INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL LAB MANUAL (7th Semester)

LAB INCHARGE:

Prof. Dr. Arshad Chughtai

FACULTY TEAM:

Mr. Mudassar Azam Ms. Rab a As!am

"#stitute of Chemi$a! %#gi#eeri#g & 'e$h#o!og

Experiments List:
A. Ca!ibratio# of "#strume#ts(
1. Calibrate the given Bour on !auge u"ing the Mer#ur$ %ille Mano&eter. Al"o 'in out the "(an) error an a##ura#$ o' the bour on gauge. *. Calibrate an re(ort the a##ura#$ o' the given Bour on !auge u"ing +ea ,eight Te"ter. -. Calibrate the !iven Re"i"tan#e Te&(erature +ete#tor u"ing the &er#ur$ 'ille Ther&o&eter. .. Calibrate the given Ther&o#ou(le u"ing Ther&o&eter.

B. Pro$ess A#a! sis(

/. %in out the ti&e #on"tant o' the given Mer#ur$ %ille Ther&o&eter an al"o 'in the re"(on"e $0t1 o' the "$"te& 2hen t 34) t 3 *4) t 3 -4 5. %in out the ti&e #on"tant o' the Li6ui Level S$"te&

C. Co#tro! Loo)s(
7. Re(ort the re"(on"e an variation" in the (ro#e"" variable P80 'lo2 o' 2ater1out(ut in i. Pro(ortional Mo e 0P9 &o e1 b$ giving the value" o' gain a" 1.::) :.5 an 1.5 2hile the out(ut o' #ontroller "et on -: ; i.e. "et (oint 3 -: ;. Pro(ortional Integral &o e 0PI &o e1 b$ giving the value" o' Re"et ti&e) a" :.1) :.1/ an :./ 2hile the out(ut o' #ontroller "et on -: ;. Pro(ortional Integral +erivative &o e 0PI+ &o e1 b$ giving the value" o' rate &inute a" 1) *) - 2hile the out(ut o' #ontroller "et on to -: ;.

ii.

iii.

<. Stu $ the re"(on"e o' the (ro#e"" variable 0te&(erature1 in the on9o'' algorith&. Al"o (lot the gra(h bet2een ti&e an te&(erature uring heating an #ooling.

Table of Contents:
Co#te#ts 1. Calibration o' Bour on gauge u"ing Mano&eter *. Calibration o' Bour on gauge u"ing ea 2eight te"ter -. Calibration o' RT+ u"ing ther&o&eter .. Calibration o' ther&o#ou(le u"ing ther&o&eter /. Ti&e #on"tant o' ther&o&eter 5. Ti&e #on"tant o' li6ui level "$"te& 7. %lo2 #ontrol loo( <. Te&(erature #ontrol loo( Page #o. . < 1* 1/ 1< ** *5 -*

Experiment *b+e$ti,e(

!: Calibration of Bo"r#on Ga"$e "sin$ Manometer

To #alibrate the given Bour on gauge u"ing the Mer#ur$ %ille Mano&eter al"o re(ort the a##ura#$ o' the Bour on gauge.

A))aratus(
Bour on gauge Mer#ur$ 'ille ther&o&eter Air #o&(re""or

Pro$edure(
Start the air #o&(re""or be'ore (er'or&ing the e=(eri&ent. Mer#ur$ level in the U9"ha(e &ano&eter i" #he#>e . The Mano&eter "ho2" the value o' the #hange in (re""ure b$ in#he" o' &er#ur$ an Bour on gauge re(ort the value o' "a&e (re""ure in ("i or bar. The rea ing" o' both the &ano&eter i.e.) in#he" o' &er#ur$ an Bour on gauge i.e.) ("i or bar are note a'ter the alteration in the (re""ure b$ &ean" o' #ontrolling valve. The rea ing" o' &ano&eter i.e.) in in#he" o' &er#ur$ are #onverte into ("i b$ &ulti(l$ing 2ith an a((ro(riate 'a#tor. The gra(h bet2een &ano&eter rea ing" at ?9a=i" an the Bour on gauge rea ing at @9a=i" i" (lotte . A "traight line at ./A 'or& origin i" ra2n. The &a=i&u& i''eren#e bet2een the a#tual (lotte line an the ./A line i" the S(an error. -ormu!ae Used( 1. Pre""ure Rea ing u"ing Mano&eter

