i hc Quc gia H ni - i hc cng ngh

B mn Cng ngh phn mm

BI GiNG
M BO CHT LNG PHN MM
V KiM TH
Nguyn Vn Vy
Email: vynv@coltech.vnu.vn, mobile: 0912.505.291
H ni - 2005
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 2
Nguyn Vn V
THM NH V XC MINH
Phn III
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 3
Nguyn Vn V
Cc loi kim th
Thm nh v xc minh
Ni dung Ti liu
Roger S. Pressman. Software Engineering, a Practitioners
Approach. 3th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1992, Bn dich ca Ng
Trung vIt, Phn 4, tp 4 (Chng 17, 18, 23 bn 2001)
Ian Sommerville. Software Engineering, Sixth Edition, Addion
Wesley, 2001, Phn 5 v 6. chng 20
E.M.Bennatan, Software Project Management : a practitioners
approach, McGRAW-HILL Book Company, 2001
Nguyn Vn V, Nguyn Vit H. Gio trnh k ngh phn mm,
i hc Cng ngh, HQGHN, 2006.
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 4
Nguyn Vn V
g1. Khi nim kim th h thng
H thng da trn my tnh do nhiu bn xy dng,
ngi pht trin phn mm ch l mt
Vic kim th h thng d c nguy c cc bn tham gia
li cho nhau.
Nhng sai c th ny sinh t:
Cc d liu qua giao din ca cc thnh phn c
kim th
ng x l lin kt cc thnh phn
S tch hp li t cc thnh phn khc nhau
Nhng hn ch khc n nng lc do nh hng t cc
thnh phn: chu li, an ton, thc thi
g. Kim th h thng
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 5
Nguyn Vn V
Yu cu t ra:
m phng cc d liu xu & cc sai tim tng ti giao
din phn mm.
Kim th kt qu ca mi ng lin kt
Bo co cc kt qu kim th phn nh tng phn, tng
loi lm chng c phng nga li cho nhau.
Vic hoch nh v thit k cc ca kim th h thng
theo nhng cch nhn khc nhau sao cho bo m phn
mm c kim th y , chnh xc cc loi yu cu
g1. Khi nim v kim th h thng
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 6
Nguyn Vn V
g2. M hnh kim th h thng
D liu qua giao
din c th sai, gy
sai, phng i sai
sai?
Phng i
sai?
Gy sai?
sai?
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 7
Nguyn Vn V
g3. Cc loi kim th h thng
1. Kim th chc nng (mc h thng)
2. Kim th phc hi (chu li)
3. Kim th an ninh (sc chu tn cng)
4. Kim th thi hnh (thng sut, kp thi)
5. Kim th chu ti (qui m, gi tr nhy cm)
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 8
Nguyn Vn V
g4. Kim th chc nng mc h thng
Chc nng mc h thng bao gm cc chc
nng giao din, cc chc nng mc ngi
dng hay u ra cui cng khi h thng
Cc chc nng ny thng mang tnh tch hp.
Nn sau khi pht hin sai phi quay li kim
th tng phn cu thnh trc n
Cc giao din (ngi dng, h thng) c
xem nh im phn nh gia cc phn
kim th
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 9
Nguyn Vn V
Nhiu h thng cn phi phc hi sau li, tip tc
x l trong mt thi gian c t trc, c th:
h thng cn th li: ngha l x l li bt buc khng
c lm ngng hot ng ca ton h thng.
li phi c khc phc dn theo chu k c t.
kim th phc hi l bt phn mm phi tht bi
xem kh nng phc hi ca n n u.
tin cy l mt o nh gi kh nng phc hi
g4. Kim th phc hi
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 10
Nguyn Vn V
C 2 cch phc hi:
Phc hi t ng: bng khi ng li (c ch
checkpoint). Sau khi phc hi d liu, h thng t tip
tc hay khi ng li th c nh gi l ng n.
Phc hi c s can thip ca con ngi. Lc ny cn
nh gi thi gian trung bnh sa cha trong gii
hn cho php hay khng?
g4. Kim th phc hi
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 11
Nguyn Vn V
L kim tra mi c ch bo v c xy dng trong
h thng xem c t hiu qu ra trc cc t
nhp hay khng?
Xt tt c cc loi t nhp c th trc mt,
ngang xn v sau lng.
Khi th nghim an ninh, ngi kim th s ng vai
tr ca k t nhp.
g5. Kim th an ninh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 12
Nguyn Vn V
V nguyn tc: Mi t nhp l c th nu thi gian
v ngun lc.
