C H A T E R

chdging B field

lrl
Maxwell'sEquations for Time-Varying Fiel
DynamicsFields 6-l 6-2 63 6-4 65 66 6-7 6-8 Faraday's Law StationaryIrop in a Time Varying MagnericField The Ideal Tiansformer Moving Conductorin a StaticMagneticField The Electromagnetic Generator Moving Conductorin a Time-VaryingMagneticField DisplacementCurrent Boundary Conditionsfor Electtomagnetics Charge-CuirentContinuityRelation Electromagnetic Potentials

rangmg

6-9 6 l0

FIELDS OYNAMIC
E,ectric chargesinduceelectdc fields and electnccurE:ts inducemagneticfields. Thoseare the lessons we prece.ding in the two chapters. As long :lined as the distributions remain constant ::ge andcurrent in time, r aill tbe fieldsthat theyinduce.Howeve! if thecharge wercto vary with time ,, notonly will -l crmeotsources tieldsalsovary wift time.but muchmorehappens. 1e electdcand magneticfields become interconnecled, : $e couplingbetween themproduces electromagnetic .:s capable andin maof raveling throughfree space media.Elecromagneticwaves,which includelight .5. x-mys,infraredwaves, gammarays,and radio .:5 lseeFi8. l-9], arean important pan of our phys*orld, and their usesare manifested in many lields
r.rence and technology

td

phenomeDa, :. study time-varying electrornagnetic ed to us Maxwell's equationsas an integrated These e4uations. which werefirst innpducedin the seclion 4, are givenin bot-tr of Chapter difler: and integml form in Table 6-1. whereas in the : czie (010t : 0) we were able to usethe first r{ Maxwell's equations to studyelectricalphenom: Chapter4 and the secondpair to studymagnetic n]rrrcna in Chapter5, in the dynamiccasewe have td wilh the coupling that exists betweenthe elecEd magneticfields, asexpressed by the second and equations in TableGl. The first equationrepreCauss's law, and it is equallyvalid for staticand
fields. The same is Eue for the third equa-

(Faiaday'slaw) and, conversely, a time-varyingelectric field givesrise to a rnagneticfield (Ampare'slaw). Someof the results we will obtain in ihis and succeedingchaptersmight contradictstatements madeand conclusions rcachedin Chapier4 and 5. This 1sbecause the earliermaterialpertainsto the specialcaseof steady cunenti and static charges.When A/at is set equal to zero,the resultsand expressions for the fields underdynamicconditions will reduce to thoseapplicable under staticconditions. Webeginthischapter with examinations of Faraday's and Ampdre's laws and someof their practical appliWe will thencombine calions. Ma,\.well's equations to obtain relationsamongthe chargeand cufent sources, pv and J, the scalar and vector potentials, y and A. and the electromagnetic fields, E, D, H, and B, for the time-varyingcasein generalandfor sinusoidal-time variationsin particular.

6-1 Faraday's Law

Thecloseconnection between electricity andmagnetism wasestablished who demonstrated by Oersted, thatawire carying an electdc cudent exertsa force on a compass nedleand that the needlealwaystums so as to point in lhed-direction whenthe currentis along thei-direction. Theforceactingon thecompass needleis dueto themagneticfield produced by the currentin the wire. Following this discovery, Michael Faraday developed the following produce hypothesis: if a currentcan a magnetic field, then theconveneshouldalsobe true: a magneticfield should producea current in a wire. To prove his hypothesis, he conducted numerous experiments in his laboratoryin

. ; . B = 0, which basically states(hat there arc irn lhings as magnetic charges. The second and equations,however,exhibit different meanings soc and dynamic fields. ln the dynamic case,a e-1ing magnetic6eld givesrise to anelectricfield

169

C}IAPTER 6 MAXWELL'S EQUA'IIONS FOR TIME-VARYING

Tbble 6-t Marwell's couations.

Gausstslaw Faraday's law No magnticcharges (Gfi$s's law fo. magntism)

{ o . a " =a

Ot":-f,
V-B=0

f"".d,:_ I"#.,"
: $u . a "o

o " = r * S /I' "=/(r.#) ^

London over a period of about 10 years,all aimed at fieldsinducecurrentsin wires.Similar makingrnagnetic by Joseph Henry in Albany, work was being conducted magNew York. Wires werc placednext to permanent netsof all difrerent sizes,but no curents werc detected through a wire while in the wires. Current was passed anotherwire wasplacdparallelto it, with lhe expectawire fieldof thecurrenl-can)ing tion thatthe magnetic would inducea cu.rent in the other wire, but againthe result was negative.Evenoally, thesetypes of experimentsled to the true answer which both Faradayand indepetdendyat aboutthe sametime Henry discovered ( 1831),They discovered tl\at indegi nagnetic Jieldscan producean ele(tri( current in a closetl loop, but only if the nagneticfw linking thz suface area of the loop 'tirh rirk. The ke) ro rhe induction process changes is works,let c/rrrg. To explainhow the inductionprocess us consider the arrangement shownin Fig. 6-I . A square which is a loop connected to a galvanometer, conducting sensitiveinstnment usedin the 1800sto detectthe ffow of cu[ent in a circuit, is placednextto a conductingcoil

to a batlery. Thecurrentin thecoil connected a magneticfreld B whose lines passthrough the 5-5. we defincd as shownin Fis. 6-1. In Section

STAIIONARY LOOPIN A TIME-VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD

lignetic ffux O passing througha loop asrheintegralof of the magneticflux densityover ia nolmal component areaof lhe loop, S, or ar surface

t7t

':

/n''.

(wb). (6.s)

of d|enegative signin Eq. (6.6)will beexplained in the nextsection. We oote that the derivativin Eq. (6.6) is a total riDe dedvativethat oper'ates on the magneticfield B, as well as the difrerential surfacea.eals. Accordingly, an emf can be generated in a closedconductingloop undetany ofthe following thiee conditior$: A time-varyin\magnetic feld linkingd stationary /trop;the inducedemf is tjrcn called.the transformer

l. - Ser stationary conditions, thedr currentin thecoil prorEcs a constant magnetic field B, which in tum produces fluxthrough r j.rostanr rheloop. When thenuxisconstant, rt iunentisdetectedbythegalvanometerHowever,when2. isdisconnected, c botlery thereby interupting theflow of ,.rrEnt in thecoil, themagnetic field dropsto zero,andthe :6quent change in magneticflux causes a momentary
of theSalvanomekr needle. Whenlhe ba er)

e,nJ, v!^t

A moing loop witha time var.ying areu lreunve n the normal component of B) in a static field B; rJltrinduced emf is then called the motional emf , VJd. 3. A moing loop in a time-vaning lield B.