 0 Hg air 1 gh P = gc

,here BCg i" en"it$ o' Mer#ur$ Dair i" en"it$ o' Air Eh 3 i''eren#e in height bet2een t2o li&b" o' &ano&eter *. Average Error
n E AvgError = i =1 n

,here E 3 Error 'or ith ob"ervation n 3 nu&ber o' ob"ervation" -. A##ura#$F

X = ; Error =

S tan dard Value Measured Value 1:: S tan dard Value i =1

n

A##ura#$ 3 X ; Bour on !auge i" X ; ina##urate

*bser,atio#s a#d $a!$u!atio#s(

+en"it$ o' Air 3 Bair 3 1.* >gG&+en"it$ o' Mer#ur$ 3 B.g 3 1-)5/: >gG&+i''erential No. o' ob". !auge Pre""ure 0>gG#&/1 !auge Pre""ure 0?11 0>Pa1 Mano&eter Rea ing) C 0inCg1 (re""ure &ea"ure b$ &ano&eter ?* 0>Pa1 Error 0?19?*1 0>Pa1

R%SUL'(

Resu!ts A##ura#$ Range Average Error

Experiment

%: Calibration of Bo"r#on Ga"$e Usin$ &ea# 'ei$(t Tester

*b+e$ti,e(
To #alibrate an re(ort the a##ura#$ o' the given Bour on gauge) u"ing ea 2eight te"ter.

A))aratus(
Bour on gauge +ea 2eight te"ter ,eight".

0or1i#g Pri#$i)!e(
The 2or>ing (rin#i(le o' the above e(i#te +ea 2eight te"ter i" ba"e on HPa"#al La2I. Thi" la2 "tate" that i' (re""ure i" a((lie on a 'lui at re"t) the (re""ure i" e6uall$ i"tribute to all ire#tion") i.e. one to the (i"ton o' the ea 2eight te"ter an the other to the Bour on gauge.

Pro$edure(
2. /. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Initiall$ the gauge 2hi#h i" to be #alibrate i" #onne#te 2ith the ea 2eight te"ter. The lever i" &ove out2ar #o&(letel$ A'ter (utting a (re""ure (late o' "uitable 2eight u(on ea 2eight te"ter) the lever i" +uring #lo"ure o' lever) Bour on gauge "ho2e in#rea"e in (re""ure. The (i"ton i" &ove At that (oint Bour on gauge rea ing i" note . Again the "a&e (ro#e ure i" re(eate right 'ro& the beginning b$ (la#ing another (re""ure (late on the to( o' alrea $ (la#e (re""ure (late. The gra(h bet2een ea 2eight te"ter rea ing on ?9a=i" an Bour on gauge rea ing on @9a=i" i" (lotte .

gra uall$ &ove out2ar ". in2ar " until the "#ale o' Bour on gauge "to(" 2ith the Jer>.

-ormu!ae used(
1. A##ura#$F <

X = ; Error =

S tan dard Value Measured Value 1:: S tan dard Value i =1

n

A##ura#$ 3 X ; ina##urate *. Average Error

n E i= 1 AvgError = n

,here E 3 Error 'or ith ob"ervation n 3 nu&ber o' ob"ervation" *bser,atio#s & Ca!$u!atio#s( Pre""ure a((lie Sr. No. b$ 2eight") P1 >gG#&* Bour on gauge Rea ing P* >gG#&* Error) E3P19P* >gG#&*

Ca!ibratio# Cur,e(

Resu!t(
Re"ult" A##ura#$ Range Average Error

1:

