Project Report

Summer Training At JMC Projects India Ltd. Noida.

Name :- Abhimanyu Nehra Roll Number :- 08102001 Discipline :- Civil Engineering Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, National Institute Of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab.

Title Of Project :- Construction Of EIL Office at

Gurgaon, Jaypee Green Hospital at Noida, Thyagaraj Stadium in Delhi, Construction Of Star Court in Jaypee Greens at Greater Noida and Head Office of JMC Projects India Ltd. at Noida.

Name Of Student :- Abhimanyu Nehra

Roll Number :- 08102001

Name Of Organization :- JMC Projects India Ltd.

Name Of Institute :- Dr. B.R.Ambedkar National

Institute Of Technology, Jalandhar.

Acknowledgement
Before moving further, I would like to thank people who were helpful and were part of my training in numerous ways and who helped me at every step during my training hours at the institute and the organization. First of all I would like to thank Mr. P.K.Chatley, Head of Training and

Placement Centre, NIT Jalandhar for providing a platform and helping me to

find the training in the construction company and giving me a chance to enhance my practical knowledge and learn all the things practically what we have read in classrooms theoretically by now. Than I would like to thank each and every staff member of JMC company who were there at the construction site and helped me as much as they can and made my training comfortable and successful. I am grateful to :-

1. Mr. N.S.Punia, Vice President of JMC Projects India Ltd., Noida. 2. Mr. Bharat Bhushan, Project Manager at EIL office construction, Gurgaon. 3. Mr. Praveer Khare, Assistant Engineer at Jaypee Green Hospital, Noida. 4. Mr. Ranjan Bhute, Design Engineer at JMC Head Office, Noida.

Contents
Serial No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Title
Site 1 :- Construction Of Engineering India Limited Office at Gurgaon. Casting or pouring of concrete. Reinforcements. Footings and Retaining Walls. Shuttering or Form work. Laboratory at the site. Site 2 :- Construction Of JPGH ( Jaypee Green Hospital ) in Sector 128, Noida. Construction of Coffer Slabs and use of bricks or brickwork. Caging of reinforcement and use of lap joints and cuplock system. Construction Of underground Water Tank and use of puddle flange. Laboratory and specifications of bricks used during the construction and their tests.

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Specifications of finishing using plastering. Site 3 :- Thyagaraj Stadium, Venue for Netball during the Commonwealth Games. Different types of doors, glazing, floorings, false ceilings used in the construction of the stadium. Site 4 :- Construction of Star Court, Residential Flats, Jaypee Greens, Greater Noida. Use of Mivan shuttering and different components of shuttering. Water proofing chemicals and tests for cement at site. Batching Plant at the site & various tests for check of concrete. Site 5 :- Head Office of JMC Projects India Ltd., Sector 58 Noida. Quantification process at the construction site. Different types of Piles and Pile Foundation. Calculation of the quantity of steel required in the project.

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About the Company

JMC Mission
To be a leader and model corporate participant in the development of the construction industry. To build, maintain and perpetuate a loyal and continuing relationship with every customer through total commitment to quality, transparent dealings, timely completion, thereby enhancing the values for our stakeholders. We wish to introduce ourselves as a leading contracting company undertaking Civil & Structural works for Commercial & Residential Buildings, Industrial, Infrastructure & Power Plant projects at various locations in India. Founded in 1982, JMC Projects (India) Ltd, a part of Kalpataru Group, is one of the leading Civil contracting companies in India With strong workforce of 2700 professionally qualified construction managers, engineers and supervisors backed up with latest construction equipment & technologically advanced work environment. Our gross revenues are Rs. 1320 crore for the fiscal year ended in March 2010. The Company's strength has been its commitment to the timely completion of projects with due emphasis on project management, quality & safety. Armed with the technical expertise gained through a varied range of projects executed, we can take up any challenging and fast track project. Our corporate office is located in Ahmedabad with other regional offices at Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Raipur. Today, JMC with a proven track record of completing prestigious projects within the scheduled time and quality parameters to the customer's satisfaction, is one of the few construction companies certified under ISO 9001:2008 quality system ISO 14000: 2004 Environmental Management and BS OHSAS 18001:2007 Occupational Health & Safety.

Quality Management system (ISO 9001 : 2008) :JMC has built its image on the strong foundation of Quality construction. The Management realized importance of quality construction and implemented a dynamic and vibrant quality assurance program at very early stage. We can proudly say that we are among the first few companies to get accredited with ISO 9001 certificate in the country by the best certifying agency like TUV Sud South Asia Pvt Ltd. The Quality Management System in the company is following the requirements of ISO 9001: 2008 In keeping with world-class management processes, we are also among the first few companies in India to implement ERP software, iPMS (Integrated Project Management System) across all site locations. Scientific process control measures are implemented and monitored at all project sites as an ongoing quality assurance program. A strong and committed team of project execution engineers and quality assurance engineers work hand in hand to deliver the best quality of material and workmanship to delight the customer. JMCs satisfied Client list includes well known MNCs, National giants and PSUs. JMC has bagged many awards for delivering best quality constructions.

EHS (Environment Health & Safety) :A strong willed drive to continuously improve EHS implementation at work sites, keep incident indices to well below the industry indices and ensuring that everything that we do has a positive impact on the environment and the world around us. Our well constituted EHS policy and rules show right direction to every individual in the company. Management sees each minor incident also as a scope for improvement in the EHS norms imbibed in the policy. Motivational EHS standard in the company also includes Occupational Health of everyone involved. As an EHS culture of the company, all workers are provided with necessary PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and training to adhere to standard EHS norms and rules. Due to its continual endeavor for improvement in EHS implementation, JMC is certified for ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management System and BS OHSAS 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety System.

Plant and Machinery :At JMC, mechanized construction is the essence of its operations. It owns & operates a large fleet of the best & the latest construction plants & equipment. These include Earth Moving Equipment, Concrete Batching Plants, Crushing Plants, Transit Mixers, Concrete Pumps, Tower Cranes, Compactors and other road construction equipment. These plants are procured from the best construction equipment manufacturers like Schwing Stetter, Erment Apollo, Volvo, ShirkePotain, Ingersoll-Rand, L& T, Bomeg Gveaves and Maxomix.

Logistic management of these equipment is done in the most scientific way to ensure availability of the pertinent equipment for the task. With its highly competent technical personnel and experience, JMC has successfully completed many prestigious assignments with its pertinent equipments by giving due importance to customer demand, functional requirement and site conditions on job to job basis. By its extensive equipment fleet and competent technical personnel JMC proudly mentions that it can complete any type of building and infrastructure project with full client satisfaction with due importance to safety.