I =.onnected,thegalvanometer The total emf is given by againexhibitsamo&en ..,deflection, butin theopposite direction.Thus,curenr (6.7) %Dr=y*r+y#r, iduced jn theloopwhenthemagnetic flux changes, and directionof the curcDt depends on whelherthe flux \ ith y.k - 0 if rheloopis stalionaD (case (t.))and :;reasing (as whenthe batteryis being connected) y.".r = 0 it B is staticrcase or r2),. For case(j). neirher ing (as when the batteryis being disconnected). term is zero_Each of the three caseswill be examined ras furtherdiscovered that currentcan alsoflow in the sepamtely in thefollowingsections. g.whilerhebatteryisconnected to thecoil, ifthe looDis around suddenlyorwhilemoving itclosertooraway L00p in a Time-Varying thecoil.Thephysical movemc of theloopchanges 6-2 Slationary mount of ffux linkhg its sudaceS, eventhoughthe Magnetic Field B dueto lhe coil hasnot changed. The single{um, conducting, circular loop with con{ Ealvanometer is drepredecessor of thevoltmeterand tour C and surfacearea S shown in Fig. 6-2(a) is in a galvanomete. . Whena detects theflow ofcurrcnr trme-varying gh thecoil. it means magneticfield B(r). As was statede3dier, thal a vo[age hasbeeninduced the emfinducedwhen S is stationaryandthefield is time thegalvanometer terminals.This voltaseis called varying is called the transformer e4f and is denoted .lectromotiveforce \enf). ydr, and the processi\ y$r- SincetheIoopis stationary elerEon agnetic iiduction. The emf inducedin a d/dl in Eq. (6.6)now opemtes on B(l) only.Hence, conducting loopof N tumsis givenby

.d ' ^ t = - N-E :o

-r4 [s.a'

(v). (6.6)

-"1# ^'

(6.8)

thoughtheresulrsladingro Eq. (6.6)werealsodisindependently by Henry,Eq.(6.6) is anributed!o y andis ktown asFaradal t tan. Thesignificance

where the fulf deiyative d/dt has been moved inside the integralandchanged inro a panial derivativeA/Ar to

CHAPTER6 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONSFOR TIME.VARYING Ri, the Ifthe loop hasan intemal rcsistance by the equivalent Fig. G2(a) can be rcpresented shownin Fig, 62(b), in which carethc cuntrt I tkougi the circuit is givenby

B(,) Increasins

R+Rj

111
(a) t oop in a changingB field

.l?iusuallyis very small,andit For goodconductors, with practicalvaluesof R, in comparison be ignored its ends). ceptwhen R = 0 (loop is shortedacross The polarity of V*r ald hencethe direction of Eo,refiedby lznz's tar, which staiesthat tie
in the loop is always in such a direction as to it the changeof mdgnetic ftLt O(t) that P,Irdu.:ed cunent 1 induces a magnetic field of its own, Bind, co[esponding flux Oind.The direction of Bi.d ls

v.S,(r)

(b) Equivalentcircuit Figurr 6-2: (a) Stationarycircular loop in a changing magnetic6eld B(t), and (b) its quivalentcircuit.

on B only.The hansformeremf is signify that it oprates across the sfiull tlr voltagedifferencethat would appear of terminalsI aIId2, evenin theabsence openilrgbetwen whereyr2 is theoPenthercsistorR. Thatis, vjdr = y12, theoper endsof theloop.Underd-c circuit voltageacross y*r : For lhe loop shownin Fi8. 6-2(a) 0. conditions, definition for VSr givenbl E4. (6.8), andthe associated normal, thedirectionof ds, theloop's differcntial surface The or downward. to be eithet upward be chosen can designations of with opposite two choicesareassociated the polarities of terminals I and 2 in Fig. 6-2(a). The betweenthe dirctionof ds and the polanty connection of y"k is govemedby the follo,ting righlhand rule: if ds pointr along the thumb of the right hand, then the direclion of the contour C indicatedby the four fingels the openingfrom the across is slch that it alwayspasses lerminalto the negative positiveterminatof V*r

rute: if ,l is in aclockwicedirection by fie right-hand Biodpointsdownwmdthrcugh ,Sand,conve$ely,if direction,thenBindpoints in a counterclockwise tbroughS. If the original freld B(t) is increasing, meansthat do/dt > 0, then accordingto lsz's hasto be in thedirectioDshownin Fig. 6-2(a)m toB( l. Consequenllr. Bid to beinopposition would b at a higherpotentiallhan tenninal l, and
would have a negativevalue.However.if Bfr)

in magni dircctionbutto decrease remainin thesame the current thendo/dt would bcomenegative, direction,andits inducedfield Bio6 haveto reverse the directionasB(r ) soasto oppose bein thesame (decreaset V$t wouldbe of B{r). ln thatcase. to thatBi'd serves It is imDortant to remember B(t) itseh. in B(tr, ^nd notnecessa.ily chenge of the small opening Despite the presence the loop in Fig. 6-2(a),we shall terminalsI and2 of the loop as a closed path with contow C. We do B and the in order to establishthe link between y":r. Also, with the induced enf, field E associated point alongtheloop,the lield E is relatedto the cu flowing throughthe loop. For contourC, y* is

STAIIONARY LOOP IN A TIMFVARYING MAGNETIC FIELD

t't3

clfctll

rEbY

lent ci

[1

vk=

{,n.ar

(6.10)

5- N = I (a loop with one tum), equatingEqs. (6.8) (6.10) gives

f n.ar=|,ff.*,
andit

(6.r |)

sofR, nds). ion of I

i-rch is the integral form of Faraday's law given in Taof :e 6'1. We shouldkeepin mind that the direction !c contourC and the direction ofls are rclatedby the d9t-hatd rule. By applyingStokes'slheoremto the left-handsideof -t 16.11), we have

Figure 6-3: Circul& loop wilh ,V tums in the r-], plane. The magneticfield is B = BoO2 + 23) sin.d, (Example 6-1).

86,
LS

o"=- |,ff.0, l,o"u,t

(6.r2t

ruoa, sel),if
0ts irng. llzs
LN

.|!j in orderfor the two integralsto be equal,their intel|]rds haveto be equal,which gives (6.13) aj differcntial form of Faraday'slaw statesthat a E-\"rying magneticfield inducsatr electric field E 4(r5e cud is equalto the negative of the time derivative r B Even though the derivationleading to Faraday's t srarted out by considering the field associated with a r.rical circuit, Eq. (6.13) appliesar any poinr in space, .r.$er or not a physicalcircuii existsat that point. EEmple 6-1 Inductor in a Chan0ing tlaot!tic Field

(a) the magneticflux linking a singleturn of the inductor, (b) the transformeremf, given that N = 10, Bo : 0.2 T, d = l0 cm, and@: 103 racVs, (c) the polariiy of Y*r at I : 0, ard (d) the induced curent in the circuit for R : 1 kQ (assume the wire resistanc to be negligibly small). SolutioD: (a) The magneticflux linking eachtum of the inductoris

l. ard

lr)
rcnt B.d tne r Etr

o= [t.a"
: I ids:3razBosin@t. I|Boty 2 + i3tsinrr.t|1

(b) To find V"fu,wecanapplyEq.(6.8)or wecanapply givenby Eq. (6.6)dircctly.The thegeneral expression gives latterapproach

f. g r shrll *'e do
ilee llso.

ars

\n inductor is formed by winding N tums of a thin :r,lucting wAe into a circular loop of radius c. The r:a-tor loop is in the, ) planewith its center at the rnn, and it is connectedto a resistor R, as shown in :_,: G3. ln the presenceof a magneticfield given by | = a002+i3) sin @t,where@is theangular frequency, ir:

d. t t 3 n N u t" .

Bosinutt -

3-tN'.,azB0co\tDt.

ForN = 10, a=0.1fi,@=

1 0 3r a d / s ,a n d B o = 0 . 2 T ,

Y*r = -188.5cos 103.

(v).