S UMMARY O F B OURDON G AUGE

Categor$ ,or>ing Prin#i(le Pre""ure Mea"uring +evi#e Me#hani#al i"(la#e&ent ue to (re""ure on 'lui . Ber$liu& Co((er Material o' #on"tru#tion "teel #hro&e allo$ "teel "tainle"" "teel A##ura#$ Li&it" o' a((li#ation 19/; o' 'ull "(an U( to 1:: MPa. Lo2 #o"t 2ith rea"onable a##ura#$. A vantage" 2i e li&it" o' a((li#ation #an be u"e in har"h environ&ent a''e#te b$ "ho#> an vibration" +i"a vantage" have "lo2 re"(on"e ti&e a" #o&(are to bello2

Experiment *b+e$ti,e(

): Calibration of RT&

11

To #alibrate the given Re"i"tan#e Te&(erature +ete#tor u"ing the Mer#ur$ %ille Ther&o&eter.

A))aratus(
Re"i"tan#e Ther&o&eter 0Platinu&1 Bea>er Oil bath Ther&o&eter Avo&eter

Pro$edure( Initiall$ the Avo&eter i" "tan ar iLe b$ Joining the t2o en " o' the 2ire" o' RT+ to Avo&eter an then 2ire" are "hort #ir#uite in or er to "et the (ointer at Lero. The re"i"tan#e ther&o&eter i" in"erte in the oil bea>er 2hi#h alrea $ ha the &er#ur$ 'ille ther&o&eter. The oil in the bea>er i" heate an i''erent "et" o' rea ing" are ta>en 'or re"i"tan#e an

the te&(erature 'or ever$ 'ive egree #entigra e te&(erature ri"e. %inall$ a gra(h bet2een te&(erature an the re"i"tan#e i" (lotte . The "traight line ra2n "ho2e the 'itne"" o' the re"i"tan#e ther&o&eter un er #on"i eration 'or the re6uire (ur(o"e.

*bser,atio#sF

1*

Sr. No.

Te&(erature 0C1

Re"i"tan#e 0oh&1

Ca!ibratio# Cur,e(

Summary Of RTD
Categor$ Te&(erature "en"or 1-

 Re"i"tan#e o' &etal in#rea"e 2ith in#rea"e ,or>ing Prin#i(le Material o' #on"tru#tion Sen"itivit$ Li&it" o' a((li#ation in te&(erature. Platinu& Ni#>el :.::.GAC to :.::/GAC U( to 5/:AC 'or Platinu& U( to -::AC 'or Ni#>el Cigh a##ura#$. ,i e Range o' a((li#ation A vantage" !oo re(ro u#ibilit$ Cigher "ignal to noi"e ratio. Can be u"e in ra iation environ&ent Slo2er re"(on"e ti&e +i"a vantage" E=(en"ive

Experiment *b+e$ti,e(

*: Calibration of T(ermo+o"ple "sin$ T(ermometer

To #alibrate the given Ther&o#ou(le 2ith the hel( o' Ther&o&eter

1.

A))aratus(
Potentio&eter Ther&o#ou(le Oil bath Mer#ur$ 'ille Ther&o&eter

Pro$edure(
1. The "tan ar iLation o' (otentio&eter i" one) 2hen the ther&o#ou(le i" not #onne#te to it. *. A'ter #onne#ting the ther&o#ou(le 2ith (otentio&eter) the ther&o#ou(le an a &er#ur$ 'ille ther&o&eter are in"erte into oil bea>er. -. The oil in bea>er i" heate u( to 1<: MC then 'or ever$ / MC ro( in te&(erature a #orre"(on ing #hange in E.M.%. i" note via (otentio&eter. .. The #hange in E.M.%. along 2ith the #hange in te&(erature o' the "$"te& i" (lotte on a gra(h.

*bser,atio#s & $a!$u!atio#s(

Te&(erature) T M C

No. o' Ob".

