INDUCTION PROGRAM FOR IT ENGINEERS 1. Collect at least 10 programming languages other than c, c++, vb and java?

ABAP, APL, AB ! , AB "#, ABL", $isual j%, $isual j++, $isual &bjects, &AP, 'L, &()gen, *AP. +. ,rite at least 10 programming languages used -or building d)namic .ebsites? C, C++, /ava, C%, $isual Basic, CC0, C'', Lisp, Lingo, /ava cript. 1. ,rite do.n list o- 10 ,eb servers along .ith the languages the) support? 2. *ive at least 10 databases? Air 3acilit) s)stem, Benchmar4 5ose o-t.are, 5ata 3inder, 3acilit) 6egistr) s)stem, 0'" so-t.are, Land vie., 'obile 'odels, online trac4ing in-ormation s)stem. 7. *ive at least 10 ,eb servers? Apache, Apache tomcat, Apache 8##P, 9lone, lighttpd, :itami, ;eus, 00 , Abs)ss, and /igsa.. <. ,hat is 00 ? ,hat are the -eatures o- 00 ? 0nternet 0n-ormation ervices =00 > ? -ormerl) called 0nternet 0n-ormation erver ? is a .eb server application and set o- -eature e(tension modules created b) 'icroso-t -or use .ith 'icroso-t ,indo.s. 00 @.7 supports 8##P, 8##P , 3#P,3#P , '#P and AA#P. 0t is an integral part o- ,indo.s erver -amil) o- products, as .ell as certain editions o- ,indo.s :P, ,indo.s $ista and ,indo.s @. 00 is not turned on b) de-ault .hen ,indo.s is installed. 3eaturesB

8##P modules ? Csed to per-orm tas4s speci-ic to 8##P in the reDuestEprocessing pipeline, such as responding to in-ormation and inDuiries sent in client headers, returning 8##P errors, and redirecting reDuests. ecurit) modules ? Csed to per-orm tas4s related to securit) in the reDuestEprocessing pipeline, such as speci-)ing authentication schemes, per-orming C6L authoriFation, and -iltering reDuests. Content modules ? Csed to per-orm tas4s related to content in the reDuestEprocessing pipeline, such as processing reDuests -or static -iles, returning a de-ault page .hen a client does not speci-) a resource in a reDuest, and listing the contents o- a director). Compression modules ? Csed to per-orm tas4s related to compression in the reDuestE processing pipeline, such as compressing responses, appl)ing *Fip compression trans-er coding to responses, and per-orming preEcompression o- static content.

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Aame at least 7 operating s)stems used -or des4top computing? A0: =Advanced 0nteractive e(ecutive> E a proprietar) =i.e., commercial> -lavor =i.e., variant> o- CA0: launched b) 0B' in 1GG0 -or use on its main-rame computers. Amiga E launched .ith the pioneering Amiga personal computer in 1GH7 and continues to be developed toda) -or the Po.erPC processor. Amiga -eatures an elegant *C0 =graphical user inter-ace> together .ith some o- the -le(ibilit) o- Cni(Eli4e operating s)stems. Be& E developed b) Be 0ncorporated in 1GG0 as a media operating system that .as optimiFed -or digital media =e.g., digital audio, digital video and threeEdimensional graphics>. Be& has some Cni(Eli4e characteristics, including its use o- the bash =the de-ault on Linu(> command shell and its director) structure, but it .as .ritten in entirel) ne. code. #he lo)al user base .as ver) disappointed .hen the compan) -ailed commerciall), and thus several open source projects, including beunited.org, are under .a) that are aimed at recreating and updating =e.g., ne. video drivers> Be& . 5ar.in E an open source derivative o- 2.2B 5 1 =Ber4ele) o-t.are 5istribution $ersion 2.2> that serves as the core -or the 'acintosh & :. 0t .as originall) released in 'arch 1GGG. #here is also a *AC version o- 5ar.in, .hich is called *ACE5ar.in. 3reeB 5 E the most popular o- the B 5 operating s)stems, accounting -or appro(imatel) H0 percent o- B 5 installations =at least until 5ar.in came onto the scene>. 3reeB 5 .as begun in earl) 1GG1 based on 2.1B 5, and the -irst version, 1.0, .as released in 5ecember o- that )ear. 3ree 5& E begun in 1GG2 b) /im 8all .ith the goal o- becoming a complete, -ree and -ull) ' E 5& compatible operating s)stem -or (H< =i.e., 0ntelEcompatible> CPCs =i.e., central processing units>. *ACI8urd E has been under development b) 6ichard tallman and his 3ree o-t.are 3oundation =3 3> since 1GG0. #he core component, the 8urd =8ird o- Cni(Ereplacing daemons> kernel =i.e., the core o- the operating s)stem>, is still not completed because o- its ver) ambitious goalB to surpass Cni(Eli4e 4ernels in -unctionalit), securit) and stabilit) .hile remaining largel) compatible .ith them. 8PEC: E a proprietar) -lavor o- CA0: developed b) 8e.lettEPac4ard -or its 8P G000 series obusiness servers. 8PEC: 1.0 .as released in 1GH<. 060: E a proprietar) -lavor o- CA0: introduced b) ilicon *raphics, 0ncorporated = *0> in 1GH+ -or applications that use three dimensional visualiFation and virtual realit). H. ,hat is assembl) language? An assembl) language is a lo.Elevel programming language -or computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other programmable devices in

.hich each statement corresponds to a single machine language instruction. An assembl) language is speci-ic to a certain computer architecture, in contrast to most highElevel programming languages, .hich ma) be more portable. G. ,hat are main -rames? ,hat is the popular programming language supported b) main -rames? A main-rame is simpl) a ver) large computer. And totall) di--erent -rom .hat )ou have on )our des4. 5onJt sa)B .hat seems to be a main-rame toda) is on )our des4top tomorro.. Apart -rom the CPCJs =processors> that is -ar -rom true. "ach computer language evolved separatel), driven b) the creation o- and adaptation to ne. standards. 0n the -ollo.ing sections .e describe several o- the most .idel) used computer languages supported b) FI& Assembler C&B&L PLI0 CIC++ /ava CL0 # 6"::K.

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,hat is the operating s)stem popularl) used on main-rames? 'ost o- this in-ormation center teaches the -undamentals o- FI& L, .hich is 0B'Js -oremost main-rame operating s)stem. 0t is use-ul -or main-rame students, ho.ever, to have a .or4ing 4no.ledge o- other main-rame operating s)stems. &ne reason is that a given main-rame computer might run multiple operating s)stems. 3or e(ample, the use o- FI& , FI$'L, and Linu(L on the same main-rame is common. 0n addition to FI& , -our other operating s)stems dominate main-rame usageB FI$', FI$ "K, Linu( -or )stem FL, and FI#P3. 11. ,hat are mini -rames I'idE-rames? #he mini -rames are basicall) the same as the bigger ones, but miniM #he) are adorable and 0 canNt .ait to see more made. #he group o- -rames belo. .as sortEo- a Otest runN -or the 'ini 3rames.

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,hat is "6P? *ive popular "6P applications? "nterprise resource planning ="6P> s)stems integrate internal and e(ternal management in-ormation across an entire organiFation, embracing -inanceIaccounting, manu-acturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc. "6P s)stems automate this activit) .ith an integrated so-t.are application. #heir purpose is to -acilitate the -lo. o- in-ormation bet.een all

business -unctions inside the boundaries o- the organiFation and manage the connections to outside sta4eholders "6P applicationsB 6educed 0# so-t.are support reDuirement 6educed hard.are and servers 0ntuitive, con-igurable s)stem inter-aces 6eduction in so-t.are training CustomiFable open source code 11. ,hat are 1Etier, +Etier, 1Etier applications? *ive e(amples? #.oEtier clientIserver architectures have + essential components 1. A Client PC and +. A 5atabase erver +E#ier ConsiderationsB Client program accesses database directl) 6eDuires a code change to port to a di--erent database Potential bottlenec4 -or data reDuests 8igh volume o- tra--ic due to data shipping

#his is an e(ample o- +Etier architecture. #he t.o tiers areB 1. 5ata serverB the database serves up data based on PL Dueries submitted b) the application. +. Client applicationB the application on the client computer consumes the data and presents it in a readable -ormat to the student. Ao., this architecture is -ine, i- )ouJve got a school .ith 70 students. But suppose the school has 10,000 students. Ao. .eJve got a problem. ,h)? Because ever) time a student Dueries the client application, the data server has to serve up large Dueries -or the client application to manipulate. #his is an enormous drain on net.or4 resources. 1E#ier clientEserver architectures have 1 essential componentsB 1. A Client PC +. An Application erver 1. A 5atabase erver 1E#ier Architecture ConsiderationsB Q Client program contains presentation logic onl) Less resources needed -or client .or4station Ao client modi-ication i- database location changes Less code to distribute to client .or4stations

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,hat are nEtier applications?

Create a component .ith one class that returns a disconnected A5& recordset -or an) PL statement sent to it. All updates are per-ormed in the A5& recordset, then passed bac4 to the component -or batch updating. Create a component that has man) classes based around business processes. All data -or the business process is passed to this component. #he component .ill update the appropriate tables -rom the data supplied. Another component .ould be used to return vie.s o- data needed to support the user inter-ace -or a business process. Create one class per table using A5& embedded into the class. #his is a logical nEtier model .here both the ":" and the classes =in a 5LL> are installed on the client machine. Create one class per table using A5& on the client side. #his clientEside class passes PL through 5C&' to a serverEside 5ata Class running under '# that returns a disconnected A5& recordset to the client side. 17. ,hat are super computers? A supercomputer is a computer at the -rontline o- current processing capacit), particularl) speed o- calculation. upercomputers .ere introduced in the 1G<0s and .ere designed primaril) b) e)mour Cra) at Control 5ata Corporation =C5C>, and later at Cra) 6esearch. ,hile the supercomputers o- the 1G@0s used onl) a -e.processors, in the 1GG0s, machines .ith thousands oprocessors began to appear and b) the end o- the +0th centur), massivel) parallel supercomputers .ith tens o- thousands o- Ro--EtheEshel-R processors .ere the norm. ,eb 9no.ledge ban4 1<. ,hat is html? 8#'L is a language -or describing .eb pages.

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8#'L stands -or 8)per #e(t 'ar4up Language 8#'L is not a programming language, it is a mar4up language A mar4up language is a set o- mar4up tags 8#'L uses mar4up tags to describe .eb pages ,hat is di--erence bet.een html and programming language?

8#'L is not a programming language so it is ver) di--erent to programming languages. 8#'L is reall) just -or -ormatting te(t and la)ing out pages, .hat .e call mar4ing up a page. o it is a 'ar4up Language. 0t canJt reall) do an)thing interactive .ith )ou. ,eb pages that can do things normall) have programming code built into them, .ith languages li4e /ava cript. 8#'L canJt even do simple things li4e calculations. Calculations are -undamental to programming languages, as are man) other things li4eB ma4ing decisions, repeating instructions, storing data, processing data, and man) other things. 8#'L canJt do an) o- those things. 8#'L borro.s some things -rom programming, li4e the -acilit) to use comments, encouraging people to la) out their code properl) and the use o- simple "nglishEli4e commands.

1H. ,hat is di--erence bet.een .ebpage and .ebsite? A .ebsite is a group o- .ebpages. 0magine a big business li4e 9'art or *eneral 'otors. #heir .ebsite contains .ebpages -or each department in their organiFation, -or each promotional campaign the) create and -or ever) business the) are contacted .ith. #heir .ebsite consists o- 100s o- .ebpages. 'ost small businesses can get all their compan) in-ormation in as -e. as 7 pages. 0 have seen businesses .ith onl) a single .ebpage. #heir .ebsite consists o- 1 page. A .ebsite is created the same .a) a .ebpage is created. As )ou create .ebpages, it is common to add a navigational lin4 to )our other pages. #his process o- binding together the .ebpages creates .hat is commonl) 4no.n as a .ebsite. A .ebsite ma) contain one or more than one =virtuall) an) number> .ebpages .hile a .ebpage is al.a)s a single entit). 1G. ,hat is domain name? A domain name is an identi-ication string that de-ines a realm o- administrative autonom), authorit), or control in the 0nternet. 5omain names are -ormed b) the rules and procedures othe 5omain Aame )stem =5A >. 5omain names are used in various net.or4ing conte(ts and applicationEspeci-ic naming and addressing purposes. 0n general, a domain name represents an 0nternet Protocol =0P> resource, such as a personal computer used to access the 0nternet, a server computer hosting a .eb site, or the .eb site itsel- or an) other service communicated via the 0nternet. +0. ,hat is 5A ? #he 5omain Aame )stem =5A > is a hierarchical distributed naming s)stem -or computers, services, or an) resource connected to the0nternet or a private net.or4. 0t associates various in-ormation .ith domain names assigned to each o- the participating entities. A 5omain Aame ervice translates Dueries -or domain names =.hich are meaning-ul to humans> into 0P addresses -or the purpose o- locating computer services and devices .orld.ide. +1. ,hat are Add on domains? *ive e(ample? An add on domain is a ne. domain that is added on top o- )our main domain .0t creates a sub director) .ithin )our main .eb hosting director) but can sho. a di--erent .eb site. #he addEon domain collects in-ormation -rom the sub domain director) using the same space and band.idth as )our main accountS ho.ever it .onNt have its o.n Cpanel. =,eb hosting manager> 8ere is an e(ample o- ho. to create an addEon domainB LetJs sa) )ou primar) domain is httpBII.... iteA.com

!ou add an addEon domain namedB httpBII.... iteB.com through the cpanel. Ao. )ou can access it viaB httpBII.... iteB.com or httpBII.... iteB. iteA.comI or httpBII.... iteA.comI iteBI !ou can no. setEup email -or the addEon domain as i- it .as a separate site i.e. bubbaT iteB.com .ith mail servers as mail. iteB.com ++. ,hat are sub domains? *ive e(amples?

#he 5omain Aame )stem =5A > has a tree structure or hierarch), .ith each node on the tree being a domain name. A sub domain is a domain that is part o- a larger domain, the onl) domain that is not also a subdomain is the root domain

Creating ub domains #o create a subdomain, clic4 on the R ubdomainsR icon in the main control panel menu.

0n the above e(ample .e are creating ne.sub.sitehelper.com. #o create the subdomain, clic4 the RCreateR button.

!ou ma) also create sub.sub.sub.sub.domain.com. 0n the above e(ample .e have created i.love.siteE helper.com.