Innovation in Construction Technology :The traditional mode of construction for individual houses comprising load bearing walls with an appropriate roof above or reinforced concrete (RC) framed structure construction with infill masonry walls would be totally inadequate for mass housing construction industry in view of the rapid rate of construction. Further, such constructions are prone to poor quality control even in case of contractors with substantial resources and experience. For undertaking mass housing works, it is necessary to have innovative technologies which are capable of fast rate construction and are able to deliver good quality and durable structure in cost effective manner. Several systems are adopted at different places in the world; eventually the systems which are reasonably economical and easy for operation with skilled labor are useful in India. Certain systems are in vogue and more and more contractors are trying to bring in new technologies. These are essentially based on the basis of mode of construction, namely, pre-cast construction or in-situ construction.

Cast-in-Situ Construction :Pre-cast and cast-in-situ are techniques that are used for quick construction. Pre-cast includes the wall-panel units and slab units directly added to building structure. The use of aluminium also evolved as one of the technique for quick construction by use of aluminium and steel (tunnel) formwork. As a matter of fact the cost of the formwork may be up to 25% of cost of the structure

in building work, and even higher in bridges, it is thus essential that the forms are properly designed to effect economy without sacrificing strength and efficiency. Certain patented systems based on imported technologies such as Mascon System (Canada), Mivan System (Malaysia) have come on the Indian scene in recent years. In these systems traditional column and beam construction is eliminated and instead walls and slabs are cast in one operation at site by use of specially designed, easy to handle (with minimum labor and without use of any equipment) light weight pre-engineered aluminium forms. Rapid construction of multiple units of a repetitive type can be achieved with a sort of assembly line production by deployment of a few semi-skilled labors. The entire operation essentially comprises fitting and erecting the portion of shuttering as already determined (the optimization in use is determined by appropriate planning) and then carrying out concreting of the walls and slabs. Props are so designed that they stay in position while de-shuttering of slabs and/or takes place. The dimensional accuracy of the formwork is of high order. Therefore any possibility of errors does not rise.

Site 1 :- Construction Of EIL Office At Gurgaon First Day

The project where I reported, was for the construction of EIL office at Gurgaon undertaken by the JMC company. We reached at 10:30 am & after marking attendance & giving them the confirmation letter, we were sent for a site visit where I saw the whole blueprint of the site which had 4 blocks out of which 2 blocks were halfway through construction while the other 2 had their foundations laid. After having an overview of the site, I was given 6 manuals which contained all the history & objectives of the company. These were namely :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Job Description Manual Purchase Manual Store Manual Laboratory Manual QMS Procedure Manual Quality & Maintenance Service Manual EHS Policy Environment & Health Policy Manual

It is an ISO 9001 : 14001 & 18001 company & so every action is planned & therefore these manuals are very helpful to about it & the work . I got to know about the different colors of helmets & what they stood for, which is :1. 2. 3. 4. White :- Officers/Jr. Engineers & above Blue :- Sr. Supervisors & below Red :- Electricians, Sub Contractors plant & machinery operators Green :- EHS Staff , Visitors

I read all the manuals & got a basic idea of how a companys administration department works & what all care they have to take. I even had an induction program where I got to know different engineers working on the site & even safety induction as to what precautions I have to take while working so as to any major incident . 1.

Second Day Casting

Reached the site at 10:00 am & was sent to the 2nd block where casting of columns, slabs & beams was taking place by the process of pumping the concrete through pipes. Saw the Reinforcement details along with the Drawings. All the beams & slabs were doubly reinforced & special concrete pieces were cast having height equal to the clear cover & were placed below the reinforcements which were tied with the help of 2 legged & 4 legged stirrups. The angle at which they were bent was 90 degree instead of perfect 135 degrees. The concept of strong columns & weak beam design was adopted according to which we design strong columns as compared to beams so as to avoid global failure of structure & thus M30 was used in columns & M25 in beams & slabs. Before pouring of the concrete for casting, oiling of shuttering was done so that during the removal of the shuttering, it is easy to remove. After the concrete was poured over the reinforcement through pumping, Vibrators were used so as to compact the concrete in order to avoid bleeding, segregation & to have proper bonding with the steel. The wooden blocks were used to separate the columns & beams during casting. At some places where the bonding of aggregates was not proper after the shuttering was removed, formation of honeycombs occurred due to compilation of aggregates at one single place.

2.

Third Day
Today I learned about making of stirrups which involves 2 processes namely cutting & bending. These are of many types like 2L, 4L, 6L stirrups & are used depending upon the type of column or beam bars & their diameters. The two processes in making of stirrups are :1) Cutting :- The long bars of particular diameter are cut of desired length according to :Let a :- Size of Column d :- Diameter of steel bars c.c. :- Clear Cover

According to codes IS 456:2000, required hook length = 10d So , Cutting Length = [( a 2c.c ) x 4] + (20d) [ 5 (2d) ] The last term is used as it is assumed that for every 90 degree bend, the length of stirrups increases by 2d. After measuring the cutting length, it is kept in the cutting machine where 2 iron blocks move parallel to each other so as to cut the steel bar from required length. 3.

2) Bending :- After the required length of stirrups are obtained, they are bent either manually or with the help of bending machine. Manually :- It is done by a labor manually when the diameter of bars is small usually up to 10mm. By Machines :- This method is used when the diameter of bars to be bent is more than 10 mm. & a number of bars are to be bent at the same time. In this, a number of bars are put onto the machine & markings are done at places where it is to be bent. One side of these bars is held still while the machine rotates the other side of bars at any angle specified thereby bending the bars to form the stirrups.

4.

Fourth Day Reinforcements

Today I visited the portion where caging of the reinforcement of slabs, beams & columns was taking place. There I noticed the following important points :1. Alternate bars of the column were spliced i.e. lap joint was provided & in case continuous bars were spliced, then welding was done for those spliced bars. Although welding should not be done on TOR steel & is beneficial only in plain steel bars. 2. The lap joint is not provided both in the starting L/4 & last L/4 portion of the beam or column & is provided from L/4 to 3L/4 length only, where L is the clear span. 3. Lower reinforcement & grade of concrete was being used in upper floors as compared to lower as load is more on columns on the lower floors. 4. In beams with less width, reinforcement was provided in layers usually 2 or 3 & separators were provided to separate them. 5. 50% of the bars were cut near the ends of beams as bending moment is very less there.