E.M.%. &8

Ca!ibratio# Cur,e(

1/

Summary of thermocouple

15

Category ,or>ing Prin#i(le

Temperature Sensor

SEEBECN e''e#t Chro&el9Alu&el

Material o' #on"tru#tion

Co((er9Con"tantan Platinu&)Rho iu&9Platinu&

Li&it" o' a((li#ation

91:: to 11::AC Lo2 #o"t 2ith rea"onable a##ura#$. ,i e Range o' a((li#ation

A vantage"

!oo re(ro u#ibilit$ !oo a##ura#$ Cannot be u"e 'or ra iation environ&ent

+i"a vantage"

Lo2 value o' e&' i" #orru(te 2ith noi"e Te&(erature i" not e=a#tl$ linear 2ith e&'
Type E- Type E (chromelconstantan) Type K- Type K (chromel{90 percent nickel and 10 percent chromium alumel)

Ther&o#ou(le t$(e"

Type J- Type ! (ironconstantan) Type N- Type " ("icrosil"isil) Type R- Type # thermocouples use a platinumrhodium alloy containin$ 1%& rhodium

Type S- Type ' thermocouples are o( 90& )latinum and 10& #hodium

Experiment

,: Time Constant of Mer+"r- Fille# T(ermometer

17

*b+e$ti,e(
+eter&ine the ti&e #on"tant o' the given &er#ur$ 'ille ther&o&eter i((e in an oil bath. +ra2 gra(h bet2een @0t1GA an tG4 an re(ort re"(on"e @0t1 o' the "$"te& 2hen t34) t3*4) t3-4.

A))aratus(
T2o &er#ur$ 'ille ther&o&eter Oil bath Ceating evi#e Sto( 2at#h.

Pro$edure(
1. Initiall$ the roo& te&(erature i" note . *. The &er#ur$ 'ille ther&o&eter i" i((e in the oil bath 2hi#h i" (la#e on the heating arrange&ent. -. The 2hole arrange&ent i" heate till the te&(erature o' the bath i" rea#he to **:AC. The attaine te&(erature i" &aintaine . .. Another ther&o&eter) 2ho"e ti&e #on"tant i" to eter&ine i" i((e in the "a&e oil bath an the ri"e in te&(erature a'ter ever$ / "e#on " i" note along 2ith ti&e. /. The re6uire (ara&eter" are #al#ulate an a gra(h bet2een above &entione 6uantitie" i" (lotte .

*bser,atio#s a#d Ca!$u!atio#s(

1<

Roo& te&(erature3 $0"1 3 AC Ma=i&u& te&(erature 'or heater oil bath 3 $0O1 3 **:AC A&(litu e 3 A 3 $0O1 9 $0"1

Ti&e Sr. No t

Te&(erature o' Ther&o&eter $0t1) AC

@0t13 $0t19 $0"1 AC

@0t1G A

tG4 3 9 ln019 0@0t1GA11

0"e#1

1K

Res)o#se of s stem at 7he# t89: t8/9: t839. At tG4 3 1) @0t1GA 3 :.5- 0%ro& gra(h1 @0t1 3 :.5- = A AC Resu!ts( Re"ult" 4 0"e#1 @0t1 2hen tG 4 3 1 @0t1 2hen tG 4 3 * @0t1 2hen tG 4 3 -

Ti&e Con"tant

AC AC AC

Re"(on"e o' S$"te&

*:

Summary of thermometer
Category ,or>ing Prin#i(le Material o' #on"tru#tion Te&(erature Mea"uring +evi#e E=(an"ion o' 'lui 2ith in#rea"e in te&(erature. Or inar$ So a Li&e %u"e PuartL Cg i" o(a6ue. Cg i" goo #on u#tor. It oe" not 2et the gla"" "ur'a#e U( to -/:AC 'or &er#ur$ Le"" than 1*:AC 'or al#ohol Lo2 #o"t Can be u"e ea"il$. A vantage" U"e a" STAN+AR+ e6ui(&ent 'or #alibration o' te&(erature "en"or" !oo a##ura#$ +i"a vantage" Cannot be u"e in in u"tr$ 'or auto&ati# #ontrol.

A vantage" o' &er#ur$

Li&it" o' a((li#ation

*1

Experiment *b+e$ti,e(

.: Li/"i# Le0el 1-stem

%in the Ti&e Con"tant o' the given Li6ui Level S$"te&) al"o re(ort the e''e#t o' ia an length o' tube on ti&e #on"tant o' "$"te&

A))aratus(
Storage tan>) Tube" 0o' #ertain length"1) Bea>er) S#ale Sto( 2at#h.

