SKILLS Project

October 2013
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
To provide clients, designers, contractors and relevant
authorities with the knowledge about the structural fire
design of steel structures

3
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Introduction
Basis of fire design
Verification methods
Actions (thermal & mechanical)
Design values of material properties
Material properties
Assessment of fire resistance
General
Simplified rules
Advanced calculation models
Worked examples
Overview
Column with axial loads
Beam with bending and compression loads
Beam made of a hollow section
Conclusion
4
LIST OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION ESSENTIAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
The construction works must be designed and built in such a way
that in the event of an outbreak of fire:
The load bearing capacity of the construction is ensured for a
specific period of time
The generation and spread of fire and smoke within the works
are limited
The spread of fire to neighbouring construction works is limited
The occupants can leave the works or be rescued by other
means
The safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration
6
INTRODUCTION FIRE RESISTANCE
7
Fire resistance is defined in terms of time as follows:
Relevant time of fire exposure during which the corresponding
fire resistance function of a structure is maintained despite fire
actions
According to European standard, 3 criteria were approved to define the
fire resistance:
R load bearing function
E integrity separating function
I thermal insulating separation function
Above criteria may be required individually or in combination:
separating only: integrity (criterion E) and, when requested, insulation
(criterion I)
load bearing only: mechanical resistance (criterion R)
separating and load bearing: criteria R, E and, when requested I
INTRODUCTION FIRE RESISTANCE
8
R load bearing function
Capacity of a structure to maintain its
required mechanical resistance in case of
fire for a specified period of time

E integrity separating function
Capacity of a structure to maintain its
required integrity separating function to
hot gases in case of fire for a specified
period of time

I thermal insulation separating function
Capacity of a structure to maintain its
required thermal insulation separating
function in case of fire for a specified period
of time





Mechanical loading
Average temperature rise
140 K (under standard fire)
Maximum temperature rise
180 K (under standard fire)
heat
Hot gas
Hot gas
heat
INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF FIRE PART OF EUROCODE 3
Design rules cover only the load bearing function R of steel
structures
Applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the
scope of EN 1993-1
Is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991-1-2
Identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal
temperature design
Deals only with passive method of fire protection
Applicable Materials:
Structural steel : S235, S275, S355, S420 & S460 of EN 10025
& all grades of EN 10210 and EN 10219
Cold-formed steel : Members & sheeting within the scope of
EN 1993-1-3
Stainless Steel : Members & sheeting within the scope of EN
1993-1-4

9
BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN
Basic principle






Different types of structural analysis
Global structural analysis
Sub-structural analysis
Member analysis
BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN - VERIFICATION METHODS
Verification of the load-bearing function of a structure for the
relevant duration of fire exposure t:
E
fi,d
R
fi,d,t

E
fi,d
: Design effect of actions for the fire situation (EN 1991-1-2)
R
fi,d,t
: Corresponding design resistance in the fire situation (EN
1993-1-2)
11
Member analysis
independent structural analysis
effects of axial or in-plane thermal
expansions may be neglected
simple to apply
generally for nominal fire condition

Sub-structural or global structural analysis
interaction effects between the
different parts of the structure should
be taken into account
role of compartmentation
global stability

BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN - VERIFICATION METHODS


12
BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN ACTIONS
Thermal actions

Nominal fire exposure

Natural fire exposure





Exemplary
Parametric
Fire curve
External Fire
Standard Fire
Hydrocarbon Fire
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1200 2400 3600
Time (sec)
Gas Temperature (C)
13
EN 1991-1-2 3
Heat Flux on fire exposed members





Net convective flux component:


Ner radiative flux component:

14
BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN ACTIONS


( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 8
.
273 273 10 67 . 5 + + u =

m r f m r net
x h u u c c

( )
m g c c net
h u u o =
,

net,r
.
h
net,c
.
h
net
.
h + =
net convective flux component
net radiative
flux component
net heat flux
7 . 0 =
m
c
for carbon steel
4 . 0 =
m
c for stainless steel
EN 1991-1-2 3.1
BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN ACTIONS

Mechanical actions
Using accidental load combination (EN 1990)
G
k,j
: characteristic values of permanent actions
Q
k,1
: characteristic value of the leading variable action
Q
k,i
: characteristic values of accompanying variable actions