Reinforced Concrete :Reinforced concrete is concrete in which reinforcement bars ("rebars"), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the concrete in tension. It was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867. The term Ferro Concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with iron or steel. Other materials used to reinforce concrete can be organic and inorganic fibres as well as composites in different forms. Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension, thus adding reinforcement increases the strength in tension. In addition, the failure strain of concrete in tension is so low that the 5.

reinforcement has to hold the cracked sections together. For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement shall have the following properties:

High strength High tensile strain Good bond to the concrete Thermal compatibility Durability in the concrete environment

In most cases reinforced concrete uses steel rebars that have been inserted to add strength.

Use in construction :Concrete is reinforced to give it extra tensile strength; without reinforcement, many concrete buildings would not have been possible. Reinforced concrete can encompass many types of structures and components, including slabs, walls, beams, columns, foundations, frames and more. Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast in-situ concrete. Much of the focus on reinforcing concrete is placed on floor systems. Designing and implementing the most efficient floor system is key to creating optimal building structures. Small changes in the design of a floor system can have significant impact on material costs, construction schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs, occupancy levels and end use of a building.

Behavior of reinforced concrete :Materials :Concrete is a mixture of Coarse (stone or brick chips) and Fine (generally sand) aggregates with a binder material (usually Portland cement). When mixed with a small amount of water, the cement hydrates to form microscopic opaque crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the aggregate into a rigid structure. Typical concrete mixes have high resistance to compressive stresses (about 4,000 psi (28 MPa)); however, any appreciable tension (e.g., due to bending) will break the 6.

microscopic rigid lattice, resulting in cracking and separation of the concrete. For this reason, typical non-reinforced concrete must be well supported to prevent the development of tension. If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel, is placed in concrete, then the composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also bending and other direct tensile actions. A reinforced concrete section where the concrete resists the compression and steel resists the tension can be made into almost any shape and size for the construction industry. Key characteristics :Three physical characteristics give reinforced concrete its special properties. First, the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is similar to that of steel, eliminating large internal stresses due to differences in thermal expansion or contraction. Second, when the cement paste within the concrete hardens this conforms to the surface details of the steel, permitting any stress to be transmitted efficiently between the different materials. Usually steel bars are roughened or corrugated to further improve the bond or cohesion between the concrete and steel. Third, the alkaline chemical environment provided by the alkali reserve (KOH, NaOH) and the portlandite (calcium hydroxide) contained in the hardened cement paste causes a passivating film to form on the surface of the steel, making it much more resistant to corrosion than it would be in neutral or acidic conditions. When the cement paste exposed to the air and meteoric water reacts with the atmospheric CO2, portlandite and the Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) of the hardened cement paste become progressively carbonated and the high pH gradually decreases from 13.5 12.5 to 8.5, the pH of water in equilibrium with calcite (calcium carbonate) and the steel is no longer passivated. As a rule of thumb, only to give an idea on orders of magnitude, steel is protected at pH above ~11 but starts to corrode below ~10 depending on steel characteristics and local physico-chemical conditions when concrete becomes carbonated. Carbonation of concrete along with chloride ingress are amongst the chief reasons for the failure of reinforcement bars in concrete. 7.

The relative cross-sectional area of steel required for typical reinforced concrete is usually quite small and varies from 1% for most beams and slabs to 6% for some columns. Reinforcing bars are normally round in cross-section and vary in diameter. Reinforced concrete structures sometimes have provisions such as ventilated hollow cores to control their moisture & humidity. Distribution of concrete (in spite of reinforcement) strength characteristics along the cross-section of vertical reinforced concrete elements is inhomogeneous. Mechanism of composite action of reinforcement and concrete :The reinforcement in a RC structure, such as a steel bar, has to undergo the same strain or deformation as the surrounding concrete in order to prevent discontinuity, slip or separation of the two materials under load. Maintaining composite action requires transfer of load between the concrete and steel. The direct stress is transferred from the concrete to the bar interface so as to change the tensile stress in the reinforcing bar along its length. This load transfer is achieved by means of bond (anchorage) and is idealized as a continuous stress field that develops in the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface. Anchorage (bond) in concrete: Codes of specifications :Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of tension, current international codes of specifications use the concept of development length rather than bond stress. The main requirement for safety against bond failure is to provide a sufficient extension of the length of the bar beyond the point where the steel is required to develop its yield stress and this length must be at least equal to its development length. However, if the actual available length is inadequate for full development, special anchorages must be provided, such as cogs or hooks or mechanical end plates. The same concept applies to lap splice length mentioned in the codes where splices (overlapping) provided between two adjacent bars in order to maintain the required continuity of stress in the splice zone. Anti-corrosion measures :In wet and cold climates, reinforced concrete for roads, bridges, parking structures and other structures that may be exposed to deicing salt may benefit from use of epoxy-coated, hot dip galvanised or stainless steel rebar, although good design and

a well-chosen cement mix may provide sufficient protection for many applications. Epoxy coated rebar can easily be identified by the light green colour of its epoxy coating. Hot dip galvanized rebar may be bright or dull grey depending on length of exposure, and stainless rebar exhibits a typical white metallic sheen that is readily distinguishable from carbon steel reinforcing bar. Reference ASTM standard specifications A767 Standard Specification for Hot Dip Galvanised Reinforcing Bars, A775 Standard Specification for Epoxy Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars and A955 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Bars for Concrete Reinforcement . Another, cheaper way of protecting rebars is coating them with zinc phosphate. Zinc phosphate slowly reacts with calcium cations and the hydroxyl anions present in the cement pore water and forms a stable hydroxyapatite layer. Penetrating sealants typically must be applied some time after curing. Sealants include paint, plastic foams, films and aluminum foil, felts or fabric mats sealed with tar, and layers of bentonite clay, sometimes used to seal roadbeds. Corrosion inhibitors, such as calcium nitrite [Ca(NO2)2], can also be added to the water mix before pouring concrete. Generally, 12 wt. % of [Ca(NO2)2] with respect to cement weight is needed to prevent corrosion of the rebars. The nitrite anion is a mild oxidizer that oxidizes the soluble and mobile ferrous ions (Fe2+) present at the surface of the corroding steel and causes it to precipitate as an insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3). This causes the passivation of steel at the anodic oxidation sites. Nitrite is a much more active corrosion inhibitor than nitrate, a less powerful oxidizer of the divalent iron. Reinforcement and terminology of Beams :A beam bends under bending moment, resulting in a small curvature. At the outer face (tensile face) of the curvature the concrete experiences tensile stress, while at the inner face (compressive face) it experiences compressive stress. A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is only reinforced near the tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the tension. A doubly reinforced beam is one in which besides the tensile reinforcement the concrete element is also reinforced near the compressive face to help the concrete 9.