Bi ton thit k h thng an ninh t ra l:
lm cho vic t nhp tn ph nhiu hn gi tr thu
c do t nhp
Cng sc b ra xy dng cng c bo v phi t
hn gi tr mt i nu b t nhp
Chi ph cng c bo v < li ich do bo v khi t nhp
Chi ph t nhp > li ch thu c t t nhp
g5. Kim th an ninh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 13
Nguyn Vn V
Cc k thut hp trng v hp en c dng nh
gi chc nng v s thi hnh ca chng trnh mc
bnh thng.
Kim th chu ti l vn hnh h thng khi s dng
ngun lc vi s lng, tn sut v cng d
thng.
Mt loi khc ca th nghim p lc l kim th
nhy: c gng lm bc l cc t hp d liu (lp d
liu vo c hiu lc) hay s kin m c th gy ra vic
x l khng n nh hoc khng chnh xc.
g6. Kim th chu ti
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 14
Nguyn Vn V
Vi h nhng & h thi gian thc, phn mm cung
cp chc nng nhng khng ph hp vi cc yu cu
thi hnh u l khng chp nhn c.
kim th thi hnh c thit k kim th vic vn
hnh (run-time) ca phn mm khi h thng c tch
hp.
kim th thi hnh xut hin trong tt c cc bc ca
qu trnh kim th, tuy nhin ch khi tt c cc phn t
ca h thng c tch hp th kim th mi thc
s l chc chn.
Vic thi hnh ng bao gm c s lng, cht lng
(hot ng v hiu nng)
g7. Kim th thi hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 15
Nguyn Vn V
Thng gn lin vi kim th p lc v c hai thng
i hi cc dng c phn cng v phn mm chuyn
dng. V cn o s tng hp ngun lc (trong, ngoi)
v Nh dng c ngoi lai gim st cc khong vn
hnh, cc s kin ngt (log) khi n xut hin, c th
ly mu cc trng thi my.
C th lm bc l cc tnh th dn n s suy gim
hiu nng hoc tht bi h thng tim n.
g7. Kim th thi hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 16
Nguyn Vn V
h1. Khi nim kim th chp nhn
Kt thc kim th tch hp, phn mm c lp
rp trong mt gi, cc sai giao din chnh sa,
Cc kim th cui cng bt u - kim th chp
nhn hay thm nh (acceptation/validation testing)
Thm nh l thng li nu cc chc nng phn mm
mt chng mc no l tho mn s mong i
hp l ca ngi t hng
Mc tiu thm nh: xem phn mm c p ng c
yu cu khch hng khng?
h. Kim th chp nhn- thm nh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 17
Nguyn Vn V
Ci mong i hp l ca khch hng th hin:
Trong c t yu cu phn mm bao gm c m t c
gi l tiu chun kim th phn mm
Thng qua nh gi trc tip khi s dng
Thm nh phn mm c thc hin thng qua mt
lot cc kim th hp en thuyt minh s ph
hp ca n vi cc yu cu.
h1. Khi nim kim th chp nhn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 18
Nguyn Vn V
Mt k hoch phc ra nhng lp kim th cn tin
hnh v mt th tc kim th xc nh cc ca kim
th s thc hin thuyt minh s ph hp vi cc
yu cu.
C k hoch & th tc c thit k bo m rng:
Tt c cc yu cu c tho mn,
Cc yu cu thi hnh chnh xc,
Ti liu ng n v
Cc yu cu khc l tho ng.
h1. Khi nim kim th chp nhn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 19
Nguyn Vn V
Sau mi ca kim th, phn mm vo mt trong hai
trng hp sau:
Cc c tnh chc nng hoc s thc hin ph
hp vi c t v c chp nhn.
Cc lch lc so vi c t v mong i c pht
hin v mt danh sch cc khim khuyt c to
ra.
Cc sai st khng chnh sa trong giai on ny.
Thng phi tho lun li vi khch hng thit
lp mt phng php gii quyt cc sai lch ny.
h2. Tiu chun kim th thm nh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 20
Nguyn Vn V
Ngi pht trin khng th on trc c khch
hng thc s dng mt chng trnh nh th no:
Cc ch dn s dng c th b hiu lm.