FORTIME-VARYINC CI]APTER 6 MAXWELL'SEQUATIONS

= -188.5V Since (c)Att=0, d@/dt >0 rd,V:nr the flux is inqeasing, the curcnt I must be in the diFction shorn id Fig. 63 in o.der to satisryIrDz's law point 2 is at a higherpoEntial thanpoint I ConsqueDdy, and

vS= y1- y, = -188.5 (d) Thecurrent 1 is givenby

.

(v).

Vz @
@ @

vr: +
@

v-v,
R

ffcoslo3t

= o.lgcos to3r (A)

I

Figrrc 6-4: Circuit for Example6-2.

ernf is transformer andthe corresponding 6.1 For the loop shownin Fi8. 6-3, whatis IXERCISE Y& if B = iBo cosrrt? Explain. B is orthogonalto the loop's Ans. yh : 0 because surfacenormalds. (See A) 6-1 is thatthe loopof Example 6.2 Suppose IXERCISE cntercd at the origin lo-tum square loop with a rcplaced and having 20-cm sidesorientedparallel to the i- and y-axes. IfB = iBsx2cos103tand Be = 100T, find the currentin the circuit. Am. (mA). (SeeO) 1 = -133 sin 103r aa Since the magneticflux through tbe loop is along -z-direclion (intolhepager io andit i. increasing nitude with time t. ldz's law statesthat the i current1 shouldbe in a directionsuchthat the lhe by / counleracts flux densiry B.d inducd
ofchanee of O. Hence, t has to be in the direction

da :

t.2

(v).

is drecoresponding B'nd in lhecrrcuilbecause Thi inside the loop area. in the region +z-dirertion yl y2 positive voltages. that ard are tum, means The total voltageof 1.2 V is distributed across resistorsin se.ies.Consequently, t=--::L: Rr*R) and V:I&=0.2x2:O.4v, Y 2 = I R 2 : 0 - 2 x 4 = 0 . 8 V .r lja=o)A. 2+4

t:

(L

Laf, Lcnz's Detemine the voltagesyt and y2 acrossthe 2-Q and 4-Q resistorsshownin Fig. 64. The loop is locatedin flux density its area is 4 m2,themagnetic th.r-) plane, -i0.3t = (T), resistance of the wire andthe intemal is B maybe ignorcd. througi the loopis Solulion:The flux nowtng

o= l n.as: lt-n3t) ids

Js

BEVIEW OUESTIONS (wb), law andthe functionof Q6.1 ExplainFaraday's law.

../s =-0.3tx4=-1.2t

:-]

T]IE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

175

Under what circumstancesis the Det voltage lal rurnd a closedloop equalto zrro? ta-l Suppose dle magnetic flux dedsity linking !. loop of Fig. 6-4 (Example 62) is givcn by | = -i0.3e-t (T). Wlat would the dirction of the trent be, relativc to that shownin Fig. 6-4, for t > 0? itplain.

ldeal Translormer i3 The

_!c transfonner shownin Fig. 6-5(a)consists oftwo coils r-{]nd arounda commonmagneticcore.The coil of the Elary cacuit has Nl tums and that of the secondary r:uil hasN2 tums. The primary coil is connecled to an ts: voltagesourceq(t) and the secondary coil is con, F-1edto a load resistor RL. In an ideal transformerthe :re hasinfinite permeability(p = oo1,2n4thgm.r..ti. lll is confinedwithin rhecorc.Thedircctionsofthe curtlts flowing in the two coils, 11and 12,aredefned such lza when/t and 12areboth positive,the ffux generated F ! is oppositethat generated by 11.Thetransformer t'; its namefrcm thefact that it is usedto transform yoltages, 1 .ents, and impedances betueen itsprimary ;: secondaft circuitsCn tbe primary side of the transformer,the voltage ruce h generates acurent 1l in theprimarycoil, which fiblishes a flux O in the magneticcore.Theflur O and E \oltage yt arc relatedby Faraday's law: , , ,, d4 vl : -/vr --- , ar similarly, on the secondary side, (6.14) In an ideal losslesstransformer,all the insranBneous power suppliedby the sourceconnected to the primary coil is deliveredto lhe load on the secondary side.Thus, no Doweris lost in the core.and

Figure 6-5: ln a transformeathe directionsof /r and 12 are suchth3t the flux O gnerated by one of them is opposite that genemtedby the other. The directiofl of the secondarywinding in (b) is oppositethat in (a), and so arthe direction of 12andthe pobdty of y2.

Thecombination grves of Eqs.(6.14) and(6.15)

j

=;.

(6.16)

da

(6.1s)

(6.17)

CHAPTER6 MAXWELL S EQUATIONSFOR TIME.VARYING When rhe foad is an impdanceZL af.d vt is a represeDtation ca! soidal source,the input resista.trce to aDcquirdent input idFdance Zi! giva! axtended

Z-=
Figur 6-6: Equivalentcircuir for the prirnrry sideof the

(#)"^

(6.2r)

in a Static Conduclor 6-4 Moving Field Magnelic

Since Pr = IrVr nd Pz = /:Vz, and in view of Eq-(6.16), we have consider a wire of lenglh I moving acrossa static netic field B = iBo at a constantvelocity u, as wire contaiDs free in fig. 6-7.ThecondLrcung From Eq. (5.3), the magnetic force Fn acting on pafticle4 movingwith a velocity u in a charged field B is givenby Fm=4(uxB). This magneticforce is equivalentto the electrical that would be exerted on the Darticle bv an

!: I].
h N t

,o.te,

givenby E4.(6.I 6) Thus,whereas theratioofthe voltages tumsratio, lhe ratio is proportionalto the corresponding of the currentsis equal to the inverseof the tums ratio. circuitwouldbe lf Nt/N2 = 0.1, V2of the secondary l0 times yr of the primary circuit but 12would be only

L/to.
Thetransformer sbownin Fig. G5(b) is identicalto that in Fig. 6-5(a) exceptfor the directionof lhe windingsof the direction coil. Because of this change, the secondary of 12and lhe polarity of V2in Fig- 6-5(b) arethe revefte oflhosein Fig. 6-5(a). circuit in The voltage and cunent in the secondary Fig. 6-5(a)arc relatedby y2 = I2RL.To theinput circuit, by anequivalnt input thetransfomermayberepresented as resistance Rin,asshownin Fig. 6-6, delined

nr:

v,
f,

(6.19)

Useof Eqs.(6.16)and(6.18)gives

f (f)'=(t)'"

(6.20)

MOVING CONDUCTOR IN A STAI'IC MAGNETIC FIBLD

E givenby

E-:&=orB.
q

(6.23)

In general, ifany segmentofaclosedcircuit with contou.rC moveswith a velocity u acrcssa staticmagneticfield B, thentheinducedmotionalemf is eivenbv

:.ld En generatedby tbe motion of the charged i\ called a motional electri. frew, and it is n ion perpendicular to the plane containingu and iir d wire shownin Fig. G7, E- is along -i. The forceactingon thc electronsio the wire causes ',. move in the direction of -En; that is, toward labeledI in Fig. G7. This io rum inducesa voltfu-erencebetweenends I and 2, with end 2 beinq rgher potential. The induced vohage is calleda ernl, yctf, and is dennedas the line inregralof Eren ends2 and I of the wire,

u " t : / r " ' ,B).dt.

rteA

(6.26)

Onlt- those segmentsof the circuit that cross nagnetic nes co tribute to V*r.