AoteB 0t ma) ta4e up to -ive minutes -or a ne. subdomain to become active. Cploading to a ubdomain "ach subdomain appears in publicUhtmlIsubdomainEname. #his means that )our subdomain can also be accessed at httpBII....)oursite.comIsubdomainEname. !ou can upload to a subdomain -older in the same .a) )ou upload to an) other -olderB use 3#P, ' 3rontPage, 3ile 'anager, etc. 6emoving ubdomains #o remove a subdomain, place a chec4 ne(t to the subdomain=s> )ou .ant deleted, then clic4 the R5elete electedR button. Ae(t to the R5elete electedR button is a chec4bo( called R6emove 5irector) Contents.R Chec4 this bo( i- )ou .ant the subdomain director) and its -iles to be deleted. 0- )ou donJt chec4 the bo(, the subdomain .ill stop .or4ing but the -iles and director) .ill remain intact.

ubdomain tatistics Beside each subdomain name is a R tatsR lin4 =see above picture>. #his lin4 .ill load ,ebaliFer statistics. Please note that -or the lin4 to .or4 =1> )our subdomain must have some tra--ic =at least one hit> and =+> )our subdomain must be more than one da) old. Cntil these reDuirements are met, the R tatsR lin4 .ill return a -ile not -ound error. Csage Log I "rror Log #he RCsage LogR and R"rror LogR lin4s =see above picture> .ill ta4e )ou to te(t version o- each log -ile. #he usage log provides the 0P address o- the reDuester, time and date o- the reDuest, and the description o- the reDuest. #he R tatsR lin4 =see ubdomain tatistics section> is a graphical version o- the usage log. #he error log provides in-ormation about unsuccess-ul reDuests and is use-ul -or troubleshooting .hen the cause o- the error is un4no.n. #he usage and error logs are accessible immediatel) a-ter subdomain creation. !ou .ill see a blan4 bo( i- there has been no subdomain activit). Creating 3#P Csers -or 0ndividual ubdomains

#o restrict an 3#P account to a single subdomain, -ollo. these stepsB 1. Create the subdomain i- )ou havenJt done so alread). +. 3rom the main control panel menu, clic4 the R3#P 'enuR icon and then the RCreate 3#P account lin4.R

1. 0n the R3#P CsernameR -ield, enter the subdomain name =.ithout .)ourdomain.com>. 2. "nter a pass.ord in the pass.ord -ields. 7. elect the RCserR radio button. <. Clic4 the RCreateR button. +1. ,hat are par4ed domains? A Par4ed 5omain is an inactive domain reserved -or later use or one that points to another e(isting domain. 3or e(ample, the domain name -or )our hosting account is Rdomain.comR and )ou also have registered Rdomain.netR through )our domain.com 5omain 'anager. !ou ma) point domain.net to the domain.com 0P address. 0nternet users can no. access )our ,eb site using either domain name. 5omain par4ing is the registration o- an 0nternet domain name .ithout using it -or services such as eE mail or a .ebsite i.e. .ithout placing an) content on the domain. #his ma) be done to reserve the domain name -or -uture development, to protect against the possibilit) o- c)ber sDuatting, or to engage in c)ber sDuatting. ince the domain name registrar .ill have set name servers -or the domain, the registrar or reseller potentiall) has use o- the domain rather than the -inal registrant. +2. ,rite at least 10 html editors? #e(t editors A4elpad Crimson "ditor 3A6 'anager =+colorer plugEin>

*edit /"dit 9ate 'etapad Aano ource code editors Coda " #e(t "ditor "dit plus "macs *ean) 8#'LE9it 8ome site +7. ,hat are advantages o- dot net programming? 0t is compiled to an intermediate language =C0L> independentl) o- the language it .as developed or the target architecture and operating s)stem. Automatic garbage collection. Pointers no longer needed=but optional>

6e-lection capabilities. 5onNt need .orr) about header -iles VhW de-inition o- classes and -unctions can be done in an) order declaration o- -unctions and classes are needed Cne(isting circular dependencies. classes can be de-ined .ithin classes #here are no global -unctions or variables, ever)thing belongs to a class +<. +@. ,rite at least -e. disadvantages o- dot net programming? ,hat is open source communit)?

Open-source software =OSS> is computer so-t.are that is available in source code -ormB the source code and certain other rights normall) reserved -or cop)right holders are provided under a -ree so-t.are license that permits users to stud), change, improve and at times also to distribute the so-t.are. +H. *ive -e. popular e(amples .hich sho. a signi-icant contribution o- open source communit)?

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,hat is a blog? *ive some e(amples o- sites that promote blogging?

A blo =a portmanteau o- the term web log>X1Y is a personal journal published on the ,orld ,ide ,eb consisting o- discrete entries =RpostsR> t)picall) displa)ed in reverse chronological order so the most recent post appears -irst. Blogs are usuall) the .or4 o- a single individual, occasionall) o- a small group, and o-ten are themed on a single subject. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. "(amplesB A-ter a slo. start, blogging rapidl) gained in popularit). Blog usage spread during 1GGG and the )ears -ollo.ing, being -urther populariFed b) the nearEsimultaneous arrival o- the -irst hosted blog toolsB

Bruce Ableson launched &pen 5iar) in &ctober 1GGH, .hich soon gre. to thousands oonline diaries. &pen 5iar) innovated the reader comment, becoming the -irst blog communit) .here readers could add comments to other .ritersJ blog entries. Brad 3itFpatric4 started Live /ournal in 'arch 1GGG. Andre. males created Pitas.com in /ul) 1GGG as an easier alternative to maintaining a Rne.s pageR on a ,eb site, -ollo.ed b) 5iar)land in eptember 1GGG, -ocusing more on a personal diar) communit).X17Y

10. ,hat are social net.or4ing .ebsites? Aame popular social net.or4ing .ebsites? A social net.or4ing service is an online service, plat-orm, or site that -ocuses on building and re-lecting o- social net.or4s or social relations among people, .ho, -or e(ample, share interests andIor activities. A social net.or4 service consists o- a representation o- each user =o-ten a pro-ile>, hisIher social lin4s, and a variet) o- additional services. 'ost social net.or4 services are .ebEbased and provide means -or users to interact over the 0nternet, such as eEmail and instant messaging. 3aceboo4, t.itter, lin4ed in, ') space, *oogle plus, 5evianArt, Livejournal, Ca-e'om, ')li-e. 11. *ive at least 10 popular social net.or4ing .ebsites based on each separate categor)? ign up .ith these online net.or4ing communities as a compan) or as an individual to ta4e advantage o- recruiting opportunities, crossEpromotional events and more. 1. !"n#e$InB Lin4ed0n is a popular net.or4ing site .here alumni, business associates, recent graduates and other pro-essionals connect online. +. Eca$e%&B "cadem) prides itsel- on Rconnecting business peopleR through its online net.or4, blog and messageEboard chats, as .ell as its premier Blac4 tar membership program, .hich a.ards e(clusive bene-its. 1. FocusB 3ocus is a business destination .here business pro-essionals can help each other .ith their purchase and other business decisions b) accessing research and peer e(pertise. 'ost importantl), 3ocus provides open, Dualit) in-ormation -or all businesses that is -reel) available, easil) accessible, and communit) po.ered. 2. 'or(B #his net.or4ing site doubles as a job site. 'embers can post openings -or -ree to attract Dualit) candidates. 7. )"n B An account .ith net.or4ing site :ing can Ropen doors to thousands o- companies.R Cse the pro-essional contact manager to organiFe )our ne. -riends and colleagues, and ta4e advantage o- the

Business Accelerator application to R-ind e(perts at the clic4 o- a button, mar4et )ou in a pro-essional conte(t XandY open up ne. sales channels.R <. Faceboo#B 3aceboo4 is no longer just -or college 4ids .ho .ant to post their part) pics. Businesses vie -or advertising opportunities, event promotion and more on this socialE net.or4ing site. @. Care*B Care+ isnJt just a net.or4ing communit) -or pro-essionalsB 0tJs touted as Rthe global net.or4 -or organiFations and people .ho Care+ ma4e a di--erence.R 0- )our business is ma4ing e--orts to go green, let others 4no. b) becoming a presence on this site. H. Gat+erB #his net.or4ing communit) is made up o- members .ho thin4. Bro.se categories concerning boo4s, health, mone), ne.s and more to ignite discussions on politics, business and entertainment. #his .ill help )our compan) tap into its target audience and -ind out .hat the) .ant. G. MEET"n,or B &nce )ouJve acDuired a group o- contacts in )our cit) b) net.or4ing on '""#in.org, organiFe an event so that )ou can meet -aceEtoE-ace. 10. Tr"beB Cities li4e Philadelphia, Boston, an 3rancisco, Ae. !or4 and Chicago have uniDue online communities on tribe. Csers can search -or -avorite restaurants, events, clubs and more. 11. (" sB ;iggs is RorganiFing and connecting people in a pro-essional .a).R /oin groups and ma4e contacts through )our ;iggs account to increase )our compan)Js presence online and -urther )our o.n personal career. 1+. Pla-oB /oin Pla(o to organiFe )our contacts and sta) updated .ith -eeds -rom 5igg, AmaFon.com, del.icio.us and more. 11. NetPart&B 0- )ou .ant to attract )oung pro-essionals in cities li4e Boston, 5allas, Phoeni(, Las $egas and &rlando 3la., create an account .ith the net.or4ing site AetPart). !ouJll be able to connect .ith Duali-ied, upEandEcoming pro-essionals online, then meet them at a realE li-e happ)Ehour event .here )ou can pass out business cards, pitch ne. job openings and more. 12. Networ#"n for Profess"onalsB Aet.or4ing 3or Pro-essionals is another online communit) that combines the 0nternet .ith special events in the real .orld. Post photos, videos, rZsumZs and clips on )our online pro-ile .hile )ou meet ne. business contacts 1+. ,hat are -rames in html? ,ith -rames, )ou can displa) more than one 8#'L document in the same bro.ser .indo.. "ach 8#'L document is called a -rame, and each -rame is independent o- the others. #he disadvantages o- using -rames areB 3rames are not e(pected to be supported in -uture versions o- 8#'L 3rames are di--icult to use. =Printing the entire page is di--icult>. #he .eb developer must 4eep trac4 o- more 8#'L documents ,hat is di--erence bet.een -rames and 0-rames in html?

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0nline -rame is just one Vbo(W that is placed an).here on bro.ser page. 0n contrast, -rame is a bunch o- bo(es put together to ma4e one site. #he .eb developer must 4eep trac4 o- more 8#'L documents .hile developing -rames.

Csers cannot speci-) the siFe o- 0-rame. Another merit o- 0-rames is its abilit) o- displa)ing other .ebsite contents -la.lessl) in one userNs .indo.. 0-rame also o--er placement -le(ibilit) and ease o- inde(ing .hile targeting .ith multiple pages.

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,hat are .eb +.0 tools? ,hile the ,eb has al.a)s been a tool -or collaboration, onl) in the last -e. )ears has so-t.are permitted individuals to use it as a plat-orm -or true collaborative activities. ,eb +.0 is about users and content, instead o- just sur-ing on the 0nternet. 0tJs about .hat the 0nternet can do -or an active collaborator, rather than a passive vie.er. ,eb +.0 technologies are changing the .a) messages spread across the ,eb. A number oonline tools and plat-orms are no. de-ining ho. people share their perspectives, opinions, thoughts and e(periences. ,eb +.0 tools such as .eblogs, 6 , video casting, social boo4mar4ing, social net.or4ing, podcasts and picture sharing sites are becoming more and more popular. &ne major advantage o- ,eb +.0 tools is that the majorit) o- them are -ree. #here is a large number o- ,eb +.0 tools, some o- the more popular ones areB

Blogger ,ordpress ')space !outube 'etaca-e 5el.icio.us 5igg 3url #.itter 3lic4r ,hat is "&?

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Searc+ en "ne opt"%".at"on =SEO> is the process o- improving the visibilit) o- a .ebsite or a.eb page in search engines via the Rnatural,R or unEpaid =RorganicR or RalgorithmicR>, search results. 0n general, the earlier =or higher ran4ed on the search results page>, and more -reDuentl) a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it .ill receive -rom the search engineJs users. "& ma) target di--erent 4inds o- search, including image search, local search, video search, academic search,X1Y ne.s search and industr)Especi-ic vertical search engines. 1<. ,hat is "'?

Searc+ en "ne %ar#et"n =SEM> is a -orm o- 0nternet mar4eting that involves the promotion o.ebsites b) increasing their visibilit) in search engine results pages = "6Ps> through the use opaid placement, conte(tual advertising, and paid inclusion.X1Y 5epending on the conte(t, "' can be an umbrella term -or various means o- mar4eting a .ebsite including search engine optimiFation = "&>, .hich RoptimiFesR .ebsite content to achieve a higher ran4ing in search engine results pages, or it ma) contrast .ith "&, -ocusing on onl) paid components 1@. *ive 10 popular gaming sites name ? AllgamesatoF.com Ca"%an,us Full a%es,s# Ga%e/"ppo /o%e of t+e Un$er$o s Me a Ga%es Planet Freepla& Reloa$e$ Aban$on"a 1H. *ive some .ebsites that are used to chec4 .ebsite ran4ing? ....m).ebraDn4ing.com ....advanced.ebran4ing.com .....ebposition.com ....m).ebsiteran4ing.com 1G. 8#'L 9no.ledge Ban4 5i--erence bet.een 8#'L [ :'L? 8#'L is an abbreviation -or 8)perte(t 'ar4up Language .hile :'L stands -or e(tensible 'ar4up Language. #he di--erences are as -ollo.sBE 1.8#'L .as designed to displa) data .ith -ocus on ho. data loo4s .hile :'L .as designed to be a so-t.are and hard.are independent tool used to transport and store data, .ith -ocus on .hat data is. +. 8#'L is a mar4up language itsel- .hile :'L provides a -rame.or4 -or de-ining mar4up languages. 1. 8#'L is a presentation language .hile :'L is neither a programming language nor a presentation language. 2. 8#'L is case insensitive .hile :'L is case sensitive. 7. 8#'L is used -or designing a .ebEpage to be rendered on the client side .hile :'L is used basicall) to transport data bet.een the application and the database.

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5i--erence bet.een 8#'L [ 58#'L? /TM! 1. 0t is re-erred as a static 8#'L and static in nature. +. A plain page .ithout an) st)les and cripts called as 8#'L. 1. 8#'L sites .ill be slo. upon clientEside technologies. D/TM! 1.0t is re-erred as a d)namic 8#'L and d)namic in nature. +. A page .ith 8#'L, C , 5&' and cripts called as 58#'L. 1. 58#'L sites .ill be -ast enough upon clientEside technologies.

21.

List at least 10 bro.ser names used -or accessing internet -or des4top computing? 0nternet e(plorer 3ire-o( *oogle chrome a-ari &pera Aetspace navigator Camino eamon4e) 9Emeleon *aleon ConDueror 3loc4

2+.

List at least 10 bro.ser used in mobiles? BlaFer -rom Palm, 0nc CC Bro.ser -rom CC,"B #echnolog) /&CA -rom 0nterac#M$ &pera 'ini -rom &pera o-t.are A A Bolt -rom Bitstream 0nc. 3ire-o( -rom 'oFilla 0bisBro.ser5: fro% "b"s "nc, #eashar4 -rom #eashar4

0nternet "(plorer 'obile -rom 'icroso-t

'inimo -rom 'oFilla =5oug #urner> 4)-ire -rom 4)-ire 21. ,hat is 3lash animation? A 3lash animation or 3lash cartoon is an animated -ilm .hich is created using Adobe 3lash or similar animation so-t.are and o-ten distributed in the .s.- -ile -ormat. #he term 3lash animation not onl) re-ers to the -ile -ormat but to a certain 4ind o- movement and visual st)le .hich, in man) circles, is seen as simplistic or unpolished. 8o.ever, .ith doFens o- 3lash animated television series, countless more 3lash animated television commercials, and a.ardE.inning online shorts in circulation, 3lash animation is enjo)ing a renaissance. 22. ,hat is silverlight? 'icroso-t ilverlight is an application -rame.or4 -or .riting and running rich 0nternet applications, .ith -eatures and purposes similar to those o- Adobe 3lash. #he runEtime environment -or ilverlight is available as a plugEin -or .eb bro.sers running under 'icroso-t ,indo.s and 'ac & :. ,hile earl) versions o- ilverlight -ocused on streaming media, current versions support multimedia, graphics and animation, and give developers support -or CL0 languages and development tools. ilverlight is also one o- the t.o application development plat-orms -or ,indo.s Phone. 27.