1,1
: factor for frequent value of a leading variable action

2,i
: factor for quasi-permanent values of accompanying
variable actions (
2,1
is recommended and for practical
application one should refer to each National Annex).
G
k,j
+ (+
1,1
or +
2,1
) Q
k,1
+ +
2,i
Q
k,i

j > 1 i > 2
E
fi,d,t
=

15
EN 1991-1-2 4.3.1
Mechanical action

2
Imposed loads in buildings, category (see EN 1991-1-1)
Category A : domestic, residential areas
Category B : office areas
Category C : congregation areas
Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
Category F : traffic area
vehicle weight 30 kN
Category G : traffic area,
30 kN < vehicle weight 160 kN
Category H : roofs

0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.7

0.5

0.0

0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6

0.3

0.0
Snow loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-3)
Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites located at altitude
H > 1000 m a.s.l.
Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites located at altitude
H 1000 m a.s.l.

0.50
0.50

0.2 0

0.20
0.20

0. 0
Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-4) 0.2 0.0
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN 1991-1-5) 0.5 0.0
16
BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN ACTIONS


BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN ACTIONS

Mechanical actions
For simplification, using reduction factor q
fi




17
EN 1991-1-2 4.3.2
( )
d fi d fi t d fi t d fi
E E E E q = = =
= , 0 , , , ,
E
d
: the design value of the relevant effects of actions from the
fundamental combination for normal temperature design (EN 1990)
E
fi,d,t
: the corresponding design value of effect of actions in the fire
situation (EN 1991-1-2)
q
fi
: a reduction factor (understood as the design load level in the
situation of fire)
18
BASIS OF FIRE DESIGN ACTIONS


0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
CATEGORY C or D :
congregation or
shopping areas
+
1,1
= 0.7
For:
G
=1.35

Q,1
=1.50
q
fi

CATEGORY E :
storage areas
+
1,1
= 0.9
CATEGORY A or B :
office areas
+
1,1
= 0.5
q
fi
= (1 +
1,1
)/(
G
+
Q,1
)
= Q
k1
/ G
k
variable action
permanent action
Example for reduction factor q
fi


Mechanical properties (strength & deformation):

X
k
: characteristic value of mechanical property for normal temperature
design to EN1993-1-1
k

: reduction factor for mechanical property dependent on temperature

M,fi
: partial safety factor for the fire situation

Thermal properties



X
k,
: value of a material property in fire design

M,fi
: partial safety factor for the relevant material property, for the fire
situation
19
BASIS OF DESIGN - DESIGN VALUES OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES


fi M k fi d
X k X
, ,
/
u
= EN 1993-1-2 2.3 (1)
EN 1993-1-2 2.3 (2)
fi M k fi d
X X
, , ,
/
u
=
u

, , , k fi M fi d
X X =
If an increase of the property is favourable for safety:
If an increase of the property is unfavourable for safety:
Partial safety factor
20
BASIS OF DESIGN - DESIGN VALUES OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES


Material Fire design Cold design
Structural steel
members

M,fi
= 1,0
M,0
= 1,0
Steel joints
M,fi
= 1,0
M,2
= 1,25
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Available data :
Thermal properties
Thermal elongation
Specific heat
Thermal conductivity
Mechanical properties
Stress-strain relationship
Elastic modulus
Yield strength
22
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

EN 1993-1-2 3.4
EN 1993-1-2 Annex C
Covered material:
Carbon steel
Stainless steel
Thermal properties at elevated temperatures
23
MATERIALS PROPERTIES - CARBON STEEL


Thermal conductivity
(W/m K)
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (C)
Specific heat
(J/kg K)
5000
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (C)
4000
3000
2000
1000
EN 1993-1-2 3.4.1
Unit mass 7850 kg/m
3
Thermal elongation

24
MATERIALS PROPERTIES - CARBON STEEL


0
5
10
15
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (C)
AL/L (x10
-3
)
EN 1993-1-2 3.2.2
EN 1993-1-2 3.4.1.1
Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures

25
MATERIALS PROPERTIES - CARBON STEEL

Normalised stress*
Strain (%)
20C 200C 400C
500C
600C
700C
800C
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20
0 300 600 900 1200
100
80
60
40
20
% of normal value
Temperature (C)
Effective yield
strength
Elastic
modulus
Strength
EN 1993-1-2 3.2.1
Reduction factors:
Effective yield strength: k
y,u
= f
y,u
/ f
y
Elastic modulus: k
E,u
= E
a,u
/ E
a
*Strain hardening in Annex A.
ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE
Two type of structural fire design methods :
Simplified Calculation Rules (SCR)
Applies to Individual members (tension members, compression
members, beams)
Critical temperature / Load bearing resistance
Steel temperature development
Based on conservative assumptions
Advanced Calculation Models (ACM)
Applies to all types of structures
Models for thermal response and mechanical response
Models based on the Finite Element or Finite Difference Method
Engineering principles are applied in a realistic manner to specific
applications.
27
ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE- GENERAL
Application domain of structural fire design methods
28
ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE - GENERAL
Thermal
Actions

Natural Fire

Nominal Fire
Type of analysis SCR ACM SCR ACM
Member
analysis

Yes
(if available)

Yes

Yes

Yes
Analysis of a
part of the
structure

Not
applicable

Yes

Yes
(if available)


Yes
Global
structural
analysis

Not
applicable


Yes

Not
applicable


Yes
Classification of steel members in fire
According to EN 1993-1-1 but using a reduced factor
considering influences of temperature:
29
ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE - GENERAL

5 . 0
/ 235 85 , 0
(

=
y
f c
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.2
4
3
2
1
eff
el
req pl
req pl
M M
M M
M M
M M
=
=
< =
> =
| |
| |
c
Design recommendations for bolted or the welded joints*
Check of the thermal resistance





Check of the load level


30
ASSESSMENT OF FIRE RESISTANCE - GENERAL
c
f
f
d
|
|
.
|

\
|

of the joint the minimum value of

applied to any of the jointed members, where:
>
m
f
f
d
|
|
.
|

\
|

fi c,
q
of the joint the maximum value of applied to any of
the jointed members, where:
fi m,
q
s
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.1 (6)
* The fire resistance of joints may be alternatively determined using the
method given in Annex D.
d
f
: thickness of the fire protection material
: effective thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
f

: utilization of the joint

: utilization of any of the connected members
fi c,
q
fi m,
q
Field of application:
Tension members, compression members, beams
Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
Protected & unprotected steelwork

Class 4 cross-section ?

31
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
Tension members
Uniform temperature u
a


Non-uniform temperature
Design resistance can be also calculated assuming non-uniform
temperature distribution across the member cross-section:


32
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
| |
fi M y y fi M M Rd y Rd fi
f k A N k N
, , , 0 , , , ,
/ /
u u u
= =
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.1

=
n
i
fi M y i y i Rd t fi
f k A N
1
, , , , ,
/
u
A
i
: elemental area of the cross-section with a temperature u
i

k
y,u,i
: reduction factor for the yield strength of steel at temperature u
i

u
i
: temperature in the elemental area A
i
.
Axially loaded compression members
Only uniform temperature u
a

33
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
fi M y y fi Rd t fi b
f k A N
, , , , ,
/ _
u
=
fi
_
Where is the reduction factor for flexural buckling.
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.2
Reduction factor for flexural buckling:
34
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
2 2
1
u

_
+
=
fi
] [1
2
1
2
u u
+ + =
u u
u

, ,
20
/
E y
C
k k

=
y
f / 235 65 , 0 = o
with
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.2
cr y
C
N Af /
20
=

where
2 2
/ ) (
fi cr
L EI N t =
Buckling lengths of fire exposed columns
Braced frame
Columns continued or maintained at both ends
At least the same degree of fire resistance of the building
components, separating the fire compartments located
above and below of the analysed column.
35
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS

Bracing system
l
fi
=0,7L
l
fi
=0,5L
Laterally restrained beams with Class 1 or 2 cross-sections
Uniform temperature u
a






Non-uniform temperature





36
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
| |
Rd fi M M y Rd fi
M k M
, 0 , , , ,
/
u u
=
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3(1)
) /(
2 1 , , , ,
k k
u
=
Rd fi Rd t fi
M M
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3 (3)
M
Rd
: plastic moment of the gross cross-section or reduced moment
resistance allowing for shear effects, for normal temperature design
according to EN 1993-1-1