.{pTgl!.6'q stidinoBar

The rectangular loop shownin Fig. 6-8 hasa constant widthl, butitslength,ro inseaseswithtime asaconducting bar slidesat a uniformvelocityu in a staticrnagDetic field B = iBor. NotethatB increases linearlywith.r.Thebar tl tl = 0 atI = 0. Findthemotionalemf between starts fromi '1 -vD- I e^.at= I tuxBt.dt. 16.24) terminals I and 2 and the cunent 1 flowing thmughthe J) J) resistorR. Assume that theloopresistance & << R. .onducting wire,u x B = iu x i,Bo= -luBa Solution: This problemcanbe solvedby usrngurc motionaleff expression givenby Eq.(6.26) or by applying general the formulaof Faraday's law We will showlhat Vfr1: Vp = -y&o1. (6.2s) thetwo approaches yield thesame result.

FORTIME-VARYING CHAPIER6 MAXWELL'SEQUATIONS

The sliding bar,being lhe only part of the circuit that the linesof the field B, ir thc only part ofcontoui crosses 2341thatco{tributcsto y$i. Hcnce,atr = .ro,

(u x vJ*=vQ=v4x= Ir'

B) .dl

'9 al= -uBoxot. 6u x enoto) lro

The lengthofthe loop is relatedto Ir by.t0 : &t. HeDce,

v#tr= -Bou2lt

(v).

(6.21)

sinceB is static,v*r = 0 aIIdy.di = y#only. Toverify form of by thegeneral resultcanbeobtained thatthesame law, we startby finding ttle flux O throughthe Faraday's sudaceofthe loop.Thus,

trimplg6'a

l-oop liloving

loopshown in Fig.6-9is Therectangular

o: =

n.a"

x-y planeand movesawayfrom the origin at a field givenby u = 95 (rn/s)in a magnetic

[,Qno'\'za'a,
(6.28)

BO) = a.o.2e-oi'

(T).

: not r ar : BYi !o'

If R = 5 O, find the cunent 1 at the instantthat tlE sides are at)1 :2fia d12: 2.5m.Theloop maybeignored. Solution: Sinceu x B is along i, voltagesare acrossonly the sidesorientedalong i, namely points I and2 andtbesidebetween betweenpoints voltages would uniform, the induced Had B been
beeDthe sa(neandthe net voltage acrossthe rcsistd

Substitutingr0 = l.t in E4. (6.28) and then taking the to time gives derivativewith respct negative dA , , v . n f= - - :
aI

B - l : l/ l otu' t' \ z at\ ,/ :,Bou2lt (V), (6.29)

sinceq2 is negatrve, with Eq.(6.2?). whichis identical thecurrent1 : Bou2lr/R flows in thedirectionshownin Fig.6-8. I

however, B case, havebeenzero.In thepresent a differett exponentiallywith t, therebyassuming oversidel-2 thanoverside3-4.Sidel-2 is at,r = field is andthecorresFxding magnetic Btr,): iO.Z" ot) - i}.2e-42 {T).

MOVING CONDUCTORIN A ST]A(IIC MAGNETIC FIELD iDduced voltage%2is thengivetrby Solution: Thecurrent/ induces a magneticfield

= vtz

tr'r. x,,or)r.dl

l-"'{gs, eo.x-o\.;a,
(V).

r =C3,
z1tr whereristheradial distancfrom thewire andthedirection ofC is into lhe pageat rhemetalrcd sideofthe wire. The movement of therod in thepresence of thefield B induces a motionalenrfgivenby

: -e-o21= -2"-oz - -t.Ur,

-uB(y)l=-5x0.2e : _1.558

ot x2 (V).

:Lrequentlt thecurrentis in the directionshownin the 3 anditsmagnirudeis Vq - Vo O.O79 , R 5

Vn= I

(u x B) .dl

(mA). r 15.8

=I

.l0rm,

(zs'i'!!l+a,
ttt I J

J40cm \

F5
--c

lvlovin0 8odl{s{ toa Wire

__5pol fto" dr
zit J4an r

rnl I = l0 A. A 30{mlong meralrod moves ara t velocityu = i5 tn/s.Fird yrr.

wire shownin Fig. 6- l0 is in free space andcame\

5x4nxl07xl0

" r"(*!)=r:.et,vr..

Erl

tr
Ell

da
ET

B(ERCISE 6.3 For the movingloop of Fie. 6-9, find 1 at the instaDtthat the loop sidesare at y1 = 4 m and )2 = 4.5 m. Also, reverseth direction of motion such thatu:-i5(m/s). Ans. 1: -13(rnA). (Seed)

tt

EXERCISE 6.4 Suppose thatwe tum theloopof Fig. 6,9 sothatits surface is parallelto ther-z plane.Whatwould / bein thatcase? Ans. 1= 0. (SeeO)

CHAPTER 6 MAX!!'ELL'SEQUATIONS FORTIME-VARYING

BEVTEW 0UESTloltS lhat no ftiction is involvedin slidhg the Q6.4 Suppose bar of Fig. 6 8 atd that lhe horizontalarmsof conducting initial Ihccircuit arcverylong.Hercq ifthe baIis givenaD push, it shouldcontinucmoving at a constantvelocity, geDerates andits movement electricalenergyin the form of an inducedemf, indefinitely.Is this a valid ar8umcnt? electricalenergy If not, why not? How can we generate without having to supply an equalamountof eneryyby other means? Q6.5 Isthecunentflowingin therodofFig.6- 10asteady current? Examinetheforce on a chargeq at endsI and2

<:r@
Eleclr0magnetic Generalor 6-5 The
geneBtoris tlreconverse of theelecTheelecEomagnetic principles opemtion of both of tomagnelic motor The with thehelpofFig. G I I .A instruments maybeexplained permanent staticmagnetic field magnetis used!oproducea Whena B in theslot betwee$ thetr{o polesof themagDet. through theconductitgloop,asdepicted currentis passed ffowsin opposite directionsin in Fig- 6-I I (a),thecur1enl l-2 andg of theloop. The inducedmagnetic segments resultingin arealsoopposite, forceson thetwo segments theloopto rotateaboutits axis.Tbus, a torquethat causes in a motor,electricalenergysuppliedby a voltagesource into mechanical energyin theform ofa rotatis convefted or other ing loop, which canbecoupledto pulleys,gears, movable objects. lf, instead of passing acurrentthroughtheloop to make it !um, the loop is madeto mtateby anextemalforce,the field will produce a movement of theloopin thernagnetic y*i, asshownin Fig. 6-l I (b). Hence,lhe moiionalemf, andmechanical energyis motorhasbcome a generator, converted into electrical energy. being

l-et usexaminethe opentionofthe

eratorin moredetailusingthecoordinate system field is givenby Fig-6-I 2. Themagnetic B: iBo,

TIIE ELBCTROMAGNETICGENERA]OR

181 Segment 3+ moveswith a vetocity -u. Application of Eq. (6.26),consistent with our choiceof i, gives

vh=va=,

tt

J2

( ux B ) . d+ / r u x B r . / l
Ja rt,

tt

= I lliu- ) x LBel.itdx r 't12 ' I I rt/r

I t / 2. ,

ttlz r,

'3 {6.3 l ' (-no;)xt8ol.idr.