Cc t hp d liu l c th b s dng nh k.
u ra l r rng i vi ngi kim th nhng
c th li kh hiu i vi ngi dng.
h3. Kim th Alpha v Beta
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 21
Nguyn Vn V
Khi cc phn mm dnh cho 1 ngi t hng, th hot
ng kim th ch c 1 khch hng tin hnh
thm nh mi yu cu.
Tin hnh kim th ny do ngi s dng u cui
thc hin, khng phi l ngi t hng.
Kim th chp nhn c th tin hnh vi tun hoc vi
thng mt ln, nh m bc l c cc li tch lu
lm suy gim h thng theo thi gian.
h3.1. Kim th Alpha & Beta 1 khch
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 22
Nguyn Vn V
Khi phn mm dnh cho nhiu ngi t hng, th
kim th chp nhn bi mt khch hng l khng thc
t. Qu trnh kim th alpha v kim th bta cho
nhiu ngi tin hnh l bt buc. Ch nhng ngi
s dng u cui mi c th pht hin c cc sai
cho lp ngi dng a dng.
h3.2. Kim th Alpha & Beta n khch
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 23
Nguyn Vn V
kim th alpha c bn pht trin tin hnh:
Phn mm c ngi dng thc hin trong bi cnh t
nhin
Ngi pht trin nhm qua vai ngi s dng bo co
cc sai v cc vn s dng (v th cn gi l kim th
sau lng).
kim th alpha c tin hnh trong mt mi trng
c iu khin (theo k hoch ca ngi pht trin).
D liu cho kim th Alpha thng l d liu mphng
h3.3. Kim th Alpha
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 24
Nguyn Vn V
kim th bta c nhiu ngi t hng tin hnh ,
khng c mt Ngi pht trin.
kim th bta l p dng trong mi trng thc, khng
c s kim sot ca ngi pht trin.
Khch hng s bo co tt c cc vn (thc hoc
tng tng) m h gp trong qu trnh kim th cho
ngi pht trin mt cch nh k.
Theo cc bo Ngi pht trin ci bin v chun b
phn phi bn pht hnh bn hon thin cho ton b
nhng ngi t hng.
h3.4. Kim th Beta
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 25
Nguyn Vn V
Kt qu ca kim th thng mi ch ra li v cho thy
nhng triu chng vn ca phn mm.
Nguyn nhn ca li hay vn c th cha r: Biu
l bn ngoi ca sai & nguyn nhn bn trong ca sai
c th khng c quan h r rng.
Kim th thnh cng dn n vic g ri. G ri
khng phi l kim th m l tm nguyn nhn gy li
loi tr li khc vi kim th
i. Ngh thut g ri (debugging)
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 26
Nguyn Vn V
Qu trnh g ri lun dn ti hai kh nng:
Tm ra nguyn nhn, chnh sa v kh c li.
Khng tm c nguyn nhn.
Trng hp ny cn thit k mt ca kim th gip vic
thm nh nghi ng v nh vy cng vic tm sai li dn
n tip tc kim th nh mt vng lp.
a. Tin trnh g ri
Kim th G ri Kh li
Kim th
Li
Tm ra
nguyn nhn
Khng tm ra
nguyn nhn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 27
Nguyn Vn V
G ri l kh khn:
Triu chng c th xa nguyn nhn (v khng gian).
Triu chng c th tm thi bin mt khi c mt sai
khc c sa.
Triu chng c th thc gy ra bi sai ca ngi
dng m khng d theo di c.
Triu chng c th l kt qu ca vn thi gian
ch khng phi l vn x l.
b. Kh khn ca g ri
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 28
Nguyn Vn V
C th kh ti th hin cc iu kin u vo (ng
dng thi gian thc, th t u vo khng xc nh).
Triu chng c th l b gin on (cc h nhng vi
lin kt phn cng v phn mm khng tho ri
c).
Triu chng c th do cc nguyn nhn c phn
tn trong mt s cc nhim v chy trn cc b x l
khc nhau.
b. Kh khn ca g ri
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 29
Nguyn Vn V
Nhiu bng chng cho rng ti g li l bm sinh ca
con ngi.
Ngi ny th gii g ri, k khc li khng; v rt kh
dy v kh hc g ri.
Tuy nhin ngi ta cng c vi xut phng
cch g ri.
c. Vn tm l trong g li
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 30
Nguyn Vn V
Ni chung c 3 la chn cch g ri:
V dng v mu.
Ln theo vt c.