resist compression. The latter reinforcement is called compression steel. When the compression zone of a concrete is inadequate to resist the compressive Moment(positive moment), extra reinforcement has to be provided if the architect limits the dimensions of the section. An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile face). When the reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending moment, the tension steel yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition . As the tension steel yields and stretches, an "under-reinforced" concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the yield stress of the steel governs the design. An over-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-reinforced at tensile face). So the "over-reinforced concrete" beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and before the tension zone steel yields, which does not provide any warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous. A balanced-reinforced beam is one in which both the compressive and tensile zones reach yielding at the same imposed load on the beam, and the concrete will crush and the tensile steel will yield at the same time. This design criterion is however as risky as over-reinforced concrete, because failure is sudden as the concrete crushes at the same time of the tensile steel yields, which gives a very little warning of distress in tension failure. Steel-reinforced concrete moment-carrying elements should normally be designed to be under-reinforced so that users of the structure will receive warning of impending collapse. The characteristic strength is the strength of a material where less than 5% of the specimen shows lower strength. The design strength or nominal strength is the strength of a material, including a material-safety factor. The value of the safety factor generally ranges from 0.75 to 0.85 in Allowable Stress Design. The ultimate limit state is the theoretical failure point with a certain probability. It is stated under factored loads and factored resistances.

Common failure modes of steel reinforced concrete :Reinforced concrete can fail due to inadequate strength, leading to mechanical failure, or due to a reduction in its durability. Corrosion and freeze/thaw cycles may damage poorly designed or constructed reinforced concrete. When rebar corrodes, the oxidation products (rust) expand and tends to flake, cracking the concrete and unbonding the rebar from the concrete. Typical mechanisms leading to durability problems are discussed below. Mechanical failure :Cracking of the concrete section cannot be prevented; however, the size of and location of the cracks can be limited and controlled by reinforcement, placement of control joints, the curing methodology and the mix design of the concrete. Cracking defects can allow moisture to penetrate and corrode the reinforcement. This is a serviceability failure in limit state design. Cracking is normally the result of an inadequate quantity of rebar, or rebar spaced at too great a distance. The concrete then cracks either under excess loading or due to internal effects such as early thermal shrinkage when it cures. Ultimate failure leading to collapse can be caused by crushing of the concrete, when compressive stresses exceed its strength; by yielding or failure of the rebar, when bending or shear stresses exceed the strength of the reinforcement; or by bond failure between the concrete and the rebar.

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12.

Fifth Day Footings & Retaining Walls

Today I learnt about the construction of footings & retaining walls. The different types of footings being made were Raft, Isolated stepped, Strap & Combined footings. Before the construction of footings, a PCC ( Plain Concrete Cement ) layer is laid over the ground over which 2 coatings of water proofing agents like Seiko etc. are applied so as to avoid entry of water from below the sub structure. Firstly reinforcement or caging is done according to design over which concrete is poured. Vibrators are used for compaction but still 100% voids cannot be filled & so G.I. pipes ( hollow ) are fitted before casting into the footings so that chemicals along with cement slurry can be pressurized into the voids after casting has been done. The Retaining walls which was being constructed was cantilever type. U shaped separators were provided in the reinforcement so as to separate the bars. Water proofing chemicals with cement slurry were coated over the bottom of the wall so that there is no entry of water or seeping inside the retaining wall. Reinforcement for lifts were also provided.

13.

Sixth Day Shuttering

I learnt about the shuttering which is to be done before casting of the columns, slabs & beams. In this, wooden & steel framework is setup so as to support the beams & slabs so that concrete can be poured over the reinforcement. It consists of following parts :1. Base Jack :- These are steel plates provided at the bottom over which the whole system is erected & sometimes plates are inserted below them so that they do not immerse into the sand. 2. Vertical Cup locks :- These are placed over the base jack & are 1 to 2m. in height & a number of those are connected together to reach the next level or floor. 3. Horizontal Cup locks :- These are also known as bracings & are available in 900, 1200 & 1500 mm. sizes depending upon the length of beams or slabs. These are connected to vertical stirrups so as to form proper caging for the shuttering. 4. U Jack :- Placed at the top above the vertical cup locks & just below the ISLC runners so as to support them. 5. ISLC Runners :- These are 2 channels welded back to back with spacing between them. 6. Cross Runners :- Placed perpendicular to ISLC runners so as to support the shuttering plates. 7. Shuttering Plates :- These are first oiled so that they can be easily removed & can be used 8 to 10 times. Concrete is poured over these.

14.

Seventh Day Laboratory

I visited the laboratory of the company present at the site. Every material which is brought at the site is first tested at the laboratory & only then is allowed to be used. A new test which I learnt & conducted there was to find the Rolling Margin of the steel. In this we calculate the length of the bar of a particular diameter & weight of that steel bar & find the difference between the weight/meter & actual value which should not exceed as follows :Diameter of bar ( mm. ) 6 to 12 12 to 20 20 to 32 & above % Difference ( +/- ) 7% 5% 3%

In this any 3 samples are taken from the stock of same diameter & average of all the 3 values is calculated which gives the rolling margin value. Following observations were found when I conducted the test :On 32 mm. diameter bars :Length (cm.) 1. 99.6 2. 99.4 3. 99.8 Actual wt. (kg.) 6.373 6.381 6.383 W1 (kg/m) 6.398 6.420 6.396 Theoretical wt. W2 (kg/m) % Difference

6.306 1.468 % 6.306 1.808 % 6.306 1.424 % Average Value = 1.567 % < 3%

Thus it is less than 3% & so as per the standards. Another test done was to find the compressive strength of the cubes ( 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm ) after 28 days to find its strength. 15.

Number of cubes to be prepared depends upon the volume of the concrete to be used as :Volume of the Concrete ( m3. ) 0 to 5 6 to 15 16 to 30 31 to 50 51 to 100 No. of Cubes ( 1 Set = 6 Cubes ) 6 ( 1 Set ) 12 ( 2 Set) 18 ( 3 Set ) 24 ( 4 Set ) 30 ( 5 Set )

Then for every 50 m3. Increase in volume of concrete 1 set is made more. The cube being tested is kept face ( top ) towards us so that 2 uniform sides are there for the compressive test. Other tests performed are determination of Specific Gravity of Cement & aggregates, determination of dry density by Proctor Test & Core Cutter methods, determination of Impact & Crushing value of aggregates, determination of Fineness of cement etc.

