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PASSIVE COMPONENTS
1. Active components: They rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition. Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes. 2. Passive components: These can't introduce net energy into the circuit. They also can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they can't amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
1. Metal film resistor A common type of axial resistor today is referred to as a metal-film resistor. Metal electrode leadless face (MELF) resistors often use the same technology, but are a cylindrically shaped resistor designed for surface mounting. Note that other types of resistors (e.g., carbon composition) are also available in MELF packages.Metal film resistors are usually coated with nickel chromium (NiCr), but might be coated with any of the cermet materials listed above for thin film resistors. Unlike thin film resistors, the material may be applied using different techniques than sputtering (though that is one such technique)
A carbon film is deposited on an insulating substrate, and a helix is cut in it to create a long, narrow resistive path. Varying shapes, coupled with the resistivity of amorphous carbon (ranging from 500 to 800 m), can provide a variety of resistances. Carbon film resistors feature a power rating range of 0.125 W to 5 W at 70 C. Resistances available range from 1 ohm to 10 megohm. The carbon film resistor has an operating temperature range of 55 C to 155 C. It has 200 to 600 volts maximum working voltage range. Special carbon film resistors are used in applications requiring high pulse stability.
Sealed with a special quartz mixed sand cement Excellent moisture resistance High temperature stability 5% tolerance Temperature Range: -55C ~ +155C
CAPACITOR :
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
1. Ceramic Capacitor :
A ceramic capacitor is a fixed capacitor with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the
electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefor the application of the capacitors which are divided into two stability classes:
Class 1 ceramic capacitors with high stability and low losses for resonant circuit application Class 2 ceramic capacitors with high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass and coupling applications.
2. Polyester Capacitor :
Polyester capacitors use a polyester dielectric and they are ideally suited to decoupling or bypass applications. They are not suited to high precision as their tolerance is not too good ranging from
10%, to 20% depending on the type. They come in many different shapes and sizes but one of the most common types is the orange drop (in figure)-
3. Metalized Capacitor :
Suitable only for lower current applications. Has been largely superseded by metalized film capacitors. Comparatively smaller in size than paper-foil capacitors.
4.
Film Capacitor :
Film/foil capacitors consist of two metal foil electrodes made of aluminum foil separated by a piece of plastic film. The plastic film can be polyester, polypropylene or polycarbonate. There are other types of plastic films but these films are used in specialized applications. thicknesses range from 5 um to 9 um. A film/foil capacitor is made by alternating two pieces of aluminum foil with two layers of plastic film. These interleaved layers are wound around a spindle in a manner that prevents the metal layers from touching. Film/foil capacitors can be wound in two different ways inductive and non-inductive.
5. Tentalum Capacitor :
A tantalum capacitor is a type of electrolytic capacitor, a component of electronic circuits. It typically consists of a pellet of tantalum metal as anode, covered by an insulating oxide layer that forms the dielectric, surrounded by conductive material as a cathode. Tantalum capacitors are the main use of the element tantalum.
This type capacitor can be used in blocking, by passing, filtering, timing, interference used for small size construction.
7. Mylar Capacitor:
A mylar capacitor uses mylar, which is a type of high temperature polyester film, as its dielectric. It is typically very stable and able to operate over a wide range of temperatures, usually up to 125 degrees Celsius. As such therefore this type is a common choice for instrumentation equipment, also high quality audio and communications equipment. There may be various shapes, sizes and styles of construction but possibly the longest lived and most recognisable style is the green or brown resin-dipped radial type, which coupled with a small physical size makes it readily suitable for circuit boards.
9. Trimmer:
These capacitors have one or more rotating plates, which are rotated to change the capacitance, separated from fixed plate(s) by a dielectric medium, which may be air. They are similar in many ways to variable capacitors, but are much smaller and usually designed for rarely-changed screwdriver adjustment during calibration or configuration. Alternatively capacitance can be changed by changing the distance between plates: compression trimmers. Typically values range from 5 to 60 pF.
10. Glass:
These are used to form extremely stable, reliable capacitors.
11. Paper:
They are common in antique radio equipment, paper dielectric and aluminum foil layers rolled into a cylinder and sealed with wax. Low values up to a few F, working voltage up to several hundred volts, oil-impregnated bathtub types to 5 kV used for motor starting and high-voltage power supplies, and up to 25 kV for large oil-impregnated energy discharge types.
INDUCTOR :
An inductor (also choke, coil or reactor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in its magnetic field. For comparison, a capacitor stores energy in an electric field, and a resistor does not store energy but rather dissipates energy as heat.Any conductor has inductance. An inductor is typically made of a wire or other conductor wound into a coil, to increase the magnetic field.
IC BASE IC BASE provides flexibility to the board as IC can be removed easily and replaced by another IC.
FRC FLAT RIBBON CABLE is Used to connect multiple wires across devices. FRC HEADER It is a on-board component for connecting FRC
RELAY Relay is a switching device. Works on Electromagnetic Principle . Disadvantage : Slow switching frequency due to mechanical components