Loi tr dn cc nguyn nhn.
d. Cc cch thc g ri
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 31
Nguyn Vn V
Phng cch v dng v mu l cch chung nht,
nhng li t hiu qu nht; Ch p dng phng sch
ny khi khng cn cch no khc.
Trit l hy cho my tnh tm ra sai: xem xt tt c,
ghi li tt c vi hy vng tm ra trong ng thng tin
khng l ci nguyn nhn ca sai!
Mt cch ngh th thin, thng khng kh thi
d1. Phng cch v dng v mu
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 32
Nguyn Vn V
Phng cch li theo vt c cng l t thng dng, v
c th dng thng li trong cc chng trnh nh.
Bt u ln ngc t ch c triu chng sai trong m
ngun (bng tay!) cho ti khi nh v c sai.
Khi s dng lnh tng ln th s con ng i ngc
c th nhiu n mc khng qun l ni.
d2. Phng cch ln theo vt c
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 33
Nguyn Vn V
Cch lm: t chc li d liu lin quan n xut hin
sai c lp nguyn nhn tim n.
Mt gi thit nguyn nhn c a ra t d liu trn
c dng chng t hoc phn chng gi thit .
mt danh sch cc nguyn nhn tim n c vch ra
v cc kim th c tin hnh loi tr cc
nguyn nhn trong danh sch .
Nu kim th ch ra mt nguyn nhn no c ha
hn th tinh ch tip d liu lin quan c lp li
d3. Phng cch loi tr nguyn nhn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 34
Nguyn Vn V
Mi khi tm thy li th phi chnh sa. Nhng sa mt
sai c th gy ra sai khc. Lm sao sa trit ?
Trc khi sa nn t hi tm gii php:
Nguyn nhn ny c th sinh ra phn khc ca
chng trnh hay khng? (trong nhiu tnh th,
mt khim khuyt chng trnh c th gy ra mt
mu sai logic m n c th c sinh ra mt
ni khc).
d3. Phng cch loi tr nguyn nhn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 35
Nguyn Vn V
Li no c th c sinh ra tip? Trc khi chnh
sa nn xt li m ngun (tt hn ht l xt li
thit k) nh gi s gn kt gia logic v cu
trc d liu.
Lm g ngn cn li ny ngay t ch u tin?
(thng c nhiu gii php nh thit k la
chn).
d3. Phng cch loi tr nguyn nhn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 36
Nguyn Vn V
Qun l cu hnh phn mm
L tp cc hot ng qun l cc thay i ca
phn mm trong sut vng i ca n.
L mt loi hot ng bo m cht lng phn
mm, c p dng cho tt c cc pha k ngh
Bao trm sut tin trnh pht trin v tin ha ca
phn mm.
Qun l cu hnh
(software configuration management - SCM):
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 37
Nguyn Vn V
Ni dung qun l cu hnh phn mm bao gm:
Xc nh cc thay i.
Kim sot cc thay i.
Bo m cc thay i c thc hin.
Bo co cc thay i cho ngi quan tm.
a. Ni dung qun l cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 38
Nguyn Vn V
Qun l cu hnh khc bo tr phn mm:
Bo tr phn mm l cc hot ng k ngh xut
hin sau khi phn phi phn mm v i vo hot
ng.
Qun l cu hnh phn mm l cc hot ng theo
di v kim sot, t khi bt u d n pht trin
phn mm v ch kt thc khi phn mm khng hot
ng na.
b. Phn bit vi bo tr
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 39
Nguyn Vn V
Kt qu ca tin trnh k ngh phn mm l cc thng
tin c th c chia thnh 3 loi:
Cc chng trnh my tnh (c mc ngun v mc
chy c).
Cc ti liu m t chng trnh my tnh (nhm
n c nhng ngi thc hnh k thut ln nhng
ngi dng).
Cc cu trc d liu (c bn trong v ngoi
chng trnh).
c. Thnh phn ca phn mm
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 40
Nguyn Vn V
Cc khon mc cu thnh ln cc thnh phn phn
mm c to ra nh l nhng ch tc (artifact) ca
tin trnh k ngh phn mm c tp hp li trong
mt ci tn chung gi l cu hnh phn mm.
Cc ch tc ny c nhiu mc khc nhau:
B phn - tng th (phm vi)
Cha hon thin hon thin (theo tin trnh, cht lng)
cc mc tin ha khc nhau (cc phin bn version)
d. Cu hnh phn mm
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 41
Nguyn Vn V
ng mc gii (baseline) l khi nim c t ra:
Trc mc gii, cu hnh c th thay i nhanh
chng v khng chnh thc.
