193

Chapter 10: Power System Representation and Equations

10-1. Sketch the per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit of the power system in Figure 10-2. (Treat each load on
the systems as a resistance in series with a reactance.) Note that you do not have enough information to
actually calculate the values of components in the equivalent circuit.
SOLUTION The per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit would be:
+
-
+
-
Load A Load B
G
1
G
2
Line T
1
T
2
Bus 1 Bus 2
10-2. A 20,000 kVA, 110/13.8 kV, Y- three phase transformer has a series impedance of 0.02 + j0.08 pu.
Find the per-unit impedance of this transformer in a power system with a base apparent power of 500
MVA and a base voltage on the high side of 120 kV.
SOLUTION The per-unit impedance to the new base would be:

2
given
new
new given
new given
per-unit per-unit
V
S
Z Z
V S
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(10-8)
( )
2
new
110 kV 500, 000 kVA
per-unit 0.02 0.08 0.42 1.68 pu
120 kV 20, 000 kVA
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
194
10-3. Find the per-phase equivalent circuit of the power system shown in Figure P10-1.
SOLUTION The per-phase equivalent circuit must be created on some system base voltage and apparent
power. Since this problem has not specified the system base values, we will use the ratings of generator
1
G as the system base values at that point. Therefore, the system base apparent power is
base
30 MVA S = ,
and the system base voltages in each region are:

base,1
13.8 kV V =
( )
base,2 base,1
115 kV 115 kV
13.8 kV 120 kV
13.2 kV 13.2 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
( )
base,3 base,2
12.5 kV 12.5 kV
120 kV 12.5 kV
120 kV 120 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
The base impedance of Region 2 is:

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,2
base,2
, base
120, 000 V
480
30, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
The per unit resistance and reactance of G
1
are already on the proper base:

1
0.1 1.0 pu
G
Z j = +
The per unit resistance and reactance of T
1
are:

2
given
new
new given
new given
per-unit per-unit
V
S
Z Z
V S
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
( )
2
1
13.2 kV 30, 000 kVA
0.01 0.10 0.00784 0.0784 pu
13.8 kV 35, 000 kVA
T
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
The per unit resistance and reactance of the transmission line are:

line
base
5 20
0.0104 0.0417 pu
480
Z j
Z j
Z
+
= = = +

The per unit resistance and reactance of T

2
are already on the right base:

2
0.01 0.08 pu
T
Z j = +
The per unit resistance and reactance of M
1
are:
195
( )
2
1
12.5 kV 30, 000 kVA
0.1 1.1 0.15 1.65 pu
12.5 kV 20, 000 kVA
M
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
The per unit resistance and reactance of M
1
are:
( )
2
2
12.5 kV 30, 000 kVA
0.1 1.1 0.30 3.30 pu
12.5 kV 10, 000 kVA
M
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
The resulting per-phase equivalent circuit is:
+
-
G
1
M
2
Line T
1
T
2
+
-
+
-
M
1
0.1
j1.0
j0.0784 j0.0417 j0.08
j1.65
0.15
0.00784 0.0104 0.01
j3.30
0.30
10-4. Two 4.16 kV three-phase synchronous motors are connected to the same bus. The motor ratings are:
Motor 1: 5,000 hp, 0.8 PF lagging, 95% efficiency, R = 3%,
S
X = 90%
Motor 2: 3,000 hp, 1.0 PF, 95% efficiency, R = 3%,
S
X = 90%
Calculate the per-unit impedances of these motors to a base of 20 MVA, 4.16 kV. (Note: To calculate
these values, you will first have to determine the rated apparent power of each motor considering its rated
output power, efficiency, and power factor.)
SOLUTION The rated input power of Motor 1 is

( )
out
1
746 W
5, 000 hp
1 hp
393 kW
0.95
P
P

| |
|
\ .
= = =
The apparent power rating is

1
1
393 kW
491 kVA
PF 0.8
P
S = = =
The per-unit impedances of Motor 1 are specified to the motors own base. The impedances converted to
the specified base are:

2
given
new
new given
new given
per-unit per-unit
V
S
Z Z
V S
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(10-8)
( )
2
1
4.16 kV 20, 000 kVA
0.03 0.90 1.22 36.7 pu
4.16 kV 491 kVA
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
The rated input power of Motor 2 is
196

( )
out
2
746 W
3, 000 hp
1 hp
236 kW
0.95
P
P

| |
|
\ .
= = =
The apparent power rating is

2
2
236 kW
236 kVA
PF 1.0
P
S = = =
The per-unit impedances of Motor 2 are specified to the motors own base. The impedances converted to
the specified base are:

