Circuits I

Power Measurement in Resistive Load Circuits

Experiment No. 2 OBJECTIVES: At the end of the experiment, the students are expected to:

Experiment-II

1. Identity the electrical characteristics of resistive load circuit. 2. Determine the power dissipation of resistive element based on voltage-current, power and resistance measurement. 3. Compare the hot and cold resistance of resistive element. 4. Describe passive circuits and active circuits. THEORY AND DISCUSSION: Power is the rate of change of electrical energy at any instant of time. P = dW / dt, and W = equation (1)

Where: P = power in Watts, or Newton-meter per second W = work or energy in Joules, or watt-sec t = time in seconds At constant rate, the power is directly proportional to the product of the measured voltage and current. Hence, power = voltage x current, watts or volt-ampere. A load of 1 ampere at 1-volt potential difference will produce a 1-watt of electrical power consumption. Instrument used for measuring the actual consumed power by the load is wattmeter. The current through a material depends not only upon the voltage impressed but also the properties of the material that contains resistance. Conductivity varies with different a material that possesses a reciprocal property that tends to oppose current. This property is called electrical resistance or plain resistance. A resistor is a device that possesses this property and is as much a property of a wire as its malleability, or as in the resiliency of a spring or oil viscosity. The load resistance can be obtained by means of the measured voltage and current otherwise known as hot resistance. Reciprocal of resistance is conductance, there are four factors affects the resistance of the conductor aside from voltage and current. These are (a) the type of material, (b) the length, (c) cross-sectional area, and (d) temperature.

Circuits I

Experiment-II

The resistance of an electric conductor is dependent upon the temperature of the material; it has been proven experimentally that as the temperature increase, the resistance will also increase. This is due to the passage of increased load current and within the usual temperature range; the resistance varies linearly with the temperature. This temperature increase gives hot resistance of a conducting material hence;

R2 / (T + t2) = R1 / (T + t1), or R2 = R1 [1 + a1 (t2 t2)], ohms equation (2) Where: R2 = resistance at temperature (t1), in ohms R1 = resistance at temperature (t2), in ohms T = inferred absolute temperature, degree Celsius a = coefficient of temperature per degree Celsius t2 = final temperature, degree Celsius t1 = initial temperature, degree Celsius When a conductor posses by an electric current, heat develop due to its resistance. The heat that is transformed is a power loss. A 1-watt power loss is equivalent for every 1-meter feeder conductor having a resistance of 1 ohm. The power loss will also depend on the length of the conductor, which therefore introduces a certain voltage drop. The power consumed by a DC load network can also be calculated through the total resistance and the current or the potential difference. From Joules law- power is equal to the square of the current times the resistance or the square of the voltage over the resistance hence; P = l2 x R = V2 / R, watts equation (3) Where: P = Power in Watts or Newton-meter per second l = Current drawn by the load in ampere V = Applied Voltage R = Resistance in ohms

Circuits I

Experiment-II

Experimentally, the power consumed by a DC network as being measured by the wattmeter is the same as the square of the measured current times the hot resistance. Power measurement in resistive network is significant when dealing with the evaluation of power loss and efficiency in DC power transmission lines.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS: Item Circuit Trainer/ Module With Prototyping Board and Connectors SPST switch Resistive Load/ Incandescent Bulb PROCEDURES: 1. Check all interfacing connections of circuit trainer/module as well as the other testing instruments and devices needed before turning ON the circuit trainer. 2. Measure first and record the resistance of each resistive components and their rated voltage then connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.1. 3. Configure the source voltage of the PC-Based Circuit Trainer until the applied load voltage is set at desired value. 4. Turn ON the source voltage, then measure and record the voltage, current and power dissipation by resistive load no. 1 on Table 2.1 5. Turn OFF the source voltage, and connect the resistive load no. 2 across the resistive load no. 1 6. Turn ON the source voltage, then measure and record the voltage, current and power dissipation of the connected loads on Table 2.1 7. With resistive load no.3 repeat procedures no.6 and no.7 until the 3 resistive loads are operating, then measure and record voltage, current and power dissipated by the combined resistive loads on Table 2.1 Qty 1 set 3 pcs. 3 pcs. Item Digital VOM Digital Power Meter Extension cord Qty 2 pcs. 1 pcs.

Circuits I

Experiment-II

8. Verify and record the percent difference of the dissipated power on Table 2.1 using equation 4.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DATA AND RESULT:

Table 2.1 - Electrical Characteristics of Resistive Load Circuit Resistive Element One (1) Incandescent Bulb Two (2) Incandescent Bulbs in Parallel Three (3) Incandescent Bulbs in Parallel Measured Resistance, Ohms 458.6 378.663 242.625 Measured Voltage, Volts 9.988 V 9.994 V 9.994 V Measured Current, Amps 0.0217 A 0.02635 A 0.04104 A Measured Power, Watts 0.2167 W 0.26371 W 0.4112 W

Circuits I
DOCUMENTATION:

Experiment-II

INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULT: From the data that we have recorded based on the experiment results using the NI Elvis, we can say that voltage will just remain the same, even though you measure it in any part of the circuit because the three resistive loads are connected in parallel. However, the currents is not the same in all of the three resistive loads because of the principle that current will be divide to each load when they are connected in parallel.

Circuits I

Experiment-II

OBSERVATION / FINDINGS: Based on our observation in the activity that we have conducted, the resistor opposes the flow of electricity of the circuit of and converted it into heat. That is why we can feel that hotness of the resistor while it is connected in an active circuit. As what we are expecting, the voltage will just remain constant in the whole circuit because of the principle that whenever a resistive load is in parallel connection, the measurement of the voltage will always remain the same. Current is has an opposite principle with the voltage therefore the current is not the same in any part of the parallel circuit. It is divided whenever a resistive load is connected in parallel.

CONCLUSION: From the experiment we performed, we were able to identify the electrical characteristics of resistive load circuit. Power can be defined as the rate of change of electrical energy at any instant of time. At constant rate, the power is directly proportional to the product of the measured voltage and current. Hence, power = voltage x current, watts or volt-ampere. A load of 1 ampere at 1-volt potential difference will produce a 1-watt of electrical consumption. Instrument used for measuring the actual consumed power by the load is wattmeter. The current through a material depends not only upon the voltage impressed but also the properties of the material that contains resistance. Conductivity varies with different material that possesses a reciprocal property that tends to oppose the current. This property is called electrical resistance. A resistor is a device that possesses this property and is as much a property of a wire as its malleability, or as in the resiliency of a spring or oil viscosity. The load resistance can be obtained by means of the measured voltage and current otherwise known as hot resistance. Reciprocal of resistance is conductance, there are four factors affects the resistance of the conductor aside from voltage and current. These are (a) the type of material, (b) the length, (c) cross-sectional area, and (d) temperature.

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electrical Engineering Department

Experiment No. 1

MEASURING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Group No. 3

Rating:

EE333l1/CPE31FA1 Submitted By: NAME: Jerome M. Isidera Student No: 1110055 Time of Arrival: 7:30 Signature: _____________

Submitted To:

ENGR. DATU AMIL HUSSIEN O. ASAKIL

Instructor

Date Performed: January 6, 2014 Date Submitted: January 13, 2014