Sau mc gii, cn cc th tc c bit v chnh
thc nh gi v kim sot s thay i cu
hnh.
ng mc gii nh du vic cp nht hay phn
pht 1 vi khon mc cu hnh phn mm.
Ti ng mc, cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm
ln u c a vo c s d liu d n hay c
ly ra sa i v s c cp nht tr li
e. Cng c qun l cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 42
Nguyn Vn V
e. Cng c qun l cu hnh
ng
mc gii
4
5
3
2
1
5.....
4..
3..
2..
1..
Entry ?
?
?
Check in
Check out
Ch tc d n
cu hnh c qun l
5
5
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 43
Nguyn Vn V
c t h thng (system specification)
K hoch d n phn mm (project baseline)
c t yu cu (software riquirements) :
c t yu cu phn mm.
Nguyn mu thi hnh c hoc nguyn mu
giy t
S tay s dng s cp
f. Cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm
(software configuration items - sci)
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 44
Nguyn Vn V
Cc c t thit k (design specification) :
d liu (data design).
kin trc (architectural design).
Mun (modul design).
giao din (inteface design).
i tng (objject design - nu dng k
thut hng i tng)
f. Cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 45
Nguyn Vn V
M ngun (source code) v kim th (test):
K hoch v th tc kim th .
Cc ca kim th & cc kt qu c ghi li.
Cc s tay vn hnh & s tay lp t.
Chng trnh thi hnh c.
Cc mun & m thi hnh c
Cc mun lin kt
f. Cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 46
Nguyn Vn V
M t c s d liu
Lc & cu trc cc file
Ni dung h s ban u
S tay ngi s dng
Cc ti liu bo tr
Cc bo co nhng vn phn mm
Cc yu cu bo tr
t thay i k ngh
Cc chun & cc th tc cho k ngh phn mm.
f. Cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 47
Nguyn Vn V
Trch nhim nguyn thu ca qun l cu hnh phn
mm l kim sot cc thay i
Sau ny thm cc trch nhim:
Xc nh cc khon mc cu hnh, cc version ca
phn mm;
kim ton cu hnh phn mm nhm bo m
phn mm c pht trin ng v
bo co mi thay i c p dng cho cu
hnh .
g. S hnh thnh qun l cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 48
Nguyn Vn V
5 nhim v c th qun l cu hnh phn mm:
Xc nh cu hnh
kim sot version
kim sot i thay,
kim ton cu hnh,
bo co thay i.
Mi cuc tho lun v qun l cu hnh phn mm cn
a ra cc cu hi:
h. Nhim v qun l cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 49
Nguyn Vn V
1. Lm th no t chc xc nh v qun l c
nhiu version ca chng trnh sao cho c th
thay i n thch nghi 1 cch hiu qu?
2. Lm th no t chc kim sot c cc thay
i phn mm trc v sau khi phn pht cho
khch hng?
i. Cu hi t ra cho qun l cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 50
Nguyn Vn V
3. Ai chu trch nhim vic chp thun v t th t u
tin ca cc i thay?
4. Lm th no c th bo m rng vic i thay
c thc hin ng?
5. Dng c ch no nh gi cc i thay khc?
i. Cu hi t ra cho qun l cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 51
Nguyn Vn V
Cn t tn khng trng cho cc khon mc cu
hnh phn mm, kim sot, qun l v t chc li
theo hng i tng.
C hai loi i tng:
i tng c bn l mt n v vn bn,
c k s phn mm to ra trong qu trnh
phn tch thit k, lp m v kim th .
i tng hn hp c cu thnh t cc i
tng
k. Xc nh i tng cu hnh FM
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 52
Nguyn Vn V
Mi i tng c 1 b cc c trng th hin ra l
duy nht: tn, m t, danh sch cc ngun lc, s
hin thc ho.
M t i tng bng 1 danh sch cc khon mc d
liu:
Kiu khon mc cu hnh phn mm (ti liu,
chng trnh hay d liu).
Chng th d n (thuc phn no trong d n).
Thng tin i thay v/hoc thng tin version
k. Xc nh i tng cu hnh FM
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 53
Nguyn Vn V
Ngun lc l tt c cc thc th c cung cp, x l,
tham kho, v cc th khc c i tng cn n.
Mi quan h gia cc i tng l quan h b phn
ton b. Ta c th cc i tng.
