In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (nowadays usually electronically stored

and processed). They are used to do statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules within a specific language territory. A corpus may contain texts in a single language (monolingual corpus) or text data in multiple languages (multilingual corpus). Multilingual corpora that have been specially formatted for side-by-side comparison are called aligned parallel corpora. In order to make the corpora more useful for doing linguistic research, they are often subjected to a process known as annotation. An example of annotating a corpus is part-of-speech tagging, or POS-tagging, in which information about each word's part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, etc.) is added to the corpus in the form of tags. Another example is indicating the lemma (base) form of each word. When the language of the corpus is not a working language of the researchers who use it, interlinear glossing is used to make the annotation bilingual. Some corpora have further structured levels of analysis applied. In particular, a number of smaller corpora may be fully parsed. Such corpora are usually called Treebanks or Parsed Corpora. The difficulty of ensuring that the entire corpus is completely and consistently annotated means that these corpora are usually smaller, containing around one to three million words. Other levels of linguistic structured analysis are possible, including annotations for morphology, semantics and pragmatics. Corpora are the main knowledge base in corpus linguistics. The analysis and processing of various types of corpora are also the subject of much work in computational linguistics, speech recognition and machine translation, where they are often used to create hidden Markov models for part of speech tagging and other purposes. Corpora and frequency lists derived from them are useful for language teaching. Corpora can be considered as a type of foreign language writing aid as the contextualised grammatical knowledge acquired by non-native language users through exposure to authentic texts in corpora allows learners to grasp the manner of sentence formation in the target language, enabling effective writing.[1]

Definition of hyponym in English hyponym Pronunciation: /hp()nm/ noun

a word of more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it. For

example, spoon is a hyponym of cutlery.Contrasted with HYPERNYM. meronym Pronunciation: /mrnm/ noun

Linguistics

a term which denotes part of something but which is used to refer to the whole of it,

e.g. faces when used to mean people in I see several familiar faces present. --------------A snippet is a piece of text that you would like to insert in your document. It can include code to run at insertion time, variables (like selected text), tab stops/placeholders for missing information (which you can tab through after insertion) and perform transformations on the data which you enter in the placeholders. In the simplest case, you can use snippets to insert text that you do not want to type again and again, either because you type it a lot, or because the actual text to insert is hard to remember (like your bank account details or the HTML entities for the Apple modifier keys). If you use snippets to insert plain text there is only one thing you should be aware of: $ and ` are reserved characters. So if you want to insert one of these, prefix it with an escape (i.e. \$). An escape not followed by one of these two characters (or followed by another escape) will be inserted as a literal character. You can insert the value of a variable by prefixing the name of the variable with $. All the normal dynamic variables are supported, the most useful probably being TM_SELECTED_TEXT. If for example we want to create a snippet which wraps the selection in a LaTeX \textbf command, we can make a snippet which is: contain or include; "This new system subsumes the old one" englober, contenir, subsumer v. consider (an instance of something) as part of a general rule or principle

In general, ontology (pronounced ahn-TAH-luh-djee ) is the study or concern about what kinds of things exist what entities there are in the universe. It derives from the Greek onto(being) and logia (written or spoken discourse). It is a branch of metaphysics , the study of first principles or the essence of things. In information technology, ontology is the working model of entities and interactions in some particular domain of knowledge or practices, such as electronic commerce or "the activity of planning." In artificial intelligence ( AI ), an ontology is, according to Tom Gruber, an AI specialist at Stanford University, "the specification of conceptualizations, used to help programs and humans share knowledge." In this usage, an ontology is a set of concepts - such as things, events, and relations - that are specified in some way (such as specific natural language) in order to create an agreedupon vocabulary for exchanging information.
This was last updated in September 2005

the chi-squared distribution (alsochi-square or -distribution) with k degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares of k independent standard normalrandom variables. It is one of the most widely used probability distributions in inferential statistics, e.g., in hypothesis testing or in construction of confidence intervals.[2][3][4][5] When there is a need to contrast it with the noncentral chi-squared distribution, this distribution is sometimes called the central chi-squared distribution. The chi-squared distribution is used in the common chi-squared tests forgoodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one, theindependence of two criteria of classification of qualitative data, and inconfidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation. Many other statistical tests also use this distribution, like Friedman's analysis of variance by ranks.

In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks[1]) are supervised learning models with associated learningalgorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis. Given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one of two categories, an SVM training algorithm builds a model that assigns new examples into one category or the other, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier. An SVM model is a representation of the examples as points in space, mapped so that the examples of the separate categories are divided by a clear gap that is as wide as possible. New examples are then mapped into that same space and predicted to belong to a category based on which side of the gap they fall on. In addition to performing linear classification, SVMs can efficiently perform a non-linear classification using what is called the kernel trick, implicitly mapping their inputs into high-dimensional feature spaces.