=
n
i
fi M i y i y i i Rd t fi
f k z A M
1
, , , , , ,
/
u
z
i
: distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centroid of A
i
;
f
y,i
: nominal yield strength f
y,
for A
i
taken as positive on the compression
side of the plastic neutral axis and negative on the tension side;
Simplified solution:
37
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
Section k
1
Unprotected
beams
4 sides exposed 1.00
3 sides exposed 0.70
Protected
beams
4 sides exposed 1.00
3 sides exposed 0.85
Along the beam
k
2

Continuous
beams
Section at the supports 0.85
In all other cases 1.00
Tabulated datas for adaptation factors k
1
and

k
2


Laterally unrestrained beams with Class 1 or 2 cross-sections





38
SIMPLIFIED RULES- RESISTANCE METHODS
fi M y com y y p fi LT Rd t fi b
f k W M
, , , , , , , ,
/ _
u
=
l
_
LT,fi
: Reduction factors for lateral-torsional buckling
k
y,u,com
: Reduction factors for the yield strength of steel at the
maximum temperature in the compression flange
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3(4)
Laterally restrained beams with Class 3 cross-sections
Uniform temperature u
a


Non-uniform temperature



Laterally unrestrained beams with Class 3 cross-sections


39
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
| |
fi M M Rd y Rd t fi
M k M
, 0 , , , ,
/
u
=
| |
2 1 , 0 , max , , , ,
/ / k k
u fi M M Rd y Rd t fi
M k M =
0 ,
/
M y el Rd
f W M =
fi M y com y y el fi LT Rd t fi b
f k W M
, , , , , , , ,
/ _
u
=
: Elastic moment resistance
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.4(1)
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.4(2)
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.4(3)
Reduction factors for lateral-torsional buckling
40
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS

| |
2
, , , , , ,
1
2
1
com LT com LT com LT u u u
o | + + =
2
, ,
2
, , , ,
,
1
com LT com LT com LT
fi LT
u u u
| |
_
+
=
com E com y LT LT
k k
, , , , ,
/
u u u
=
y
f / 235 65 , 0 = o
Where
for Class 1 or 2 cross-sections
for Class 3 cross-sections
M
cr
: Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
cr y pl LT
M f W / =
cr y el LT
M f W / =
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3(5)
Conservately, u
a,com
can be taken equal to the uniform temperature u
a,max
.
Check of the shear resistance:
41
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
| |
fi M M Rd web y Rd t fi
V k V
, 0 , , , , ,
/
u
=
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.4(4)
V
Rd
: Shear resistance of the gross cross-section for normal
temperature design, according to EN 1993-1-1
k
y,u,web
: Reduction factor for the yield strength of steel at the
maximum temperature in the web
Where
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3(6)
Members with Class 1 or 2 cross-sections subjected to
combined bending and axial compression
Design buckling resistance R
fi,t,d
at time t without lateral
torsional buckling:



With lateral torsional buckling



42
SIMPLIFIED RULES - RESISTANCE METHODS
1
/ / /
, , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
s


+


+

fi M y y z pl
Ed fi z z
fi M y y y pl fi LT
Ed fi y LT
fi M y y fi z
Ed fi
f k W
M k
f k W
M k
f k A
N
_ _
u u u
1
/ / /
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, , min,
,
s


+


+

fi M y y z pl
Ed fi z z
fi M y y y pl
Ed fi y y
fi M y y fi
Ed fi
f k W
M k
f k W
M k
f k A
N
_
u u u
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.5
Members with Class 3 cross-section subjected to combined
bending and axial compression
Design buckling resistance R
fi,t,d
at time t without lateral
torsional buckling:



with lateral torsional buckling



43
SIMPLIFIED RULES- RESISTANCE METHODS
1
/ / /
, , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
s


+


+

fi M y y z el
Ed fi z z
fi M y y y el fi LT
Ed fi y LT
fi M y y fi z
Ed fi
f k W
M k
f k W
M k
f k A
N
_ _
u u u
1
/ / /
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, , min
,
s