2
given
new
new given
new given
per-unit per-unit
V
S
Z Z
V S
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(10-8)
( )
2
2
4.16 kV 20, 000 kVA
0.03 0.90 2.54 76.3 pu
4.16 kV 236 kVA
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
10-5. A Y-connected synchronous generator rated 100 MVA, 13.2 kV has a rated impedance of R = 5% and
S
X = 80% per-unit. It is connected to a j10 transmission line through a 13.8/120 kV, 100 MVA, -Y
transformer with a rated impedance of R = 2% and X = 8% per unit. The base for the power system is 200
MVA, 120 kV at the transmission line.
(a) Sketch the one-line diagram of this power system, with symbols labeled appropriately.
(b) Find per-unit impedance of the generator on the system base.
(c) Find per-unit impedance of the transformer on the system base.
(d) Find per-unit impedance of the transmission line on the system base.
(e) Find the per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit of this power system.
SOLUTION The base quantities for this power system in Region 2 are:

base
200 MVA S =

base,2
120 kV V =

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,2
base,2
, base
120, 000 V
72
200, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
The base quantities for this power system in Region 1 are:

base
200 MVA S =
( )
base,1 base,2
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
120 kV 13.8 kV
120 kV 120 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,1
base,1
, base
13,800 V
0.952
200, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
197
(a) The one-line diagram for this power system is shown below:
1
G
1
ratings:
100 MVA
13.2 kV
R = 0.05 pu
X
S
= 0.8 pu
T
1
ratings:
100 MVA
13.8/120 kV
R = 0.02 pu
X = 0.08 pu
G
1
T
1
L
1
impedance:
X = j10
L
1
Region 1
Region 2
Base Values:
200 MVA
120 kV
(b) The per-unit impedance of the generator on the system base is:

2
given
new
new given
new given
per-unit per-unit
V
S
Z Z
V S
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(10-8)
( )
2
1
13.2 kV 200 MVA
0.05 0.80 0.0915 1.464 pu
13.8 kV 100 MVA
G
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
(c) The per-unit impedance of the transformer on the system base is:

2
given
new
new given
new given
per-unit per-unit
V
S
Z Z
V S
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(10-8)
( )
2
1
13.8 kV 200 MVA
0.02 0.08 0.04 0.16 pu
13.8 kV 100 MVA
T
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
(d) The per unit resistance and reactance of the transmission line are:

line
base
10
0.139 pu
72
Z j
Z j
Z

= = =

(e) The resulting per-phase equivalent circuit is:

+
-
G
1
Line T
1
0.0915
j1.464
j0.16 j0.139 0.04 0.00
198
10-6. Assume that the power system of the previous problem is connected to a resistive Y-connected load of
200 per phase. If the internal generated voltage of the generator is 1.10 20
A
= E per unit, what is the
terminal voltage of the generator? How much power is being supplied to the load?
SOLUTION The Y-connected load is connected to the end of the transmission line in Region 2, so
base,2
72 Z = , and the per-unit impedance of the load is

load
base
200
2.78 pu
72
Z
Z
Z

= = =

The resulting current flow is

line
1 1 line load
A
G T
Z Z Z Z
=
+ + +
E
I

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
line
1.10 20
0.0915 1.464 0.04 0.16 0.139 2.78 j j j

=
+ + + + +
I

line
0.323 11.2 = I
The per-phase terminal voltage of the generator will be

A A A A S
R j X

= V E I I
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.10 20 0.323 11.2 0.0915 0.323 11.2 1.464 j

= V
0.917 5.14

= V
Therefore, the terminal voltage will be
( ) ( ) 0.917 13.8 kV 12.7 kV = . The per-unit power supplied to the
load is
( ) ( )
2
2
pu pu
0.323 2.78 0.290 P I R = = =
Therefore, the total power supplied to the load is
( ) ( ) 0.290 200 MVA 58 MW = .
10-7. Figure P10-2 shows a one-line diagram of a three-phase power system. The ratings of the various
components in the system are:
Synchronous Generator 1: 40 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 3%,
S
X = 80%
Synchronous Motor 2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 3%,
S
X = 80%
Synchronous Motor 3: 10 MVA, 13.2 kV, R = 3%,
S
X = 100%
Y- Transformers: 20 MVA, 13.8/138 kV, R = 2%, X = 10%
Line 1: R = 10 , X = 50
Line 2: R = 5 , X = 30
Line 3: R = 5 , X = 30
The per-unit system base for this power system is 40 MVA, 128 kV in transmission line 1. Create the
per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit for this power system.
199
SOLUTION This power system has been divided into regions at the transformers, with the base voltage and
apparent power specified in Region 2 to be 128 kV and 40 MVA. The base quantities for this power
system in all regions are:

base
40 MVA S =
( )
base,1 base,2
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
128 kV 12.8 kV
138 kV 138 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,1
base,1
, base
12,800 V
4.096
40, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =

base,2
128 kV V =

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,2
base,2
, base
128, 000 V
409.6
40, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
( )
base,3 base,2
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
128 kV 12.8 kV
138 kV 138 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,3
base,3
, base
12,800 V
4.096
40, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
( )
base,4 base,1
138 kV 138 kV
12.8 kV 128 kV
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,3
base,4
, base
128, 000 V
409.6
40, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
200
( )
base,5 base,3
138 kV 138 kV
12.8 kV 128 kV
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,3
base,5
, base
128, 000 V
409.6
40, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
( )
base,6 base,4
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
128 kV 12.8 kV
138 kV 138 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,6
base,6
, base
12,800 V
4.096
40, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
The base quantities for this power system in Region 1 are:

base
200 MVA S =
( )
base,1 base,2
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
128 kV 12.8 kV
138 kV 138 kV
V V
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
2
2
, base,1
base,1
, base
128, 000 V
409.6
40, 000, 000 VA
LL
V
Z
S
3
= = =
The per-unit impedances of the various components to the system base are:

2
given
new
new given
new given
per-unit per-unit
V
S
Z Z
V S
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(10-8)
( )
2
1
13.8 kV 40 MVA
0.03 0.80 0.0349 0.930 pu
12.8 kV 40 MVA
G
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2
2
13.8 kV 40 MVA
0.03 0.80 0.0697 1.860 pu
12.8 kV 20 MVA
M
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2
3
13.8 kV 40 MVA
0.03 1.00 0.140 4.65 pu
12.8 kV 10 MVA
M
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2
1
13.8 kV 40 MVA
0.02 0.10 0.0465 0.233 pu
12.8 kV 20 MVA
T
Z j j
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

1
base
10 50
0.0244 0.1221 pu
409.6
L
Z j
Z j
Z
+
= = = +

2
base
5 30
0.0122 0.0732 pu
409.6
L
Z j
Z j
Z
+
= = = +

3
base
5 30
0.0122 0.0732 pu
409.6
L
Z j
Z j
Z
+
= = = +

All transformers in this figure are Y-, and the base quantities are the same for all of them, so the per-unit
transformer impedances are:

1 2 3 4 5 6
0.0465 0.233 pu
T T T T T T
Z Z Z Z Z Z j = = = = = = +
The resulting per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit is shown below:
201
+
-
G
1
0.0349
j0.930
L
1
T
1
j0.233 j0.122 0.0465 0.0244
T
2
0.0465 j0.233
+
-
M
2
0.0697
j1.86
L
2
T
3
j0.233 0.0465
T
4
+
-
M
3
T
5
T
6
L
3
0.0465 j0.233
0.0122 0.0122
j0.0732 j0.0732
j0.233 j0.233
0.0465
0.0465
0.140
j4.65
10-8. Calculate the bus admittance matrix
bus
Y and the bus impedance matrix
bus
Z for the power system shown
in Figure P10-2.
SOLUTION The voltage sources can be converted to current sources, and the series impedances between
each bus can be replaced by a single admittance, resulting in the system shown below. Note that we have
labeled each bus with a number.
202
Y
a
Y
b
Y
c
Y
d
Y
e
Y
f
I
1
I
1
I
3
I
2
1
n
3
2
The admittances in this circuit are:

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2
1 1
0.0465 0.233 pu 0.0244 0.122 0.0465 0.233 pu
a
T L T
Y
Z Z Z j j j
= =
+ + + + + + +
0.3265 1.6355 pu
a
Y j =

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 5
1 1
0.0465 0.233 pu 0.0122 0.0732 0.0465 0.233 pu
b
T L T
Y
Z Z Z j j j
= =
+ + + + + + +
0.3486 1.7866 pu
b
Y j =

( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 6
1 1
0.0465 0.233 pu 0.0122 0.0732 0.0465 0.233 pu
c
T L T
Y
Z Z Z j j j
= =
+ + + + + + +
0.3486 1.7866 pu
c
Y j =

1
1 1
0.3537 0.9425 pu
0.0349 0.930
d
G
Y j
Z j
= = =
+

3
1 1
0.0064 0.2149 pu
0.140 4.65
e
M
Y j
Z j
= = =
+

2
1 1
0.0201 0.5369 pu
0.0697 1.860
f
M
Y j
Z j
= = =
+
The bus admittance matrix
bus
Y is:

bus
a b d a b
a a c f c
b c b c e
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
+ + (
(
= + +
(
( + +

Y

bus
1.0288 4.3646 0.3265 1.6355 0.3486 1.7866
0.3265 1.6355 0.6952 3.9590 0.3486 1.7866
0.3486 1.7866 0.3486 1.7866 0.7036 3.7881
j j j
j j j
j j j
+ + (
(
= + +
(
( + +