Usitrg Eq.(6.32) in Eq.(6.33), we obrain theresult = 11rlar8osinc: AarBosina, V"T,t (6.34)

whereA : ul is thesurface areaof theloop.Theangled is relatedto o by

r:'!re 6-12:A looprotating in a magnetic fieldinduces

(6.3s)
whereC0is a constant determined by initial conditions. For example, ifa = 0 at t : 0, thenCo = 0. In gene.al, Y* = A.,Bo sin(@t + Co) (V). (6.36)

- a{is of rotationofthe conducting loop is alongthe -js. Seghentsl-2 and 3-4 ofthe loop areof length, andboth crossthe magneticflux lines as the loop
. The other two segmentsare each of width l,, and crosses the B Lines when the loop rotales.Hence.

This resultcanalsobobtaiDd by applyingthegeneral form ofFaraday'slaw givenby Eq. (6.6).Theflux tinking thesurface ofthe loop is

E' E

,gments 1-2 and3-4 contribute to thegeneration of e.uonalemf,Y*. rj irc loop rotates with anangularvelocity@aboutits i].i s-segment I -2 moveswith a velocityu givenby (6.31) --n-thesurface normalto theloop, makes anangled :r:-aiis. Hence, and

o=rB.ds:liBs.nds
Js Js

-- EoAcos(.rt+ Co),

(6.37)

d o - -, d-- . - ---= V.nr lAo,4cos(dr- Co)l = A.d8osin(@t + Co), (6.38)

(6.32\

which is identicalwith theresultgivenby Eq.(6.36).

CHAPTER6 MAXWELLS EQUATIONS FORTIME.VARYING of whichis theeasier ro apply.tf lhe loopconsists tums,the iems on theright-handsi&s of Eqs.(6. (6.,10) rhorld bemuttipliadby iv.

REVIEW OUESTIONS theoperation of ana-cmotorwith that of Q6.6 Contrast ana-cgnelator. Q6,7 Therctatiq loop of Fig. Gl2 had a singletum. by aloop with 10tums? Whatwouldbetheemfgenemted Q6,8 The magnetic flux linking the loop shown in d = 0 (loopin r-y plane), Fig.G 12is a maiimumwhen to Eq. (6-34),the inducedemf is zero andyet according whena = 90', theflux linking @= 0. Conversely, wheo Is thisconsistent deloopiszcfo,but y* is atamaximum. your Why? expctations? with

Gcnrntor i${W.!N1i Et.ctmmagmttc

Find the inducedvoltagewhenthe rotatingloop generator electromagnetic of Section6-5 is in a = freldB i8n coscrl. Assume lhatd = 0at, = 0. Solution: In thiscase theflux O is given byEq.(6. Boreplaced with Bocos@r. Thus,

and

in a Time-Varying Conductor 6-6 Moving Magnelic Field

general conducting loopmovcase of a siDgle-tum Forthe magnetic field,theinduced emfis the ingin atime-varying of a uansformer component and a motional composum (6.8) (6.26) gives and Thus,thesumofEqs. nent.

%.f =_,

ao

d . = -- (roAcos'(,t)

= 2BoAacos ot sinat = BoAa sin2aDt .

vj,f + v#

$u'0,
of Faraday's %o{is alsogivetrby the generalexpression law:

6-7 DisplacemenlCurenl
FromTable6-l. AmDdre's law in differentialform i

= - [ P o , - d ( u xs r . a t . ( 6 . r e ) by Js dt Jc

vxH=r+#

(Amperc'slaw).

da

= -L I s. as. 6.qot

l[ \ e rale the5urface Inregral of bothsides ofE+ overanarbitary opensurface ^twith contourC,

thatthedght-hand In facl.it canbeshownmathematically sideof Bq. (6.39)is equivalentto the right-handside of Eq.(6.40).For a particularpmblem,the choicebetween Eq.(6.39) orEq.(6.40) is usually made onthebasis using

' o.a= " /r.a.+ 1",, / S.a"

Thesurface integralofJ is equalto theconductro /c flowingthroughS,andthesurface integralof v

DISPI-ACEMENT CURRENT

183

rop cf

0. 6.3-,
'ure 6-'.: The displacement current /2din the insuratingmateriarof the capacitoris equalto the conducringcunent 1lc in

r ,'onverted hto a line integralof Il over the contourC -. lvoking Stokes's theorem.Hence.

. scond termon the righFhandsideof Eq. (6.43) has :lve the sameunit (ampcres)as the current 1c,and it is proportional to the time derivative;f the ic f,ux densityD (which is also called the electnc ement),it is called the dt:splacement canent IA.
Dr.

Maxwell in I873 in his successful alremF ro eslablisha unrfiedconnectionbel\reenelectric and magneticfield\ under!i me-varyingconditions. The larallel-plate capacitor is commonly used as a coDvenrent examplelo illullrare lhe phy!ical meaningof Ine cu_splacement curTent /d. The simple circuit shown in rrg, b-tJ consist\ of a capacitorand an a< sourcewtth voltage%(r)givenby

%(r) = Yocos.dr

(V).

(6.46)

According toEq.(6.45), rherotalcurrent flowingrlrough anysudaceconsists, in genera], of aconduction curent Ic andadisplacement cunent1d. Let usfind Ic and1dthrouglt - la = 3D/0t represen,s a displacementcurrent each ofthe following two imaginarysurfaces: ( I ) thecross 4.In viewof Eq.(6.44), section oftheconducting wire,Sl, and(2)thecross sectron of thecapaciror (surface S2in Fig.6_13). Weshajldenote u.ar= ( 6 . 4 s )the conductionanddisplacement + +t o -r , cufients in the wire 1,^ f and,/'dandthose through thecapacilor 1r.and/2d. -.-/ is lhelotalcurreot. In elecEostatics, AD/at = 0 In a perlecr conductor. = = D E 0i hence. Eq.{6.44r . ierefore 1d = 0 and I = 1". The conceptof dis gtves1td = 0 in tlrc wire. As to 1lc,we know from circuit =ment cunent was first introducedby JamesClerk theorythatit isrelatedto thevoltage across thecapacitory"

r^1 I,l^.d"= I"T.^, {6.44)

CHAPIER6 by

MAXWELL S EQUATIONSFORTIME-VARYING with thatgivenby Eq. (6.47)for thecooduction ,t. in the wile. Thc fact that rhesetwo currcntsar! cnsu&6the coothdty of currEntflor throughthc ci
Even though the disphtement current does ot cant charge, it nonethelessbehaves like a real cunent.

= -cvo@ srn @., t," { V"cos@t) " '' = c *dt : c dt $.4i) = the fact that wherc we used % %(t). Wilh 1ta= 0, the total current in the wire is simply It = Ib = -Cvo@sin@t. owingtkough surface 52 WenowcoDsiderthccurcntsfl parallel opensurface in Fig.6'13,whichis an imaginary, platesand siluatedsomewhere between to thecapacitor them. Thespace between the two plates,eachof which is of area A, is filled wid| a perfectdielectricmatrialwith pemittivity . Sinceelectricalcharges cannotphysically medium, conduction cannot take move thrcugh adielectnc platesof thecapacitor, place and belween fheconducting = we nedto apply therefore 12" 0. To determine12d, FromExample4- I I , theelectricfield E in the Eq.(6.44). is relatedto the voltage % acrossthe dielectric$pacing capacitor by

t
r

In thecapacitor exarnple, wetieatedthewire asa conductor, and we assumed ihat fte spacing capacitorplatesis a perfect dielectric. If the wtre finiteconductivityc'", thenDin thewirc wouldnot andtherefore thecurrent1t would consistof a current 1td; current11"as well as a displacement token,if thedielectdc 1r = 1r"* /ra. By lhe same hasanonzero conductivitydd,thencharges material
be able to flow betweDthe two plates aDd 12c be zero. In that case,the total cunent ffowing

capacitor would be 12: 12"* /zo,andit would bc in thewire.Thatis,lt = 1r. to thetotalcurrent Errkiplc 6-? oisplacement Current Density