+


+

fi M y y z el
Ed fi z z
fi M y y y el
Ed fi y y
fi M y y
Ed fi
f k W
M k
f k W
M k
f k A
N
_
u u u
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.5
Design rules for class 4 members
Except for tensions members,

if u
a
u
cr
(=350C) E
fi,d
R
fi,d,t

More detailed rules in Annex E
44
SIMPLIFIED RULES RESISTANCE METHODS
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.6
SIMPLIFIED RULES CRITICAL TEMPERATURE METHOD
Field of application:
Tension members,
Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections
Beams and short columns
Carbon steel

45
Critical temperature u
cr
of steel members


46
SIMPLIFIED RULES - CRITICAL TEMPERATURE METHOD
u
cr
= 39.19 ln
0.9674
0
3.833

1
- 1 +482

0
: Degree of utilisation
Type of members

0
Tension and compression members
without instability risk


Members subjected to bending

0
= = q
fi,t

M,fi

M0

0
= =q
fi,t

M,fi

M0

k
1
k
2

E
fi,d,t

R
fi,d,0

E
fi,d,t

R
fi,d,0

Internal steelwork
Unprotected steelwork
Protected steelwork

External steelwork
47
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT

Section Factor: ratio between surface area through which heat
is transferred to steel and steel volume.
48
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
Unprotected internal steelwork
Insulated internal steelwork
Unprotected internal steelwork
Section Factor=> A
m
/V
49
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
perimeter
c/s area
perimeter exposed
c/s area
h
b
2(b+h)
c/s area
50
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
t h
V
A
c
k
net
m
a a
sh
t a
A = A

u
.
Temperature rise of bare steelwork:
Steel
temperature
u
m
Steel
fire
temperature u
g
k
sh
: Correction factor for the shadow effect
: Section factor [1/m]
c
a
: Specific heat of steel [J/kgK]
: Design value of the net heat flux per unit area [W/m
2
]

a
: Unit mass of steel [kg/m
3
].
where
V A
m
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.5.1
At < 5 sec
net
h

51
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
V
A
V
A
k
m
b
m
sh
|
.
|

\
|
= 9 , 0
Correction factor for the shadow effect k
sh
Shadow effect is caused by local shielding of radiative heat
transfer, due to the shape of steel profile:
for open profiles (I or H) => shadow effect



In all other cases, e.g. for cross sections with a convex
shape => no shadow effect*

*Ignoring the shadow effect (k
sh
=1.0) leads to conservative solutions.



k
sh
=1.0
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.5.1(2)
52
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
0
200
400
600
800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
k
sh
A
m
/V (m
-1
)
15 minutes
30 minutes
Temperature [C]
Example of temperature of unprotected steel members as
function of section factor:
Insulated internal steelwork
Section Factor => A
p
/V
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
steel perimeter
steel c/s area
inner perimeter of
the encasement
steel c/s area
2(b+h)
steel c/s area
h
b
53
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
steel
temperature
steel
insulation
fire
temperature
d
p

Insulating materials can be in
the form of profiled or boxed
systems
V
A
d
c
c
p
p
a a
p p

| =
Heat stored in the fire protection:
( )
( )
( )
t g
t a t g
a a p
p p
t a
e t
c d
V A
,
10 / , ,
,
1
3 / 1
/
u
|
u u

u
|
A A
+

= A
Temperature rise of insulated steelwork during At:
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.5.2
p p
c
a a
c
: Thermal capacity of steel
: Thermal capacity of insulate
At 30 sec
54
Design rules for external steel work (only for carbon steel)
Calculation of temperature rise shall consider:
Radiative/convective heat flux from external flame
Radiative heat flux received through openings from fire inside
compartment
Radiative/convective heat loss to the ambient atmosphere
Members sizes and locations
Compartment geometry
55
SIMPLIFIED RULES STEEL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT

floor




flame
beam

column
Thermal action: Annex B of EC1
Heating of steel: Annex C of EC3
56
ADVANCED CALCULATION MODEL S
Application example of advanced thermal analysis
Heating of fire insulated steel joint for R90
Numerical model of fire
insulated joint
Temperature field of fire
insulated joint
Temperature field of steel
parts of the joint
57
ADVANCED CALCULATION MODEL S
Application example of advanced structural analysis
failure mode of bare steel structures exposed to fire

