Revision Questions- Atomic Structure and Bonding

1.

In the nucleus of an aluminium atom are:

13 protons
and

(a)

14 neutrons.

Complete these sentences.

(i)

The mass number of the aluminium atom is ...................................... .

(ii)

In an atom of aluminium there are ....................................... electrons.

(2)

(b)

Why is an aluminium atom electrically neutral?

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(2)

(c)

Complete the table for the element fluorine.

P A R T IC L E

N U M B ER O F
PRO TO N S

F lu o r in e a to m

F lu o r id e io n

N U M B ER O F
N EU TR O N S

N U M B ER O F
ELECTR O N S
9

10
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Watford Grammar School For Boys

2.

The diagrams show the giant structures of sodium chloride and diamond.

sodium chloride (melting point 801C)

(a)

diamond (melting point 4800C)

The equation shows how sodium chloride could be formed.

Balance the equation.
Na

Cl

Na Cl
(1)

(b)

By reference to the detailed structure of sodium chloride explain fully why:

(i)

sodium chloride has a quite high melting point,

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...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

solid sodium chloride melts when it is heated strongly,

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...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

molten sodium chloride will conduct electricity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Watford Grammar School For Boys

(c)

By reference to the detailed structure of diamond, explain why the melting point of
diamond, is higher than that of sodium chloride.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Watford Grammar School For Boys

3.

The questions which follow refer to the element hydrogen.

(a)

Draw a diagram to show the bonding in one molecule of hydrogen.

(2)

(b)

The table gives information about two compounds which contain hydrogen.
N A M E

FO R M U LA

STR U CTU RE

d ilu te
s u lp h u ric
a c id

H 2SO

[H ] +[S O 4 ]2 [H ]+

H
e th e n e

C 2H

Use the information in the table to explain why it is difficult to classify hydrogen as a
metal or a non metal.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Watford Grammar School For Boys

4.

(a)

The diagrams represent the atomic structures of two gases, hydrogen and helium.

x = a n e le c tro n
p = a p ro to n
n = a n e u tro n
2p
2n

h y d ro g e n

h e liu m

Hydrogen gas is made up of diatomic molecules (molecules with two atoms).

Helium gas exists as single atoms.

(i)

How is a molecule of hydrogen formed from two hydrogen atoms?

(You may use a diagram as part of your answer)
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(2)

(ii)

Why does helium exist only as single atoms?

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(2)

Watford Grammar School For Boys

(b)

Hydrogen combines with carbon to form methane.

Each molecule contains four hydrogen atoms strongly bonded to a carbon atom.
m e th a n e m o le c u le s

H
H

s tr u c tu r a l f o r m u la
o f m e th a n e C H 4

Explain why methane has a low boiling point.

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.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Watford Grammar School For Boys

5.

(a)

Balance these chemical equations.

(i)

H +
2

H O
2

(1)
(ii)

Al +

Al O
2 3

(1)

(b)

Briefly explain why an unbalanced chemical equation cannot fully describe a reaction.
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(2)

(c)

Explain, as fully as you can, why a water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms but a
hydrogen chloride molecule contains only one.

H
O

Cl

H
(You may use a diagram in your answer if you wish).
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Watford Grammar School For Boys

Revision Questions- Atomic Structure and Bonding- Mark Scheme

1.

(a)

(i)

27

(ii)

13

2
each for 1 mark

(b)

each proton has a/1 positive charge and each electron has a/1 negative
charge OR electrons and protons have (equal but) opposite charges
there are equal numbers of protons and electrons in the atom/
so charges cancel or balance (each other)
each for 1 mark

(c)

3
Number of
protons

Particle

Number of
neutrons

Number of
electrons

10

Fluride atom
Fluride ion

10

each for 1 mark

[7]
2.

(a)

2 Na + Cl

2 NaCl

+
allow 2 Na Cl

for 1 mark
(allow Na + Cl2 Na Cl)
(b)

(i)

idea that

it has strong (attractive) forces/bonds between ions / charged

particles
for 1 mark
(not ..it has a rigid structure- this defines a solid or ...particles
close together - they are in a liquid)
(ii)

ideas that

there is increased vibration of ions / particles on heating

ions have sufficient energy to overcome attractive forces / to
break out of the
rigid structure / to move about
(must be in terms of increased energy of particles lions)
each for 1 mark
(iii) ions can go to electrodes / ions are free to move
for 1 mark
[do not credit ions carry charges]

Watford Grammar School For Boys

(c)

ideas that

it has stronger attractive forces between atoms/particles (not ions)

each carbon atom forms covalent bonds with neighbouring atoms
each for 1 mark
[7]
3.

(a)

correct representation of 1 atom

of hydrogen e.g.

gains 1 mark
but
correct representation of 1 molecule
of hydrogen e.g. or H-H
H

gains 2 marks
(b)

idea that:
hydrogen/metals form positive ions/lose electrons
gains 1 mark

but
hydrogen and the metals form positive ions/lose electrons
gains 2 marks
hydrogen/non-metals form covalent bonds/share electrons
gains 1 mark
but
hydrogen and the non-metals form covalent bonds/share electrons
gains 2 marks
[6]

Watford Grammar School For Boys

4.

(a)

(i)

idea that

two hydrogen atoms share one pair of electrons

linked by a covalent bond
each then has two outer electrons / a full outer shell / two
electrons in the highest (occupied) energy level
(2 marks may be awarded for a correct electron diagram i.e. with electrons on
boundary of or within marked area).
any two for 1 mark each
(ii)

idea that

helium atoms do not give / take / share electrons / react

because the (outer) shell / orbit is full
or
highest (occupied) energy level is full
(but not just contains two electrons)
for 1 mark each
(b)

idea that

the (attractive) forces between molecules are weak

(not bonds between atoms)
so little energy is required / it is easy for molecules to escape from the liquid*
/ escape from other molecules*
(allow evaporate / change into a gas)
for 1 mark each
[6]
5.

(a)

(i)

2 H + O 2 H O (allow H + O H O)
2
2
2
2
2
2
both circled for 1 mark

(ii)

4 A1 + 3 O

2 A1 O
2
2 3
all circled for 1 mark

(b)

idea that:
must end up with the same number of atoms
otherwise matter is shown to be lost/gained
doesnt show correct amount of each element/compared
each for 1 mark

(c)

idea that:
oxygen has 2 electrons short in outer shell ) in words or
chlorine has 1 electron short in outer shell ) indicated on diagram
(shared pair/covalent bond with) hydrogen
atom supplies one further electron*
*(but do not allow hydrogen gives away electron or ionic bond)
for 1 mark each

[7]
Watford Grammar School For Boys

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