16.

Site 2 :- Jaypee Green Hospital At Noida

First Day
Reported to our next site where construction of medical building or hospital was taking place. The project guide at this site was Praveer Khare sir who gave us an overview of the whole site & the project. I received my white helmet & along with the guide went to take an overview of the hospital or construction site. It is an eight storied building along with two basements & ground floor & is being built at a cost of 3300 lakh rupees. The construction work was almost similar to that at the earlier site including casting of columns, beams & slabs. Along with all these, brickwork 17.

i.e. construction of walls & of underground tank was there. Also Coffer slabs were being built in which several secondary slabs were made parallel to primary beams so as to form hollow rectangular frames which may be used for lighting or any other use.

Coffer Slabs
During the construction of Coffer slabs, shuttering is provided covering the reinforcement of beams & concrete is poured within the shuttering for making of the slab. The shuttering can be either wooden, used when the size of beams & slabs is less than that of the shuttering plates or can be metallic, generally used after oiling so that these can be used again & do not get damaged. The oiling is done both before the concrete is poured & after it has started setting in. Then casting of the concrete is done after the reinforcement within the structure. During the pouring of the concrete, vibrators are used for the proper compaction of the concrete so as to remove the voids from the set concrete. The clear cover is also provided adjacent to the reinforcement.

18.

Downstand beams are incorporated in the coffer system thus making for quick and easy erection Coffer or trough floors give a reduction in concrete and reinforcing steel The slab is lighter, resulting in a reduction in weight of foundations and support Coffers and troughs can be used on the standard Uni-Stage support system They can be kwik stripped thereby effecting a substantial saving in the number of coffers and troughs required The steel or fibre glass units are light and easy to handle 19.

Coffer or waler slabs are used to construct large two way spanning floors. The coffers can be used in conjunction with standard kwikstrip beam and decking plates for the flat areas and can be "kwik stripped" by releasing the double headed jack leaving the Uni-Stage support in place.

20.

Second Day
Today I learnt about the caging of the reinforcement within the beams. Shuttering of beams is done before the casting but after the shuttering of the beam has been done, it becomes very difficult to make the caging & specially provide stirrups or shear reinforcement. So to overcome this problem, the caging of beams is done at a height above where it is to be actually fixed. The reinforcements of the beams is tied along with the columns with steel wires & lifted up where the whole caging is made, stirrups tied & is then lowered down within the shuttering already made by cutting the wires. The caging is made by firstly tying the tension reinforcements, then the compression reinforcements & finally the stirrups. To keep distance between the tension & compression reinforcements & between two bars, bent up bars are used along with the clear covers.

When the length of the steel bars is less than that of the beam, lap joints are used where 2 bars are made to overlap up to some distance, but as this involves wastage of steel & an increase in the economy, now a days method of cup lock or 21.

cup lock system is used where 2 steel bars are joined to each other through cuplor which is a steel cylindrical mould having threads like screw where bars can be fixed by rotation. A single piece of cuplor costs around 70-80 rupees & so a cheaper method than both the lap joint & cup lock system, i.e. gas welding is used in which the two bars are welded to each other with the help of a gas under high pressure so that at the point/juncture, due to melting of the bars, a bulging takes place as the welding leads to the melting of the steel bars. But it is only used in columns & not in beams as bars cannot be welded due to the caging & no support & so cup lock system id used in beams. After the full reinforcement in beams, it is lowered down into the shuttering.

22.

Third Day
I saw the construction of the underground water tank being constructed at the site whose retaining wall or shear wall was being made. The length to width ratio of it ( L/B ) was less than 2 & so the bottom portion i.e. H/4 part was constructed as a cantilever & top portion was designed for horizontal forces. It is a rectangular tank & reinforcements are as provided by the designer. Extra projections were also provided in the bottom slab so as to avoid the failure due to the uplift pressure. The steel spacing bars were provided in between the two bars so as to separate the lower & upper bars & concrete blocks equal to the clear cover thickness were used in order to provide the cover. After the completion of the reinforcement, casting is done i.e. cement slurry or concrete is poured through transit mixers. But as 100% voids cannot be filled, PVC pipes are fit into the footings & cement slurry is injected by pressure by the process of Grouting along with water proofing agents like tapecrete & seeko. For the purpose of removal or entry of water into the tank, Puddle Flanges are used whose one end is inside the tank & other can be joined either with a pump or machine & the flange portion or square portion is fixed between the walls so as to avoid the seepage of water into or out of the tank.

The puddle flange consists of a rectangular flange & a cylindrical pipe made of cast iron & the flange being inserted at the middle of the wall of the tank so that the path for the water seeping inside the tank has to travel longer path & thus seepage is prevented.

Fourth Day

On the sites, two cranes were being used for the transfer of materials like reinforcement bars, shuttering plates, pipes etc. These were, one was the Chinese crane with a lifting capacity of 4 tons & an Indian crane with a lifting capacity of 6 tons named Zoomlion. Its height may be varied with the help of the hydraulic jacks as required according to the height of the storey. It can rotate at 360 degrees throughout. An alarm rises if load increases more than the crane could bear. It has 6 load lifting points along a 50m. span after every 6m. gap. The point closest to controller cabin can lift a load of 6 tons and it decreases as we move away from it and at the farthest end being 1 ton. It even consists of concrete blocks on the other side of the cabin which acts as the counter weight. It is so designed that even if there is no load, the crane would not fall due to counter weight which can be increased or decreased depending on the load. The back wall of the elevator is generally constructed as a shear wall i.e. of R.C.C as a load bearing wall which serves as a column too supporting the beams over it. The shear walls are constructed instead of columns as the columns occupy more space while these walls act as a wall for lifts and even used for supporting the beams. Reinforcement is put into these walls as they are load bearing.

24.

