2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology

Wireless Sensor Network: Intricate Modeling and Analysis of CNT and MEMS based Sensor Nodes
Satyadhar Joshi2, Rohit Pathak1, Salman Ahmed2
Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, Madhaya Pradesh, India rohitpathak@ieee.org, satyadhar_joshi@ieee.org, salman.ahmed.06@gmail.com
2 1

Abstract- We have analyzed the effect of innovations in Nanotechnology on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and have modeled Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) based sensor nodes. SUGAR library in MATLAB has been used to illustrate the static analysis of deflection, display the structure and to compute the displacement parameters of a cantilever beam subjected to an external force. A WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) model has been programmed using Simulink in MATLAB. We have shown the integration of CNT in WSN as CNT based sensors, microprocessors, batteries etc. A proposition is put forward by us on the changes needed in the existing sensor node structure to improve its efficiency and to facilitate and enhance the assimilation of CNT based devices in a WSN. We have shown the functioning of CNT based Nano devices in WSN technology. Finally we have commented on the challenges that exist in this technology and described the important factors that need to be kept under consideration for the calculation of the reliability of CNT based devices and their key effects on the WSN environment. KeywordsWireless Sensor Networks, Nanotechnology, CNT sensors, MEMS sensor, Sensor Nodes, Reliability, Simulink Modeling, MATLAB SUGAR.

application has been shown in [6] which use adaptive MEMS antennas. Wireless Sensor Networks with Biomedical Applications has been shown by Zachary Walker describing the importance of Middleware [22]. Miniature Acoustic Communication Subsystem Architecture for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks has been proposed by Saunvit Pandya [33]. WSN architecture for the Wireless Health Mobile Bio-diagnostic System for physiological studies has been proposed [34]. Thus, we have expanded and proposed designing and modeling of MEMS based array of sensors in our paper that can lead to its practical applications in these areas. II. MEMS SENSORS Trends toward smaller size, higher performance, and greater functionality for electronic devices are made possible by the success of solid-state microelectronics technology. Recent developments in MEMS and wireless technology together enable remote sensing of the environment using a large number of miniaturized wireless sensor nodes [1]. A sensor node AccuMicroMotion based on MEMS is proposed in [3] that has the ability to detect motion in six degrees of freedom for the application of physiological activity monitoring. MEMS based sensors used in WSN for environmental monitoring, traffic monitoring and water quality monitoring can be used for prevention of undesirable events has been shown in [4]. Batteryless-Wireless MEMS Sensor System with a 3D Loop Antenna RFID based device has been proposed by Sasaki which can be used for passive RFID based sensors [8]. MEMS based sensors networks utilization for space application has been shown by Erfy in [7]. MEMS capacitive sensor for chemical detection has been put forth in [5]. Thus we can see that MEMS devices playing an important role in Sensors and giving many advantages over their traditional counterparts. Reliability and failure mechanism in MEMS, its implications for WSN and the changes that are needed to be made in the modeling of the nodal software and operating system have been the major challenges in MEMS based WSNs. III. SUGAR MODELING OF MEMS SENSORS During the last two decades, the field of micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) has advanced from producing simple-function devices to building systems of greater complexity. With the ultimate goal of quickly and accurately simulating complex systems, we present efficient methods to configure, model, and simulate MEMS that are composed of
IEEE Catalog Number: CFP0926C ISBN: 978-1-4244-3832-7 Library of Congress: 2009900354

I.

INTRODUCTION

The combination of recent technological advances in electronics, nanotechnology, wireless communications, computing, and networking has hastened the development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology. Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) constitute an emerging and pervasive technology that is attracting increased interest for a wide range of applications. WSN see application in various areas like space research, biomedical engineering, military applications such as battlefield surveillance and the quest for making low power, reliable and cheap sensor nodes has been a prime focus in recent years. We know that Nanotechnology has enabled realization of low power devices such as MEMS devices and CNT based FETs [11-12]. CNT based sensors have shown many benefits over their past counterparts and are suitable candidates in this Nanotechnology driven age [24]. Nanotechnology uses the smallest unit of matter to engineer new materials and devices atom by atom, aiming at achieving superior properties and performance through atomic scale architecture. An improvement in techniques of Nano-characterization and Nano-fabrication has helped us to pave the way to develop many novel materials that can be applied to various spheres of technology. For example the impact of Nanotechnology on Wireless Communications has been shown by Er. Ping Li in [14]. An Architecture of Quantum-Based Nano-sensor Node for Future Wireless Sensor Networks has been proposed [10]. WSN in space