Fire
wall

WORKED EXAMPLES
Examples to EN 1993 Part 1-2:
Column with axial loads
Beam with bending and compression loads
Beam made of a hollow section


59
WORKED EXAMPLES - OVERVIEW
Task: Determination of the design axial resistance
Simple calculation model for compression members



60
WORKED EXAMPLES COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOADS

Bracing system
Column
exposed to fire
Building: Department store
Fire resistance class: R 90
Loads:
G
k
= 1200 kN
P
k
= 600 kN
Profile:
Rolled section
HE 300 B
Fire protection: Hollow encasement of gypsum board (d
p
= 3 cm)
Steel grade: S 235
Uniform temperature heating u
a
= 445 C



61
WORKED EXAMPLES COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOADS

Encasement
HE 300 B
Actions
Mechanical actions during fire exposure
Accidental situation:









62
WORKED EXAMPLES COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOADS


Combination factor for
shopping areas = 0.6
EN 1991-1-2 4.3

>
+ + =
1
, 2 1 1 ,
i
i
Q
i
Q G
d fi
E
=
d fi
N
,
1200 kN + 0.6 600 kN = 1560 kN
Q G
d fi
E 6 . 0
,
+ =
2

Reduction factors k
y,u
and k
E,u



Reduction factor _
fi








63
WORKED EXAMPLES COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOADS

EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.2
u
a
= 445 C => k
y,u
= 0.901
k
E,u
= 0.655
25 . 0 655 . 0 / 901 . 0 21 . 0 /
, ,
= = =
u u
u

E y
k k
86 . 0
25 . 0 61 . 0 61 . 0
1 1
2 2 2 2
=
+
=
+
=
u

_
fi
21 . 0 9 . 93 58 . 7 / 300 5 . 0 ) /( = = =
a z Kz
i L
where:
61 . 0 ] 25 . 0 25 . 0 65 . [1 5 . 0 ] [1 5 . 0
2 2
= + + = + + = 0
u u

65 . 0 235 / 235 65 . 0 / 235 65 . 0 = = =
y
f o
where:
and
Flexural buckling:


Verification:




64
WORKED EXAMPLES COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOADS

kN f k A N
fi M y y fi Rd t fi b
2713
0 . 1
5 . 23
901 . 0 149 86 . 0 /
, , , , ,
= = = _
1 58 . 0 2713 / 1560 /
, , , ,
< = =
Rd t fi b d fi
N N
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.2
Task: Verification of a steel beam subjected to bending and
compression
Simple calculation model for members subjected to
bending and compression loads






65
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

Building: Office building
Fire resistance class: R 90
Loads:
G
k
= 96.3 kN
g
k
= 1.5 kN/m
p
k
= 1.5 kN/m
Profile:
Rolled section
HE 200 B
Fire protection: Hollow encasement of gypsum board (d
p
= 2 cm)
Steel grade: S 235
Uniform temperature u
a
= 540 C



66
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)
Slab
HE 200 B
Gypsum
board
Actions
Mechanical actions during fire exposure
Accidental situation:









67
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

EN 1991-1-2 4.3
Combination factor for
office areas = 0.3

>
+ + =
1
, 2 1 1 ,
i
i
Q
i
Q G
d fi
E
Q G
d fi
E 3 . 0
,
+ =
2

=
d fi
N
, 96.3 kN
| | 38 . 24
8
10
5 . 1 3 . 0 5 . 1
2
,
= + =
d fi
M
kN.m
Reduction factors k
y,u
and k
E,u
:


Laterally restrained beam:
Reduction factor _
min,fi











68
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.5
u
a
= 540 C => k
y,u
= 0.656
k
E,u
= 0.484
25 . 1 ) 9 . 93 54 . 8 /( 1000 ) /( = = =
a y cr
y
i L
10 . 2 ) 9 . 93 07 . 5 /( 1000 ) /( = = =
a y cr
z
i L
46 . 1
484 . 0
656 . 0
25 . 1
,
,
,
= = =
u
u
u