Fifth Day
Visited the Laboratory at the site where all the tests are conducted so as to check the workability & quality of the concrete. Mainly cube tests & slump tests were being performed at the site so as to determine the compressive strength of concrete after 7 & 28 days and to determine the workability. In slump test, different concrete mixes are prepared with several water cement ratios and the slump in the concrete is checked to be used on the site. The value of the slump increases with the increase in the water cement ratio and thus the workability. The minimum value of slump is generally 80 mm. and below it are used in PCC layer that is laid below the footings. The casting done in columns & beams have higher slump value & strength as it will become hard even before placing if it is less. The two kinds of mix used are nominal mix and design mix. In earlier one mixes from M 5 to M 20 are generally used and these are prepared on the site with rough estimates while the later one is prepared in the batching plant in proper conditions and M 20 and above mixes come under this. Based on the compressive strength of the concrete, these can be divided as :Ordinary Concrete M 10 To M 20 Standard Concrete M 25 To M 50 High Strength Concrete M 50 To M 70

Ordinary Concrete is generally used for construction of lintels, beams etc. Standard Concrete is used normally in making of columns, beams & slabs. High Strength Concrete is used for construction of heavy structures like bridge piers. Ratio of Cement: Fine Aggregates: Coarse Aggregates is as follows:M 5 :- 1:5:10 M 10 :- 1:3:6 M 20 :- 1:1.5:3 M 7.5 :- 1:4:8 M 15 :- 1:2:4 M 25 :- 1:1:2

Sixth Day
Learned about the bricks and their use and specifications. Before use, they are dipped for 24 hours so that they become saturated before mortar being applied so that they do not absorb water from the mortar or moisture from the atmosphere. Depending on the dimensions of the bricks, these are classified as:Nominal Size Modular Bricks :Non Modular Bricks :20x10x10 cm. 22.9x11.4x7 cm. Actual Size 19x9x9 cm. 22.5x17.1x7 cm.

Non modular bricks were generally used on the site. English bond was being made as it is easy to make & good in appearance. In it, the alternate header & stretcher bonds are used and queen closer is also placed so as to avoid coming of 2 vertical joints over each other. Also the frog of the brick is kept upwards always for proper bond formation between 2 layers. Based on their compressive strength, these can also be classified as :Class Class A Class B Class C Class D Compressive Strength ( MPa ) 10 To 12.5 7.5 To 10 5 To 7.5 3.5 To 5

Before using the bricks for construction, following tests are performed on them :1. Dimension Tolerance :- A lot of 20 bricks is placed both horizontally and vertically so as to form a square box whose dimensions should be between:Length :- 380 ( +/- ) 80 mm. Width :- 180 ( +/- ) 40 mm. Height :- 180 ( +/- ) 40 mm. { For 90 mm. high brick )

2. Compressive Strength Test :- It is calculated by using the compressive strength machine based on which bricks are classified as class A, B, C or D. 3. Water Absorption Test :- Bricks are kept immersed in water for 24 hours and its increase in weight should not be more than 20% of its weight. 4. Efflorescence :- After evaporation of water, white spots sometimes appear on the surface of the bricks due to presence of excess salt or salty water which should not be the case. For these tests, bricks to be taken from the lot are :Lot Size </= 2000 2001-10000 10001-35000 35001-50000 Number Of Bricks As per engineer incharge 20 32 50 .

27.

Seventh Day
After brick work is completed, finishing is to be done by applying plaster on the wall and ceilings. Generally 6 mm. thick plaster is used over the ceilings. While calculating the cost of plastering, if rectangular blocks are cut and if its area is less than 1 m2. Then it is to be included while calculating. Before applying plaster over the brick walls, raking is done so as for proper and better bond between the wall and the plaster. During construction of brick walls, one side of it is made smooth while the other may be uneven over which the plaster of thickness of 15 mm. for inner wall and 20 mm. for outer wall is applied and a layer of 12 mm. is applied. The thick layer is placed in 2 layers of 10-12 mm. and 8-10 mm. respectively. After the first or primary layer is laid, it is made rough by using wire brush and then secondary layer is laid. If the open area on wall is less than 0.5 mm2. , then no area is deducted while calculating the cost of plastering. If the area is between 0.5 to 3 mm2. , then the area to be deducted is subtracted just once if it is to be painted on both sides of the wall. If the area is more than 3 mm2.and the wall is to be painted from both sides, then the area to be deducted is twice the opening. The water proof agents like tapecrete and seeko are mixed with the paints and plaster so as to avoid leakage of water. After plastering, paint is applied on the walls in 2 or 3 layers for proper finishing.

28.

Site 3 :- Thyagraj Stadium ( Venue for Netball during the Commonwealth games )
Project :Construction of Multipurpose Air Conditioned Indoor Stadium with required facilities for Netball and 400 m x 8 m lane Synthetic Athletic Track at Thyagaraj Sports complex at Thyagaraj Nagar, New Delhi - S/H. Civil Works, HVAC, Electricals, Sub-station, DG

Client

Central Public Works Department (CPWD) Commonwealth Games Division, New Delhi

Contract Value

Rs. 22456 Lacs

Year of Completion

2010

Salient Features :-

World Class Multipurpose fully air conditioned netball indoor stadium with synthetic track at Thyagraj Sports Complex at Thyagraj Nagar, New Delhi.

 One Basement, Ground +2 floors Stadium Plate area 16,500 m2. RCC Works upto first floor, thereupon. Specialised Structural Steel & Kalzip Sheeting works. Total Built-up area is approx. 45,400 Sqmt. Stadium dimensions - 160mx105m Height : 23m. Internal finishing, external glazing & ACP Cladding, Landscaping, Roads & pavements, Electrical, HVAC, Fire fighting, Lifts & operation & maintenance.

Today I visited the Thyagraj Stadium in Delhi which was the venue for the Netball during the Commonwealth Games. Although its construction was fully over but there I saw some technologies and devices which were used for the first time in India like 7.2 m. spider glazing, huge vertical doors and a 250 ton truss placed over the stadium. The different doors being used there included acoustical, glazed, shutter and metal doors. The acoustical doors have a layer of sound absorbing material embedded in between while glazed doors are made of glass. Shutter doors include metal doors wrapped above which can either be done manually where the clear area where the door is to be provided is less than 10 m2. Or mechanical device may be used for pull push system if area is between 10 to 16 m2. Or electric motor may be used if the area is greater than 16 m2. The different types of flooring used there were PVC ( Poly Vinyl Chloride ), epoxy, granite, wooden, hard crete and hydrotact coated ceramic tiled flooring etc. In PVC flooring, base is prepared by using cement mortar over which a solution of water proofing agent usually seeko or tapecrete is provided for water proofing. Now PVC sheets are fixed on it. In Epoxy flooring, a material called epoxy ( in liquid form ) is spread uniformly over the surface and is allowed to become hard. It cannot bear much load. Granite flooring has granite stones fixed over cement mortar which are of different colors. In hard crete flooring, alternate rectangular panels are filled with concrete and allowed to harden and glass lining is put to separate 2 blocks, after which the other rectangular blocks are filled with concrete. Hydrotact coated ceramic tiled flooring is used in toilets which absorb the smell from the toilets. 31.

