Broadcast and Point to Point Radio Frequency Links Interference report for Weaverthorpe Wind proposed turbine North

of Cross Thorns Farm near Weaverthorpe North !orkshire

Prepared by Humberside CDA Limited Jonathan Clarke BSc(hons) En ironmental Sciences !th July "#$%

Tab"e of Contents
&ntroduction'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''" (he Proposal''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''') Electroma*netic Communications Back*round''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''+ Cur ature o, the Earth''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.ear /ield &n,luence''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''/resnel 0ones'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1 Atmospheric 2e,raction''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$# Atmospheric Absorption''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$# Point to Point 2/ Link Assessment'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$" (ele ision 2eception &nter,erence Assessment''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$% Conclusion''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"$ 3iti*ation'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"" 2e,erences''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''""

I""ustration Inde#
&llustration $4 (he Electroma*netic Spectrum'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5 &llustration "4 (he 2adio Spectrum'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''! &llustration %4 .ear and /ar /ields'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''&llustration )4 /resnel 0ones''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1 &llustration +4 Lines o, Si*ht'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1 &llustration 54 Point to Point Links 6ith $##m Bu,,er'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$" &llustration !4 7ind (urbine 2adio /re8uency /or6ard and Back Scatter 0ones $) &llustration -4 2/ Shado6s''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$+ &llustration 14 7ea erthorpe (ransmitter Co era*e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$&llustration $#4 Bilsdale (ransmitter Co era*e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$1 &llustration $$4 7ea erthorpe 7ind (urbine All Potential &nter,erence 0ones''''''"# &llustration $"4 7ea erthorpe 7ind (urbine 2e,lection and Primary Shado6 0ones Closeup''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"#

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Introduction
(his assessment9 prepared by Humberside CDA Limited9 presents4 $' An assessment o, potential inter,erence 6ith point to point radio ,re8uency (2/) links crossin* the area near the proposed 6ind turbine' "' An assessment o, potential inter,erence 6ith tele ision reception in the area near the turbine' (he operation o, 6ind turbines can inter,ere 6ith broadcast and other telecommunications ser ices by causin* electroma*netic inter,erence (E3&)9 and the possibility o, such inter,erence is a material plannin* consideration' E3& can a,,ect communication systems in cludin* (: reception9 mobile phone transmitters9 micro6a e links$ 9 radar and aircra,t na i*ation beacons' 3icro6a e links can be a,,ected by re,lection9 scatterin*9 di,,raction and blockin* caused by 6ind turbines in their ;line o, si*ht<' &n *eneral the directional nature o, micro6a e links means that inter,erence can be a oided by de,inin* clearance =ones beyond 6hich any de*radation 6ill be insi*ni,icant' A methodolo*y to calculate clearance =ones ,or 6ind turbines has been de,ined in a paper published by >,com (Bacon9 "##")' 7ind turbines ha e the potential to cause inter,erence to tele ision reception9 primarily 6here a ie6er is in the ?shado6@ o, and 6ithin a ,e6 kilometres (km) o, a 6ind ,arm9 6ith their aerial pointin* to6ards the 6ind ,arm' :ie6ers in such locations can ha e their si*nal ?scattered@ causin* loss o, picture detail9 loss o, colour or loss o, audio' &t is also possible to su,,er inter,erence 6here si*nals re,lect o,, a 6ind turbine9 but this is *enerally ,ound to be less o, an issue than direct shado6in*' (his report does not consider the 6ider subAect o, a iation impacts9 thou*h it is 6orth notin* that &nter,erence 6ith air tra,,ic control ( A(C) radars by 6ind turbines has been obser ed only 6ith lar*e turbines and in 6ind,arms B utilityC scale turbines -#Dm hi*h and up to $##D turbines in a 6ind,arm' (here are no published ha=ard reports or other published e idence o, small turbines a,,ectin* PS2s or A(C operations' (he Companion Euide to Plannin* Policy Statement "" (PPS"")4 2ene6able Ener*y discusses the plannin* and de elopment o, rene6able ener*y schemes across En*land' 7ith respect to inter,erence 6ith electroma*netic transmissions9 the (echnical AnneF o, the Companion Euide states that4 ;Specialist or*anisations responsible ,or the operation o, the electroma*netic links typically re8uire a $##m clearance either side o, a line o, si*ht link ,rom the s6ept area o, turbine blades9 thou*h indi idual consultations 6ould be necessary to identi,y each or*anisation@s
$ A micro6a e link is a communications system that uses a beam o, radio 6a es in the micro6a e ,re8uency ran*e to transmit ideo9 audio9 or data bet6een t6o locations'