,rite at least 70 html tags along .ith their usabilit)? A556" E Address in-ormation APPL"# E /ava applet A6"A E 8otFone in imagemap A E Anchor BA " E 5ocument location BA "3&A# E 5e-ault -ont siFe B0* E Larger te(t BL&C9PC&#" E Large Duotation B&5! E 5ocument bod) B6 E Line brea4

B E Bold CAP#0&A E #able caption C"A#"6 E Centered division C0#" E hort citation C&5" E Code -ragment 55 E 5e-inition 53A E 5e-inition o- a term 506 E 5irector) list 50$ E Logical division 5L E 5e-inition list 5# E 5e-inition term "' E "mphasiFed te(t 3&A# E 3ont modi-ication 3&6' E 0nput -orm 81 E Level 1 header 8+ E Level + header 81 E Level 1 header 82 E Level 2 header 87 E Level 7 header 8< E Level < header 8"A5 E 5ocument head 86 E 8oriFontal rule 8#'L E 8#'L 5ocument 0'* ? 0mages 0APC# E 0nput -ield, button, etc. 0 0A5": E Primitive search 0 E 0talics 9B5 E 9e)board input L0A9 E ite structure L0 E List item 'AP E ClientEside imagemap '"AC E 'enu item list '"#A E 'etaEin-ormation &L E &rdered list &P#0&A E election list option PA6A' E Parameter -or /ava applet P6" E Pre-ormatted te(t P E Paragraph A'P E ample te(t C60P# E 0nline script "L"C# E election list 'ALL E maller te(t #609" E tri4eout #6&A* E trongl) emphasiFed #!L" E t)le in-ormation

CB E ubscript CP E uperscript #ABL" E #ables #5 E #able cell #":#A6"A E 0nput area #8 E 8eader cell #0#L" E 5ocument title #6 E #able ro. ## E #elet)pe CL E Cnordered list C E Cnderline $A6 E $ariable

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,hat is importance o- object tag =\object]> and div tag =\div]>? &bject tagB #he \object] tag de-ines an embedded object .ithin an 8#'L document. Cse this element to embed multimedia =li4e audio, video, /ava applets, Active:, P53, and 3lash> in )our .eb pages. !ou can also use the \object] tag to embed another .ebpage into )our 8#'L document. !ou can use the \param] tag to pass parameters to plugins that have been embedded .ith the \object] tag. 5iv tagB #he \div] tag de-ines a division or a section in an 8#'L document. #he \div] tag is used to group bloc4Eelements to -ormat them .ith st)les.

2@.

,hat is a .eb design? ,eb design is the process o- planning and creating a .ebsite. #e(t, images, digital media and interactive elements are used b) .eb designers to produce the page seen on the .eb bro.ser. X1Y ,eb designers utiliFe mar4up language, most notabl) 8#'L -or structure andC -or presentation as .ell as /ava cript to add interactivit) to develop pages that can be read b) .eb bro.sers.

2H.

Aame some popular image editors used -or .eb design purpose? Pi(lrB

Pi(lr is a per-ect online image editing application that is designed -or non pro-essional users and allo.s them to easil) edit images. 0t combines image design and paint tools .ith photo editing and adjustment -eatures more convincingl) than an) other online image editing program. Su%o Pa"ntB umo Paint is an online image editing application similar to Adobe Photoshop. Splas+upB plashup is a po.er-ul editing tool and photo manager. ,ith the -eatures pro-essionals use and novices .ant, itNs eas) to use, .or4s in realEtime and allo.s )ou to edit man) images at once. plashup runs in all bro.sers, integrates seamlessl) .ith top photoEsharing sites, and even has its o.n -ile -ormat so )ou can save )our .or4 in progress. P"cMa "c#0 Pic'agic4 is an online photo editor that enables )ou to ma4e ordinar) photos loo4 .onder-ul .ithin a -e. clic4s. 0t .ill surprise )ou ho. -abulous )our photos can be and ho. easil) this can be done. P+otos+op,co% Photoshop.com is the complete solution -or managing, editing, storing, and sharing )our photos online, .ith tutorials, inspiration, and more. Photoshop.com is available -rom an) .ebEenabled computer, compatible mobile phones, and directl) -rom .ithin Adobe Photoshop "lements @ or Adobe Premiere "lements @ so-t.are. ,ith Photoshop.com, )ou can organiFe, t.ea4, create, eE mail, displa), and store )our photos. P"-er,us Pi(er.us lets )ou manipulate, edit, enhance and appl) -ilters to )our digital pictures using onl) )our .eb bro.ser. P+oen""dit photographs .ith this online photo and graphics editing tool, .hich does much more than adjust brightness or remove redEe)e. Aviar)Ns purpose is to Vma4e creation accessible to artists oall genres,W including graphics and even audio editing. Phoeni( is onl) one o- man) editors 2G. *ive popular so-t.areNs used b) 5#P programmer? 3ree open sourceB

cribus Passepartout =-or the : ,indo. )stem> L): 3atpaint =CloudEbased>

70. *ive popular so-t.areNs used b) CA5 programmers?

Advance 5esign b) *6A0#"C Advance teel b) *6A0#"C Advance Concrete b) *6A0#"C AutoCA5 b) Autodes4 Autodes4 0nventor b) Autodes4 12, Na%e popular an"%at"on software3s4 'A!A ? #he Big 0ndustr) Pla)er &3#0'A*" : 0 ? #he &ther Big 0ndustr) Pla)er 15 'A: ? Big in "urope 8&C50A0EEEEE pecial "--ects and Particles C0A"'A 25 EE A--ortable Po.er L0*8#,A$" EE 9ing o- #$ "--ects and Animation 1*, Na%e popular an"%at"on softwares use$ "n web base$ appl"cat"on4 CINEMA 4D R12 Po.er-ul pro-essional 5D video an"%ator. ... An) computer into a 5D an"%at"on studio the software... Pivot Stickfigure Animator 2 2 ! Create -antastic stic4E-igure an"%at"ons. ... #hose in seDuence, producing the an"%at"on thin4 o- a stor)... Amara P"oto Animation Software # $ Bring )our photos to li-e. ... !our photographs this image an"%at"on softwarede-initel)... Pencil $ 4 4b Create animated digital comics. ...based animation so-t.are such as 3lash... MS %I& Animator 1 $ Creating an animated *03 has never been easier. ... #o include in )our *03 animation, modi-) the parameters... Monke'(am # $ $)$)2* "asil) create stopEmotion animations. ... #hem as separate -rames o- an animation!ou can also import... St'k+ 1 $ 2 An eas) .a) to create basic animations. ... !our .or4 and revert the animation at a previousl) saved...

Auto$es# 5$s Ma- E #he most popular 1d so-t.are on ,indo.s plat-orm. Character tudio being a great character animation tool o-ten used -or animating computer games characters. Auto$es# Ma&a E #he most used 1d so-t.are in 3ilm industr). Auto$es# Soft"%a e E B) man) users considered to have the best 1d animation tools. #he latest version is -amous -or its 0C" environment. Auto$es# Mot"on 6u"l$er E started as a motion capture data editor and no. is an application dedicated to 1d character animation. NewTe# !" +t7a8e 5$ E A mature and less e(pensive 1d animation so-t.are. C"ne%a 9D E Cser -riendl) 1d animation so-t.are b) 'a(on. S"$eF) /ou$"n" E an advanced procedural 1d animation s)stem reno.n -or itJs d)namics and particle e--ects. Mess"a+ Stu$"o E or Project 'essiah is a ne. 1d program .ith advanced animation tools used in #elevision, 3eature 3ilm and *ame development. 6len$er 5$ E the most popular -ree and open source 1d animation so-t.are 15, 7+at are popular a%"n software3s4 &nline Blac4jac4 o-t.are &nline lots o-t.are &nline 6oulette o-t.are &nline Craps o-t.are &nline Baccarat o-t.are &nline Po4er Aet.or4s 19, 7+at "s Fa8"con4 7r"te l"st of browser alon w"t+ t+e"r 8ers"on t+at support fa8"con4 A -avicon =short -or -avorites icon>, also 4no.n as a shortcut icon, ,eb site icon, C6L icon, or boo4mar4 icon, is a -ile containing one or more X1Y small icons, most commonl) 1<^1< pi(els, associated .ith a particular ,eb site or ,eb page. A .eb designer can create such an icon and install it into a ,eb site =or ,eb page> b) several means, and graphical .eb bro.sers .ill then ma4e use o- it. Bro.sers that provide -avicon support t)picall) displa) a pageJs -avicon in the bro.serJs address bar and ne(t to the pageJs name in a list o- boo4mar4s. Bro.sers that support a tabbed document inter-ace t)picall) sho. a pageJs -avicon ne(t to the pageJs title on the tab, and siteEspeci-ic bro.sers use the -avicon as des4top icon 'ost modern bro.sers =post 7.( versions, t)picall)> support the -avicon in some .a) or another. peci-icall)B

3ire-o( 1+ 0nternet "(plorer 7+ ConDueror 1+ 'oFilla 1+ Aetscape @+ &pera @+ a-ari 1+

Bro.sers that donJt recogniFe the -avicon .ill simpl) ignore the tag and do nothing. o even isomeone comes to )our site .ith Linu( their bro.sing e(perience .onJt be hindered b) the -avicon. ome common bro.sers stopped using the -avicon in the address bar, because this place .ill be used to sho. the t)pe o- the pages.

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7+at "s captc+a co$e4 7+at "s "ts rele8ance "n re "strat"ons an$ for% sub%"ss"ons4 A CAP#C8A is a t)pe o- challengeEresponse test used in computing as an attempt to ensure that the response is generated b) a person. #he process usuall) involves a computer as4ing a user to complete a simple test .hich the computer is able to grade. #hese tests are designed to be eas) -or a computer to generate, but di--icult -or a computer to solve, so that i- a correct solution is received, it can be presumed to have been entered b) a human. A common t)pe o- CAP#C8A reDuires the user to t)pe letters or digits -rom a distorted image that appears on the screen, and such tests are commonl) used to prevent un.anted internet bots -rom accessing .ebsites. 0t is an acron)m based on the .ord RcaptureR and standing -or RCompletel) Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and /umans ApartR. Carnegie 'ellon Cniversit) attempted to trademar4 the term, but the trademar4 application .as abandoned on +1 April +00H. A CAP#C8A is sometimes described as a reverse #uring test, because it is administered b) a machine and targeted at a human, in contrast to the standard#uring test that is t)picall) dministered b) a human and targeted at a machine.

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7+at "s CSS4 C stands -or Cascading t)le heets t)les de-ine ho. to displa) 8#'L elements t)les .ere added to 8#'L 2.0 to solve a problem "(ternal t)le heets can save a lot o- .or4 "(ternal t)le heets are stored in C -iles 1;, 7+at are a$8anta es of -%l4

0t is a plat-orm independent language. 0t is as eas) as 8#'L. :'L is -ull) compatible .ith applications li4e /A$A, and it can be combined .ith an) application .hich is capable o- processing :'L irrespective o- the plat-orm it is being used on. :'L is an e(tremel) portable language to the e(tent that it can be used on large net.or4s .ith multiple plat-orms li4e the internet, and it can be used on handhelds or palmtops or P5As. :'L is an e(tendable language, meaning that )ou can create )our o.n tags, or use the tags .hich have alread) been created.

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7+at "s )S!4 : L stands -or ":tensible t)le sheet Language, and is a st)le sheet language -or :'L documents. : L# stands -or : L #rans-ormations. 0n this tutorial )ou .ill learn ho. to use : L# to trans-orm :'L documents into other -ormats, li4e :8#'L.

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7+at "s A>a-4 A/A: _ As)nchronous /ava cript and :'L. A/A: is not a ne. programming language, but a ne. .a) to use e(isting standards. A/A: is the art o- e(changing data .ith a server, and update parts o- a .eb page E .ithout reloading the .hole page.

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7+at are 8ar"ous +t%l ta s use$ for sen$"n "nfor%at"on w"t+"n a for% ta 4 #he \-orm] tag is used to create an 8#'L -orm -or user input. #he \-orm] element can contain one or more o- the -ollo.ing -orm elementsB

\input] \te(tarea] \button] \select] \option] \optgroup] \-ieldset] \datalist] \output] \label]

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D"fference between /TTP @ FTP Protocol4 1. 8##P is used to vie. .ebsites .hile 3#P is used to access and trans-er -iles. +. #he common 8##P client is the bro.ser .hile 3#P can be accessed via the command line or a graphical client o- its o.n. 1. 'ost people use 8##P .hile onl) a -e. use 3#P, mostl) people .ho maintain .ebsites. 2. 5o.nloading -iles can either be via 8##P or 3#P. 7. 3#P is slo.l) being replaced b) other protocols .hile 8##P .ill remain -or the -oreseeable -uture.

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7+at "s POP protocol 4

0n computing, the Post &--ice Protocol =P&P> is an applicationEla)er 0nternet standard protocolused b) local eEmail clients to retrieve eEmail -rom a remote server over a #CPI0P connection.X1YP&P and 0'AP =0nternet 'essage Access Protocol> are the t.o most prevalent 0nternetstandard protocols -or eEmail retrieval.X+Y $irtuall) all modern eEmail clients and servers support both. #he P&P protocol has been developed through several versions, .ith version 1 =P&P1> being the current standard. Li4e 0'AP, P&P1 is supported b) most .ebmail services such as8otmail, *mail and !ahooM 'ail. :5, 7+at "s SMTP protocol4 '#P is the acron)m -or V imple 'ail #rans-er ProtocolW, .hich is the standard technolog) used b) people around the globe .hen sending email. "ven though ne. technologies have been created based o-- standard '#P, this simple, te(tEbased protocol continues to be the norm. 7+at "s IP a$$ress4 An 0nternet Protocol address =0P address> is a numerical label assigned to each device =e.g., computer, printer> participating in a computer net.or4 that uses the 0nternet Protocol -or communication.X1Y An 0P address serves t.o principal -unctionsB host or net.or4 inter-ace identi-ication and location addressing. 0t contains ma(. 1+ digits no. it increased to 17 digits 7r"te l"st of ot+er protocols popular "n "nternet co%%un"t&4 3#PEEEEE 3ile #rans-er #elnetEEE #erminal emulation '#PEE "lectronic 'ail A'PEEE Aet.or4 'anagement A3 , :56, 6PC, : ,indo.sEEEEEE 5istributed -ile services ::, 7r"te at least 2? FTP softwares t+at are popularl& use$4 3ile;illa ? 3ree Cross Plat-orm 3#P Client o-t.are 3#P Commander H.0 ? 3ree 3#P Client o-t.are Cerberus 3#P erver ? 3ree 3#P Client o-t.are Cesar3#PE 3ree 3#P Client o-t.are AL3#P Complete 3#P server Crush 3#P sever 3ile ;illa server "3# server :;, 7+at "s t+e "%portance of GIF f"le for%at for creat"n "%a es4

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A *03, or a *raphics 0nterchange 3ormat, reduces the number o- colors in an image to +7<, -rom potentiall) thousands o- colors coming -rom a digital camera. *03s also support transparenc). *03s have the uniDue abilit) to displa) a seDuence o- images, similar to videos, called an animated *03, .hich is a series o- separate *03 images that are lin4ed together to automaticall) create motion, or animation. :<, !"st of GIF an"%at"on software t+at "s popular4 *03 construction set pro-essionalB 0t represents the state o- the art in *03 animation so-t.are. Active *03 creatorB 0t enables )ou to create animated images tort he .eb. Animated screen *030 0t is the program that displa)s an) animated gi-E image on )our des4top. Longtion *03 AnimatorB 0t allo.s )ou to create or edit animated *03 -iles -or )our .eb pages easil). 1+1 A$0 to *03 converterB 0t is a conversion tool that helps )ou "(imiousso-t *03 creatorB 0t is a po.er-ul, reliable and eas) animation designing tool. 'otion*03B 0t is an alEinEone tool to create animated *03 -iles. *i-tedmotionB 0t is a small -ree and eas) to use *03 animator. :=, 7+at are $"fferent wa&s to s+ow an"%at"on on a webpa e4 Animation on a .eb page is an) -orm o- movement o- objects or images. 6easons to have motion on a .eb page are to dra. attention to something, to provide a demonstration or to entertain. #he need -or movement on a page depends on the purpose and content o- the page. @0. ,hat is the signi-icance o- inde(.html -ile in a .ebsite? "ver) .ebsite is built inside directories on a ,eb server. And each ,eb page is a separate -ile on that ,eb server. But sometimes, .hen )ou go to a C6L, there is no -ile listed in the C6L. 3or "(ampleB httpBII.ebdesign.about.comI But there is still a -ile that the ,eb server needs to serve in order -or that C6L to displa) an)thing other than an error page. #his -ile is the de-ault page -or that director). &n most ,eb servers, the de-ault page in a director) is named Rinde(.htmlR. ,hat this means is that .hen )ou go to a C6L .ithout a -ile named at the end, the server loo4s -or a de-ault -ile and displa)s that automaticall). /ust as i- )ou had t)ped in that -ile name in the C6LB httpBII.ebdesign.about.comIinde(.htm #here are #hree 5e-ault Page Aames #here are three commonl) used de-ault page names that )ou can use on most ,eb serversB