978-1-4244-3832-7/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

a large number of lumped components. These methods are packaged in a CAE for MEMS tool called SUGAR [26]. We have used Sugar to get results as shown in Fig. 1.

than a decade that have passed since and many applications being proposed over the years. Realization of CNT based sensors devices can make them a suitable candidate for WSN sensor nodes. Functionalization of CNT can lead to novel device application giving advantages of their unique properties [25]. We know that conductance of CNT depends on the rolling of the graphene sheet which in turn depends upon the chiral vector Ch as given by the equation

Ch = na1 + ma2
where n and m are integers and a1 , a2 are unit vectors in the bi-dimensional hexagonal lattice of the graphene sheet. The radius of the nanotube being

Fig. 1. Modeling of Array of cantilever MEMS sensors SUGARDiagram of Structure. CODE I ARRAY OF SENSORS

R = a0 ( n 2 + m 2 + nm )

1/2

/ 2

use("mumps.net") use("stdlib.net") gap=300u gridDim=gap/3 fringeDim=40u beamw = gridDim-fringeDim beaml=200u --Array junction junction = { node{} } for n=0,3 do --z for m=0,3 do --y --Nodes junction[n] = node{0, m*gap, n*gap} junction[n+1] = node{} junction[n+2] = node{} junction[n+3] = node{} junction[n+4] = node{0, (m*gap), (n*gap)-(gapbeamw)/2} --Beams beam3d { junction[n], junction[n+1] ; material=p1, l=gap-beamw, w=gap-beamw, h=beamw, oy=90} anchor { junction[n] ; material=p1, l=gap-beamw, w=gap-beamw, h=beamw, oy=90} beam3d { junction[n+4], junction[n+2] ; material=p1, l=beaml, w=beamw, h=beamw, ox=90} beam3d { junction[n+2], junction[n+3] ; material=p1, l=beaml/1.5, w=beamw/2, h=beamw*4, ox=90} end end Thus we can calculate various parameters required in reliability calculations from SUGAR simulation program as shown above. Here we have the sensing parameter as F 1( x1) is a function of the linear displacement. Attaching materials at the free end of the cantilever and studying the change in parameters can help in realizing the application of MEMS based sensors. Here in the simplest case x 1 is the linear displacement. IV. CNT SENSORS AND NANO PROCESSORS Research on carbon nanotubes is ever intensifying in diverse fields of science and engineering in spite of the more

Hence we can model a sensor dependent on the above parameters as follows: 1. Define m, n and calculate the radius required for the particular sensor as electronic structure (energy band gap structure) depends on the integers, m and n. 2. Take note of impact of working temperature and environmental factors on the reactivity of CNT like hydrogenation, oxygenation, NO2, NH3, CO, O3 as studied in [24, 25]. 3. Effect of elasticity, mechanical motions and effect of other adsorbent on CNT surface. 4. Predicting the reliability of the sensor.

Fig. 2. Interaction of CNT and other molecules.

We know that variations in current conductance properties of CNT make it a useful for detecting gas and chemicals as shown in Fig. 2. We can illustrate the variation of current vs. time in a CNT based sensor from the graphs in Fig. 5 [24]. The special semiconducting properties of CNTs have been exposited that makes them a suitable candidate for the future development of Nano-processors and Nano-scale circuitry [28, 30-31]. Atashbar et. al. [37] has asserted that SWNT based efficient gas sensor using SWNT functionalized with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate improved the solubility of SWNT in DI

water significantly. He proposes that this functionalization reduces the short range attraction forces by introducing repulsive forces of equal strength and this results in the alteration of structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of the nanotubes. We are aware that there is a change in conductance of CNT on absorption of CO, NH3, CO, O3, NO2 and O2 and other gases [24]. Jing Li[18] has proposed a unique and commercializable way to develop Nano-scale chemical sensors with polymer-coated CNTs for selective chemical sensing in gas phase. But we need more exploration in coating and doping techniques for broad application coverage. In Fig. 3 we have shown the integration of CNT sensor in a WSN. The main challenges for any engineering application of CNT are its reliability and interconnects. Functions of CNT based devices have been shown in Fig. 5. Our proposed Mathematical Model in this regard We know that