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sa,e*uardin* distance' E,,ects on such links can usually be resol ed throu*h care,ul sitin* o, indi idual turbines'< (he Companion Euide to PPS"" hi*hli*hts that9 since a lar*e number o, bodies use communications systems9 and some o, the users are commercially sensiti e or o, strate*ic military importance9 consultation 6ith the rele ant authoritiesGbodies is important to determine the potential e,,ects upon transmission routes'

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The Proposa"
(he proposed turbine 6ould be located at >SEB%5 SE 15$$% 51%-) on land leased to 7ea erthorpe 7ind Limited approFimately )+#m to the north o, Cross (horns /arm near 7ea erthorpe9 .orth Horkshire' (he assessment is based upon a candidate turbine9 the +##k6 E7( D7 +) 6ind turbine 6hich has a hub hei*ht o, )#m and a rotor diameter o, +)m and thus a maFimum hei*ht to tip o, 5!m' (he o ersailin* area o, the turbine is a "!m radius circle9 centred on the turbines mast'

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$"ectroma%netic Communications Back%round

Electroma*netic radiation9 in terms o, classical theory9 is the ,lo6 o, ener*y at the uni ersal speed o, li*ht throu*h ,ree space or throu*h a material medium in the ,orm o, the electric and ma*netic ,ields that make up electroma*netic 6a es such as radio 6a es9 isible li*ht9 and *amma rays' (he electroma*netic spectrum is the ran*e o, all possible ,re8uencies o, electroma*netic radiation9 commonly considered to eFtended ,rom the lo6est ,re8uencies o, radio 6a es throu*h isible li*ht to ICrays and *amma rays'

Illustration 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum (his report deals 6ith the part o, the electroma*netic spectrum kno6n as the radio spectrum' (he radio spectrum eFtends ,rom rou*hly % kilohert= (JH=) to %## *i*ahert= (EH=)' Si*nals in this ran*e are re,erred to as radio ,re8uency (2/) si*nals' 3ost (: si*nals and radio links are ,ound in the ran*e %## me*ahert= (3H=) to % EH=' 2/ si*nals can be used to con ey in,ormation by modulatin* their ,re8uency and amplitude' &n broad terms9 lo6er ,re8uency si*nals carry less in,ormation are less prone to inter,erence ,rom terrain and 6eather conditions9 makin* the pre,erable ,or broadcast communications such as tele ision and radio' Hi*her ,re8uency si*nals carry more in,ormation but are more prone to inter,erence9 makin* them pre,erred ,or point to point links'

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Illustration 2: The Radio Spectrum 7ind turbines9 like any structure9 can potentially inter,ere 6ith 2/ si*nals by re,lectin*9 di,,ractin*9 re,ractin* and scatterin* them' (hese arious 6ays o, inter,erin* can e,,ect the ability o, a si*nal to tra el ,rom a transmitter to a recei er' &nter,erence 6ith 2/ si*nals ,rom 6ind turbines is only *enerally obser ed in the KH/ or hi*her ,re8uencies' Audio only radio typically operates in the L79 37 and /3 bands and is thus not e,,ected "' /or the purposes o, this report 6e are considerin* both point to point communication and point to multipoint communication' Point to point communication re,ers to a communications connection bet6een t6o nodes or endpoints' &n the case o, this report 6e are concerned 6ith micro6a e and other 2/ point to point links9 typically bet6een mobile cell phone to6ers or similar communications structures' Point to multipoint communication re,ers to a communications connection bet6een one point and many other points' &n the case o, this report 6e are concerned 6ith (ele ision broadcasts 6hich are point to multipoint communications' &nter,erence 6ith point to point connections is relati ely easy to assess pro ided one kno6s the relati e locations o, any potential obstacles9 the end points o, the link and the ,re8uency o, the link' 7ith this in,ormation it is easy to determine i, inter,erence is likely to be caused to the link by a *i en structure' " Connell 7a*ner Elen &nnes 7ind /arm En ironmental Assessment B (elecommunications inter,erence >ctober "##Pa*e 5 o, $1