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inde(.html inde(.htm de-ault.htm=on some .indo.s servers> 7+at "s a +or".ontal na8" at"on "n a webs"te4

'enu is important element o- ever) .ebsite. *ood horiFontal menu must be interesting, creative, e--ective and eas) to navigate =userE-riendl)>. #he greatest advantage o- horiFontal menu is that it occupies less space than vertical one and even more importantl), grouping the menus horiFontall) can ma4e page navigation easier. &n top o- that, it can be customiFed to -it an) design, -rom clean and slee4 to retro. Aavigation bars built b) using -lash have cool rollover animationS ho.ever )ou can create a ver) appealing menu b) using C list st)le, rollover e--ects and popular sliding door e--ect. "(B httpBII....booma.ebdesign.comI httpBII....loodo.com.brI httpBIIavalonba.comI httpBII....s4ialpine.comI ;*, 7+at "s a 8ert"cal na8" at"on "n a webs"te4 0- the number o- main lin4s on the .eb site is less than 10 and the) can -it horiFontall) on a screen resolution o- 10+2(@<Hpi(els, )ou should use a horiFontal menu. 0- the number o- lin4s on the .eb site is more than 17, then )ou have to use a vertical navigation bar on the le-t side. #he contents =te(t or graphics> o- the .eb site also dictate .hich navigation s)stem )ou should use. 0- most pages have a lot o- content then itNs better to use a le-tEside vertical navigation menu s)stem. ;5, 7+& CSS %enu are preferre$ o8er >a8ascr"pt for na8" at"on on a webs"te4 C sho.case is a sho.case o- C based navigation menus, C tabs and C navigation techniDues. #he project demonstrates the beaut) and the accessitibilit) o- C and its use -or creating light.eight, eas)EtoEedit and beauti-ul navigation designs. 'aintained updated b) $itall) 3riedman, it includes a sho.case o- submitted C navigation menus =` C E;enE*arden>, available -or -ree do.nload and use in both personal and commercial projects.

;9,

7+at "s scr"pt"n lan ua e4 G"8e "ts rele8ance "n ter%s of creat"n webpa e3s4 A scripting language or script language is a programming language that supports the .riting o- scripts, programs .ritten -or a so-t.are environment that automate the e(ecution otas4s .hich could alternativel) be e(ecuted one b) one b) a human operator. 5i--erence bet.een /A$A [ /A$A C60P#0A*? Q /ava is an object oriented programming language .hereas /ava cript is more o- a scripting language. Q /ava cript is used to ma4e the .eb pages more interactive. 8o.ever, /ava can be used not onl) to ma4e interactive .eb pages but can also be used to create server side applications and standalone programming. Q /ava uses the concept o- classes and objects that ma4es reuse o- the code easier but there is no such thing in /ava cript. Q /ava e(hibits the properties li4e inheritance, data encapsulation and pol)morphism .hereas /ava cript does not.

@7.

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7+at are coo#"es4 Coo4ies are small amount o- memor) used b) .eb server .ithin client s)stem. #he importance ocoo4ies b) storing personal in-o o- client .ithin client server.

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!"st $"fferent t&pes of 8"ruses an$ +ow t+e& effect t+e s&ste%4 #)pes o- virusesB Res"$ent A"rus this t)pe o- virus is a permanent as it d.ells in the 6A'. 3rom there it can overcome and interrupt all the operations e(ecuted b) the s)stem. 0t can corrupt -iles and programs that are opened, closed, copied, renamed etc. "(amplesB 6ande(, C'/, 'eve, and 'r9lun4). D"rect Act"on A"ruses the main purpose o- this virus is to replicate and ta4e action .hen it is e(ecuted. ,hen a speci-ic condition is met, the virus .ill go into action and in-ect -iles in the director) or -older that it is in as .ell as directories that are speci-ied in the AC#&":"C.BA# -ile path. #his batch -ile is al.a)s located in the root director) o- the hard dis4 and carries out certain operations .hen the computer is booted. "(amplesB $ienna virus. O8erwr"te A"ruses $irus o- this 4ind is characteriFed b) the -act that it deletes the in-ormation contained in the -iles

that it in-ects, rendering them partiall) or totall) useless once the) have been in-ected. #he onl) .a) to clean a -ile in-ected b) an over.rite virus is to delete the -ile completel), thus losing the original content. "(amplesB ,a), #rj.6eboot, #rivial.HH.5. 6oot Sector A"rus #his t)pe o- virus a--ects the boot sector o- a -lopp) or hard dis4. #his is a crucial part o- a dis4, in .hich in-ormation o- the dis4 itsel- is stored along .ith a program that ma4es it possible to boot =start> the computer -rom the dis4. #he best .a) o- avoiding boot sector viruses is to ensure that -lopp) dis4s are .riteEprotected and never starting )our computer .ith an un4no.n -lopp) dis4 in the dis4 drive. "(amplesB Pol)boot.B, Anti":". Macro A"rus 'acro viruses in-ect -iles that are created using certain applications or programs that contain macros. #hese miniEprograms ma4e it possible to automate series o- operations so that the) are per-ormed as a single action, thereb) saving the user -rom having to carr) them out one b) one. "(amplesB 6ela( 'elissa.A, Bablas, and &G@'I!+9. ;<, 7+at are sess"on 8ar"ables an$ "%portance of sess"on %ana e%ent4 ession variables are ver) eas) to use. &ne use -or session variables might be storing user pre-erences or pass.ord access. ession variables disappear as soon as the users session at )our site is over. 0- )ou .ant something that .ill still be around .hen the) reEvisit )our site )ou ma) .ant to loo4 into creating coo4ies. 8ere is an e(ample o- creating a session variable called R iteBgcolorR \a Sess"on BCS"te6 colorCD E C6lueC FG 8ere is an e(ample o- retrieving that variable. &nce session variables are created )ou can access them all throughout )our .eb site. \a _Sess"on BCS"te6 colorCD FG Please AoteB #he clientNs bro.ser must have coo4ies enabled -or session variables to .or4 because session variables use a coo4ie called ession05. orr), thatJs just ho. the) .or4. ;=, <?, 7+at are $"fferent t&pes of sess"ons4 D"fference between Coo#"es @ sess"ons4 Coo4iesB 1 coo4ie can be store onl) string data t)pes + stored at client side 1 nonE secure

essionsB 1 session can store onl) t)pe o- data because o- the value is o- data t)pe o- object + stored in server side 1 secure <2, 7+at are %eta ta s H%etaG4 'etadata is data =in-ormation> about data. #he \meta] tag provides metadata about the 8#'L document. 'etadata .ill not be displa)ed on the page, but .ill be machine parsable. 'eta elements are t)picall) used to speci-) page description, 4e).ords, author o- the document, last modi-ied and other metadata. #he \'eta] tag al.a)s goes inside the \head] element. #he metadata can be used b) bro.sers =ho. to displa) content or reload page>, search engines =4e).ords>, or other .eb services. 'eta tags are 8#'L codes that are inserted into the header on a .eb page, a-ter the title tag. 0n the conte(t o- search engine optimiFation, .hen people re-er to 'eta tags, the) are usuall) re-erring to the 'eta description tag and the 'eta 4e).ords tag. <*, 7+at "s s" n"f"cance of Meta ta s HMetaG4 #he 'eta description tag and the 'eta 4e).ords tag are not seen b) users. 0nstead, these tags main purpose is providing 'eta document data to user agents, such as search engines. 0n addition to the .ellE4no.n 'eta description and 'eta 4e).ords tags, there are other use-ul 'eta tags, including the 'eta httpEeDuiv tag, 'eta re-resh tag, the 'eta robots tag, the 'eta cop)right tag, and the 'eta author tag, etc. #hese tags are used to give .eb bro.sers and search engine spiders directions or data on various in-ormation. <5, 7+at are 7eb Crawlers4 A .eb cra.ler =also 4no.n as a .eb spider or .eb robot> is a program or automated script .hich bro.ses the ,orld ,ide ,eb in a methodical, automated manner. #his process is called ,eb cra.ling or spidering. 'an) legitimate sites, in particular search engines, use spidering as a means o- providing upEtoEdate data. <9, 7+at are %etacrawlers4 'etaCra.ler is a metasearch engine that blends the top .eb search results -rom *oogle, !ahooM, Bing =-ormerl) Live earch>, As4.com, About.com, '0$A, Loo4 mart and other popular search engines. 'etaCra.ler also provides users the option to search -or images, video, ne.s, )ello. pages and .hite pages. 'etaCra.ler hit its stride in the late G0Js .hen the verb Rmetacra.ledR .as used b) tal4 sho. host Conan &JBrien on #6L. 0t used to provide the option to search -or audio. 'etaCra.ler is a registered trademar4 o- 0n-o pace, 0nc.

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G"8e l"st of popular 7ebCrawler3s4 7eb Crawlers !"st0 << ,eb Cra.lers have visited this site +01GG@ times in the last 1000 da)s, -or a total o- 11G0@H0 pages hit. #his list o- ,eb Cra.lers =spiders, bots>, is displa)ing the actual list o- e(isting .eb cra.lers that have visited )our site latel). #he most popular .a) o- being inde(ed b) these search engines is b) R uggesting a C6LR to the &5P, dmoF.org. 0- )ou see these names o- .eb spiders in )our ,hoJs &nline list, )ou .ill 4no. that )our site is inde(ed b) search engines. Na%e of t+e 7eb Date of !ast A"s"t Crawlers Baidu *oogle peed) *oogle Ad ense 01E+0E+01+ -irst visitB 0<E++E+00G 01E+0E+01+ -irst visitB 0<E++E+00G 01E+0E+01+ -irst visitB 0<E02E+010 01E+0E+01+ -irst visitB 0<E+1E+00G 11,001 avg. 11 per da) 21,+1+ avg. 1 per da) 1,H<7 avg. 1 per da) 1,G17 -irst visitB 0GE17E+010 01E1GE+01+ -irst visitB 1+E17E+00G 01E1GE+01+ -irst visitB 0@E07E+00G +,2G0 avg. 1 per da) 122 avg. 0 per da) 2G,++7 avg. +0 per visit avg. 1 per da) 1,2G@ avg. 2 per visit 1,GG@ avg. 1 per visit avg. 1 per visit avg. 1G per visit 1,1HG avg. + per da) 2+,72< avg. 1 per visit 71,HH2 avg. 7+ per da) 1,GH1 avg. 1 per visit A"s"ts 10H,7H2 avg. 10H per da) 1@1,7<+ avg. @ per visit Pa es A"ews 1@+,2@2 avg. + per visit

'ajestics 01E1GE+01+ 1,072 '/1+bot -irst visitB 0@E1<E+00G "(aLead Beta oso 'agpie !ande( 01E1GE+01+ -irst visitB 0<E+1E+00G 01E1GE+01+ <<7

Artabus Ale(a 5eepnet "(plorer cout/et 'ail.6u 'LBot

Yahoo! Slurp MSNBot vBSEO Yahoo Pu l!"h#r N#t$or% &ur' !t !' Y#t! (!)a Bla"t *ho!" Sour+# ,-+o" N#t+ra.t *# S#rv#r Surv#-

01E1GE+01+ -irst visitB 0<E+HE+00G 01E1GE+01+ -irst visitB 0<E+1E+00G 01E1GE+01+ -irst visitB 0<E+2E+00G 01E1GE+01+ -irst visitB 0HE01E+00G 01E1HE+01+ -irst visitB 0<E+<E+010 01E1HE+01+ -irst visitB 0HE10E+00G
03-17-2012
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7GH avg. 1 per da) +1H avg. 0 per da) 7H< avg. 1 per da) 111 avg. 0 per da) 20 avg. 0 per da) 11@ avg. 0 per da)
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42,643
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03-17-2012
first visit: 06-28-2009

3,777
avg. 4 per day

503,619
avg. 133 per visit

03-16-2012
first visit: 07-28-2009

87
avg. 0 per day

114
avg. 1 per visit

03-15-2012
first visit: 02-05-2012

2
avg. 0 per day

2
avg. 1 per visit

03-15-2012
first visit: 06-19-2010

12
avg. 0 per day

42
avg. 4 per visit

03-14-2012
first visit: 06-28-2009

261
avg. 0 per day

625
avg. 2 per visit

03-13-2012
first visit: 12-30-2011

38
avg. 1 per day

165
avg. 4 per visit

03-10-2012
first visit: 06-24-2009

92
avg. 0 per day

92
avg. 1 per visit

03-01-2012
first visit: 11-04-2011

3
avg. 0 per day

3
avg. 1 per visit

02-29-2012
first visit: 01-13-2010

20
avg. 0 per day

20
avg. 1 per visit

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Vpa) per clic4 W is a -orm o- online advertising .here b) visitors are directed to an advertiserNs .ebsite a-ter clic4ing on an advertisement, and the advertiser pa)s -or each visitor on a pa) clic4 basis. <<, E-a%ples of ser8"ce pro8"$ers w+o are pro%ot"n ppc4 L!A#&A .eb solutions choles !mar4eting 0nbound #"A' C860 #6&' 0nbound 'ar4eting BA;&&A B60*8#306"

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7+at "s A$obe fle-4 AdobeI'acromedia 3le( ta4es )ou to the ne(t level o- .eb application development .ith the concept o- 6ich 0nternet Applications =a4a 60As>. !ou ma) have seen applications developed nativel) in 3lash itsel- and realiFed that it o--ers a much more robust e(perience -or the user .here productivit) is bolstered b) ease o- use, streamlined .or4-lo., and real time interactivit) that is impossible to accomplish in 8#'L itsel-. 8o.ever developing rich applications in 3lash -or those .ho are core developers is daunting and unintuitive. #he 3lash development tool is geared -or designers, and developing on a timeline is a strange concept. 3le( removes that barrier to entr) b) providing a programmatic .a) -or developing these 60As. Adobe 3le( is a so-t.are development 4it = 59> released b) Adobe )stems -or the development and deplo)ment o- crossEplat-orm rich 0nternet applications based on the Adobe 3lash plat-orm. 3le( applications can be .ritten using Adobe 3lash Builder or b) using the -reel) available 3le( compiler -rom Adobe.

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7+at "s A$obe AIR4 #he Adobe A06 runtime enables developers to deplo) standalone applications built .ith 8#'L, /ava cript, Action cript, 3le(, Adobe 3lash Pro-essional, and Adobe 3lash Builder across plat-orms and devices b including AndroidK, Blac4berr), i& devices, personal computers, and televisions. Adobe 0ntegrated 6untime, also 4no.n as Adobe A06, is a crossEplat-orm runtime environment developed b) Adobe )stems -or building 6ich 0nternet Applications =60A> using Adobe 3lash, Adobe 3le(, 8#'L, and Aja(, that can be run as des4top applications or on mobile devices. #he runtime supports installable applications on ,indo.s, Linu(, 'ac & and some mobile operating s)stems such as Blac4berr) #ablet & , i& and Android.