L 3ac c (m + mn + n 2 )1/2 Where is resistivity, L is length of CNT, ac c is C-C R=

2

bond length in CNT equal to 1.42 , m and n are parameters depending on structure of CNT.

Fig. 3. Graph between Resistance and Number of particles (R vs N)

Where r is the radius of the CNT and ac-c, n, m are the parameters needed for calculation of the radius

r = ac c ( n 2 + m2 + nm )

1/2

/ 2 Ch

D = 3ac c r = 3ac c

(m 2 + mn + n 2 )

Fig. 4. Graph between Resistance and

C (m + mn + n ) = h 2 2 We propose a parameter which is a gas concentration

operator that varies from 0 to 1 depending on the number of gas molecules adsorbed on. That is,

2 1/ 2

Finally, putting value of

R=

2 1/2

(R vs )

1 0
Where 0 signifies extremely high adsorption of gas molecules and when it has value equal to 1, it is for pure CNT. We know that, Resistance, R length . Also, R 1/External surface area And R {adsorption coefficient of a gas on CNT} Now, we further propose that

Thus the variation of resistance with N (number of gas molecules) in Fig. 3, and variation R with gamma has been shown in Fig. 4.
CODE II MATLAB CODE FOR GRAPH

3ac c (m + mn + n ) N

1/ N N where N is the no. of gas molecules

adsorbed on a CNT i.e. concentration of gas molecules.

And

of the gas. Here, k > 0 if gas molecule is electron acceptor and k < 0 if gas is electron donor. Thus, we have

where is orientation of molecule. = 1 + k is constant for a particular gas and k is effective valency

function [ output_args ] = Equation_resist1( d ) syms gamm; x=-1000:1:10; %Range for our result m=10; n=10; a_cc=1.4e-10; alph=1; beta=1; thet=1; %gamm=2; N=1000; rho=1; one = rho * alph * (beta ^ thet); two = (m ^ 2) + m*n + (n ^ 2); three = (3 ^ 1/2) * a_cc * (two ^ 1/2) * (N ^ gamm); ans = one/three; y=subs(ans, gamm, x); plot(x,y);

Then the proposed equation for resistance of CNT is

Fig. 5. Integration of CNT based devices for a WSN.

Fig. 6. Functioning of CNT Devices in WSN.

methods have been proposed in [21]. Requirement for sustained, reliable and fault-tolerant operations have been conferred and a solution has been proposed by Kaminska in [15].In this regard the reliability calculations by probabilistic graph models and algorithm have been demonstrated by Hosam M. F. AboElFotoh [17]. Reliability studies in respect to Common Cause Failures have been examined [20]. Modeling and evaluating the reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks as subject to common cause failure has been described in [18]. Data transport and the reliability of data transport protocols have been discussed in [19]. Thus if we can predict the cause of failure then we can modify the protocols in our system accordingly. In Nano domains the failure can be caused due to large number of problems and errors which needs to be modeled and predicted in advance. Ad hoc wireless architecture has been introduced by Kamiska in [15] for the sustainability of self-configuring Wireless Sensor Networks and the routing scheme forwards sensor data along fuzzy and intentionally redundant paths to provide for reliability and fault-tolerance has been proposed. In [23] Zhand Dingxing discusses coverage algorithm based on probability to evaluate point coverage. Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks using Soft Sensing and Artificial Neural Network methodology has been demonstrated by Rubina Sultan [21]. Optimizing availability and reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks applications by the use of middle wares has been shown in [16]. Thus we need to develop middleware in accordance with the challenges that exist. But reliability and performance of the Node in a CNT based Sensor Node depends on the Sensor, Nano-processor, Nano-battery sources as shown in Fig. 5. Thus we need to make appropriate changes in the middle ware and Operating System. Our analysis shows that Reliability of CNT depends on:1. Functional group(s) attached, length and chirality of the CNT molecule 2. Packaging model used 3. Integration with other devices and interconnects 4. Other factors such as temperature and environmental parameters in the particular setting we plan its use. VI. DISCUSSION We have shown that since CNTs are used in many parts of the sensor nodes, MEMS and Nano-processors [28, 20], therefore, it is necessary to study the reliability and effect of various parameters on CNT based devices. We have shown the importance of functionalization of CNT and its realistic applications in chemical sensors and other Nano-electronic devices [35, 36]. The sensor software has to be modified for CNT specific computations and in case of detection of erroneous readings by the node in CNT based calculations; corrective measures are needed to be incorporated into the software to counter these readings. Certain changes have to be made in the operating system of the node for corrective measures and precise computation of reliability. The software application algorithms need to be adapted as per the new parameters of the sensor nodes.