/or this report 6e ha e obtained speci,ic data about point to point links in the area and modelled their interaction 6ith the proposed 6ind turbine accordin*ly' &nter,erence 6ith point to multipoint connections is more di,,icult to assess as there are ob iously a much *reater number o, ariables' Based on an eFamination o, reports pro ided ,or turbines o, a similar type 6e ha e presented a broad analysis 6hich 6e ,eel is appropriate ,or the nature o, the application' Speci,ically9 6e ha e obtained the locations o, transmitters 6hich ha e co era*e o er the area concerned then applied some broad *uidelines ,rom >/C>3 to determine areas 6here inter,erence could potentially occur' At KH/ and hi*her ,re8uencies a 2/ link bet6een t6o distant sites needs a Lline o, si*htL bet6een the t6o antennas' But at these ,re8uencies Lline o, si*htL does not simply mean that ,rom one site you can LseeL the other' 7hen your distance eFceeds9 say9 - km9 you need to take into account the ,ollo6in* ,actors4 (he cur ature o, the earth .ear ,ield in,luence /resnel 0one clearance Atmospheric re,raction Atmospheric absorption

Curvature of the Earth

(he cur ature o, the earth is normally modelled 6ithin any E&S so,t6are used to assess lines o, si*ht'

Near Field Influence

(he near ,ield (or nearC,ield) and ,ar ,ield (or ,arC,ield) and the transition =one are re*ions o, timeC aryin* electroma*netic ,ield around any obAect that ser es as a source ,or the ,ield' (he di,,erent terms ,or these re*ions describe the 6ay characteristics o, an electroma*netic (E3) ,ield chan*e 6ith distance ,rom the char*es and currents in the obAect that are the sources o, the chan*in* E3 ,ield' (he more distant parts o, the ,arC,ield are identi,ied 6ith classical electroma*netic radiation' Illustration 3: Near and Far Fields ,rom the transmitter' &n the case o, (: transmitters (c' +##C!## me*ahert=) the near ,ield is a ,e6 meters' Pa*e ! o, $1 As a rou*h *uide9 the near ,ield is an area eFtendin* se eral 6a elen*ths out

&n the case o, micro6a e transmitters (c' $ *i*ahert= or more) the near ,ield is typically less than a meter' Bacon("##") determines that 6ind turbines should not be built 6ithin the near ,ield o, an 2/ emitter'

Fresnel Zones
&n optics and radio communications (indeed9 in any situation in ol in* the radiation o, 6a es9 6hich includes electrodynamics9 acoustics9 *ra itational radiation and seismolo*y)9 a /resnel =one9 named ,or physicist Au*ustinC Jean /resnel9 is one o, a (theoretically in,inite) number o, concentric ellipsoids 6hich de,ine olumes in the radiation pattern o, a (usually) circular aperture' /resnel =ones result ,rom Illustration : Fresnel !ones di,,raction by the circular aperture' (he /irst /resnel =one is a lon* ellipsoid that stretches bet6een the t6o antennas' (he ,irst /resnel =one is such that the di,,erence bet6een the direct path (AB in the ,i*ure belo6) and an indirect path that touches a sin*le point on the border o, the /resnel =one (ACB) is hal, the 6a elen*th' &, a si*ni,icant portion o, the /irst /resnel =one is obstructed the recei ed si*nal stren*th at the recei in* antenna can be *reatly attenuated' A rule o, thumb is that at least 5#M o, the ,irst /resnel =one must be clear o, any obstructions in order ,or the radio 6a e propa*ation to beha e as i, it is in ;,ree space<' L5#M o, the ,irst /resnel =oneL means a narro6er ellipsoid 6ith a radius that is 5#M o, the radius o, this ,irst /resnel =one' E en thou*h at "') *i*ahert= (EH=) hal, o, the 6a elen*th is only 5'" cm9 at lon* distances the radius o, this ellipsoid can be 8uite lar*e' /or eFample9 6ith a link distance o, +# km the radius o, this (5#M) ellipsoid at the midCpoint is "% meters' 7hen considerin* 6ind turbines9 the Illustration 5: Lines of Sight methodolo*y proposed by Bacon ("##") su**ests that no portion o, a 6ind turbine should enter into the /irst or Second /resnel 0ones' (his re,lects the mo in* nature o, a 6ind turbines blades and the conse8uent di,,iculty in accurately modellin* potential e,,ects on si*nal propa*ation'