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7+at are Tro>ans an$ Malwares4 #rojan 8orseB A #rojan horse program has the appearance o- having a use-ul and desired -unction. ,hile it ma) advertise its activit) a-ter launching, this in-ormation is not apparent to the user be-orehand. ecretl) the program per-orms other, undesired -unctions. A #rojan horse neither replicates nor copies itsel-, but causes damage or compromises the securit) o- the computer. A #rojan horse must be sent b) someone or carried b) another program and ma) arrive the -orm o- a jo4e program or so-t.are o- some sort. #he malicious -unctionalit) o- a #rojan horse ma) be an)thing undesirable -or a computer user, including data destruction or compromising a s)stem b) providing a means -or another computer to gain access, thus b)passing normal access controls. A #rojan horse, or #rojan, is a standalone malicious program that does not attempt to in-ect -iles unli4e a computer virus nor replicate itsel- .ith the intent o- in-ecting other computers unli4e a computer .orm. #rojan horses can ma4e copies o- them, steal in-ormation, or harm their host computer s)stems.X1Y #he term is derived -rom the #rojan horse stor) in *ree4 m)tholog) because the -irst and man) current #rojan horses attempt to appear as help-ul programs. &thers rel) on driveEb) do.nloads in order to reach target computers. 'al.are, short -or malicious so-t.are, is so-t.are designed to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive in-ormation, or gain unauthoriFed access to computer s)stems. ,hile it is sometimes so-t.are, it can also appear in the -orm o- script or code. 'al.are is a general term used to describe an) 4ind o- so-t.are or code speci-icall) designed to e(ploit a computer, or the

data it contains, .ithout consent.X1Y #he e(pression is a general term used b) computer pro-essionals to mean a variet) o- -orms o- hostile, intrusive, or anno)ing so-t.are 'al.are includes computer viruses, .orms, #rojan horses, sp).are, ad.are, most root4its, and other malicious programs. 0n la., mal.are is sometimes 4no.n as a computer contaminant, -or instance in the legal codes o- several C. . states, including Cali-ornia and ,est $irginia. =:, 7+at are 8ar"ous proble%s w+"le wr"t"n sess"ons4

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7+at "s software test"n 4 7+at "s t+e $"fference between %anual test"n an$ auto%at"on test"n 4 7+at "s t+e $"fference between a stat"c webs"te an$ $&na%"c webs"tes 4 7+at are popular 8"$eo f"le for%ats4 3lash video -ormat EEEEE =.-lv> A$0 -ormat EEEE =.avi> Puic4#ime -ormat EEE =.mov> 'pg -ormat EE =.mpg> ,indo.s media video -ormat =..mv> 1gp -ile e(tension =.1gp> 6eal media -ormat b =.rm> o-t.are and 8ard.are 2?2, 7+at "s !AN4 Def"n"t"on0 A local area networ# B!AND supplies net.or4ing capabilit) to a group o- computers in close pro(imit) to each other such as in an o--ice building, a school, or a home. A LAA is use-ul -or sharing resources li4e -iles, printers, games or other applications. A LAA in turn o-ten connects to other LAAs, and to the 0nternet or other ,AA. LAA Architecture and #opologiesB Bus, tar, 6ing and #ree #he components in a Local Area Aet.or4 can be connected in a -e. .a)s, .hich is call LAA topologies. #here e(it 2 basic LAA topologiesB StarB All stations are connected b) cable =or .ireless> to a central point, such as hub or a s.itch. 0the central node is operating in a broadcast -ashion such as a 8ub, transmission o- a -rame -rom one station to the node is retransmitted on all o- the outgoing lin4s. 0n this case, although the arrangement is ph)sicall) a star, it is logicall) a bus. 0n the case o- the central node acting as s.itch, an incoming -rame is processed in the node and then retransmitted on an outgoing lin4 to the destination station. "thernet protocols =0""" H0+.1> are o-ten used in the tar topolog) LAA.

R"n B All nodes on the LAA are connected in a loop and their Aet.or4 0nter-ace Cards =A0C> are .or4ing as repeaters. #here is no starting or ending point. "ach node .ill repeat an) signal that is on the net.or4 regardless its destination. #he destination station recogniFes its address and copies the -rame into a local bu--er as it goes b). #he -rame continues to circulate until it returns to the source station, .here it is removed. #o4en 6ing =0""" H0+.7> is the most popular 6ing topolog) protocol. 3550 =0""" H0+.<> is another protocol used in the 6ing topolog), .hich is based on the #o4en 6ing. 6usB All nodes on the LAA are connected b) one linear cable, .hich is called the shared medium. "ver) node on this cable segment sees transmissions -rom ever) other station on the same segment. At each end o- the bus is a terminator, .hich absorbs an) signal, removing it -rom the bus. #his medium cable apparentl) is the single point o- -ailure. "thernet =0""" H0+.1> is the protocols used -or this t)pe o- LAA. TreeB #he tree topolog) is a logical e(tension o- the bus topolog). #he transmission medium is a branching cable .ith no closed loops. #he tree la)out begins at a point called the headEend, .here one or more cables start, and each o- these ma) have branches. #he branches in turn ma) have additional branches to allo. Duite comple( la)outs.

LAA Architecture and #opologiesB Bus, tar, 6ing and #ree

2?*, 7+at "s a f"rewall4

A -ire.all is a device or set o- devices designed to permit or den) net.or4 transmissions based upon a set o- rules and is -reDuentl) used to protect net.or4s -rom unauthoriFed access .hile permitting legitimate communications to pass. 'an) personal computer operating s)stems include so-t.areEbased -ire.alls to protect against threats -rom the public 0nternet. 'an) routers that pass data bet.een net.or4s contain -ire.all components and, conversel), man) -ire.alls can per-orm basic routing -unctions. c.,hat is 'AA? A metropolitan area net.or4 ='AA> is a computer net.or4 that usuall) spans a cit) or a large campus. A 'AA usuall) interconnects a number o- local area net.or4s =LAAs> using a highE capacit) bac4bone technolog), such as -iberEoptical lin4s, and provides upElin4 services to .ide area net.or4s =or ,AA> and the 0nternet1 2?5, 7+at "s telnet4 #elnet is a net.or4 protocol used on the 0nternet or local area net.or4s to provide a bidirectional interactive te(tEoriented communications -acilit) using a virtual terminal connection. Cser data is interspersed inEband .ith #elnet control in-ormation in an HEbit b)te oriented data connection over the #ransmission Control Protocol=#CP>

2?9, 7+at "s 7AN4 A ,ide Area Aet.or4 =,AA> is a telecommunication net.or4 that covers a broad area =i.e., an) net.or4 that lin4s across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries>. Business and government entities utiliFe ,AAs to rela) data among emplo)ees, clients, bu)ers, and suppliers -rom various geographical locations. 0n essence this mode o- telecommunication allo.s a business to e--ectivel) carr) out its dail) -unction regardless o- location c..hat is .ire-rame? A .ebsite .ire-rame, also 4no.n as a page schematic or screen blueprint, is a visual guide that represents the s4eletal -rame.or4 o- a .ebsite. #he .ire-rame depicts the page la)out or arrangement o- the .ebsiteNs content, including inter-ace elements and navigational s)stems, and ho. the) .or4 together. #he .ire-rame usuall) lac4s t)pographic st)le, color, or graphics, since the main -ocus lies in -unctionalit), behavior, and priorit) o- content. 0n other .ords, it -ocuses on V.hat a screen does, not .hat it loo4s li4e.W ,ire-rames can be pencil dra.ings or s4etches on a .hiteboard, or produced b) means o- a broad arra) o- -ree or commercial so-t.are applications. ,ire-rames -ocus on

#he 4inds o- in-ormation displa)ed #he range o- -unctions available #he relative priorities o- the in-ormation and -unctions #he rules -or displa)ing certain 4inds o- in-ormation

#he e--ect o- di--erent scenarios on the displa)

,hat is pivot table? A pivot table is an interactive .or4sheet table that Duic4l) summariFes large amounts o- data using calculation methods )ou choose. 0t is called a pivot table because )ou can rotate its ro. and column headings around the core data area to give )ou di--erent vie.s o- the source data. As the source data changes, )ou can update a pivot table. 0- )ou change data in the source list or table, b) adding ne. ro.s =records> or columns =-ields>, there are .a)s to update =or re-resh> the pivot table. 8o.ever, the sa-est .a) seems to be deleting the sheet .hich contains )our pivot table and start over b) creating a ne. pivot table, .hich usuall) ta4es onl) a -e. seconds 2?1, 2?:, 2?;, 2?<, 2?=, 22?, 222, 22*, 7+at are use case $"a ra%s 4 7+at are use cases "n test"n en8"ron%ent 4 G"8e l"st of atleast 2? popular test"n tools 4 7+at are w"refra%es 4 7+at are RAD tools 4 7+at "s A "le fra%ewor# 4 7+at "s MAC Arc+"tecture 4 7+at "s LSON arc+"tecture4 ession

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225, 7+at are flat f"le s&ste% 4 A s)stem o- organiFing -iles in an operating s)stem in .hich all -iles are stored in a single director). 0n contrast to a hierarchical -ile s)stem, in .hich there are directories and subdirectories and di--erent -iles can have the same name as long as the) are stored in di--erent directories, in a -lat -ile s)stem ever) -ile must have a di--erent name because there is onl) one list o- -iles. "arl) versions o- the 'acintosh and 5& operating s)stems used a -lat -ile s)stem. #oda)Js commercial operating s)stems use a hierarchical -ile s)stem. 229, G"8e so%e e-a%ples of flat f"le s&ste% 4 #he -ollo.ing e(ample illustrates the basic elements o- a -latE-ile database. #he data arrangement consists o- a series o- columns and ro.s organiFed into a tabular -ormat. #his speci-ic e(ample uses onl) one table. #he columns includeB name =a personJs name, second column>S team =the name o- an athletic team supported b) the person, third column>S and a numeric unique ID, =used to uniDuel) identi-) records, -irst column>. 8ere is an e(ample te(tual representation o- the described dataB

0d 1 + 1 2 7 < @ H

name team Am) Blues Bob 6eds Chuc4 Blues 5ic4 Blues "thel 6eds 3red Blues *ill) Blues 8an4 6eds

221, 7+at "s ISAM 4 0 A' stands -or 0nde(ed eDuential Access 'ethod, a method -or inde(ing data -or -ast retrieval. 0 A' .as originall) developed b) 0B' -or main-rame computers. #oda) the term is used -or several related conceptsB peci-icall), the 0B' 0 A' product and the algorithm it emplo)s. 22:, 7+at "s "nno$b 4 0nno5B is the de-ault storage engine -or ') PL as o- ') PL 7.7. 0t provides the standard AC05Ecompliant transaction -eatures, along .ith -oreign 4e) support =5eclarative 6e-erential 0ntegrit)>. 0t is included as standard in most binaries distributed b) ') PL AB, the e(ception being some &"' versions. 22;, D"fference between Inno$b an$ ISAM 4 >'!0 A' does not support the -oreign 4e) constraint and transaction but 0nno5B support it. +>'!0 A' is -aster then the 0nno5B but in case o- per-oring the count operation it ta4es more time then the 0nno5B. 1> '!0 A' occupies less memor) sapce -or tables rather than 0nno5B tables. 22<, "8e so%e e-a%ples of Database softwares pro8"$e$ b& M"crosoft softwares4

'icroso-t Access 'icroso-t Anal)sis ervices 'icroso-t /et 5atabase "ngine 'icroso-t Puer) b) "(ample 'icroso-t PL erver

22=, 7+at "s t+e s" n"f"cance of SM! 4 PL stands -or tructured Puer) Language PL lets )ou access and manipulate databases PL is an AA 0 =American Aational tandards 0nstitute> standard PL can e(ecute Dueries against a database PL can retrieve data -rom a database PL can insert records in a database PL can update records in a database PL can delete records -rom a database PL can create ne. databases PL can create ne. tables in a database PL can create stored procedures in a database PL can create vie.s in a database PL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and vie.s 2*?, 7+at "s t+e $"fference between D6MS an$ RD6MS4 Q 6elationship among tables is maintained in a 65B' .hereas this not the case 5B' as it is used to manage the database. Q 5B' accepts the O-lat -ileN data that means there is no relation among di--erent data .hereas 65B' does not accepts this t)pe o- design. Q 5B' is used -or simpler business applications .hereas 65B' is used -or more comple( applications. Q Although the -oreign 4e) concept is supported b) both 5B' and 65B' but its onl) 65B' that en-orces the rules. Q 65B' solution is reDuired b) large sets o- data .hereas small sets o- data can be managed b) 5B' . 2*2, 7+at are f"rst K secon$ an$ t+"r$ nor%al for%s4 3irst normal -orm =1A3 or 'inimal 3orm> is a normal -orm used in database normaliFation. A relational database table that adheres to 1A3 is one that meets a certain minimum set o- criteria. #hese criteria are basicall) concerned .ith ensuring that the table is a -aith-ul representation o- a relationX1Y and that it is -ree o- repeating groups A relation is said to be in 3irst Aormal 3orm =1A3> i- and onl) i- each attribute o- the relation is atomic. 'ore simpl), to be in 1A3, each column must contain onl) a single value and each ro. must contain the same columns. econd normal -orm =+A3> is a normal -orm used in database normaliFation. +A3 .as originall) de-ined b) ".3. Codd in 1G@1.X1Y

A table that is in -irst normal -orm =1A3> must meet additional criteria i- it is to Duali-) -or second normal -orm. peci-icall)B a table is in +A3 i- and onl) i-, it is in 1A3 and no non prime attribute is dependent on an) proper subset o- an) candidate 4e) o- the table. A non prime attribute o- a table is an attribute that is not a part o- an) candidate 4e) o- the table. 0n order to be in #hird Aormal 3orm, a relation must -irst -ul-ill the reDuirements to be in econd Aormal 3orm. Additionall), all attributes that are not dependent upon the primar) 4e) must be eliminated. 2**, G"8e so%e e-a%ples of RD6MS softwares 4 'c4oi PL 5atabase 'icroso-t Access 'icroso-t /et 5atabase "ngine =part o- 'icroso-t Access> 'icroso-t PL erver 'icroso-t PL erver "(press 'icroso-t $isual 3o(Pro 'imer PL 'onet5B m PL ') PL AeteFFa Aon top PL

2*5, 7+at "s a Nuer& 4 A precise reDuest -or in-ormation retrieval .ith database and in-ormation s)stems Puer) languageB a computer language used to ma4e Dueries into databases and in-ormation s)stems Puer) stringB in the .orld .ide .eb , is an optional part o- a Cni-orm 6esource Locator =C6L> that -ollo.s the -irst Duestion mar4 =?> 2*9, 7+at "s DD! 4 G"8e e-a%ples4 A data de-inition language or data description language =55L> is a s)nta( similar to a computer programming language -or de-ining data structures, especiall) database schemas. Create E #o ma4e a ne. database, table, inde(, or stored Duer) C6"A#" #ABL" statement Perhaps the most common C6"A#" command is the C6"A#" #ABL" command 56&P statements 5rop E #o destro) an e(isting database, table, inde(, or vie.. =or> 55L

55L is abbreviation o- 5ata 5e-inition Language. 0t is used to create and modi-) the structure odatabase objects in database. C6"A#" ? Creates objects in the database AL#"6 ? Alters objects o- the database 56&P ? 5eletes objects o- the database #6CACA#" ? 5eletes all records -rom a table and resets table identit) to initial value. 2*1, 7+at "s DM!4 Pro8"$e so%e e-a%ples 4 #he 5ata 'anipulation Language =5'L> is used to retrieve, insert and modi-) database in-ormation. #hese commands .ill be used b) all database users during the routine operation othe database. LetJs ta4e a brie- loo4 at the basic 5'L commandsB =or> 5'L is abbreviation o- 5ata 'anipulation Language. 0t is used to retrieve, store, modi-), delete, insert and update data in database. "L"C# ? 6etrieves data -rom a table 0A "6# E 0nserts data into a table CP5A#" ? Cpdates e(isting data into a table 5"L"#" ? 5eletes all records -rom a table