Pro$edure(
1. A tube o' #ertain length an 2ater #an 'lo2. *. Then a bea>er 2a" (la#e un er the tube an the 'inger 2a" re&ove 'ro& the lo2er en o' the tube. The 2ater began to 'lo2 an at the "a&e ti&e) a "to(2at#h 2a" o(erate an the ti&e 'or 2hi#h the level o' 2ater 'ell to a #ertain height in the "torage tan> 0"a$ h /1 2a" note . The volu&e o' the 2ater that 'ell into the bea>er 2a" &ea"ure . -. The &ean o' height or level o' 2ater 2a" al"o note . .. +ia&eter o' Storage tan> 2a" al"o &ea"ure . /. B$ ra2ing a gra(h o' &ean level o' 2ater 0along ? a=i"1 v". the 'lo2 rate0along @9a=i"1) the re"i"tan#e 2a" note . 5. The ti&e #on"tant o' the "$"te& #an be note b$ the 'or&ula. 'ime Co#sta#t 8 Resista#$e ; Storage Ca)a$ita#$e 7. The e=(eri&ent 2a" re(eate b$ ta>ing tube" o' i''erent length an ia&eter. ia&eter 2a" 'itte at the botto& o' tan>. Storage tan> 2a" 'ille u( to a #ertain level 0"a$ h 21. A 'inger 2a" (ut at the en o' the tube "o that no

**

-ormu!ae Used(
1. Area o' tan> A3 ,here 3 ia&eter o' tan> *. Ti&e Con"tantF 43R;A ,here A 3 Area o' Tan> R3 Re"i"tan#e to 'lo2 -. Re"i"tan#e 0'ro& gra(h1F #&*

*bser,atio#s & Ca!$u!atio#s(

+ia&eter o' the "torage tan> 3 Area o' the "torage tan> 3 A #&/ 2. Le#gth of tube 8 L2 $m Initial level o' 2ater 0h11 in 7./ 5./ /./ %inal level o' 2ater 0h*1 in 5./ /./ ../ #&

Serial Q 1 * .

Mean Level 0C1 in 7 5 / #&

8olu&e 0&l1

Ti&e o' 'lo2 0"e#1

%lo2 rate P 0&lG"e#1

*-

/ 5 7

../ -./ *./

-./ *./ 1./

. *

12

Time Constant of Liquid Level System with tu e of length L1

10

) s / m ( Q , e t a r w o l F
4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Mean L evel (cm)

%ro& gra(hF R3Re"i"tan#e to 'lo2 3 Ti&e #on"tantF 43R A

Re"ult 2ere re(eate 'or i''erent tube length" an

ia&eter".

*.

Resu!ts(

Resu!ts Dia of tube 8 $o#sta#t 8 d $m Ti&e Con"tant 'or L1 3 Ti&e Con"tant 'or L* 3 Ti&e Con"tant 'or L- 3 41 4* 4-

Le#gth of tube 8 $o#sta#t 8 L $m Ti&e Con"tant 'or Ti&e Con"tant 'or Ti&e Con"tant 'or
13 *3 -3

41 4* 4-

*/

Experiment *b+e$ti,es(

2: Flo3 Control Loop

Re(ort the re"(on"e an variation" in the (ro#e"" variable P8 0'lo2 o' 2ater1 out(ut in 1. Pro(ortional Mo e 0P9 &o e1 b$ giving the value" o' gain a" 1.::) :.5 an 2hile the out(ut o' #ontroller "et on -: ; i.e. "et (oint 3 -: ;. *. Pro(ortional Integral &o e 0PI &o e1 b$ giving the value" o' Re"et ti&e) a" :.1/ an :./ 2hile the out(ut o' #ontroller "et on -: ;. -. Pro(ortional Integral +erivative &o e 0PI+ &o e1 b$ giving the value" o' &inute a" 1) *) - 2hile the out(ut o' #ontroller "et on to -: ;. rate :.1) 1.5