E
y
y y
k
k
44 . 2
484 . 0
656 . 0
1 . 2
,
,
,
= = =
u
u
u

E
y
z z
k
k
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.3
Reduction factor _
min,fi
(contd):










69
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

65 . 0 235 / 235 65 . 0 / 235 65 . 0 = = =
y
f o where:
04 . 2 ] 46 . 1 46 . 1 65 . [1 5 . 0 ] [1 5 . 0
2 2
, , ,
= + + = + + = 0
u u u

y y y
27 . 4 ] 44 . 2 44 . 2 65 . [1 5 . 0 ] [1 5 . 0
2 2
, , ,
= + + = + + = 0
u u u

z z y
29 . 0
46 . 1 04 . 2 04 . 2
1 1
2 2 2
,
2
, ,
,
=
+
=
+
=
u
u u

_
y
y y
fi y
13 . 0
44 . 2 27 . 4 27 . 4
1 1
2 2 2
,
2
, ,
,
=
+
=
+
=
u
u u

_
z
z z
fi z
13 . 0
, min,
= =
fi z fi
_ _
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.5
Laterally restrained beam:
Verification:








70
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.5
1
/ /
, , ,
, ,
, , min
,
s


+

fi M y y y pl
Ed fi y y
fi M y y
Ed fi
f k W
M k
f k A
N
_
u u
1 98 . 0
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 656 . 0 5 . 642
2438 50 . 1
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 656 . 0 1 . 78 13 . 0
3 . 96
s =


+

where:
( )
( ) 82 . 1 29 . 0 3 . 1 44 . 0 46 . 1 3 3 . 1 2 . 1
29 . 0 44 . 0 3 2 . 1
,
,
,
= + =
= + =
y M
y
y M y
| |
u
50 . 1
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 656 . 0 1 . 78 29 . 0
3 . 96 82 . 1
1
/
1
, , ,
.
=


=


=
fi m y y fi y
d fi y
y
f k A
N
k
_

u
Laterally unrestrained beam:
Calculation of






71
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

02 . 1
5 . 14547
5 . 23 5 . 642
,
=

=
cr
y y pl
LT
M
f W

( )
( )
( ) =
(
(

+


+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
g g
z
t
z
w
w
z
cr
z C z C
I E
I G L k
I
I
k
k
L k
I E
C M
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1

t
t
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.3
LT

( )
( )
5 . 14547
2
20
459 . 0
2
20
459 . 0
2003 21000
3 . 59 8100 1000 0 . 1
2003
171100
0 . 1
0 . 1
1000 0 . 1
2000 21000
132 . 1
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+


+
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
t
where:
kNcm
Laterally unrestrained beam (contd):
Calculation of


Calculation of






72
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

19 . 1
484 . 0
656 . 0
02 . 1
,
,
,
= = =
u
u
u

E
y
LT LT
k
k
u

, LT
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3
fi LT ,
_
38 . 0
19 . 1 59 . 1 59 . 1
1 1
2 2 2
,
2
, ,
,
=
+
=
+
=
u
u u

_
LT
LT LT
fi LT
where:
59 . 1 ] 19 . 1 19 . 1 65 . [1 5 . 0 ] [1 5 . 0
2 2
, , ,
= + + = + + = 0
u u u

LT LT LT
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3
Laterally unrestrained beam (contd):
Verification






73
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (N + M)

EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.5
1
/ /
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
s


+

fi M y y y pl fi LT
d fi y LT
fi M y y fi z
d fi
f k W
M k
f k A
N
_ _
u u
1 14 . 1 52 . 0 62 . 0
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 656 . 0 5 . 642 38 . 0
2438 80 . 0
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 656 . 0 1 . 78 13 . 0
3 . 96
> = + =
=


+

where:
80 . 0
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 656 . 0 1 . 78 13 . 0
3 . 96 33 . 0
/
, , ,
.
=


=


=
fi m y y fi z
d fi LT
LT
f k A
N
k
_

u
9 . 0 33 . 0 15 . 0 3 . 1 44 . 2 15 . 0 15 . 0 15 . 0
,
,
< = = =
LT M
z
LT
|
u
The load-bearing resistance criterion IS NOT SATISFIED
Task: Determination of the design bending resistance for the
steel beam
Simple calculation model:
for members subjected with bending loads
without stability problems