 In wooden flooring, wooden blocks are used which are fixed over cement mortar and between 2 layers, another layer of foam is fixed to reduce noise. After flooring, skirting is provided upto a height of 10 cm. at the bottom of the walls to protect it from the water and dust while cleaning and washing. False ceiling is provided to cover all the wires and pipes like sanitary and fire fighting pipes etc. and improve the appearance of the room. The different false ceilings used in the stadium are Calcium Silicate, ACP ( Aluminium Composite Panel ), soma panel ( wooden false ceiling ), metal false ceiling etc. Gypsum boards may also be used for ceilings. ACP are fire proof and also serve as sound absorbers. Two types of calcium silicate ceilings are used namely Promet and Hylex. In promet, 2 layers each of 9 mm. are provided while in hylex, only 1 layer of 12 mm. thickness is provided. At the terrace of stadium, 1 MW power solar panels are provided which provide light to the whole stadium.

32.

33.

Site 4 :- Construction Of Star Court, Jaypee Greens, Greater Noida

First Day
Today I went to star court, construction of residential flats in Greater Noida. Learnt about the new type of shuttering being used at the site called mivan shuttering in which aluminium plates are used. It is the newest technology being used in India since last 2-3 years and is very costly. The main parts of this shuttering are probe length (P.L), deck probe (D.P), end beam ( E.B ), middle beam ( M.B ), beam bar ( B.B ), deck pin, column corner ( C.C ), wall tie, wall plate, deck plate, top plate, soffit length and beam probe.

 Probe length is vertical aluminium bar used to support the shuttering system. Deck probe is provided at the top of the probe length. It serves as a joint between the end beam and middle beam or between 2 middle beams. End beams are provided at the end of slabs. Middle beams are provided between 2 end beams to support the deck plates. Beam bar connects end beam with middle beam with the help of deck pins. Clear cover is provided at corner of beams and columns. Wall ties are fixed in the wall to support the shuttering plates. Soffit length is provided at the junction of the beam and the slab. Beam probe is provided at the bottom of the beam to support it. Shuttering plates provided at the slab are called deck plates, those provided for the walls are wall plates, those provided at the rest portion of the wall are top plates and those provided for the shuttering of beams are called beam plate. In normal shuttering i.e. ply or metal shuttering, first column shuttering is done and then slabs and beams are casted. While in mivan shuttering, the whole component of a floor i.e. columns, beams, slabs and walls are casted at the same time thus providing strength at the joints. In mivan shuttering, all the components of the shuttering can be removed just after 24 hours of casting except probe length and deck probe as all parts are individual while in normal shuttering, the wall shuttering can be removed after 24 hours but bottom shuttering requires 2 weeks of time and even finishing is better in mivan shuttering than the normal shuttering.

35.

Mivan shuttering :Aluminium Formwork System, a comparatively a new technology, saves cost, time and improves the quality of construction. For repetition of building layouts and for above-the-plinth work, Aluminium Formwork system is very cost effective. Aluminium Formwork panels can be designed for any condition/component of building such as bay windows, stairs, balconies and special architectural features. This system is unique as all the components in a building, including slabs, floors, walls, columns, beams, staircases, balconies and window hood, are concrete and there is no need for block works or brick works. As all the periphery of resulting structure/component is concrete and at the same time we can control the concrete quality, the durability of the structure increases. It gives form finish, eliminates the need for external and internal plaster and the walls can be directly painted with a minimal skim coat, all these ultimately resulting in cost saving. Aluminium Formwork System is highly suited to load bearing wall construction whereas traditional formwork consisting of plywood and timber is not suitable to the high pressures of fresh concrete on the wall. Use of this formwork in load bearing design gives an average of 15 per cent cost saving in the structure of the building and increased usable floor space of 8 per cent over RCC design. For 100 per cent work, construction through slab beam wall construction takes X time and through Aluminium Formwork technology the time required is 1/6th of the X time. The technology is environment friendly as there is no use of timber. The formwork gives the box or cellular design resulting in the walls giving support to the super structure in two directions. As a result, the structures are more resistant to earthquakes than the traditional RCC column and beam designs. As the Aluminium Formwork is lightweight, no tower cranes are required for the same unlike in tunnel framework. Due to simplicity of the assembly, only unskilled labourers are required with minimal supervision. Aluminium System Formwork (Mescon/Mivan) uses an aluminium alloy.For flexibility, one can use 70 per cent concrete (Mivan) and 30 per cent brick walls. With respect to the designing part, from RCC to load bearing it comprises

monolithic structures. The Aluminium Formwork components are joined together by simple steel pines and wedges and the wall panels are fixed apart by steel ties. The only tool required is a hammer. The system employs a unique propping arrangement to support the floor slab during concreting. The head of the prop is in direct contact with the slab concrete. This means that the same is not disturbed when the slab formwork panels are removed from and around it. This allows for much earlier removal of the slab formwork than the conventional timber/plywood shuttering system. The Aluminium Formwork System is removable and can be reused hundreds of times with little maintenance. Moreover, the requirement of steel is also reduced in this technology as aluminium has a higher scrap value.

37.

Second Day
Water proofing is done at the terrace, lower basement floor and also at walls as there are more chances of seepage at these points in a building. For water proofing on the floor and lower basement floors, firstly a primer layer is laid over which a bitumen sheet is laid of different thickness. Over that weld mesh is laid and then PCC ( Plain Cement Concrete ) is poured. For water proofing of walls, an agent called tapecrete is used and applied over walls over which a cement mortar layer is laid to protect it. Sometimes another agent called seeko is mixed with cement while preparing the plaster in ratio of 2% of total weight of cement. 38.

 Cement grouting is also done for filling all the voids and avoid seepage by passing cement slurry under pressure into the walls through PVC pipes or CI pipes fixed during reinforcement or drilling. Skin wall is made outside main wall so as to cover all the pipes present outside the building and is of RCC. To remove possibility of eccentricity and transfer the whole load to the column, column caps are made with suitable amount of reinforcement by increasing the depth of the slab around the column. These days solid blocks made of cement and fly ash mixed in 1:12 ratio respectively are used instead of bricks as these are very light weight and have high strength and a large amount of fly ash produced by the power plants and chimneys is used in there making. Some site tests being used for checking the quality of cement are :1. Compressive strength of cement. 2. If we put our hand in the cement bag, it should feel cool. 3. Particles should be uniformly fine without any lumps in it. 4. When we put some cement in a bucket of water, it should float over the surface of cement. 5. The color of cement should be light grey and it should not fade with time as it normally does.

