP ekM t = M ;
P (t) =
=

M
M P0
=
1 BekM t
P0 P0 BekM t
M P0
M P0
=
.
P0 (P0 M )ekM t
P0 + (M P0 )ekM t

Part (b): If P0 < 0, thenassuming that M and k are positive

lim P (t) = 0.

t0

C09S05.033: We begin with

dP
= kP (M P )
dt

(3)

and dierentiate both sides with respect to t (using the chain rule on the right-hand side). Thus



d
dP
[kP (M P )]
= k(M P P ) kP (M P )
dP
dt


= k 2 P (M P )(M 2P ) = 2k 2 P (P M ) P 12 M .

d2 P
=
dP 2

The conclusions stated in Problem 33 are now clear.

C09S05.034: We begin with
dy
bxy qy
=
.
dx
px axy

(20)

Thus
dy
bx q y
=
;
dx
p ay x

p ay
bx q
dy =
dx;
y
x
(ln y p ) ay = bx (ln xq ) + A;

(p ln y) ay = bx (q ln x) + A;
y p eay = Bebx xq

yp
ebx
= C q
ay
e
x

(B = eA > 0);

(C = A).

Therefore
xq y p = Cebx eay .

13

(21)