ABSTRACT

Biometrics technique such as iris pattern, facial characteristic,

fingerprints and other biometrics for identification is becoming more
popular and common every day. Based on a characteristics and
unique feature showed by individual, biometrics provides special
and automatics identification of an individual. Recently, iris
recognition has received increasing attention due to its high
reliability. Iris recognition aims to identify persons using iris
characteristics of human eyes. The iris recognition system consists
of four processes which are image acquisition, pre-processing,
feature extraction and identification. In order to identify both the
uniqueness of the human iris and also its performance as a
biometrics, this project developed an iris recognition system. The
system two databases of digitized greyscale eye images were use to
determine the recognition performance. Using MATLAB with its
Acquisition Toolbox, we have developed an iris recognition system
that allow user to read and identify persons by their iris. This system
can easily capture biometrics and store them with information.
Hough Transform is able to served an automatic segmentation
system and able to localise the circular iris and pupil region,
occluding eyelids and eyelashes, and reflections. For imaging
inconsistencies, the extracted iris region was then normalised into
rectangular block with constant dimensions to account. Finally the
image code is calculated by using Gabor filter method.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Biometric Technology

Biometric system provided an automatic recognition based on some sort of

unique feature or individual characteristics. Biometric system developed based on
finger print, handwriting, facial features, voice and iris.
The system will then captured the biometrics sample such as digital sound
signal for voice recognition or digital iris image for iris recognition and create a new
template. This template is a transformation from sample by using some sort of
mathematical function. This biometrics template will provide an efficient, normalised
and highly discriminating representation of the feature. The template is compared
with other templates in order to determine identity. This processes created during
enrolment and if the templates match within a set tolerance, access to the desired
resources is granted.
The minimal chances of any two peoples having the same characteristic
showed a good biometric. There are some requirements in order to provide
convenience to the user and prevent misrepresentation of the feature which are
uniqueness so that there would not be any identical appear in two person, universal
which means it can occurs as many people as possible, measurable and user friendly.

1.1.2 The Human Iris

 The iris lies between the cornea and the lens of the human eyes. The iris image
is shown in Figure 1.1. The iris is perforated close to its center by a circular aperture.
This is known as pupil. The iris function is to control the amount of light entering
through pupil. This is done by the dilator muscles and sphincter, which adjust the size
of pupil. The pupil size can vary from 10% to 80% of the iris diameter. The iris
diameter is 12mm.

Figure 1.1 – A front-on view of the human eye.

The human iris consisted of three boundaries. The boundaries are shown in
Figure 1.2. The first boundary is inner boundary which lies between the pupil and the
iris. The pupil area has a low grey level and looks dark in the eyes image. The second
boundary is an outer boundary. The outer boundary is between the iris and the sclera
and the last boundary is the collarette boundary. A collarette boundary can be
discriminated by adjacent pixels of variety. The papillary zone is vastly various and
the ciliary area is seldom various. An inner boundary and outer boundary is divided
by the collarette boundary.
 Figure 1.2: Image of the boundaries and the localization iris area

1.1.3 Iris Recognition

As a physiological biometric, iris recognition aims to identify persons using

iris characteristics of human eyes. Recently, iris recognition has received increasing
attention due to its high reliability. Iris recognition combines pattern recognition,
computer vision and statistics. It can serve as a living password that one need not to
remember but always carries along.
Iris recognition can be done by image processing. Image
processing technique can be used to extract the iris pattern from a
digitised image of the eyes. From the mathematical function, these
biometrics templates can represent the unique information of an
iris. This allows comparison to be made between templates. To use
the iris recognition system, the subject eye is first photographed
and then a template is created for their iris region. The template is
then compares against all users in the system. If the template
matching is found, the user is identified and access is granted. If no
match is found, the subject remains unidentified.
1.2 Objectives

The purposes of this project are:

i. Implement an iris recognition system using MATLAB

ii. Increase the quality of security system by recognizing the iris patterns.
iii. To verify the claimed performance of the technology.

1.3 Scope of Project

The scope of project is to develop a system that can read an iris pattern and
identify individual through the comparison with other template stored in database.
MATLAB was a language choice due to its ease of use resulting in rapid project
turnaround times.
Additional scope that required is to learn the biological characteristics of the iris.
Other scope is the process of developing the software that related on how to process
the data and image techniques.

1.4 Expected Result

By the end of this project, this system supposed can read iris pattern using
MATLAB and compared with other template stored in a database until a template
matching is found.

1.5 Statement of Problems

In today’s world, system that used password and user login name is a
requirement for each individual. The main issue is there is no guarantee that the
system is secure and cannot easily crack. Problem occurred when user forgetting
password, sharing password, using common password or stolen password.
These techniques for avoiding password security obviously negate the purpose of
the password. They also have hidden complications in terms of some accidental
damage brought about by sharing level access and password. This system might be
slightly complicated even though is practical because it is hardly to hack.
PSM REPORT 1
Prepared by Nurul Akmar Binti Mohamad Ramli

On the week fourth, we decided to develop a system that can read iris pattern
using C++ builder. The main output that we expect is the system can showed us type
of diseased. The process of recognize the disease using iris pattern is known as
irridiology. First, we are used any image such as face instead of iris to test the system.
Problem occurred when our program cannot read any type of format image except
bitmap. We try to manipulate the program and we successfully create a program that
can read in any format image such as JPEG. We successfully invert the image, find
the histogram and the threshold and also filter the image.
PSM REPORT 1
Prepared by Nurul Akmar Binti Mohamad Ramli

On the week fifth and six, problem occurred when the program cannot
compile the image more than 8 bit. We try to convert the 24 bit image to 8 bit but the
quality of the image became poor. We also try to make a system that can read 8bit x
8bit x 8bit, but the final result is also same. We try to use the MATLAB software and
we successfully read the image. We try to figure out how to transform the MATLAB
source code to C++ builder. We make some research on internet and book references.
We also try to find the journal and book related with iridiology and our project which
is image processing using C++ builder.
PSM REPORT 1
Prepared by Nurul Akmar Binti Mohamad Ramli

On the week seven, because the program using C++ builder cannot read the image as
what we expected, we decide to change our software. We choose to use the MATLAB.
We also change our expected result from the identify type of disease to identify the
identity of individual. We also finished the chapter 1 of the project which is the
introduction. For the program source code, it is still in process.