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(he Joint 2adio Company (J2C) has ,urther clari,ied this *uidance as ,ollo6s' (he Di,,raction Clearance 0one used by J2C ,or e aluatin* 6ind ,arms on links belo6 $###3H= has been modi,ied to the ,ollo6in*4 /or structures 6ith nonCmo in* elements or small turbines ha in* mo in* elements 6ith less than $##m" s6ept area9 the hub and to6er must not in,rin*e the /resnel =one' /or structures 6ith mo in* elements abo e $##m "9 neither the to6er9 hub nor any part o, the blades may intrude into the #'5 /resnel =one' /or links abo e $###3H= "'# /resnel =ones are still used'

(o this is added a bu,,er =one to allo6 ,or location accuracy o, the link ends9 turbine construction and ellipsoid con ersion anomalies' &nitially or 6here - di*it .E2s9 or 5 di*it Landran*er .E2s are used9 $+# metres is addedN and 7here $" di*it .E2s ha e been supplied and eri,ied by J2C9 "+ metres is addedN and An additional allo6ance is also added ,or turbine microCsitin*N i, this is unkno6n9 $##m is assumed'

7hen a link is Oline o, si*htO (L>S)9 turbine hei*ht and *round hei*ht in relation to the ray path and /resnel =one are taken into consideration 6hen calculatin* the clearance re8uired ,or a detailed coCordination'

Atmospheric Refraction
Knder normal atmospheric conditions radio 6a es do not propa*ate in a strai*ht line9 they actually bend sli*htly do6n6ard' (his is due to Lre,ractionL in the atmosphere 6hich a,,ects radio 6a es propa*atin* hori=ontally' (o take this do6n6ard bendin* into account9 all path calculations usin* a lar*e alue ,or the earth radius9 such that 6e can then consider the radio 6a es as propa*atin* in a strai*ht line' (his earth radius multiplyin* ,actor is kno6n as the Lk ,actorL and is used to take into account di,,erent atmospheric conditions (includin* absorption e,,ects noted belo6)' Knder normal conditions the Lk ,actorL is )G%'

Atmospheric Absorption
Lo6C,re8uency radio 6a es tra el easily throu*h brick and stone and :L/ e en penetrates seaC6ater' As the ,re8uency rises9 absorption e,,ects become more important' At micro6a e or hi*her ,re8uencies9 absorption by molecular resonance in the atmosphere (mostly 6ater9 H"> and oFy*en9 >") is a maAor ,actor in radio propa*ation' Hea y rain and sno6 also a,,ect micro6a e reception9 an e,,ect 6hich is easily obser able 6hen sno6 or hea y rain disrupts satellite (: reception'

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Point to Point RF Link &ssessment

Pointy to point (P(P) links are usually operate at a ,re8uency o, around $EH= or hi*her (micro6a e ,re8uencies)' Pa*er Po6er Limited 6as commissioned to pro ide in,ormation on all static point to point links 6hich crossed throu*h the area near to the turbine' &llustration + sho6s the turbinesO o ersailin* area as a yello6 circle and surroundin* P(P links as black lines 6ith $##m bu,,er areas around each link9 marked in blue'