Theconduction currentflowingthroughawire

a=il =t!,"".'.

ducdviryo- 2 \ l0?S/mandrelativeperminivity

(6.48)

is givenby1c= 2 sin.,)r(mA).If ., = 10s rad/s, displacement current, Solution: Tbe conductioncurrent Ic : ./A = whereA is thecrosssection of thewire. Hence.
L

the platesandt is thedi*here d is thespacing between platetowardthe lowerrectionfrom thehigher-potential plate. potential Thedisplacement curent 12d in thedirecEq.(6.44) tionshown in Fig.6-13is obtained by applying = withds idr:

2 x l0-3 sin @t

a" u=|,fr =/f*s (rf *'-)]'r^'

= -'jvo, "inrt = -'Cvol;.sior-,lt,(6.49) where weused therclation C : A /d for thecapacitance capacitor. Theexpression for /2din the oftheparallel-plate plates isidentical dielectric region between theconducting

2x10]A I r l0-ro = stntut

( v/m).

Application ofBq.(6.44), with D = et,leadsto

:AAE/At a /t,10-ro \ = eA- | sm{rl I A Ar\ ) 10 :ero x l0 cos =0.885 x l0-l2cosor r..,t

BOIJNDARYCONDMONS ELECTROMAGNETICS on
a atl

Tsble 62: Boundaryconditionsfor th electric and masneric6elds. Iidd CodporeDts Genertl Form

b.

Mdiumr Dielectic

Mdium2 Dielectric

Medium I Dielectric

Medium 2 Conductor

lsa lt\r'ect rotba

Ira nc agcs

i2x(Hr-H2)=Js Hx:0 fi2.(Br-Ez):0 Bn - Bz" rotcs: (l) ps rs th surtaccchargedensityat rhe troundary;(2) Js is the surfacecunent aensityat rfe boundary; (3) mrmal componcnts of all 6lds arc along a2, the outwardunit vcrorof medium 2; (4) Erl : t2i implies that the tangentialcomponents are quarin rnagnitude andparauelin direction; (5) direction of J. is ortboqonal lo (IIr Htr.

TrDgentlrlE NonnalD TatrgntidH Nomal B

A2x(Br-82)=0 iz'@r-D)=p.

Er = EzL

Er= Et

: o Dzn

.- \ote that Ic andId arein phas quadrature (90" phase :between them).Also, Id isaboutnine orders ofmagniimajlertian /c.whichiswhythedisplace me ntcurre nt -l! is ignored in goodconductors. I

Us.

In thedynamic case, Maxwell's equations 6-l] in, lTable clude two newterms, aB/at in Faraday's lawandaD/at in Ampere'slaw.Nevenheless, the boundaryconditiotls deriyedp reyiouslJ electrostatics and magnetostatic s for remainvalidfor time-tarylng.fellsas well This is because, if we wereto apply the sameprccedures outlined in the above-referenced sections, we would 6nd that the combinationof the aforementioned terms vanishas the 6.5 A poorconductoris characlerized by aconareasof the rectangular loopsin Figs.4-18 alrd5-24 are (S/m) lityo = 100 :4ro.Atwhat andpemfttivitye zero. @is theaDplitudeof rheconduc!ioncur- madeto approach For easy access, the combinedsetof elecmxnagncoc J.nsity J equalto lhe amplitudeof thdisplacement boundary conditions is givenin Table6-2. density Jd? @= 2.82 x lor'(.adls). (Seea) REVTEW 0UtSTt0ilS Q6,9 Wlenconductionculrentflowsthrough amaterial, a certainnumberof charges entetthematerialon o.e end and an equalnumberleaveoll the other end.W]at's the situationlike forthedisplacementcunenttbrough aperfect dielectric? Q6.10 Verify that the integral form of Amtsre's law given by Eq. (6.43) leadsto the boundaryconditionthat the tangentialcomponent of H is continuousacrcssthe boundary between two dielectricmedia.

weused@= 10erad/sand= sn = 8.85 x 10-12

tnr
ito

Borndary Gorditions torElectromagnelics

::rpters 4 and 5 we applied the integral form of ell's equationsunder static conditions to obtain :arl conditionsthat tle tangentialandnormalcomas of E, D, B, andH mustsatisfyat theintedacebetwo contiguous media.Theseconditionsategiven 4-9 for E andD andin Section5-7 for B andH.

TECHNOIOCY BREFi EMF

An electromotive force (emt)sensoris a devicethat cln gen|aic afl irducad rctbgp ir rEFCtr|gto an sxternal slinulus. Tfuee typ of srd sonsors are profiledin lhis lechnical briel: lhe piezoelectric and lhe Faraday magnetic flux sensor, transducer, the lhermocguDle. Piezoeleqlricityrefers to the property of certain poto become electrically suchas quartz, crystals, is subjecied to mechanical larized whenthe crystal pressure, a \roltage across it. threbyexhibiting polar represented of domains The crystal consists dipoles(A). Underthe absenceot by equivalent are randomly fqrce,lhe polardomains an external (A1), material throughoul the but when oriented (stretching) ortensile stress is applied compressive ihe polardomains alignthemselves to the crystal, along one of the principalaxes ol lhe crystal, (electric to a net polarization charge) at the leading and crystalsurfaces(A2 and A3). Compression stretchinggenerate voltages of opposite polarity. The piezoelectricetfect (piezein means lo press in Greek)wasdiscovered or squeeze by the Curie in 1880,and Piere and Paul"Jacques, brothers, a year later, Lippmannpredictedthe converse property, namelythat, if subjected to an electric wouldchangein shape. Thus,the field,the crystal piezoelectricetfect is a reversible (bidirectional) process.Piezoelectric electromechanical crystals to convertmechanical viare used in microphones (of the crystal surtace) caused by acoustic brations wavesinto a corresponding electrical signal,and processis used in loudspeakers the converse to electrical signals intosound(B).In addition convert to that of to havingstitfnessvaluescomparable materialsexhibit very steel, some piezoelectric to the lorceapplied uponthem,with highsensitivity linearity range. They excellenl overa widedynamic can be usedto measure surfacedelormations as

EMF Sensors

PiezoeleGtric Transducers

(10-'m),making smallas nanometers them

ularly attractive as positioning sensors in

tunnelingmicroscopes. As accelerometers, can measure acceleration levelsas low as I lo as high as 100 g (whereg is the acce dueto gravity). Piezoelectric crystals and

BRIEP: EMFSENSORS

Famday Magnelic Flux Sensor

According to Faraday's law (Eq.6.6),the eml vrcltage inducdacrossthdiienirlnalSol a conduc{proportional ing loopis dkectly to the time rateol changeof the magnetic flux passingthroughlhe loop. Fortheconliguration In(C),
V^t = -u Bol' whereu = dxldt is the velocity of the loop(in and out of lhe magnet'scavity), with the directionof n defined as positive whenthe loopis moving inward intothecavity, ,0 islhemagnetic fieldofthemagnet, and I is the loop width.With Bo and I beingconstant,the variation of %nr(r)withtimer becomes a direct indicator of thetimevariation ot l,l(r). Thetime derivative of r/0) provides the acceleration d(r).