Mt quan h khc l quan h lin quan vi nhau
(<interrelated>).
kim sot i thay ca i tng ta cn n th
tin ho cho tng i tng, n m t lch s i thay
ca i tng .
k. Xc nh i tng cu hnh FM(t)
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 54
Nguyn Vn V
Kim sot phin bn = t hp cc th tc & cc
cng c qun l cc phin bn khc nhau ca
cc i tng cu hnh (c to ra trong tin trnh
k ngh phn mm).
Qun l cu hnh cho php ngi s dng c t
cc cu hnh thay th ca h thng phn mm = la
chn phin bn thch hp v gn vi cc thuc tnh;
nh cho php c t 1 cu hnh bng cch m t
1 tp cc thuc tnh mong mun.
m. Kim sot phin bn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 55
Nguyn Vn V
xy dng 1 bin th thch hp ca 1 phin bn
chng trnh, mi thnh phn ca phin bn c
gn mt b thuc tnh - l mt danh sch cc c
trng.
Mt phin bn hay bin th c xy dng cn xc
nh thnh phn no c dng hay cn thay i.
Mt cch khc hnh thnh khi nim v quan h
gia cc thnh phn, cc bin th, cc phin bn l
biu din chng nh l mt vng (pool) i tng.
m. Kim sot phin bn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 56
Nguyn Vn V
Mi thnh phn c cu to bi 1 b cc i tng
trong cng 1 mc xt duyt.
Mi bin th l 1 b cc i tng trong cng mt
mc xt duyt.
Xc nh cc thay i cho mi phin bn ch yu
c thc hin i vi 1 vi i tng.
c 1 s cc cng c kim sot phin bn nh:
SCCS, RCS v hin i hn nh: NSE, DSEE.
m. Kim sot phin bn
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 57
Nguyn Vn V
Ti sao? Khi pht trin phn mm ln, khng kim
sot c cc thay i s d dn n hn n.
Phng cch: cn phi hp tt c cc th tc, con
ngi, cc cng c t ng nhm cung cp 1 c
ch kim sot i thay 1 cch hiu qu.
Tin trnh kim sot i thay c th m t nh biu
sau:
l. Kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 58
Nguyn Vn V
Biu tin trnh kim sot s thay i:
Nhn ra nhu cu thay i
Ngi dng trnh yu cu thay i
Ngi pht trin nh gi
Sinh ra bo co v thay i
l1. Tin trnh kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 59
Nguyn Vn V
Ngi c thm quyn kim sot thay i ra quyt nh
Yu cu b bc b
Thng bo cho ngi dng
..

l1 Tin trnh kim sot s thay i

Qu trnh kim sot i thay nh sau:
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 60
Nguyn Vn V
l1 Tin trnh kim sot s thay i
Qu trnh kim sot i thay nh sau:
Ngi c thm quyn kim sot thay i ra quyt nh
Xp hng cc yu cu, sinh ra lnh k ngh
vic thay i (engineering chang order - ECO)
Phn cc i tng cu hnh cho cc c nhn

Cc (khon mc) i tng cu hnh check out

2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 61
Nguyn Vn V
l1 Tin trnh kim sot s thay i
Qu trnh kim sot i thay nh sau:
Thc hin thay i
R sot thay i (kim ton)
Cc (khon mc) i tng cu hnh check in
Thit lp ng mc gii cho kim th
Tin hnh cc hot ng bo m cht lng v kim th
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 62
Nguyn Vn V
l1 Tin trnh kim sot s thay i(t)
Xem li cc thay i s c a vo trong
ln phn phi mi
Xy dng li phin bn mi ca phn mm
R sot li s thay i ca tt c
cc khon mc cu hnh (kim ton)
Bao gm cc thay i vo trong phin bn mi
Phn phi phin bn mi
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 63
Nguyn Vn V
Khi mt yu cu thay i c trnh cn nh gi
nhm:
s dng k thut thch hp
hiu ng ph c th c, nh hng ln tng th
cc i tng cu hnh khc & ln cc chc nng
h thng & ln chi ph d n v thay i ..
Kt qu nh gi v s i thay c bo co cho
ngi c thm quyn kim sot i thay (change
control authority CCA), c quyn ti hu v tnh trng
& quyt nh i thay.
l2 Hot ng kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 64
Nguyn Vn V
Mnh lnh k ngh thay i (ECO) c to ra cho
tng thay i c chp thun. Lnh ny m t cc
thay i cn lm, cc rng buc phi tun theo, cc
tiu chun r sot v kim ton.
i tng cn thay i c check out khi c s
d liu d n, c thay i, v cc hot ng bo
m cht lng phn mm cn c p dng.