Illustration ": #oint to #oint Lin$s %ith 1&&m 'uffer As can be seen ,rom the abo e illustration9 the only telecommunications link 6ith any proFimity to the proposed 6ind turbine crosses to the .orth 7est throu*h Helperthorpe and the turbine does not lie 6ithin the nearC,ield o, any 2/ transmitters' (he P(P link noted on the map is kno6n to be ")km in len*th and the nearest end point is $#km ,rom Helperthorpe (the point o, closest approach to the turbine)' Assumin* a ,re8uency o, "')EH= this yields a diameter ,or the second /resnel =one o, %- meters at the closest approach to the turbine (calculated usin* the ,resnel =one calculator at http4GGtomcle**'netG,resnel) (he proposed 6ind turbine is9 at its closest proFimity9 $'%km a6ay ,rom the link and is thus 6ell outside the second ,resnel =one' (he Pa*er Po6er report did not identi,y the presence o, any (: rebroadcast (2BL) links or super hi*h ,re8uency (SH/) links in the area' (hese carry (: si*nals bet6een transmitters'

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Te"evision Reception Interference &ssessment

(ele ision reception may be e,,ected ad ersely by 6ind turbines' (he ,orm o, inter,erence9 i, eFperienced9 6ill depend on the relati e positions o, the 6ind ,arm9 the transmittin* station and the recei er' &n practice the to6er or nacelle rarely has any e,,ect on (: receptionN the impact on (: reception is solely on account o, the rotatin* turbine blades' As the blades are mo in* obAects9 in terms o, their rotation speed and orientation9 their e,,ect is ariable and hard to predict' (he t6o mechanisms responsible ,or inter,erence are shado6in* e,,ects and re,lection e,,ects' (he si=e o, the shado6 =one is dependent on the orientation o, the blades and is at a maFimum 6hen the aFis o, the rotor is in line 6ith the direction o, the transmitted si*nal' (he recei ed si*nal stren*th aries in a cyclic manner9 in time 6ith the blade rotation' 2e,lection e,,ects ary 6ith the rotation o, the blades9 the orientation o, the nacelle and the area o, the metallic components inside the blades' (he a,,ected area around the turbine is a combination o, the shado6 =one and the re,lection =one and is rou*hly shaped like a keyhole' (he actual shape and si=e is dependent on the type o, turbine and the topo*raphy' /or the purposes o, assessin* the likelihood o, inter,erence9 the shado6 =one is considered to be a sector 6ith a radius up to +km and the re,lection =one a circle o, radius o, +##m %'

Illustration (: )ind Tur*ine Radio Fre+uenc, For%ard and 'ac$ Scatter !ones (he shado6 cast by a structure does not ha e hard ed*es thou*h and does not usually eFtend inde,initely' 7hile there 6ould be a lar*e reduction in si*nal le els immediately behind the structure9 the blockin* e,,ect o, the structure diminishes
% >/C>39 "##19 (all structures and their impact on broadcast and other 6ireless ser ices

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6ith distance because o, di,,raction' Di,,raction is a process 6here si*nals appear to bend behind the structure and partially ,ill in the shado6' &n *eneral9 there 6ill be three ?=ones@ behind the structure4 0one A C close behind the structure (typically a ,e6 tens o, metres) there may be a lar*e reduction in si*nal le el 6ith a possible complete loss o, reception' 0one B C ,urther a6ay (typically a ,e6 hundred metres) the si*nal reduction is less se ere and the shado6 6ill be smaller as di,,raction e,,ects partially ,ill in the shado6' Dependin* on the si=e o, the structure9 some locations could still lose reception completely' 0one C C some distance a6ay ($C+km) the shado6 6ill e,,ecti ely ha e disappeared'

(he resultin* shado6 is there,ore a trian*ular shape as sho6n in /i*ure "'

Illustration -: RF Shado%s &t should be noted that the se erity o, the reduction and the actual si=e o, the shado6 6ill depend upon many ,actors includin* the construction o, the structure and its hei*ht B the distances *i en abo e are ,or *uidance only' &nter,erence to tele ision caused by the operation o, 6ind turbines is characterised by de*radation to the ideo si*nal9 6hilst the audio component o, the si*nal is not a,,ected' (ele ision si*nals can be a,,ected by re,lection and ,or6ard scatterin*' 2e,lection or back6ard scatter o, the si*nal results in the recei er pickin* up an inter,erence si*nal as 6ell as the direct si*nal ,rom the transmitter' (his type o, inter,erence is usually mani,ested by a ,luctuatin* ;*host< ima*e in analo*ue (: systems' 2e,lection o, si*nals in di*ital (: systems does not result in *hostin* but may still cause errors in the di*ital si*nal' /or6ard scatter occurs 6hen one or more 6ind turbines physically obstructs the path o, the si*nal to the (: recei er' (his can result in a de*radation o, the si*nal and conse8uently ,luctuations in the intensity o, the picture' &n se ere cases there 6ill be insu,,icient si*nal stren*th to pro ide a picture' Di*ital reception is inherently much more robust' >,com note4 ;2e,lections can sometimes cause reception problems' Di,,iculties are usually9 thou*h not Pa*e $% o, $1