Thermocouple
In 1821,ThomasSeebeck discovered thatwhena junctionmadeot two ditferentconduc.ting materials, such as bismuthandcoppe( is heated,it generates a thermally induced emf,whichwe nowcalltheSeeys (D).Whenconnected beckpotential to a resisgilen by tor,a current willflowthrough the resistor, I=Vs/R. Thisfeature wasadvanced by A. C. Becquerel in 1826as a meansto measure the unknown temorature f2 of a junctionrelativeio a temperature4 , ol a (cold) referencejunclion. Today, sucha generator ol thermoeleclricity is calleda thermocouple. Iniiially, an ice bath was used to maintainrr at 0" C, bd in today's temperature sensordesigns, an artificial junction is usedinstead. coldjunction The artificial is an electric thatgenerates circuit a potenlial equal to thal expectedfrom a referencejunction at temoerature I'.

rem tsc
rterS,

used in cigarettelightersand gas grills as

generators, in cloc*s andelectronic circuitry

precisionoscillators,in medical ultrasound (B), and in nosticequipment as Uansducers

a s1 0
lce

rous other applications.

CI1APTER 6 MAXWEII'S EQUATIONS FORTIME.VARYINC

Hence,

=-*I"^o' f; 0"
theoremgivcnby Eq. (3 By applyingdrc divergence we canconveftthe surface integralof J into a volune i V .J, which thengives legralofits divergencE
Fignr 6-14: Total current flowing out of a volume v is equalto theffux ofcurrent densityJ throughthesurface S, which in tum is equalro the rateof deqeaseof the charg enclosed inr). FI

/r

( r " =l,".to,=-fi1"0"0,

volume Fora staiionary r . thetimederivativ pv only. Hence,we can move it inside the integral express it asapaftial derivative of p":

Relali0n 6-g Charge-Currenl C0nlinuity

thecha-rge densityp" andthecurUnderstaticconditions, rentdensityJ at agivenpoint in a materialaretotally independent ofoneanotherThis is nottruein thetime-varying betweenp" andJ, we start case.To showtlre connection volume by a closed by considering anarbifary v bounded surfac,S,assho\a'n in Fig. 6- 14.The nel positivecharge contaioed itr v is 0. Since,according to thelaw ofconser-3.2], valionofelectriccharge I charge canneither ISection way nordestroyed. theonly is becreated I canincRase asa resultof a net inward flux of positivechargeinto the volume vard, bythesame token, for C todecrcasethere has from v. Theinwardand to bea netoutwardflux of charge constitutecurents flowingacross outwatdfluxesofcharge Wedefine1 the surfaceS into andout of v, respectively. acro$ ,S asthenet currentfowing ortoly. Accordingly, of 0: 1 is equalto thenegdrtve rateof change

- l,#* l"r.to":
In order for the volume intesals on the two sid6 Eq.(6.53) rc beequalfor anyvolume v. rheir haveto beequalat everypoint within v. Hence,

o r: -? . te.s+r
whichisknownasthecr,arg-c unent continairy or simply asthecrdrg? continuit! equation. If the volumechargedensitywithin an elemental of umeAr(such asasmall cylinder) isnota function : ap,/At 0), it means thatthenetcunent G.e., out of Ay is zroor, equivalently, that thecurrent into Av is equalto thecurrentflowingoutofit. In this 84. (6.54) becornes

,: #: *1"^0",

(6.50)

whereA is the volume chargedensityin v. According to Eq. (4.12),the current1 is alsodefinedasthe outward flux of the curent densityvectorJ throughthe surfaceS.

v.J=0,

.-IO EI-ECTROMACNETICPOTENTIALS

t89
tnto (/r a 4 * 1:) = 0. In itr general form, F4. (6.57)is an expression oflfr:rcrrtoJft curerl lar, which states that itr ar electriccircuit t realgebraic sum of all the currents fowing out of a junction is zerc.

REVIEW OUESTIONS
Figur Gl5: Kirchloff's currentlaw slares th3rihe alg braic sum of aI the cunents flowing out of ajunction is

howthecharge continuity equation leads Q6.11 Explain to Kirchhoff's cuftent law.

equivalent -:J itsintegml-form is lfromEq.(6.51)]

6-10 Electromagnelic Potenlials

Through ourdiscussion of Faraday's andAmpere's laws, weexamined two aspects ofthe interconnection thatexists between theelectdcandmagnetic fieldswhenthefieldsare timevalying.Wewill nowexamine theimplicationsofrhis interconnection witb regardto theelectdcscalar potential y andthe vectormagnetic potentialA. ForA/at : 0, Fanday's law rcduces to

y'r.a"=o

(Kirchhoff 's currentlaw).

(6.56)

'.lLAI

a 6is

,:t us examine the meaning of Eq. (6.56)by considering r.$ction (or node)connecting two or morebra{chesin . .lectric circuit. No matterhow small,thejunctionhasa aiume v enclosed by a surface.t. Thejunction shownin V x E :0 (elecrrostatics), (6.58) :: 6-l5hasbeendnwnasacube,anditsdimensionshave En artificially enlargedto facilitate the present discuswhichstates lhattheelectrostaiic lield E is conservarive. in. Thejunction hassix faces(surfaces), which collecAccording to therulesofvector calculus,ifa vectorfield E r.ely constitutethe surfaceS associated with the closed, is conseflative,it can be expressed as the gmdientof a :L1-ace integmtiongivenby Eq. (6.56).For eachface,fte scalar. Hence, in Chapter 4 we defined E as d--fmtion reprcsents thecurrentflowing out throughthat r-.j. Thus, Eq.(6.56) canberewritten as
E: VY (electrostatics). (6.59)

Irr=O

(Kirchloff's current law),

(6.57)
In the dynamiccase,Faraday's Iaw is givenb/

.-rre 1i is the curent flowing outwardthroughthe ith rs. Forthejunctionof Fig. 6-15,Eq. (6.57)aanslates

VxE:-#,

(6.60)

CHAPIER6

MAXWELL'SEQUATIONSFORTIME-VARYING Whenthe scalarpotentialV andthevector areklown, E canbobtainedfrom Eq. (6.66),andB bobtained ftom

andin viewofthe rclationa = V x A, Eq.(6.60)becomes

vxr=-ftvx.ll,
whichcanberewrittenas (e - a^1):o drl \

(6.61)

B=vxA.

(6.67)

Next we examinethe relationsbetwern the polenriala

o"

{ d y n a m i c c a s e r t. 6 . 6 ) )

andA, andtheir sources, the charge andcunent pv tions andJ, in thetime-varying case.

lrt usfor themomentdefine

",= "*f,
in whichcase Eq.(6.62) becomes V x E':0.

CHAPTER HIGIITIGHTS
(6.63) . Faraday's law states that a voltageis induced theterminals of a loop if themagnetic flux li surface changes with time. . In anideal transformer.theraliosof theprimary voltages. ondary currents. andimpedance( are ernedby thetumsratio. . DisDlacement current accountsfor the " flow of chargesthrough a dielectric. In chargesof oppositepolarity accumulate along giving two ends ofa dielectric, theappearance of rentflow throughit. Boundarv conditions for theelectromaenetic at the interfacebetween two differentmedia for bothstaticaoddynamicconditions. same The chargecontinuity equationis a
statemenl of the law of conservation of charge.

