Measuring Matter

- Substances react according to definite ratios (Law of Definite Proportions)

- EG: 2 atoms of Al react with 3 molecules of Iodine to produce 2 formula units of AlI

● 2Al(s) + 3I​2​(s) → 2AlI​3​(s)

- Something something comparing moles and algebra of chemistry

- 1st scientist to discover this: Avogadro (AVOCADO)

- Was looking at glasses, and sees that the volume had a

Relationship between the particles and mass of an element had a direct relationship
- Called a mole
- A single mole is equal to avogadro = 6.02 x 10​23​ particles
● 1 mol x = 6.02 x 10​23​ particles x
- This only works for substances; compounds, ions, atoms, and molecule
- SI base unit for the amount of a substance

Particles:
​ Representative Particles: ​ the simplest unit of any substance
1. An atom
2. A molecule
3. A formula unit
4. An ion

- Most important thing in the thing in the measuring thing is units

Mole: contains avograd’s number of ​6.02 x 10​23​ particles

Molar Mass: the mass of one mole of any substance

- Molar mass of a single element - is equal to the atomic mass in grams

● 1 mol x = 6.02 x 10​23​ particles x

● 1 mol E = gam E
○ E stands for element

Note: mass and mole do not equal the same thing

For instance, Calcium as 1 mol of 40.08 g

Ex. Mass to Moles to # of Particles
Ex. Atoms/Particles to Moles to Mass

Moles of Compounds (April 4th, 2019)

N​H​3
- 1 mol ​N​H​3​ = 1 mol N + 3 mol H
- = 14.01 (g) + [3(1.008)] = 17.03

Every molar mass must between 4 and 6 significant figures

Ex. CaCl​2
Ex. Ca(No3)2 - Calcium Nitrate

- Could also take O6 and round it to 16; if not leave the atomic mass at 15.999

Ex. Nickel (II) Phosphate - Ni3(PO4)2

Ex. Aluminum Dichromate - Al2(Cr2O7)3

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Molecular: doesn’t have to be the lowest ratio available for the compound

Empirical: the lowest whole # ratio of the elements/compounds

​ teps to Find the Molecular Formula - using Maleic Acid

S
Maleic Acid is made out of
- 41.39% C
- 3.47% H
- 55.14% O
Mm = 116.1 g

- Convert % to grams, then grams to moles

- 3.446 moles C (1)
- 3.442 moles H (1)
- 3.446 mol O (1)

Empirical Formula: CHO (Mm = 29.019 g)

- (note add up the atomic masses from the periodic table to find the mm mass)

Then divide 116.1 g / 29.019

- The whole # from the division is 4
- So multiply the empirical formula to gain the molecular formula

Molecular Formula
- C​4​H​4​O​4
Formula of a Hydrate

Hydrates:
- Compounds including water in their crystal structures
● Formula for a hydrate: add the formula for water to the formula for the
compound
● Just add it to the formula, not mixing them up

- This is an intermolecular force, aka a physical change and not a chemical one

Ex.
- EG: copper(II) sulfate - CuSO​4​·5H​2​O
● Does not have the same molar mass as normal CuSO4; since water is
added on
● Also the dot is not a multiplication sign (just a convention)
- Ex. CuSO4 compared to CuSO4 • 5H2O has different masses; CuSO​4​·5H​2​O has
almost 90 g more than CuSO4
- This is called Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate
● Have to use mono as well

Ex. of finding formula for a hydrate

- Note: you have to have around 5 significant figures first and then go down to four
when you try to find moles
 - Don’t forget to round when converting to moles

Stoichiometry: the study of quantitative relationships between amounts of reactants and

products

Composition Stoichiometry
- Ex. NH3
● Means 1 mol of nitrogen and 3 moles of hydrogen

Reaction Stoichiometry
- Ex. N2 + 3H3 <–> 2NH3

Either way it means you look at the components of either the compound or the reaction
- The law of conservation of mass governs the reactions

- The # that are important to use are the coefficients of the equation
● Aka the numbers in the front
● For instance: in ammonia its 1 mol of N, 3 moles of H, and 2 moles of
ammonia
- 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
- Sometimes you can say shit like 4+6 = 4+5 and it’ll be right; just depends on the
context (aka math shit) (that just focuses on the coefficients)

- Mole ratios: for the above equation (6) six mole ratios
- 4 mol NH3 : 5 mol O2
- 4 mol NH3 : 4 mol NO
- 4 mol NH3 : 6H2O
- 5 mol O2 : 4 mol NO
- 5 mol O2 : 6 mol H2O
- 4 mol NO : 6 mol H2O
● So three-factorial (whatever that means) (ITS JUST MEANS THERES 6)
Ex. of Ratios

Stoichiometry Calculations

Mole to Mole:
Ex. 2

Mass to Mole conversion

Ex. 1 moles to grams

Ex. 2 moles to grams

Ex. 3 grams to moles

 Mass to Mass Conversions
Ex. 1

Concentration: a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of

solvent or solution

Molarity: (M), the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Molarity Conversions
Ex. 2 mL/volume to grams

Percent Yield

%Y = (AY/TY) (100)
- AY: how much I actually get [actual yield]
- TY: how much I should get [theoretical yield]
● Mass to mass conversion
● Or mass to volume conversion