eFclusi ely9 e ident on analo*ue 6ireless systems (di*ital systems are usually much more resistant to the e,,ects o, re,lections)'< ) Di*ital tele ision si*nals are much better at copin* 6ith si*nal re,lections9 and di*ital tele ision pictures do not su,,er ,rom *hostin*' Ho6e er a di*ital recei er that has to deal 6ith re,lections needs a some6hat hi*her si*nal le el than one that has to deal 6ith the direct path only' (his can mean that ie6ers in areas 6here di*ital si*nals are ,airly 6eak can eFperience interruptions to their reception should ne6 re,lections appear' > er time9 this problem is eFpected to diminish as the po6er o, transmitters is increased as di*ital s6itcho er continues across the KJ' Ho6e er9 hi*her transmitter po6ers 6ill not be a solution in all situations 6hich means that re,lections may still a,,ect di*ital tele ision reception in some areas9 althou*h the eFtent o, the problem should be ,ar less than ,or analo*ue tele ision' (he di*ital s6itcho er in En*land is no6 complete' + Satellite ser ices should be una,,ected by the proposed 6ind turbine' Accordin* to >,com4 ;7hile terrestrial (: aerials are *enerally mounted to recei e si*nals in line 6ith the hori=on9 and are there,ore liable to be blocked by taller structures9 satellite si*nals are recei ed ,rom a much hi*her ele ation' (his means that disruption to satellite reception is usually limited only to cases 6here a tall buildin* is erected ery close to an eFistin* buildin*';5 &n order to assess potential impacts on (: reception the BBCOs online 6eb tool (http4GG666'bbc'co'ukGreceptionGin,oG6ind,armPtool'shtml) 6as 8ueried to determine 6hich transmitter si*nals mi*ht be e,,ected by the turbine' (he tool reported that inter,erence mi*ht be eFperienced 6ith si*nals ,rom the 7ea erthorpe and Bilsdale transmitters9 both o, 6hich are di*ital transmitters' Detailed in,ormation on both turbines9 includin* co era*e maps9 6ere obtained ,rom 666'uk,ree't 9 a 6ebsite 6hich collates such in,ormation *athered ,rom public bodies such as the BBC' (he 7ea erthorpe transmitter is located at B2&( E2D >SEB%5 SE 1!"%) !$55#9 approFimatly !## m to the .orth o, 7ea erthorpe' &t has a tip hei*ht o, $5)m abo e sea le el' &t broadcasts into t6o arcs (see illustration 1)' /or the purposes o, our assessment 6e ha e de,ined these as the .orth East and South 7est Lobes'

) + http4GGlicensin*'o,com'or*'ukGbinariesGspectrumG,iFedCterrestrialClinksG6ind,armsG tallPstructures'pd, + http4GG666'standard'co'ukGne6sGtechand*ad*etsGtheCendCo,Canalo*ueCt Cdi*italCs6itcho erisC completeC-""%1)#'html 5 http4GGlicensin*'o,com'or*'ukGbinariesGspectrumG,iFedCterrestrialClinksG6ind,armsG tallPstructures'pd,

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Illustration .: )ea/erthorpe Transmitter 0o/erage (he South 7est Lobe co ers an arc ,rom approFimately $-# de*rees to "-) de*rees' (he 7ea erthorpe 7ind (urbines lies 6ithin this arc so could cause inter,erence to si*nals ,rom the 7ea erthorpe transmitter'