74
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)

Building: Hall roof structure
Fire resistance class: R 30
Loads:
g
k
= 9.32 kN/m
p
k
= 11.25 kN/m
Profile:
Welded section
h
w
=650 mm, t
w
=25 mm, h=700 mm, b=450 mm
Fire protection: none
Variable load: snow load
Steel grade: S 355



75
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)
Actions
Mechanical actions during fire exposure
Accidental situation:









76
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)

| | kNm M
d fi
1 . 1427
8
0 . 35
25 . 11 0 . 0 32 . 9
,
= + =
EN 1991-1-2 4.3 EN 1991-1-2 4.3
Combination factor for snow loads
in case of fire = 0.0

>
+ + =
1
, 2 1 1 ,
i
i
Q
i
Q G
d fi
E
2

Maximum steel temperature

Standard temperature time curve:


Steel temperature time curve:




77
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)

EN 1991-1-2 3.2. 1
( ) 1 8 l og 354 20
10
+ + = t
g
u
net
net net
a a
m
sh
h
h t h
c
V A
k
t a

=
=

= A

= A
5
10 25 . 4
5
7850 600
40
0 . 1
/
,

u
where section factor with equal thickness
of flanges and web is:
40
1
= ~
t V
A
m
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.5.1
m
-1
0 . 1
sec 5
) /( 600
=
= A
=
sh
a
k
t
K kg J c and for simplification
Maximum steel temperature (contd)




78
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)

EN 1991-1-2 3. 1
0 15 30 45 60
1000

750

500

250

0
gas temperature
steel temperature
Time (min)
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(

C
)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 8
4 4
273 273 10 969 . 3 25
273 273
+ + + =
= + + u + =

m g m g
m g r m m g c net
h
u u u u
u u o c c u u o

C
a
=646
30 max, ,
u
Verification in the temperature domain:










79
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)

EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3
0 . 1
0 . 1
,
max , ,
=
=
fi M
y
k

u
6 . 4570
10
0 . 1
0 . 1
355 10 12875 /
6 3
, max , , 0 , ,
=
= = =

fi M y y pl Rd fi
k f W M
u
kNm
where
3
10 12875
2
25 700
11250
4
650
16250 2
2 4 2
2
2
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

+

=
w
f
w w
pl
t h
A
h A
W
mm
3
Verification in the temperature domain (contd):








80
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)

1 98 . 0
659
646
,
30 max, ,
< = =
cr a
a
u
u
C
M M R E
cr a
Rd fi d fi d fi d fi
=
= = = =
659
31 . 0 6 . 4570 / 1 . 1427 / /
,
0 , , , 0 , , , 0
u

EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3
Verification in the strength domain:







81
WORKED EXAMPLES STEEL BEAM (HOLLOW SECTION)

EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3
( )
kNm 4 . 1645
10
0 . 1 0 . 1
0 . 1
0 . 1
1 . 1
36 . 0 1 . 1 / 355 10 12875
1
6 3
2 1 ,
0 ,
, 20 , , , ,
=
=

=
=

k k

u
fi M
M
y C Rd pl Rd t fi
k M M
where
k
y,u
= 0.360
k
1
= 1.0
k
2
= 1.0
1 87 . 0
4 . 1645
1 . 1427
, ,
,
< = =
Rd t fi
d fi
M
M
EN 1993-1-2 gives design methods to check the load bearing
function of steel structures exposed to fire.

The fire resistance of steel structure can be easily assessed
from simplified calculation methods.

Design methods cover internal and external steel structures.



82
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-2:
General rules - Structural fire design , CEN, Brussels 2005
EN 1991-1-2 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-2:
General actions Actions on structures exposed to fire CEN,
Brussels 2002
EN 1990 Eurocode - Basis of structural design, CEN, Brussels
2002
ENV 1993-1-2 General rules, Structural fire design, CEN,
Brussels 1995
ECCS Technical Note 92, Explanatory Documents to ECCS No
89, Fire resistance of steel structures, Brussels 1996
84
REFERENCES
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The project was funded with support from the European Commission. This module reflects only the views of the
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contained therein.