Fig. 7. CNT based sensors advantages and challenges.

V. RELIABILITY OF CNT BASED WSN Contemporary work in computation of WSN reliability is pretty generalized and Nano-scale devices based WSN has not been the sole focus of the research done in this area. The challenges and advantages are shown in Fig. 5. In our previous work we have shown that MEMS reliability can be calculated using HPC thus making their practical applications possible [39]. Effects of the failure of sensor nodes are studied and no compromise data acquisition

Algorithms for the functioning of the sensor node:

ALGORITHM ONE

Start Step 1: Input from CNT Sensors Step 2: ADC converters Step 3: Data sent to CNT based Nano-processors Step 4: Computation of data to study the reliability of the signal and the various aspects of occurrence of discrepancy in the readings of the functional CNT sensors End Modifications needed in current Operating System for CNT based WSN:1. Minimizing the inconsistency in the readings of CNT sensor nodes due to functional CNTs. 2. Inclusion of correction for the CNT based Nano battery source. Modeling of CNT based devices in a WSN environment such as CNT Sensors, CNT electronics, CNT based power sources can be done in this way. Since CNT is the main ingredient of devices, its reliability is of paramount importance. We have corroborated that the reliability of CNT based sensor node depends upon functionalization of the CNT molecule, application, interconnects and packaging. VHDL-AMS (VHSIC hardware description language Analog and MixedSignal extensions) modeling can be done as substantiated in [26].
CNT Sensors requirements Ex Gas, inertial sensor etc.

Fig. 9. Simulink Model.

Shown above is Simulink model and the testing of a CNT based WSN sensor node. The connections are described in Fig. 6. The modeling of parameters of CNT is shown are Fig. 7. A comprehensive modeling of MEMS sensors, ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and Nano-processor can be also done through VHDL-AMS but there are no options for CNT based circuitry in the proposals [27, 32]. VII. CONCLUSION Thus we have shown how Nanotechnology enabled devices can be used in a WSN environment and the challenges that needs to be confronted. We have substantiated the integration of CNT based devices in WSN. We corroborated the challenges that exist on modeling of CNT and MEMS based devices for a WSN sensor node. We have demonstrated the functioning of CNT devices and the possible reliability issues effecting WSNs. We have also proposed the changes that are needed in the analysis of the current setup of a sensor node system to enable and improve the integration of CNT based devices in WSN. Change in the properties of the MEMS and CNT devices that is needed to be incorporate in their analysis has been proposed. We have constructed a Simulink model in MATLAB and using the same we have performed the testing of a CNT based WSN sensor node. Thus, the modeling of CNT based nodes can be done in packages like Simulink in MATLAB. Integration of Sugar [17] MEMS as an added functionality with MATLAB also remains an area to work in this regard. REFERENCES
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Choose functional part of CNT sensors/ MEMS sensors

Calculate the parameters of Sensors, the discrepancy of values based on the functionalization of CNT

Model the CNT based Nano processor

Model the Nano Battery

Programming of Nano Operating System

Calculate the functioning and reliability of the Model.

Fig. 8. Modeling of a CNT sensor Node.

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