Pa*e $+ o, $1

(he Bilsdale transmitter is located at B2&( E2&D >SEB%5 SE ++$!+ 15%!)9 approFimately )1km ,rom 7ea erthorpe' &t has a tip hei*ht o, 5-$m abo e sea le el and broadcasts across most o, the .orth East o, En*land (see illustration 1) althou*h co era*e in the area around the Ereat 7olds :alley is patchy due to terrain e,,ects'

Illustration 1&: 'ilsdale Transmitter 0o/erage (he 7ea erthorpe 7ind (urbine could inter,ere 6ith si*nal reception ,rom the Bilsdale transmitter' Based on the >/C>3 *uidance9 a ;keyhole< inter,erence =one 6as then placed o er each turbine9 comprisin* a +##m circular re,lection =one centred on the proposed turbine and a +km lon* (the 6orst case scenario) $"# de*ree arc 6ith its point at the proposed turbine and central aFis ali*ned 6ith one transmitter9 the secondary shado6 =one' A third primary shado6 6as then added 6hich 6as a trian*ular area eFtendin* a6ay ,rom the transmitters ,rom the turbines o ersailin* area ,or $km' (he three areas combine to represent an area 6here (: inter,erence could potentially occur due to ,or6ard and backscatter ,rom the turbine'

Pa*e $5 o, $1

Illustration 11: )ea/erthorpe )ind Tur*ine 1ll #otential Interference !ones

Illustration 12: )ea/erthorpe )ind Tur*ine Reflection and #rimar, Shado% !ones 0loseup

Pa*e $! o, $1

Conc"usion
7e 6ould Aud*e that households usin* satellite or cable (: 6ill not e,,ected by the proposed turbine' (here are no households usin* terrestrial analo*ue (:' (here is a ne*li*ible chance o, inter,erence ,or households usin* di*ital terrestrial (: in the re,lection and secondary shado6 areas9 based on di*ital tele isions hi*h resilience to inter,erence' (here is a moderate chance o, inter,erence to di*ital terrestrial (: recei ers in the primary shado6 =one'

Pa*e $- o, $1

'iti%ation
&n respect o, micro6a e links9 *i en the turbine o ersailin* area lies 6ell outside o, the second ,resnel =one bu,,er ,or the nearby micro6a e link there is no risk o, inter,erence so no miti*ation is necessary' &n respect o, tele ision inter,erence9 6e 6ould recommend the ,ollo6in* course o, action4 $' Kndertake a preCconstruction terrestrial tele ision sur ey o, Cross (horns /arm' "' &, the reception at Cross (horns /arm is e,,ected by the turbine9 undertake appropriate 6orks to sol e the issue at the cost o, 7ea erthorpe 7ind Limited' %' /or a period o, t6o years ,ollo6in* construction9 in esti*ate any reports o, inter,erence 6ith tele ision reception ,or residences 6ithin the re,lection =one9 primary shado6 and secondary shado6 =ones and9 6here said inter,erence is attributable to the 6ind turbine resol e the issue' (he solution to any si*nal de*radation caused by the 6ind turbine 6ill in ol e either the redirection o, aerials or the supply o, an alternati e di*ital ser ice9 to be undertaken at the cost o, 7ea erthorpe 7ind Limited'

References
>,,ice ,or the Deputy Prime 3inister9 "##)9 Plannin* ,or 2ene6able ener*y4 A Companion Euide to PPS""9 H3S>9 KJ >/C>39 "##"9 /iFedClink 6indCturbine eFclusion =one method' Author4 D / Bacon S :ilaC3oreno9 A 3ethodolo*y to Assess &nter,erence to (: 2eception due to 7ind /arms9 2ES9 "##+ &nternational (elecommunications Knion9 $11"&(KC2 B('-#+9 recommendation ;Assessment o, impairment caused to tele ision reception by a 6ind turbine<9 >/C>39 "##19 (all structures and their impact on broadcast and other 6ireless ser ices J2C9 "##19 Calculation o, 7ind (urbine clearance =ones ,or J2C KH/ ()5#3H=) (elemetry Systems 6hen turbine si=es and locations are accurately kno6n Connell 7a*ner Elen &nnes 7ind /arm En ironmental Assessment B (elecommunications inter,erence >ctober "##-

Pa*e $1 o, $1