Pro$edure(
1. The (u&( "houl not be energiLe G o(erate until $our #ontrol "etting i" #o&(lete an 2henever $ou are giving ne2 value"G#hanging value" o' gain or et# the (u&( "houl be "2it#he o''. *. -. Initiall$ the #ontroller i" to be "et in Auto &o e. Then the "et (oint i" brought to -: ; b$ in#rea"ing or e#rea"ing >e$" 2ithout tou#hing an$ other >e$". .. Then the "etu( >e$ i" to be (re""e on#e to have tuning &o e o' #ontroller) value o' !ain i" a Ju"te b$ in#rea"ingG e#rea"ing >e$" an give a "(e#i'ie value i.e. 1.:. /. 5. No2 (re"" 'un#tion >e$ on#e an a Ju"t value o' Rate &inute at :.::. Again (re"" the 'un#tion >e$ to a Ju"t value o' Re"et Rate 0o' integral &o e1 to :.1: or a high value than thi". *5

7.

The (u&( i" "till not "tarte . ,hen the (u&( i" "tarte i&&e iatel$ one (er"on 2ill re#or the rea ing" o' &agneti# 'lo2 tran"&itter an other (er"on "i&ultaneou"l$ re#or the rea ing 0&a=i&a an &ini&a1o' the out(ut i"(la$e 2ith re'eren#e to the ti&e i.e. rea ing" #an be ta>en a'ter ever$ / "e#on " or an$ other ti&e 2hi#h &a$ be "uitable. Al"o ob"erve" ho2 6ui#>l$ the "$"te& "tabiliLe".

<.

,hen "et (oint i" a#hieve an a((ro=i&atel$ o"#illation" are "to((e then the (u&( i" to be "to((e 'ro& the #ontrol (anel "2it#h. Sa&e (ro#e ure i" re(eate 'or i''erent gain value" 0:.5) 1.51 an >ee(ing other (ara&eter" #on"tant.

Pro$edure( Metho olog$ a o(te 2oul be the "a&e an the variable" 2ill have the 'ollo2ing value"F !ain 3 :.5 'or all the three in(ut" Rate &inute 3 :.:: 'or all the three in(ut" Re"et &in 3 :.1) :.1/ an :./

Sa&e (ro#e ure 2ill be 'ollo2e to evelo( the gra(h.

3) P"D Mode
Pro$edure( Metho olog$ a o(te 2oul be the "a&e an the variable" 2ill have the 'ollo2ing value") !ain 3 :.5 'or all the three in(ut" Rate &inute 3 1) *) Re"et &in 3 :.1 'or all the three in(ut"

Sa&e (ro#e ure 2ill be 'ollo2e to evelo( the gra(h..

*7

B!o$1 Diagram(

*<

-!o7 Diagram(

1. Storage Tan> *. Pu&( -. Control 8alve .. Re"tri#tion 8alve /. Botto& valve %T91F %lo2 Tran"&itter %C91F %lo2 Controller LC9*F Po"itioner PI91F Pre""ure gauge *K

%T9*F %lo2 Tran"&itter 0Magneti#1 Tuning Para&eter" Ti&e 0"1 : / 1: 1/ *:

!ain 3 :.5 Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1

!ain 31.: Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1

!ain 31.5 Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1

/) P" mode

Pro)ortio#a! Co#tro!!er
Set (oint3-:; Plot !ra(h 'or all gain" b$ ta>ing ti&e again"t =9a=i" an Controller Out(ut a#ro"" @ a=i".

-:

Pro)ortio#a! "#tegra! Deri,ati,e Co#tro!!er(

Set (oint3-:; Tuning Para&eter" Ti&e 0"1 : / 1: 1/ *: !ain 3 :.5 Integral ti&e3:.1 Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1 !ain 3:.5 Integral ti&e3:.1/ Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1 !ain 3:.5 Integral ti&e3:./ Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1

-1

!ain 3 :.5 Tuning Para&eter" Ti&e 0"1 : / 1: 1/ *: */ Integral ti&e3:.1 Rate &in31 Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1

!ain 3:.5 Integral ti&e3:.1 Rate &in3* Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1

!ain 3:.5 Integral ti&e3:.1 Rate &in3Controlle 8ariable 0;TO1

-*

Experiment *b+e$ti,es(

4: Temperat"re Control Loop

To "tu $ the re"(on"e o' the (ro#e"" variable 0te&(erature1 in the on9o'' algorith&. Al"o (lot the gra(h bet2een ti&e an te&(erature uring heating an #ooling.

