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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Krishna Engineering College, Ghaziabad
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
Session: 2021-2022
1. INTRODUCTION
A Key Challenge in wireless sensor networks is the power efficiency as sensor nodes are small
sized, low power, low cost micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) which is capable of
Sensing, Computing and Communicating. In this paper the basis of different T-MAC protocols
like B-MAC, SPEC-MAC-D, X-MAC the protocol MiX-Mac is reconstructed and power used
and network delay is analyzed so that life time of nodes can be enhanced Because Many recent
advances in MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks have been proposed to reduce idle
listening, which is costly in terms of energy [1].
New protocols set the burden on the sending node, requiring transmission of long preambles or
repeated advertisements for upcoming packets, thereby allowing the sender’s neighbors to turn
off their radios for longer periods of time. As these “Low-Power-Listening MAC protocols”
impose a significant drain on the transmitting node, the schedule used for probing as well as the
particular probing technique should be well matched to the current network conditions. We
reduced the burden of the receiver for schedule selection overhead and events are found
chronologically and scenarios are also created dynamically all the values are taken randomly and
then on the basis of range of antenna the distance are calculated and all the neighbors of the
nodes are selected randomly according to the distance and randomly routing is done to find the
shortest path between the source and destination and the simulation is done to get the medium
occupation and total energy consumption and average delay is calculated .

2. OBJECTIVE
Sensor networks represent a significant improvement over traditional sensors, which are
deployed in the following two ways:
• Sensors can be positioned far from the actual phenomenon, i.e., something known by sense
Perception. Large sensors that use some complex techniques to distinguish. The targets from
environmental noise are required [2].
• Several sensors that perform only sensing can be deployed. The positions of the sensors and
communications topology are carefully engineered.
The basic objective of this project can be described as:
• To study and analyze the energy conversation in wireless sensor network.
• To study and analyze the performance of wireless sensor network.
• To study, Implement and analyze the T MAC technique in wireless sensor network
The goal is to propose a WSN MAC protocol to reduce the average Energy consumption of
nodes, packet delay is also reduced than earlier used MAC protocols.

3. LITERATURE SURVEY
A considerable research effort has been devoted to Wireless sensor network routing protocols in
the last few years. Many new researches have been proposed and various simulators are being
used for simulation and performance analysis.
3.1 A Survey on Sensor Networks
In this paper it is discussed that the sensor networks can be used for various application areas
(e.g., health, military, home). For different application areas, there are different technical issues
that researchers are currently resolving. The current state of the art of sensor networks is captured
in this article, where solutions are discussed under their related protocol stack layer sections [3].
3.2 Receiver-based routing service for T-MAC protocol
In this Impact of several MAC protocol parameters on the performance of routing protocols used
in resource constrained wireless sensor networks are investigated. The main performance criteria
interested in are the energy consumption (reflected by the active time the node is operational),
the throughput and latency of the network in delivering replies to users’ requests [4].
3.3 An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
In this an asynchronous energy-efficient MAC protocol, ASCEMAC, is proposed for wireless
sensor networks. In ASCEMAC, by applying free-running method and fuzzy logic rescheduling
scheme, time synchronization which is necessary in existing energy-efficient MAC protocols is
not required any more. Moreover, It presents a traffic-strength- and network-density-based model
to determine essential algorithm parameters, such as power on/off duration, interval of schedule
broadcast and super-time-slot size and order [5].

3.4 Energy-Efficient Forwarding Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper it is being discussed Energy-efficient forwarding becomes important if resources
and battery lifetime are limited such as in Wireless Sensor Networks. Although widely used,
simple hop-based forwarding along a path from one node towards a sink can be very inefficient
in terms of delivery rate as well as energy efficiency, especially in lossy environments [6].
3.5 Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking
In this it is being suggested Directed diffusion is data-centric in that all communication is for
named data. All nodes in a directed-diffusion-based network are application aware. This enables
diffusion to achieve energy savings by selecting empirically good paths and by caching and
processing data in-network (e.g., data aggregation). Evaluation indicates that directed diffusion
can achieve significant energy savings and can outperform idealized traditional schemes (e.g.,
omniscient multicast) under the investigated scenarios [7].
3.5 A Low Overhead Wireless Sensor Networks MAC protocol
In this paper, we discussed the existing wireless sensor network MAC protocols, and proposed a
low overhead WSN MAC protocol LO-MAC. This protocol cuts down the control message
energy consumption of S-MAC. Though the simulation on NS2, we proved its advantage of
energy efficient. But one weak point of LO-MAC is that it needs sink node with large
communication range, so it doesn’t adapt to large network, therefore the application of LO-MAC
protocol in large network should be researched further [8].
I studied various literatures [9, 10, 11, and 12] to formulate my problem.