Sau i tng ny c check in vo c s d
liu & mt c ch kim sot phin bn c s dng.
l2. Hot ng kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 65
Nguyn Vn V
Qu trnh check in v check out nhm thc hin
hai mc tiu quan trng ca kim sot i thay l: kim
sot truy cp v kim sot ng b:
kim sot truy cp qun tr nhng ci g m ngi
k s c thm quyn truy cp v ci bin 1i tng
cu hnh c th.
kim sot ng b gip ta bo m rng cc thay
i ng thi, do nhng ngi khc nhau thc hin
khng vit ln nhau.
l2. Hot ng kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 66
Nguyn Vn V
check out mt i tng cu hnh da trn yu cu
thay i c chp thun v lnh k ngh thay i
cho php ngi k s phn mm thc hin.
Mt chc nng kim sot truy cp s bo m rng
ngi k s phn mm c thm quyn check out i
tng & cc kim sot ng b s kho i tng
trong c s d liu d n sao cho khng ai c th cp
nht cho n khi phin bn check out ny c thay
th.
l2. Hot ng kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 67
Nguyn Vn V
Khi cc bn sao khc c th c check out
nhng khng th c cp nht.
Mt bn sao ca i tng ng mc (gi l phin
bn trch ly) c k s phn mm ci bin. Sau khi
mi bo m cht lng phn mm v kim th
hon tt, phin bn c ci bin ca i tng
s c check in, c i tng v ng mc mi
ny c m kho.
l2. Hot ng kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 68
Nguyn Vn V
ng mc c to ra khi i tng c r
sot k thut chnh thc & c chp thun
Vic kim sot i thay mc d n c thc thi.
Trc ht ngi pht trin phi c s chp thun
ca ngi qun l d n (nu d n l cc b) hoc
c s chp thun ca ngi c thm quyn kim
sot i thay (nu nu i thay nh hng ti cc
khon mc cu hnh phn mm khc).
l2. Hot ng kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 69
Nguyn Vn V
Qu trnh kim sot thay i vi qu nhiu th tc
cht ch c nguy c to ra s quan liu .
Khng t chc v kim tra tt, s kim sot thay i
c th dn n cn tr tin trnh pht trin
Hu ht ngi pht trin phn mm u c c ch
kim sot i thay (cng nhiu ngi chng c!), h
to ra mt s tng kim sot trnh nhng vn
ni trn.
l3. Vn trong kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 70
Nguyn Vn V
Trong 1 s trng hp, nhiu th tc chnh thc: cc
yu cu, cc bo co, v cc lnh k ngh thay i
c b qua. Tuy nhin, vic nh gi tng i thay
vn c tin hnh v tt c cc i thay vn c
theo di v c r sot.
kim sot thay i chnh thc c hnh thnh khi sn
phm c phn pht cho khch hng.
Thm quyn kim sot thay i ng mt vai tr tch
cc trong tng th hai v th ba. Ph thuc vo kch
c v c tnh ca d n phn mm
l4. Thc tin kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 71
Nguyn Vn V
Ngi c thm quyn cn c ci nhn tng th, nh
gi c nh hng ca thay i i vi cc yu t
bn ngoi cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm:
Thay i nh hng ti:
phn cng nh th no?
s thc thi nh th no?
s nhn nhn ca khch hng i vi sn phm
nh th no?
cht lng v tin cy ca sn phm nh th
no?, v nhiu cu hi khc na
l4. Thc tin kim sot s thay i
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 72
Nguyn Vn V
Minh nh, kim sot phin bn, kim sot thay i,
gip cho ngi pht trin duy tr 1 trt t, trnh c
tnh th hn n.
Tuy nhin, ngay khi cc c cu kim sot thnh cng
nht cng ch theo di 1 thay i cho n khi 1 i
tng cu hnh k thut c sinh ra;
lm th no bo m s thay i thc s c
thc thi? Cn c hai hot ng:
r sot k thut chnh thc,
kim ton cu hnh.
n. Kim ton cu hnh
(configuration auditing)
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 73
Nguyn Vn V
Mt nhn t quan trng ca qu trnh thm nh l r
sot cu hnh (configuration review ) - i khi c
gi l kim ton cu hnh. R sot ny bo m rng
cc yu t ca cu hnh phn mm thc s c
pht trin, lp danh mc, v c cc chi tit cn thit
tr gip pha bo tr ca vng i phn mm
n1. Khi nim kim ton cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 74
Nguyn Vn V
R sot k thut chnh thc tp trung vo s ng
n k thut ca i tng cu hnh c ci bin.