39.

Third Day
Visited the batching plant at the site. Various tests conducted at the plant are core cutter test, proctor test, flakiness index of aggregates, fineness of cement, impact and crushing value of aggregates, setting cement of concrete, standard consistency and soundness of cement, slump test, cube test and determination of silt content. In cube test, compressive strength of concrete is calculated after 7 days and 28 days after curing it for respective days and calculating the strength by Universal Testing Machine ( UTM ) as concrete attains 70% strength after 7 days and 98% strength after 28 days although it keeps on attaining strength throughout its lifetime but at a very slow rate and after 1 year, its strength is approximately 125% as compared to 100% after 28 days. Minimum weight of cubes should be 8kg. and for the same above reason, jute bags are put around the columns, beams and slabs. To determine the silt content, 100 ml. water is mixed with 2 to 3 tablets of NaOH ( 20gm. Common salt ). Sample is added to the jar up to 100ml. Both sample and salty water are added together. After that the mixture is allowed to settle for 15 minutes. Now heights of sand layer (d1) and that of silt layer (d2) is measured. Silt Content ( % ) = d2/d1 x 100 The silt content should be kept less than 8% . If the sand is wet during preparation of concrete mix, then the moisture content is determined by oven dry method and depending on that the amount of sand and water is put into the mix so as to maintain the density. On the batching plant, the concrete mix is prepared automatically depending on the type of grade by the

machine like cement, sand, coarse aggregates, adhesives/admixtures and water. The machine takes these materials in kg. according to the need and type of grade. After preparation, it is fed into transit mixers which has 5000 liter water tank so that if it gets delayed, the concrete would not get hardened. The concrete is also collected for slump test and cube tests.

41.

Site 5 :- Head Office Of JMC Projects India Ltd. At Sector 58 Noida First Day
Today I joined the office to spend a week to understand about the quantification, planning and budget preparation of the projects and to know about the designing process with the help of Staad Pro. Was given the task of quantification of the construction of a crusher house of NTPC Thermal Power Project at Mauda, Nagpur, Maharashtra. The task was to calculate the total amount of concrete to be used in the PCC (Plain Cement Concrete ) and RCC ( Reinforced Cement Concrete ) in the foundation which was a deep foundation and piles were used as the soil near that area near Nagpur is black cotton soil and it cannot support such a huge structure. These piles transferred the load from the superstructure to the piles and to the hard strata on which the piles were resting. The piles used are bored cast in situ i.e. a hole of size equal to as required is dug and concrete is filled in the hole to form a pile on the site itself.

42.

These piles are end bearing as they transfer the load on the hard strata and there is no friction between the soil and the pile body. The load carrying capacity of these piles under compression is 250 tons and in pullout or tension is just 80 tons and for the lateral forces, it is 12.5 tons. But there will even be the bending moments due to the lateral forces which will divide into couples as pullout and compression and so these are provided as group under a single pile cap. A tie beam is connected between 2 piles so as to take moment which is parallel to y axis. All the pile caps and tie beams are laid over a PCC of thickness 75 mm. having a ratio of 1:4:8 i.e. M 7.5 . The piles cannot bear any moment parallel to y axis and thats why these tie beams are provided.

43.

Second Day

Before the quantification of crusher house, I learnt about the types of pile being used and pile foundation. I calculated the amount of PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) required at the site in m3. Which is equal to the amount per unit volume of PCC laid below the pile cap and tie beams. Above the PCC, pile caps are built which cover a group of piles above these, pedestals are made so as to support the columns. The pedestals and columns are one and the same thing the difference between both being : The pedestal has effective height L less than 3d while that of the column is more than 3d where d is the least lateral dimension. The minimum reinforcement for pedestal is 0.15% of its area while that for the column is 0.8% of its cross sectional area. Maximum reinforcement of column theoretically is 6% but it is generally taken 4% practically. Base plate is attached over the pedestal to which the steel column is attached with the help of bolts. Grouting is done base plate and the pedestal so as to improve the strength. Grade of concrete is kept one higher than foundation during grouting to a minimum of 30 MPa. These pedestals are connected to each other by tie beams at plinth level to improve the strength and provide some resistance to failure due to earthquake. Over pedestals, grade slab is made to make leveled platform.

44.

 After calculating the amount of PCC required, I calculated the quantity of RCC required for the whole foundation which was equal to summation of volumes of all the pile caps, pedestals, tie beams, beams at plinth level, grade slab and the paving.

Third Day

Calculated the amount of steel required for the reinforcement of the foundation of the same project i.e. crusher house. I calculated the quantity of steel for different diameters in tons i.e. 32, 25, 20, 16, 12, 10 and 8 mm. diameter bars. To calculate the amount of steel in one given direction, total number of bars are to be calculated by center to center distance between bars. Length of 1 bar is found out including the development length and all, which is then multiplied by the number of bars of that particular type and then by the cross sectional area of 1 bar to calculate the volume of bar required. It is then multiplied by 7850 kg./m3 i.e. the density of steel to get total weight of that diameter bars required. Similarly the amount of steel required in pile cap, grade slab, pavement, pedestals, tie beams etc. is calculated or to calculate the weight of steel per meter length, d2/162 is done where d is the diameter of the bar and is multiplied by the total length of bars to give the total weight of steel required for the construction in the project.

45.

Conclusion

At last I would just like to say that this summer training has been very beneficial for me as I got to know the basic construction methods and gained the practical knowledge and got to have the first hand experience of the site work and office work. It also helped in knowing the difficulties faced on the site while applying the theoretical applications practically.Got to know about the Coffer Slabs which are used widely at entrances of big corporate offices, residential buildings, hospitals & shopping complexes etc. for aesthetic appearance and for holding the light equipments in them. Also got to know the Mivan shuttering which is the latest technology in the field of construction and is being used in India since last few years only. It is much more flexible in using than normal wooden or steel shuttering & gives a better finish and the work is complete much faster than the normal shuttering. Overall this Summer Training gave me a good overview about the onsite work and I hope it helps me in my further projects in life.