Y
The bus impedance matrix
bus
Z is:
203

1
bus bus

= Z Y

bus
0.1532 0.6048 0.1068 0.4875 0.1181 0.5172
0.1068 0.4875 0.1251 0.7046 0.1045 0.5642
0.1181 0.5172 0.1045 0.5642 0.1479 0.7670
j j j
j j j
j j j
+ + + (
(
= + + +
(
( + + +

Z
10-9. Assume that internal generated voltages of the generators and motors in the per-unit equivalent circuit of
the previous problem have the following values:
1
1.15 22
A
= E
2
1.00 20
A
= E
3
0.95 15
A
= E
(a) Find the per-unit voltages on each bus in the power system.
(b) Find the actual voltages on each bus in the power system.
(c) Find the current flowing in each transmission line in the power system.
(d) Determine the magnitude and direction of the real and reactive power flowing in each transmission
line.
(e) Are any of the components in the power system overloaded?
SOLUTION The Norton equivalent currents associated with each voltage source are:

1
1
1
1.15 22
0.7832 0.8526 1.158 47.4
0.0349 0.930
A
G
j
Z j

= = = =
+
E
I

2
2
2
1.00 20
0.1647 0.5114 0.5373 107.9
0.0697 1.86
A
M
j
Z j

= = = =
+
E
I

3
3
3
0.95 15
0.0469 0.1988 0.204 103.2
0.14 4.65
A
M
j
Z j

= = = =
+
E
I
The nodal equations for this power system are:

bus
= Y V I
1
1.0288 4.3646 0.3265 1.6355 0.3486 1.7866 0.7832 0.8526
0.3265 1.6355 0.6952 3.9590 0.3486 1.7866 0.1647 0.5114
0.3486 1.7866 0.3486 1.7866 0.7036 3.7881 0.0469 0.1988
j j j j
j j j j
j j j j

+ + ( (
( (
= + +
( (
( ( + +

V

0.9646 0.1604 0.978 9.4
0.9463 0.0635 0.948 3.8
0.9503 0.0926 0.955 5.6
j
j
j
+ ( (
( (
= + =
( (
( ( +

V
(a) The per-unit voltages at each bus in the power system are:

1
0.978 9.4 = V

2
0.948 3.8 = V

3
0.955 5.6 = V
(b) The actual voltages at each bus in the power system are:
( ) ( )
1 1,pu base
0.978 12.8 kV 12.5 kV V V V = = =
( ) ( )
2 2,pu base
0.948 12.8 kV 12.1 kV V V V = = =
( ) ( )
3 3,pu base
0.955 12.8 kV 12.2 kV V V V = = =
204
(c) The current flowing in Line 1 is: (start here)
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2
0.3265 1.6355 0.978 9.4 0.948 3.8
L a
Y j = = I V V

1
0.1645 0.0017 0.165 0.6
L
j = + = I
The current flowing in Line 2 is:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 3
0.3486 1.7866 0.978 9.4 0.955 5.6
L b
Y j = = I V V

2
0.1263 0.0029 0.1269 0.9
L
j = = I
The current flowing in Line 3 is:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3
0.3486 1.7866 0.948 3.8 0.955 5.6
L c
Y j = = I V V

3
0.0533 0.0029 0.0534 177
L
j = + = I
(d) The real and reactive power flowing from Bus 1 to Bus 2 in Line 1 is:
( ) ( )
*
*
1 1 1
0.978 9.4 0.165 0.6
L L
= = S VI

1
0.159 0.0248 0.161 8.9
L
j = + = S
( ) ( )
1 base 1,pu
40 MVA 0.159 6.4 MW
L L
P S P = = =
( ) ( )
1 base 1,pu
40 MVA 0.0248 1.0 MVAR
L L
Q S Q = = =
The real and reactive power flowing from Bus 1 to Bus 3 in Line 2 is:
( ) ( )
*
*
2 1 2
0.978 9.4 0.1269 0.9
L L
= = S VI

2
0.1215 0.0221 0.124 10.3
L
j = + = S
( ) ( )
2 base 2,pu
40 MVA 0.1215 4.86 MW
L L
P S P = = =
( ) ( )
2 base 2,pu
40 MVA 0.0221 0.88 MVAR
L L
Q S Q = = =
The real and reactive power flowing from Bus 2 to Bus 3 in Line 3 is:
( ) ( )
*
*
3 3 3
0.955 5.6 0.0534 177
L L
= = S V I

3
0.0509 0.0021 0.051 178
L
j = = S
( ) ( )
3 base 3,pu
40 MVA 0.0509 2.04 MW
L L
P S P = = =
( ) ( )
3 base 3,pu
40 MVA 0.0021 0.09 MVAR
L L
Q S Q = = =
The negative power here means that the power is really flowing from Bus 3 to Bus 2.
(e) None of the components in the power system are even close to being overloaded.