(6.64)

Following tbe same logic that led to F4. (6.59) from Eq.(6.58), wedefine E' = -Vy. (6.65)

Uponsubstituting F4. (6.63)for E' in Eq. (6.65)andthen forE, we have solving

r = -ou

(dynamic case). (6.66)

. In the dynamiccase, theelectricfield E is boththe scalar electricpotentialy andthe potential vector A.

(6.66r Equanon reduces to Eq.(6.59 | in thesrrric ca5e.

{CBLEMS

191

figure 6-16: l-oops of Prob]em Figure6-17:l-oopof Problem 6.2.

EOBTEMS
( a )B = i 1 0 e " ( T ) (b) B = i locosr cosl0r,(T) (c) B = i locosr sin2) cosl0rr (T) 6.4 A stationary conductingloop with anintematreslstanceof 0.5 Q is placedin a time-varyingmagneticfieldWhentheloop is closed,a currentof 2.5 A flowsthrough it. What will the currentbe if the loop is opened to create a smallgapanda 2-Q resistoris connected across its open ends? 6.5* A circularloopTV antenna with 0.01-m2 areais in thepresence oi a uniform-amplitude30GMHZsignal. Whenorientedfor maximumresponse, theloop develops an emf wiih a peak valueof 20 (mV). What is the pcak magnitude of B of theincidentwave? 6.6 Thesquare loopshown in Fig.6-18is coplanar with a long, straightwire carryinga curent i(t) = 2.5cos2r x loal (A)

Law ?:1ion$ 6-1lo 6-fi Faraday's rr itsApplications

rJ-! Ite

r: Theswitch in thebottom loopofFig.G 16is closed r = 0 and then openedat a later lime tr. What is the =--:tion of the curnt I in the top loop (clockwiseor : 'rterclockwise) at eachof thesetwo times? lj The loop in Fig. 6-17 is in the rrl plane and I = i80 sin (,t with Bopositive.Wlat is thedirectionof1

hds :Cr{

A coil consists L of 100turnsof wire wrapped around - i rre frameof sides0.25m. The coil is centered at the . ::i witheach parallelto of itssides ther-orJ]-tu\is. Find t iducedemf across theopen-circuited endsof thecoil : :e magnetic fieldis givenby
'$swe(s) available ir Appendix D. a iolurion availablein CD,ROM.

FORTIME.VARYING CHAPTER6 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS asmallgapqeated acmss DetermirF theemfinduced loop. in the (b) Detrminclbe dirction and magdtude of the currEnt thatwouldflow lhrougha+Q tcsistorconnected of thegap.The loophasanintemalresistance across
(4,

la.

a 6,?

looP shownin conducting The rectangular Fig. 6-19 rotatesat 6,000rcvolutlonspr minutein flLtxdensitygivenby auniformmagnetic

B : i50

(nr)

Determine thecurrentinducedin theloop il its interis 0.5 O. nalresistance conductingloop 5 cm x l0 cm with a 6.8 A rcctangular gap in one of its sidesis sPinningat 7200revo_ smallair per lutions minute.Ifthe field B is normalto theloop axis is 5 x t0 6 T, whatis rlle peakvoltage andits magnitude the air gap? across induced

atl
tEal

metalrod rotatesaboutthez 6.9* A 50-cm-long I 80revolutionsDerminute.with end I fixed at the as shownin Fig. 6-20. Determinethe inducedemf Vlr B: i3 x 10-aT.

F.

F- 10cn--l

lOcm

T
I

longwire(Problem 6.6). 6-18:lrop coplanarwith Figure

4.OBLEMS

193

lOcm

I
Figure6-21:Movingloopof ftoblem 6.10. Figure 6-22: Rotatingcylinder in a magneticfield (Problem6.1l).

r l0 Theloopshown inFig.6-21 moves awayfromawire ::'.! ingacurrent 1t = 10Aataconstantvelocityu = i5 :ts).IfR = l0 Q andthedirection of 12is asdefined in = figure,find 12asa functionof ]0, thedistance between :r wire andthe loop. Ignorethe in0emal resistance of the roP

a 6.13*

Thecircular diskshown in Fig.6-23liesin ther ), planeand rotateswith uniform angularvelocity ,) about

r ll' TheconductingcylindershowninFig.6-22rorates Foutilsaxisat l,200revolutionsperminuteinaradialfi eld by :'en B=i6 (T)

:\. cylinder,whosemdius is 5 cm ard height is l0 cm, ::s sliding contactsat its top and bottom connectd to a : lEneter. Detemine theinducedvoltage. ' ll Theelectromagnetic genemtor shownin Fig. 6-12 .onnected to anelectricbulbwith aresistance of 100Q. ' :heloop area is 0. 1m2andit rotates at 3,600revolutions :d minutein a uniformmagnetic flux densityBo = 0.2 T, -rermine the amplitudeof ihe currentgenemted in the -:ht bulb.

Figur 6-23: Rotaiingcirculardisk in a magneric 6eld (Problern 6.13).

194.

CHAPTER6 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS FORTIME-VARYING FIELUI

PR

Thediskis ofradiusa andisprcsent in auniform thez-ards. = for flux densityB i80. Obtainanexpression magnetic tllc cmfinduccd!t therim relativcto dlcetrGroftlrcdisk

Irc
tll

F a

Section 6-7:0isplacennt Currenl capacitorhaveareas 6.14 The platesof a parallel-plale of l0 cm2eacb andareseparated by 1 cm.Thecapacitor is filled wifi a dielectricmaterialwith s = 4eo,and the y(t) = 20cos2r x l06t (v). voltageacrossitisgivenby Findthedisplacement current. capacitor oflengthI : 6 cm uses an 6.15t A coaxial insulatingdielectricmaterialwith , = 9. Theradii ofthe cylindricalconducto$are0.5 cm and I cm. Ifthe voltage appliedacross thecapacitoris

Y(r): l00sin(l207rr)

(v)

whatis dledisplaaement cunent? 6.16 The parallel-plate capacitorshownin Fig. 6-24 is 6lled with a lossydielectricmaterialofrelative permittivtheplates ity randconductivityd. Theseparationbetween plateis of area,4.Thecapacitor is d andeach isconnected !o a time-varyingvoltagesourcey(r). (a) Obtain an expression for 1", the conductioncufient plates flowing betweenthe inside the capacitor,in quantities. te.ms of thegiven (b) Obtainanexpression for Id,thedisplacement current flowing insidethecapacitor. (c) Basedon your expressions for parts(a) and(b), give anequivalent-circuit reprcsentation for thecapacitor. (d) Evaluatethe valuesof the circuit elements for A 2 cm2, d = 0.5 cm, e. = 4, o : 2.5 (Sim), Y(.) : l0cos(32x 103t)(V). wave propagatingin seawr6.17 An electromagnetic ter has an electric fieid with a time variation given b1r E = iEo cosrrf. If the permittivity of water is 81ro ad its conductivityis 4 (S/m),find theratio of themagnitud.t of theconductioncurrentdensityto displacement cufiEdt densityat eachof thefollowing fiequencies: (a) l kHz (b) I MHz (c) I GHz (d) 100GHz

-l

PROBLEMS 6-9:Conliruily Equalion Seclion

19s
*comDlete so6.1q.21 AdditionalSolved Probiems lutions onll.

TI

6.1E* If the curent densityin a conductingmediumis by Eiven J(r, ), a; t) : (i. - i3y2 + i2x1as-t llermine the corresponding charge distribution .1(ir, ), z; t).

il -l
I
.{

ls^ ad 5rr

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