Pro$edure(
1. Initiall$ the 2ater "u((l$ tube 'ro& the #ooling ele&ent i" #onne#te to the &ain 2ater "u((l$. *. The outlet tube 'ro& the "olenoi valve i" #onne#te to the rainage. -. The (ro#e"" #ontainer i" 'ille 2ith 2ater "o a" to #over the #ooling ele&ent. .. The ele#tri# (o2er "u((l$ i" #onne#te . /. The #ontroller i" "et a##or ing to the 'ollo2ing (ro#e ure. 5. The "et (oint Sele#t >e$ i" (re""e until RAlgorith&S i" i"(la$e . 7. The "et (oint value i" "et to the re6uire value 0a##or ing to heating or #ooling "$"te&1 <. %or the above "et (oint) note o2n rea ing o' te&(erature again"t ti&e. K. Plot a gra(h bG2 te&(erature 0along $9a=i" an ti&e 0along =9a=i"1 both 'or #ooling an heating (ro#e"".

--

Duri#g heati#g(< Set Point3//oC 'em)erature (oC)

Sr #o. 1. *. -. .. /. 5. 7. <. K. 1:.

'ime (se$) / 1: 1/ *: */ -: -/ .: ./ /:

Duri#g Coo!i#g( Set Point3.5.7 oC

-.

Refere#$e(
1. Coughanowr, D. R.(Pro$ess S stems A#a! sis a#d Co#tro!: *n e .) M#!ra29Cill. Sr #o. 1. *. -. .. /. 5. 7. <. K. *. -. 'ime (se$) 'em)erature (oC)

Fribance, A. E.( "#dustria! "#strume#tatio# -u#dame#ta!s: M#!ra29Cill) 1K5*. Luyben, W. L.( Pro$ess Mode!i#g: simu!atio#: a#d Co#tro! for Chemi$a! %#gi#eers: -r e )M#!ra29Cill) In#.) 1KK7.

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Seborg, D. E. et al.F Pro$ess D #ami$s a#d Co#tro!: *n e ) Tohn ,ile$ & Son") In#.) 1K<K.

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Stephanopoulos: G.F Chemi$a! Pro$ess Co#tro!) An Introduction to Theory and Practice) Prenti#e9Call) In#.) 1K<..

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Bela G Liptac. *"#strume#t %#gi#eers .a#dboo1, Process Control and Opti i!ation, Vol "# $th ed. Taylor % &rancis# "''(.

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S!ith C.A. an" Corripio B.A+* ,#rinciples an" #ractice o$ Auto!atic #rocess Control). *rd Edition# +.,. % Sons# -e. /or0# 1SA. "''(.

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Richar"son %.F. an" #eacoc& D.G. Che!ical Engineering, Volu e *# *rd Edition# 3utter.orth Heine ann# "'4'

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#a"!anabhan '.R. (n"ustrial (nstru!entation #rinciples ) Design. Springer, "''2

AIChE) 6uidelines 7or Sa7e Auto ation o7 Che ical Processes ) Center 'or Che&i#al Pro#e"" Sa'et$) Ne2 @or>) 1KK-.

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Mar!i#: 'homas: Process Control# 8esigning Processes and Control Syste s 7or 8yna ic Per7or ance#-r E .) M#!ra29Cill) Ne2 @or>) *:::

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htt(FGG222.i"a.orgG htt(FGG222.&an#he"ter.a#.u>
0222.'iel bu".orgGen u"er"u((ortGen u"er(re"entation"Ginter>a&a*::.G(re"entation"G#hri" baltu"U''bene'it".(("1 htt(FGG222."en"ote#.#o&Gintrin"i#all$U"a'eUrate .a"(Qe= htt(FGG222.o&ega.#o&Gther&o#ou(le".ht&l

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