5CL 5CL is abbreviation o- 5ata Control Language. 0t is used to create roles, permissions, and re-erential integrit) as .ell it is used to control access to database b) securing it. *6AA# ? *ives userNs access privileges to database 6"$&9" ? ,ithdra.s userNs access privileges to database given .ith the *6AA# command #CL #CL is abbreviation o- #ransactional Control Language. 0t is used to manage di--erent transactions occurring .ithin a database. C&''0# ? aves .or4 done in transactions 6&LLBAC9 ? 6estores database to original state since the last C&''0# command in transactions A$" #6AA AC#0&A ? ets a savepoint .ithin a transaction 2*:, 7+at are A"ews4 A vie. is, in essence, a virtual table. 0t does not ph)sicall) e(ist. 6ather, it is created b) a Duer) joining one or more tables. Creating a $0",

#he s)nta( -or creating a $0", isB C6"A#" $0", vie.Uname A "L"C# columns 36&' table ,8"6" predicatesS 1+@. w+at "s t+e $"fference between a Muer& an$ A"ews "n SM!4 2*<, 7+at are Tr" ers4 PL trigger is an PL statements or a set o- PL statements .hich is stored to be activated or -ired .hen an event associating .ith a database table occurs. #he event can be an) event including 0A "6#, CP5A#" and 5"L"#". =or> #he PL C6"A#" #60**"6 statement provides a .a) -or the database management s)stem to activel) control, monitor, and manage a group o- tables .henever an insert, update, or delete operation is per-ormed. #he statements speci-ied in the PL trigger are e(ecuted each time an PL insert, update, or delete operation is per-ormed. An PL trigger ma) call stored procedures or userEde-ined -unctions to per-orm additional processing .hen the trigger is e(ecuted. Advantages o- using PL triggerB PL #rigger provides an alternative .a) to chec4 integrit). PL trigger can catch the errors in business logic in the database level. PL trigger provides an alternative .a) to run scheduled tas4s. ,ith PL trigger, )ou donNt have to .ait to run the scheduled tas4s. !ou can handle those tas4s be-ore or a-ter changes being made to database tables. PL trigger is ver) use-ul .hen )ou use it to audit the changes o- data in a database table. 2*=, 7+at are Store$ proce$ures4 tored procedures are special objects available in sDl server. 0ts a precompiled statements .here all the preliminar) parsing operations are per-ormed and the statements are read) -or e(ecution. 0ts ver) -ast .hen compared to ordinar) sDl statements .here the sDl statements .ill undergone a seDuence o- steps to -etch the data tored procedure involves various s)nta( based on the parameters passed 25?, 7+at are Inner >o"nsK Outer >o"nsK R" +t >o"ns4 #he /&0A 4e).ord is used in a PL statement to Duer) data -rom t.o or more tables based on a relationship bet.een certain columns in these tables. 0nner /&0A A /&0A that displa)s onl) ro.s that have a match in both the /&0Aed tables is 4no.n as inner /&0A. #his is the de-ault t)pe o- /&0A in the Puer) and $ie. 5esigner.

&uter /&0A A /&0A that includes ro.s even i- the) do not have related ro.s in the joined table is an &uter /&0A. !ou can create three di--erent outer /&0As to speci-) the unmatched ro.s to be includedB Le-t &uter /&0AB 0n Le-t &uter /&0A, all ro.s in the -irstEnamed table, i.e. Vle-tW table, .hich appears le-tmost in the /&0A clause, are included. Cnmatched ro.s in the right table do not appear.

6ight &uter /&0AB 0n 6ight &uter /&0A, all ro.s in the secondEnamed table, i.e. VrightW table, .hich appears rightmost in the /&0A clause, are included. Cnmatched ro.s in the le-t table are not included.

3ull &uter /&0AB 0n 3ull &uter /&0A, all ro.s in all the joined tables are included, .hether the) are matched or not.

252, D"fference between Pr"%ar& #e& an$ Un"Nue #e&4 Primar) 4e)B 1>Primar) 4e) is nothing but it is uniDl) identi-ied each roe in #able. +>Primar) 4e) 5oes not Allo.es 5uplicate values and Aull values. 1>Primar) 4e) is de-ault Clustered inde(es 2>&ne table can have onl) one Primar) 4e). CniDue 9e)B 1>CniDue 9e) is nothing but it is uniDl) identi-ied each roe in #able. +>CniDue 9e) 5oes not Allo.es 5uplicate values but allo.es onl) one Aull value. 1>Primar) 4e) is de-ault AonE Clustered inde(es 25*, 7+at "s one to oneK %an& to oneK %an& to %an& relat"ons+"ps4 0n a oneEtoEone relationship, each ro. in one database table is lin4ed to 1 and onl) 1 other ro. in another table. 0n a oneEtoEone relationship bet.een #able A and #able B, each ro. in #able A is lin4ed to another ro. in #able B. #he number o- ro.s in #able A must eDual the number o- ro.s in #able B. 0n a oneEtoEman) relationship, each ro. in the related to table can be related to man) ro.s in the relating table. #his allo.s -reDuentl) used in-ormation to be saved onl) once in a table and re-erenced man) times in all other tables. 0n a oneEtoEman) relationship bet.een #able A and #able B, each ro. in #able A is lin4ed to 0, 1 or man) ro.s in #able B. #he number o- ro.s in #able A is almost al.a)s less than the number o- ro.s in #able B. 0n a man)EtoEman) relationship, one or more ro.s in a table can be related to 0, 1 or man) ro.s in another table. 0n a man)EtoEman) relationship bet.een #able A and #able B, each ro. in #able A is lin4ed to 0, 1 or man) ro.s in #able B and vice versa. A 1rd table called a mapping table is reDuired in order to implement such a relationship. 255, 7+at "s ORM 4 G"8e so%e e-a%ples of ORM 4 &bjectErelational mapping =&6', &I6', and &I6 mapping> in computer so-t.are is a programming techniDue -or converting data bet.een incompatible t)pe s)stems in objectEoriented programming languages. #his creates, in e--ect, a Rvirtual object databaseR that can be used -rom

.ithin the programming language. #here are both -ree and commercial pac4ages available that per-orm objectErelational mapping, although some programmers opt to create their o.n &6' tools. /ava Ca)enne, Apache, open source -or /ava 9odo, commercial implementation o- both /ava 5ata &bjects and /ava Persistence AP0 #orDue, an objectErelational mapper -or /ava Athena 3rame.or4, open source /ava &6', native support -or multitenanc) aa and remoting to Adobe 3le( Carbonado, open source -rame.or4, bac4ed b) Ber4ele) 5B or /5BC "bean, open source &6' -rame.or4 .A"# .net#iers, open source, templates -or Code mith =commercial code generator> A5&.A"# "ntit) 3rame.or4, included in .A"# 3rame.or4 1.7 P1 and above Agile3(, open source Base &ne 3oundation Component Librar), -ree or commercial bltool4it, light.eight &6' 259, D"fference between SNl an$ PlSNl4 1.> PL is a data oriented language -or selecting and manipulating sets o- data. PLI PL is a procedural language to create applications. +.> PLI PL can be the application language just li4e /ava or P8P can. PLI PL might be the language .e use to build, -ormat and displa) those screens, .eb pages and reports. PL ma) be the source o- data -or our screens, .eb pages and reports. 1.> PL is e(ecuted one statement at a time. PLI PL is e(ecuted as a bloc4 o- code.

2.> PL tells the database .hat to do =declarative>, not ho. to do it. 0n contrast, PLI PL tell the database ho. to do things =procedural>. 7.> PL is used to code Dueries, 5'L and 55L statements. PLI PL is used to code program bloc4s, triggers, -unctions, procedures and pac4ages. 251, 7+at "s t+e role of D6A 4 A database administrator =short -orm 5BA> is a person responsible -or the installation, con-iguration, upgrade, administration, monitoring and maintenance o- ph)sicalXclari-ication neededY databases. #he role includes the development and design o- database strategies, monitoring and improving database per-ormance and capacit), and planning -or -uture e(pansion reDuirements. #he) ma) also plan, coEordinate and implement securit) measures to sa-eguard the database

5atabase Connectivit) 25:, 7+at "s O!ED64 &L" 5B =&bject Lin4ing and "mbedding, 5atabase, sometimes .ritten as &L"5B or &L"E5B> is an AP0 designed b) 'icroso-t -or accessing data -rom a variet) o- sources in an uni-orm manner. 0t is a set o- inter-aces implemented using the Component &bject 'odel =C&'>S it is other.ise unrelated to &L". 0t .as designed as a higherElevel replacement -or, and successor to, &5BC, e(tending its -eature set to support a .ider variet) o- nonErelational databases, such as object databases and spreadsheets that do not necessaril) implement PL. 25;, 7+at "s OD6C4 0n computing, &5BC =&pen 5atabase Connectivit)> is a standard C programming language inter-ace -or accessing database management s)stems =5B' >. #he designers o- &5BC aimed to ma4e it independent o- database s)stems and operating s)stems. An application can use &5BC to Duer) data -rom a 5B' , regardless o- the operating s)stem or 5B' it uses. &5BC accomplishes 5B' independence b) using an &5BC driver as a translation la)er bet.een the application and the 5B' . #he application uses &5BC -unctions through an &5BC driver manager .ith .hich it is lin4ed, and the driver passes the Duer) to the 5B' 25<, 7+at "s ADOD64 A5&db is a database abstraction librar) -or P8P and P)thon based on the same concept as 'icroso-tJs Active: 5ata &bjects. 0t allo.s developers to .rite applications in a -airl) consistent .a) regardless o- the underl)ing database s)stem storing the in-ormation. #he advantage is that the database s)stem can be changed .ithout reE.riting ever) call to it in the application.

25=, 7+at "s DAO4 0n computer so-t.are, a data access object =5A&> is an object that provides an abstract inter-ace to some t)pe o- database or persistence mechanism, providing some speci-ic operations .ithout e(posing details o- the database. 0t provides a mapping -rom application calls to the persistence la)er. #his isolation separates the concerns o- .hat data accesses the application needs, in terms odomainEspeci-ic objects and data t)pes =the public inter-ace o- the 5A&>, and ho. these needs can be satis-ied .ith a speci-ic 5B' , database schema, etc. =the implementation o- the 5A&>. 29?, 7+at "s $"fference between OD6C an$ LD6C 1. &5BC is -or 'icroso-t and /5BC is -or java applications. +. &5BC canJt be directl) used .ith /ava because it uses a C inter-ace. 1. &5BC ma4es use o- pointers .hich have been removed totall) -rom java.

2. &5BC mi(es simple and advanced -eatures together and has comple( options -or simple DueriesS But /5BC is designed to 4eep things simple .hile allo.ing advanced capabilities .hen reDuired. 7. &5BC reDuires manual installation o- the &5BC driver manager and driver on all client machines./5BC drivers are .ritten in java and /5BC code is automaticall) installable, secure, and portable on all plat-orms. 292, 7+at are web ser8"ces 4 ,eb services are application components ,eb services communicate using open protocols ,eb services are sel-Econtained and sel-Edescribing ,eb services can be discovered using C550 ,eb services can be used b) other applications :'L is the basis -or ,eb services 8o. does it .or4? #he basic ,eb services plat-orm is :'L + 8##P. :'L provides a language .hich can be used bet.een di--erent plat-orms and programming languages and still e(press comple( messages and -unctions. #he 8##P protocol is the most used 0nternet protocol. ,eb services plat-orm elementsB &AP = imple &bject Access Protocol> C550 =Cniversal 5escription, 5iscover) and 0ntegration> , 5L =,eb ervices 5escription Language>

29*, G"8e so%e e-a%ple of webser8"ces 4 A ,eb ervice "(ample 0n the -ollo.ing e(ample .e .ill use A P.A"# to create a simple ,eb ervice that converts the temperature -rom 3ahrenheit to Celsius, and vice versaB \aT ,eb ervice Language_R$B criptR Class_R#empConvertR a] 0mports )stem 0mports )stem.,eb. ervices Public Class #empConvert B0nherits ,eb ervice

\,eb'ethod=>] Public 3unction 3ahrenheit#oCelsius =B)$al 3ahrenheit As tring> As tring dim -ahr -ahr_trim=replace=3ahrenheit,R,R,R.R>> i- -ahr_RR or 0sAumeric=-ahr>_-alse then return R"rrorR return ====-ahr> E 1+> I G> c 7> end -unction \,eb'ethod=>] Public 3unction Celsius#o3ahrenheit =B)$al Celsius As tring> As tring dim cel cel_trim=replace=Celsius,R,R,R.R>> i- cel_RR or 0sAumeric=cel>_-alse then return R"rrorR return ====cel> c G> I 7> + 1+> end -unction end class #his document is saved as an .asm( -ile. #his is the A P.A"# -ile e(tension -or :'L ,eb ervices. 295, 7+at "s SCSI4 7+at are "ts $rawbac#s4

mall Computer )stem 0nter-ace is a set o- standards -or ph)sicall) connecting and trans-erring data bet.een computers and peripheral devices. #he C 0 standards de-ine commands, protocols, and electrical and optical inter-aces. C 0 is most commonl) used -or hard dis4s and tape drives, but it can connect a .ide range o- other devices, including scanners and C5 drives. #he C 0 standard de-ines command sets -or speci-ic peripheral device t)pesS the presence o- Run4no.nR as one o- these t)pes means that in theor) it can be used as an inter-ace to almost an) device, but the standard is highl) pragmatic and addressed to.ard commercial reDuirements. 299, 7+at "s ET! 4 "(tract, trans-orm and load ="#L> is a process in database usage and especiall) in data .arehousing that involvesB "(tracting data -rom outside sources #rans-orming it to -it operational needs =.hich can include Dualit) levels> Loading it into the end target =database or data .arehouse> "(tractB #he -irst part o- an "#L process involves e(tracting the data -rom the source s)stems. 0n man) cases this is the most challenging aspect o- "#L, as e(tracting data correctl) .ill set the stage -or ho. subseDuent processes .ill go. #rans-ormB

#he trans-orm stage applies a series o- rules or -unctions to the e(tracted data -rom the source to derive the data -or loading into the end target. LoadB #he load phase loads the data into the end target, usuall) the data .arehouse =5,>. 5epending on the reDuirements o- the organiFation, this process varies .idel). 291, G"8e popular ET! softwares 4 L0 # &3 "#L &3#,A6" 0n the table belo., all important "#L so-t.are is listed in random order. All these tools are thoroughl) evaluated in our "#L [ 5ata 0ntegration #ool urve), a 100a vendor indepedent so-t.are comparison, .hich is available -or purchase. Ao. List o- "#L #ools $ersion "#L $endors 1. &racle ,arehouse Builder =&,B> 11g61 &racle +. 5ata ervices :0 1.+ AP Business &bjects 1. 0B' 0n-ormation erver =5atastage> G.1 0B' 2. A 5ata 0ntegration tudio 2.+1 A 0nstitute 7. Po.erCenter 0n-ormatica G.0 0n-ormatica <. "li(ir 6epertoire @.+.+ "li(ir @. 5ata 'igrator @.@ 0n-ormation Builders H. PL erver 0ntegration ervices = 0 > 10 'icroso-t G. #alend &pen tudio [ 0ntegration uite 2.0 #alend 10. 5ata3lo. 'anager <.7 Pitne) Bo.es Business 0nsight Popular "#L tools are #ranso-t 5B0ntegrate, Clover"#L b) /avlin, Adeptia "#L uite, Pervasive o-t.are 5ata 0ntegrator, &racle 5ata ,arehouse Builder, &racle 5ata 0ntegrator = unopsis "#L>, ,isdom3orce 3ast6eader, i,a) o-t.are 5ata 'igrator, A o-t.are 5ata3lu(, 0B' ,eb phere 5ata tage, Ab 0nitio, 0n-ormatica,

29:, 7+at "s SOAP arc+"tecture4 &AP Architecture imple &bject Access Protocol = &AP> provides access to remote objects. "(amples o- such objects are simple or "nterprise /avaBeans components and C&'IC&'+ objects, etc. #he -ollo.ing components o- a t)pical &AP communications architecture areB &AP client &AP server Actual service #he client is an application capable o- generating and sending reDuests to a &AP server over 8##P and retrieving responses -rom the server. Both reDuest and response are &AP messages. 3or details on &AP messages, re-er to the &AP 'essage section.