Ngi r sot cn nh gi:
s ph hp vi cc khon mc cu hnh khc,
s b st v cc hiu ng ph khc.
Kim ton cu hnh phn mm b sung cho r sot
k thut chnh thc bng cch nh gi mt i tng
cu hnh trn cc c tnh m thng khng c xt
trong qu trnh r sot.
n1. Khi nim kim ton cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 75
Nguyn Vn V
n2. S truy nhp v kim sot ng b
Chect-in
Chect-out
Kim sot
truy nhp
CSDL d n
i tng
cu hnh
i tng
cu hnh
i tng
cu hnh
i tng
cu hnh
M kha
kha
Thng tin
kim ton
K s
phn mm
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 76
Nguyn Vn V
Kim ton = hi v tr li cc cu hi sau:
Thay i c c t trong lnh k ngh thay
i c thc hin hay cha? Nhng ci
bin ph no c phi hp?
R sot k thut chnh thc c tin hnh
nh gi s ng n k thut hay cha?
Cc chun k ngh phn mm thc s c
tun th cha?
n3. Cu hi ca kim ton cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 77
Nguyn Vn V
Kim ton tr li cc cu hi sau (tip):
Thay i ni bt ln trong cc khon mc
phn mm cha? C c t ngy & tc gi ca
thay i ? Cc thuc tnh ca i tng cu
hnh phn nh c i thay cha?
Cc th tc qun l cu hnh gim st, ghi li
v bo co v n c c tun th hay khng?
Tt c cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm lin
quan thc s c cp nht cha?
n3. Cu hi ca kim ton cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 78
Nguyn Vn V
Thng thng, cc cu hi kim ton nh l 1 phn
ca r sot k thut phn mm; nhng khi qun l cu
hnh phn mm tr thnh hot ng chnh thc, th
kim ton cu hnh phn mm c tin hnh tch
ring cho 1 nhm bo m cht lng
n4. Tin ha ca kim ton cu hnh
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 79
Nguyn Vn V
Bo co hin trng cu hnh (configuration status
reporting CSR) - (cn gi l kim ton hin trng) l
mt nhim v qun l cu hnh phn mm; n tr li
cc cu hi sau:
Ci g xy ra?
Ai lm?
Xy ra khi no?
S cn nh hng no khc na?
Thng tin bo co tnh trng cu hnh gn cht vi cc
nhim v trong kim sot i thay
Bo co hin trng
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 80
Nguyn Vn V
Mi khi 1 khon mc cu hnh phn mm c n
nh mi hoc c cp nht tr li th 1 ni dung
(entry) c to ra trong CSDL.
Mi khi 1 khon mc cu hnh phn mm c chp
thun quyn thay i cu hnh (1 mnh lnh thay i
k ngh c pht ra) th 1 ni dung cng c to ra
Mi khi 1 kim ton cu hnh c tin hnh th cc
kt qu ca n c bo co nh l 1 phn ca
nhim v bo co hin trng cu hnh.
a. Khi nim v bo co hin trng
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 81
Nguyn Vn V
Bo co hin trng cu hnh c th c t trn
mt c s d liu trc tuyn ngi pht trin hay
bo tr c th truy cp ngay cc thng tin i thay.
Bo co hin trng cu hnh ng mt vai tr ct t
cho thng li ca 1 d n pht trin phn mm ln.
Bo co hin trng cu hnh gip loi tr vn bt
cp lin quan n nhiu ngi bng cch ci thin
giao tip gia tt c h
a. Khi nim v bo co hin trng
2005 B mn CNFM i hc Cng ngh 82
Nguyn Vn V
Vn bt cp:
Xy dng phn mm cho 1 c t m phn cng
tng ng khng cn dng na.
Tin hnh 1 i thay xut m n c
thc hin.
S dng 1 thnh phn ang sa i v c li
Ci bin cng 1 khon mc cu hnh vi nhng
nh khc nhau, thm ch l mu thun nhau.
b. Nhng bt cp thiu bo co hin trng