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this project Matlab is used for simulation. MATLAB is software by which we can write nice
little programs and produce pretty pictures and graphs! It has already inbuilt functions based on
c, C++ and java etc. We can directly use them or we can develop our own. This language
contains programming, graphical user interface, simulation link and animations, coming to
electronics. You have signal processing, Image processing, communications and other related
topics directly in the MATLAB.

5. EXPECTED OUTCOME

In WSN to increase the network lifetime the MAC layer protocol plays an important role. TMAC
is an energy efficient MAC layer protocol for wireless network. Being MAC layer protocol, it
provides a batter utilization of the network by using randomly selection of the adaptive schedule
by the sender so that receiver can adopt the schedule selected by the sender and energy can be
saved. In this project during the analysis, various scenarios will be taken and the analysis will be
done based on the results. The first one is a randomly generated scenario in which we create a
shortest path from source to destination followed by the second scenario we will introduce
packet delay. The third scenario will include how the nodes occupy the medium and in the last
one events are found chronologically so randomly events and flow events are found and
according to found events the simulation is done.

6. REFRENCES
[1] Akyildiz I., Su W., Sankarasubramaniam Y. and E. Cayirci , “Wireless sensor networks: a
survey”, Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta, GA 30332, USA ,
December 2001.
[2] Ye W., Heidemann J., and Estrin D., “Medium access control with coordinated, adaptive
sleeping for wireless sensor networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. on Netw. vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 493–
506, 2004.
[3] Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian S., Sankarasubramaniam Y., and Cayirci E.“A Survey on Sensor
Networks”, Georgia Institute of Technology. IEEE, 0163-6804, August 2007.
[4] Kacs A. and Schipper U., “Receiver-based routing service for T-MAC protocol” University
of Siegen 57068 Siegen, Germany, IEEE, 489 – 494, 2010.
[5] Dam T. and Langendoen T., “An adaptive energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor
networks,” in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Embedded Networked SenSys. LA, California, USA,
pp. 171–180, 2003.
[6] Busse M., Hanselmann T., and Effelsberg W., “Energy-efficient forwarding schemes for
wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. Int. Symp. On WoWMoM. New York, USA, , pp. 125–
133, June 2006.
[7] Intanagonwiwat C., Govindan R., Estrin D., Heidemann J., and Silva F., “Directed diffusion
for wireless sensor networking,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 11, no. 1, pp.
2–16, 2003.
[8] Haifang Feng, Lixiang Ma, Supeng Leng, “A Low Overhead Wireless Sensor Networks
MAC protocol” Department of Communication and Information Engineering, University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province (611731), IEEE,
978-1-4244-6349, 2011.
[9] Ahuja R., “Simulation based Performance Evaluation and Comparison of reactive,Proactive
and Hybrid Routing Protocols based on Random Waypoint Mobility Model”, International
journal of computer application, June 2010.
[10] Vijaya A. and Mishra P., “Influence of Routing Protocols in Performance of Wireless
Mobile Adhoc Networks”, Second International Conference on Emerging Applications of
Information Technology, 2011.
[11] Brajendra Kumar Singh, Kemal Ertugrul Tepe, “A Novel Real-time MAC Layer Protocol
for Wireless Sensor Network Applications” Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, IEEE, 978-1-4244-3355, 2009.
[12] Singh Y., Chaba Y., Jain M. and Rani P. “Performance Evaluation of On Demand
Multicasting Routing protocols in Mobile Adhoc Networks”, International Conference on
Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication and Computing, IEEE 2010.