#he server is also an application that has capabilit) to accept reDuests -rom clients, invo4e the actual service, convert the response -rom the actual service to the &APEmessage structure and send it bac4 to the client. #he actual service is -unctionalit) o- Ples4 itebuilder that can be used .ithin the integration AP0. ,hen the &AP server invo4es some method o- actual service implementation, the method .ill per-orm its job and return the resulting in-ormation bac4 to the &AP server. 29;, 7+at "s SAAS4 o-t.are as a service sometimes re-erred to as RonEdemand so-t.are,R is a so-t.are deliver) model in .hich so-t.are and its associated data are hosted centrall) =t)picall) in the =0nternet> cloud> and are t)picall) accessed b) users using a thin client, normall) using a .eb bro.ser over the 0nternet. aa has become a common deliver) model -or most business applications, including accounting, collaboration, customer relationship management =C6'>, management in-ormation s)stems ='0 >, enterprise resource planning ="6P> =or> o-t.are as a ervice = aa > is a so-t.are distribution model in .hich applications are hosted b) a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a net.or4, t)picall) the 0nternet. 29<, G"8e popular e-a%ple of SAAS base$ appl"cat"on 4 ales3orce C6' *oogle Apps 5es4A.a) 0mpel C6' ,ipro .E aa

29=, 7+at "s PAAS4 G"8e so%e e-a%ples 4 Plat-orm as a service =Paa > is a categor) o- cloud computing services that provide a computing plat-orm and a solution stac4 as a service. 0n the classic la)ered model o- cloud computing,the Paa la)er lies bet.een the aa and the 0aa la)ers. Paa o--erings -acilitate the deplo)ment o- applications .ithout the cost and comple(it) o- bu)ing and managing the underl)ing hard.are and so-t.are and provisioning hosting capabilities, providing all o- the -acilities reDuired to support the complete li-e c)cle o- building and delivering .eb applications and services entirel) available -rom the 0nternet =or> Plat-orm as a ervice =Paa > is a .a) to rent hard.are, operating s)stems, storage and net.or4 capacit) over the 0nternet. #he service deliver) model allo.s the customer to rent virtualiFed servers and associated services -or running e(isting applications or developing and testing ne. ones.

"(amplesB AmaFon ,eb ervices, *oogle Code, ales-orce Paa and ,indo.s AFure. 21?, 7+at "s IAAS4 G"8e so%e e-a%ples 4 0n this most basic cloud service model, cloud providers o--er computers ? as ph)sical or more o-ten as virtual machines ?, ra. =bloc4> storage, -ire.alls, load balancers, and net.or4s. 0aa providers suppl) these resources on demand -rom their large pools installed in data centers. Local area net.or4s including 0P addresses are part o- the o--er. 3or the .ide area connectivit), the 0nternet can be used or E in carrier clouds E dedicated virtual private net.or4s can be con-igured. =or> 0n-rastructure as a ervice is a provision model in .hich an organiFation outsources the eDuipment used to support operations, including storage, hard.are, servers and net.or4ing components. #he service provider o.ns the eDuipment and is responsible -or housing, running and maintaining it. #he client t)picall) pa)s on a perEuse basis. "(amples o- 0aa include AmaFon ,eb ervices and 3le(iscale. 212, 7+at "s Clou$ Co%put"n 4 Cloud computing is the deliver) o- computing as a service rather than a product, .hereb) shared resources, so-t.are, and in-ormation are provided to computers and other devices as a utilit) =li4e the electricit) grid> over a net.or4 =t)picall) the 0nternet>. Cloud computing provides computation, so-t.are applications, data access, data management and storage resources .ithout reDuiring cloud users to 4no. the location and other details o- the computing in-rastructure. =or> Cloud computing is a technolog) that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allo.s consumers and businesses to use applications .ithout installation and access their personal -iles at an) computer .ith internet access. #his technolog) allo.s -or much more e--icient computing b) centraliFing storage, memor), processing and band.idth.

21*, 7+at "s La8asscr"pt an"%at"on4 ava cript can be used to move a number o- 5&' elements =\img I], \div] or an) other 8#'L element> around the page according to some sort o- pattern determined b) a logical eDuation or -unction. /ava cript provides -ollo.ing t.o -unctions to be -reDuentl) used in animation programs. set#imeout= -unction, duration> E #his -unction calls -unction a-ter duration milliseconds -rom no.. set0nterval=-unction, duration> E #his -unction calls -unction a-ter ever) duration milliseconds. clear#imeout=set#imeoutUvariable> E #his -unction calls clears an) timer set b) the set#imeout=> -unctions.

/ava cript can also set a number o- attributes o- a 5&' object including its position on the screen. !ou can set top and le-t attribute o- an object to position it an).here on the screen. 8ere is the simple s)nta(B II et distance -rom le-t edge o- the screen. object.st)le.le-t _ distance in pi(els or pointsS =&r> II et distance -rom top edge o- the screen. object.st)le.top _ distance in pi(els or pointsS 215, 7+at "s La8a applet4 A /ava applet is an applet delivered to users in the -orm o- /ava b)tecode. /ava applets can run in a ,eb bro.ser using a /ava $irtual 'achine =/$'>, or in unJs Applet$ie.er, a standEalone tool -or testing applets. /ava applets .ere introduced in the -irst version o- the /ava language in 1GG7, and are .ritten in programming languages that compile to /ava b)tecode, usuall) in /ava, but also in other languages such as /)thon, /6ub), or "i--el =via mart"i--el> 219, 7+at "s DNN Fra%e wor#4 5otAetAu4e is an open source .eb content management s)stem based on 'icroso-t .A"#. 5otAetAu4e .as .ritten in $B.A"#, though the developer has shi-ted to C% since version <.0.0t is distributed under both a Communit) "dition '0# license and commercial proprietar) licenses as the Pro-essional and "nterprise "ditions. 211, 7+at are Pro-& ser8ers4 0n computer net.or4s, a pro() server is a server that acts as an intermediar) -or reDuests -rom clients see4ing resources -rom other servers. A client connects to the pro() server, reDuesting some service, such as a -ile, connection, .eb page, or other resource available -rom a di--erent server. #he pro() server evaluates the reDuest according to its -iltering rules. 3or e(ample, it ma) -ilter tra--ic b) 0P address or protocol. 0- the reDuest is validated b) the -ilter, the pro() provides the resource b) connecting to the relevant server and reDuesting the service on behal- o- the client 21:, E-a%ples of pro-& ser8ers4 Pro() erver pro()hostno..t4I cacheE007.appspot.com mas4that.in-o -reeEunloc4.in-o micro().com ....-uc4enbored.com unbloc4-aceboo4.euI bro.seanoniem.nl hiddennet.or4.in-o Countr) C A C A C A C A C A C A C A Aetherlands C A

angoo.in-oI uhideme.com pro()pro.pl .i4sa.com

C A *erman) Cnited 9ingdom 3rance

21;, 7+at "s Appl"cat"on ser8er an$ e-a%ples4 An application server is a server program in a computer in a distributed net.or4 that provides the business logic -or an application program. #he application server is -reDuentl) vie.ed as part o- a threeEtier application, consisting o- a graphical user inter-ace =*C0> server, an application =business logic> server, and a database and transaction server. "(amplesB un /ava Application server, .eblogic server, Apache *eronimo 21<, 7+at "s 7eb ser8er an$ e-a%ples4 ,eb server applications provide net.or4 access to ,eb pages and other intranet and 0nternet content. =&r> A .eb server is a piece o- so-t.are that enables a .ebsite to be vie.ed using 8##P. 8##P =8)per#e(t #rans-er Protocol> is the 4e) protocol -or the trans-er o- data on the .eb. !ou 4no. .hen )ouJre using 8##P because the .ebsite C6L begins .ith RhttpBIIR =-or e(ample, RhttpBII....Duac4it.comR>. "(aplesB Apache, Apache tomcat, Apache 8##P, 9lone, lighttpd, :itami, ;eus, 00 , Abs)ss, and /igsa.. 21=, 7+at "s Data base ser8er an$ e-a%ples4 A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers, as de-ined b) the client?server model. #he term ma) also re-er to a computer dedicated to running such a program. 5atabase management s)stems -reDuentl) provide database server -unctionalit), and some 5B' s =e.g., ') PL> rel) e(clusivel) on the client? server model -or database access. uch a server is accessed either through a R-ront endR running on the userNs computer .hich displa)s reDuested data or the Rbac4 endR .hich runs on the server and handles tas4s such as data anal)sis and storage. =&r> A database server can be de-ined as a server dedicated to providing database services. uch a server runs the database so-t.are. 2:?, 7+at "s !a%p4 LA'P is an acron)m -or a solution stac4 o- -ree, open source so-t.are, re-erring to the -irst letters o- Linu( =operating s)stem>, Apache 8##P erver, ') PL =database so-t.are> and P8P =or sometimes Perl or P)thon>, principal components to build a viable general purpose .eb server

2:2, 7+at are M"rror s"tes4 Listed belo. are the o--icial, active, and -ull) -unctional P8P.net mirrors. ome mirrors might be missing -rom this list because mirrors are automaticall) deactivated .hen problems arise. 'irrors are continuousl) chec4ed and reactivated .hen appropriate. in.php.net 5irecti ,eb 8osting in+.php.net 5irecti ,eb 8osting in1.php.net 0ndiaLin4s ,eb 8osting Pvt Ltd 2:*, 7+at "s $"str"bute$ RD6MS4 Component &bject 'odel =C&'> is a binar)Einter-ace standard -or so-t.are componentr) introduced b) 'icroso-t in 1GG1. 0t is used to enable interprocess communication and d)namic object creation in a large range o- programming languages. #he term C&' is o-ten used in the 'icroso-t so-t.are development industr) as an umbrella term that encompasses the &L", &L" Automation, Active:, C&'+ and 5C&' technologies. . 2:5, 7+at "s COM4 'icroso-t C&' =Component &bject 'odel> technolog) in the 'icroso-t ,indo.sE-amil) o&perating )stems enables so-t.are components to communicate. C&' is used b) developers to create reEusable so-t.are components, lin4 components together to build applications, and ta4e advantage o- ,indo.s services. C&' objects can be created .ith a variet) o- programming languages 2:9, 7+at "s DCOM4 5istributed Component &bject 'odel =5C&'> is a proprietar) 'icroso-t technolog) -or communication among so-t.are components distributed across net.or4ed computers. 5C&', .hich originall) .as called RAet.or4 &L"R, e(tends 'icroso-tJs C&', and provides the communication substrate under 'icroso-tJs C&'+ application server in-rastructure. 0t has been deprecated in -avor o- the 'icroso-t .A"# 6emoting, a part o- their .A"# 3rame.or4. 5ot Aet 3rame.or4 2:1, 7+at "s $"fference between asp an$ asp,net A PB 1> A P is 0nterpreted language based on scripting languages li4e /avascript or $B cript. +> A P has 'i(ed 8#'L and coding logic. 1> Limited development and debugging tools available. 2> Limited &&P support. 7> Limited ession and Application state management.

A P.AetB 1> A P.Aet is supported b) compiler and has compiled language support. +> eparate code and design logic possible. 1> $ariet) o- compilers and tools available including the $isual studio.Aet. 2> Completel) &bject &riented upport. 7> Complete ession and Application state management. 2::, 7+at "s $"fference between 8b an$ 8b,net $B< .as not a t)peEsa-e language .hile $B.A"# is a t)pe sa-e language. #here is no variant t)pe in $B.A"# and no magical t)pe conversions happen in $B.A"# $B< used O&n "rror *otoN s)nta( to handle e(ceptions at runtime. $B.A"# uses the #r)d Catchd3inall) s)nta( to handle e(ceptions at runtime. A lot o- code =li4e user inter-ace code> in $B< .as hidden -rom developer. 0n $B.A"# no code is hidden -rom developer and )ou can access and control each part o- )our application $B.A"# has much enhanced object oriented support than $B< $B< does not allo. developing the multithreaded applications. 0n $B.A"# )ou can create multithreaded applications $B< .as onl) considered good -or des4top .indo.s application. 0n $B.A"# )ou can also develop .eb applications, distributed applications, create .A"# .indo.s and .eb controls and components, .rite .indo.s and .eb services. 0n $B.A"#, )ou can also use re-lections to read the metaEdata o- t)pes and using re-lection emit )ou can also generate code to de-ine and invo4e t)pes at runtime. 1<@. ,hat are the various programming languages supported b) dot net.? C, C%, C++ , Caml, Cobol, "%, 3ortran, *%, /ava, /avascript, Pascal

2:<, D"fference between ,net *,? an$ ,net 5,14 A"# -rame.or4 +.0B 1> 0t brings a lot o- evolution in class o- the -rame.or4 and re-actor control including the support o- *enerics, Anon)mous methods, Partial class and Aullable t)pe. +> #he ne. AP0 gives a -ine grain control on the behavior o- the runtime .ith regards to multithreading, memor) allocation, assembl) loading and more 1> 3ull <2Ebit support -or both the (<2 and the 0A<2 hard.are plat-orms 2> Ae. personaliFation -eatures -or A P.A"#, such as support -or themes, s4ins and .ebparts. .A"# 'icro 3rame.or4 .A"# -rame.or4 1.7B

1> 0t implement LinD evolution in language. o .e have the -olo.ing evolution in classB +> LinD -or PL, :'L, 5ataset, &bject, Addin s)stem, p+p base class, Active director), A P.A"# Aja(, Anon)mous t)pes .ith static t)pe in-erence 1> Paging support -or A5&.A"# 2> A5&.A"# s)nchroniFation AP0 to s)nchroniFe local caches and server side datastores As)nchronous net.or4 0I& AP0 7> upport -or 8##P pipelining and s)ndication -eeds. <> Ae. )stem.Code5om namespace.

2:=, 7+at "s 7CF4 ,indo.s Communication 3oundation =,C3> is a -rame.or4 -or building serviceEoriented applications. Csing ,C3, )ou can send data as as)nchronous messages -rom one service endpoint to another 3eaturesB ervice orientation 0nteroparabilit) 'ultiple patterns ervice metadata

2;?, 7+at "s 7PF4 ,indo.s Presentation 3oundation =,P3> is a ne(tEgeneration presentation s)stem -or building ,indo.s client applications .ith visuall) stunning user e(periences. ,ith ,P3, )ou can create a .ide range o- both standalone and bro.serEhosted applications. =&r> #he ,indo.s Presentation 3oundation =or ,P3> is a computerEso-t.are graphical subs)stem -or rendering user inter-aces in ,indo.sEbased applications. ,P3, previousl) 4no.n as RAvalonR, .as initiall) released as part o- .A"# 3rame.or4 1.0. 6ather than rel)ing on the older *50 subs)stem, ,P3 utiliFes 5irect:. ,P3 attempts to provide a consistent programming model -or building applications and provides a separation bet.een the user inter-ace and the business logic. 2;2, 7+at "s "%portance of C!R4

Common Language 6untime is used to manage the program .ritten in .A"# 3rame.or4 compatible language ="(. C%, $b.A"#, /% etc.>. 0n other .ords, CL6 is "(ecution "ngine .hich e(ecutes the program -or .A"# 3rame.or4. CL6 provides a number o- services, including the -ollo.ingB Code management =loading and e(ecution> Application memor) isolation $eri-ication o- t)pe sa-et) Conversion o- 0L to native code Access to metadata =enhanced t)pe in-ormation> 'anaging memor) -or managed objects "n-orcement o- code access securit) "(ception handling, including crossElanguage e(ceptions

2;*, D"fference between OOPS an$ proce$ure or"ente$ pro ra%%"n 4 0n P&P, importance is given to the seDuence o- things to be done i.e. algorithms and in &&P, importance is given to the data. 0n P&P, larger programs are divided into -unctions and in &&P, larger programs are divided into objects. 0n P&P, most -unctions share global data i.e data move -reel) around the s)stem -rom -unction to -unction. 0n &&P mostl) the data is private and onl) -unctions inside the object can access the data. P&P -ollo.s a top do.n approach in problem solving .hile &&P -ollo.s a bottom up approach. 0n P&P, adding o- data and -unction is di--icult and in &&P it is eas). 0n P&P, there is no access speci-ier and in &&P there are public, private and protected speci-ier. 0n P&P, operator cannot be overloaded and in &&P operator can be overloaded.

2;5, 7+at "s OOPS concept4 &ops conceptsB .hich meant -or providing secuti) -or data rather than procedure ClassB the process o- de-ining characteristics and -unctionalities -or an object, that unit is called as class. 0t also called user de-ined re-erd data t)pe. Ob>ectB 0t is an instance o- class .hich has the memor) .ith the help o- object .e can access class members an object can hold data and per-orm the -unctionalities. In+er"tanceB process o- getting the -eatures -rom e(isting them to ne. item. Encapsulat"onB itNs the inclusion .ithin a program object o- all the resources need -or the object to -unction basicall) the methods and the data. 0n oop encapsulation is mainl) achived b) creating classes, the classes e(pose public methods and properties.

Pol&%orp+"s%B itNs a genric term that means Oman) shapesN more precisel) pol)morphisms means the abilit) to reDuest that the same operations be per-ormed b) a .ide range o- di--erent t)pes othings. Dataabstract"onB Abstraction is an emphasis an this idea, Dualities and properties rather than particulars the importance o- abstraction is derived -rom its abilit) to hide irrelevant details and -rom the use o- names to re-erence objectNs abstraction is essential in the construction o- programs. 2;9, 7+at "s SD!C4 o-t.are development li-e c)cle is the process o- developing so-t.are through business needs anal)sis, design, implementation and maintenance so-t.are has to go through various phases be-ore it is born .hich are as -ollo.s generating concept reDuirements anal)sis development testing production end 2;1, D"fference between 7eb base$ pro>ect an$ cl"ent ser8er pro>ects4

2;:, 7+at are t+e steps "n8ol8e$ "n cl"ent ser8er appl"cat"on $e8elop%ent4 2;;, 7+at are t+e 8ar"ous t&pes of appl"cat"ons t+at &ou can bu"lt us"n $ot net pro ra%%"n Bweb K w"n$ows etc D 2;<, 7+at "s t+e s" n"f"cance web,conf" f"le 4 ,eb.con-ig -ile ,eb.con-ig -ile is used to set con-iguration about )our .ebapplication or .e can sa) in other .ords that it is used to override de-aultapplication con-iguration in-ormation and it is used to set global in-ormation.3or e(ample suppose )ou .ant to store connection string -or )our .ebapplication then it is good practice to store it in .eb.con-ig -ile. ,eb.con-ig-ile is .ritten in (ml language.

0mportance o- .eb.con-ig -iles in .eb application 1. +. 1. ,e can use .eb.con-ig -ile -or authentication and authoriFation purpose. ,e can use .eb.con-ig -ile -or custom error purpose. ,e can use .eb.con-ig -ile -or personaliFation and theme purpose

2;=, 7+at "s t+e "%portance of %aster f"le w+"le bu"l$"n web appl"cat"on 4 ,eb 3rame.or4

2<?, 7+at "s e-co%%erce4 "lectronic commerce, commonl) 4no.n as eEcommerce, re-ers to the bu)ing and selling oproducts or services over electronic s)stems such as the 0nternet and other computer net.or4s. "lectronic commerce dra.s on such technologies as electronic -unds trans-er, suppl) chain management, 0nternet mar4eting, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange ="50>, inventor) management s)stems, and automated data collection s)stems. 'odern electronic commerce t)picall) uses the ,orld ,ide ,eb at least at one point in the transactionJs li-eEc)cle, although it ma) encompass a .ider range o- technologies such as eEmail, mobile devices and telephones as .ell. "lectronic commerce is generall) considered to be the sales aspect o- eEbusiness. 0t also consists othe e(change o- data to -acilitate the -inancing and pa)ment aspects o- business transactions. 2<2, 7+at "s 6*b an$ 6*c portal4 G"8e e-a%ple BusinessEtoEbusiness =B+B> describes commerce transactions bet.een businesses, such as bet.een a manu-acturer and a .holesaler, or bet.een a .holesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are businessEtoEconsumer =B+C> and businessEtoEgovernment =B+*>. B+C Business that sells products or provides services to endEuser consumers. B+C portals allo. companies to deplo) customer, consumer or communit) 0nternet sites to provide a centraliFed -ullE service starting point that can eventuall) be customiFed. 2<*, 7+at "s $"fference between s+opp"n cart an$ e-co%%erce appl"cat"on4 A shopping cart is a piece o- so-t.are that acts as an online storeNs catalog and ordering process. #)picall), a shopping cart is the inter-ace bet.een a compan)Ns ,eb site and its deeper in-rastructure, allo.ing consumers to select merchandise An eECommerce site is a content management .ebsite application, .hich allo.s members o- the public to purchase speci-ic products via transactions secured on the vendorNs .ebsite. #hat .ebsite is developed to allo. businesses to sell products over the internet to customers. 0n-ormation is usuall) secured and encr)pted using an L certi-icate and transactions .ill be conducted b) a pa)ment provider such as Prot(. "commerce so-t.are solutions are best option -or online shopping cart development. 0t is cost e--ective and -ast, so saves the userNs time. 2<5, 7+at are CMS Softwares 4 A content management s)stem =C' > allo.s publishing, editing, and modi-)ing content as .ell as site maintenance -rom a central page. 0t provides a collection o- procedures used to manage .or4 -lo. in a collaborative environment. #hese procedures can be manual or computerEbased. 2<9, 7+at are popular CMS softwares alon w"t+ t+e lan ua es t+e& are bu"lt upon4

ome popular C' so-t.are 5otAetAu4e "4tron ite-init) ,ordPress :press "ngine /oomla 5rupal 'agento 2<1, 7+at "s b".tal# ser8er 4 'icroso-t BiF#al4 erver, o-ten re-erred to as simpl) RBiF#al4R, is an "nterprise ervice Bus. #hrough the use o- RadaptersR .hich are tailored to communicate .ith di--erent so-t.are s)stems used in an enterprise, it enables companies to automate business processes. Created b) 'icroso-t, it provides the -ollo.ing -unctionsB "nterprise Application 0ntegration, Business Process Automation, BusinessE#oEBusiness Communication, 'essage bro4er, and Business Activit) 'onitoring. 6ecentl) the BiF#al4 erver is repositioned not onl) as the Application 0ntegration erver but also as the Application erver. 2<:, 7+at "s web-conference4 ,eb con-erencing is a -orm o- realEtime communications 6#C in .hich multiple computer users, all connected to the 0nternet, see the same screen at all times in their ,eb bro.sers. ome ,eb con-erencing s)stems include -eatures such as te(ting, $o0P =voice over 0P> and -ullEmotion video. ,eb con-erencing allo.s users to carr) on business meetings and seminars, ma4e presentations, conduct demonstrations, provide online education and o--er direct customer support. =&r> ,eb con-erencing so-t.are allo.s groups o- people to meet and collaborate online -rom their o.n computer. Participants usuall) clic4 on a lin4 distributed b) email .hich allo.s them to enter the con-erence.

2<;, 7+at "s popular web conference appl"cat"on4

2<<, 7+at "s an e%ulator4 "mulation re-ers to the abilit) o- a computer program in an electronic device to emulate =imitate> another program or device. =&r>

0n computing, an emulator is hard.are or so-t.are or both that duplicates =or emulates> the -unctions o- a -irst computer s)stem in a di--erent second computer s)stem, so that the behavior othe second s)stem closel) resembles the behavior o- the -irst s)stem 1HG. 7+at t+e popular %ob"le bran$s "n %ar#et? Ao4ia, amsung, on) "ricsson, Apple 0phone, Blac4berr) , L*, 'otorola, 8#C 2=?, G"8e at least 1 operat"n s&ste%s use$ "n %ob"le p+one4 )mbian & ? Ao4iaNs Cell Phone operating s)stem Android & ? *oogleNs -ree, openEsource cellphone operating s)stem iPhone & =i& > ? AppleNs mobile operating s)stem Blac4Berr) & ? Proprietar) mobile operating s)stem, developed b) 6esearch 0n 'otion -or its Blac4Berr) ,indo.s Phone @ = ,indo.s 'obile > ? 'obile operating s)stem developed b) 'icroso-t Palm & =*arnet & >E mobile operating s)stem initiall) developed b) Palm Palm .eb& ? 'obile operating s)stem -rom 8PIPalm 2=2, G"8e atleast 1 pro ra%%"n lan ua es use$ for $e8elop"n %ob"le p+ones 4 /ava, c%, c, c++, /avascript, php, vb, rub), p)thon 1G+. 7+at "s blue toot+ ? Bluetooth is a proprietar) open .ireless technolog) standard -or e(changing data over short distances =using shortE.avelength radio transmissions in the 0 ' band -rom +200?+2H0 '8F> -rom -i(ed and mobile devices, creating personal area net.or4s =PAAs> .ith high levels osecurit). Created b) telecoms vendor "ricsson in 1GG2,X1Y it .as originall) conceived as a .ireless alternative to 6 E+1+ data cables. 0t can connect several devices, overcoming problems os)nchroniFation.

2=5, 7+at "s brew4 Binar) 6untime "nvironment -or ,ireless =Bre. 'P, Bre., or B6",> is an application development plat-orm created b) Pualcomm, originall) -or code division multiple access =C5'A> mobile phones, -eaturing third part) applications such as mobile games. 0t is o--ered in some -eature phones but not in smartphones. 0t debuted in eptember +001. As a so-t.are plat-orm that can do.nload and run small programs -or pla)ing games, sending messages, and sharing photos, the main advantage o- Bre. 'P is that the application developers

can easil) port their applications among all Bre. 'P devices b) providing a standardiFed set oapplication programming inter-aces 2=9, 7+at "s $"fference between co% port an$ US6 port4 2=1, 7+at are e%be$$e$ softwares4 "mbedded so-t.are is computer so-t.are that pla)s an integral role in the electronics it is supplied .ith. "mbedded so-t.areJs principal role is not 0n-ormation technolog) but rather the interaction .ith the ph)sical .orld. 0tJs .ritten -or machines that are not, -irst and -oremost, computers. "mbedded so-t.are is Jbuilt inJ to the electronics in cars, telephones, audio eDuipment, robots, appliances, securit) s)stems, televisions and digital .atches, -or e(ample. #his so-t.are can become ver) sophisticated in applications li4e airplanes, missiles, process control s)stems, and so on 2=:, 7+at "s t+e popular operat"n s&ste% use$ "n e%be$$e$ softwares 4 1G@. 7+at "s P!C 4 G"8e so%e e-a%ples of P!C softwares ? A programmable logic controller =PLC> or programmable controller is a digital computer used -or automation o- electromechanical processes, such as control o- machiner) on -actor) assembl) lines, amusement rides, or light -i(tures. PLCs are used in man) industries and machines. Cnli4e generalEpurpose computers, the PLC is designed -or multiple inputs and output arrangements, e(tended temperature ranges, immunit) to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact 2=<, 7+at "s SCADA4 Acron)m -or supervisor) control and data acDuisition, a computer s)stem -or gathering and anal)Fing real time data. CA5A s)stems are used to monitor and control a plant or eDuipment in industries such as telecommunications, .ater and .aste control, energ), oil and gas re-ining and transportation. =&r> CA5A or upervisor) Control And 5ata AcDuisition is a large scale control s)stem -or automated industrial processes li4e municipal .ater supplies, po.er generation, steel manu-acturing, gas and oil pipelines etc. CA5A also has applications in large scale e(perimental -acilities li4e those used in nuclear -usion. 2==, 7+at "s t+e role of a s&ste% anal&st 4 #he )stem Anal)sis asses -unction o- businesses b) e(amining the input and processing odata and output in-ormation. 0t is also said the anal)st must be able to .or4 to others and e(perienced .or4ing .ith computers. As a s)stem anal)st )ou must recogniFe that )our presence changes the business and use it as a starting point -or )our anal)sis. #he anal)st roles are consultant, supporting e(pert, and e(pert agent o- change.

*??, 7+at "s t+e role of a web anal&st 4 ,or4ing side b) side .ith our clients ,or4ing .ith a siFFlingl) hot team 5eveloping per-ormance improvement strategies -or our clientsN .ebsites 5esigning AIB and 'ultivariate tests, implementing and reporting 5riving testing and improvements using *oogle Anal)tics *?2, 7+at "s t+e role of a 6us"ness anal&st4 A Business Anal)st =BA> is someone .ho anal)Fes the organiFation and design o- businesses, government departments, and nonEpro-it organiFationsS BAs also assess business models and their integration .ith technolog). #he business anal)st acts as a bridge bet.een the business and 0#, translating the businessJs reDuirements into a -orm that can be understood b) the s)stem developers, as .ell as e(plaining to the business ho. it can ta4e advantage o- the capabilities o- 0#. #he term Jbusiness anal)stJ means di--erent things in di--erent organisations. #o some, the business anal)stJs job is speci-icall) limited to de-ining in-ormation, usuall) in terms o- 0# s)stem reDuirements. 3or an increasing number o- organisations, ho.ever, the business anal)st has a .ider role that e(amines the environment in .hich the 0# s)stem operates, to ensure that the identi-ied reDuirements are justi-ied. ,A6 -ile details A ,A6 -ile has a special -older structure and contains special -iles in addition to / P pages, /ava servlets, /ava classes, 8#'L pages etc. .hich combined -orms a ,eb Application. &pening ,A6 -iles 0- )ou are tr)ing to open or create ,A6 -iles on a ,indo.s PC, then )ou .ill need a tool li4e Bit;ipper. A-ter installing Bit;ipper, )ou can open a ,A6 -ile simpl) b) doubleEclic4ing it or b) rightEclic4ing on it in ,indo.s "(plorer, or b) starting Bit;ipper and opening the ,A6 -ile the same .a) )ou open a document in )our .ord processor. Aotice that this is -or vie.ing .hat is inside a ,A6 -ile, not -or starting the /ava application in the ,A6 -ile.

1. ,hat is a 6A6 -ile 6A6 is the native -ormat o- ,in6A6 archiver. Li4e other archives, 6A6 -iles are data containers, the) store one or several -iles in the compressed -orm. A-ter )ou do.nloaded 6A6 -ile -rom 0nternet, )ou need to unpac4 its contents in order to use it. 5i--erence bet.een procedural languages and oops

Procedural programming creates a step b) step program that guides the application through a seDuence o- instructions. "ach instruction is e(ecuted in order. Procedural programming also -ocuses on the idea that all algorithms are e(ecuted .ith -unctions and data that the programmer has access to and is able to change. &bjectE&riented programming is much more similar to the .a) the real .orld .or4sS it is analogous to the human brain. "ach program is made up o- man) entities called objects. &bjects become the -undamental units and have behavior, or a speci-ic purpose, associated .ith them. &bjects cannot directl) access another objectNs data. 0nstead, a message must be sent reDuesting the data, just li4e people must as4 one another -or in-ormationS .e cannot see inside each otherNs heads. Bene-its o- &bjectE&riented programming includeB

abilit) to simulate realE.orld event much more e--ectivel) code is reusable thus less code ma) have to be .ritten data becomes active better able to create *C0 =graphical user inter-ace> applications programmers are able to reach their goals -aster Programmers are able to produce -aster, more accurate and betterE.ritten applications =in the case o- a veteran programmer, b) a -actor o- as much as +0 times compared .ith a procedural program>.