Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 12071213

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Journal of Archaeological Science

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas

n New radiometric dating of water management features at the prehistoric Purro n Valley, Puebla, Me xico Dam Complex, Tehuaca
Michael J. Aiuvalasit a, *, James A. Neely b, Mark D. Bateman c
a

Geoarcheology Research Associates, 92 Main Street, Suite 207, Yonkers, NY 10701, USA Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA c Shefeld Centre for International Drylands Research, University of Shefeld, Winter Street, Shefeld, S10 2TN, UK
b

a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Received 16 September 2009 Received in revised form 4 December 2009 Accepted 9 December 2009 Keywords: Water management Mexico Chronology Geoarchaeology Formative Period Post-Classic Period

a b s t r a c t
n Dam Complex in the Tehuaca n Valley of southern Puebla, Recent investigations at the prehistoric Purro xico applied radiometric dating to more securely date the complex. Ceramic-based dating in the Me 19600 s placed the Dams origin to the Formative Period. While Formative Period origins are widely accepted, the chronology lacks resolution and direct dates. Samples from impounded sediments behind the dam and from prehistoric canal ll were dated through Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) as well as both standard 14C and accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) assays. These samples directly date the functioning of the water management features within the complex. The results conrm the n Dam, and offer new insights into the construction and functioning Formative Period origins of the Purro of the dam and irrigation system. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction n Dam Complex was The discovery and initial study of the Purro n Archaeological and conducted in 1964 as part of the Tehuaca Botanical Project. The existing chronology (Woodbury and Neely, 1972) of the complex is based on relative dating of ceramic assemblages associated with the dam and related habitation sites that converge around initial permanent settlement and dam construction at approximately 750 B.C, during the Middle Formative Period (Table 1). Radiocarbon dated plant remains of crops n requiring irrigation for their cultivation from the nearby Purro Cave also supports a Middle Formative origin. Modications in ceramic assemblages at sites within the complex suggest abandonment during the Classic Period, followed by a reoccupation during the Post-Classic Period. Limited eld investigations since the initial discovery (i.e., Spencer, 1979) did not reevaluate the chronology of the complex. In a broad review of prehispanic water management in Meso n Dam and other america, Manzanilla (1994) infers that the Purro large-scale water management features in Mesoamerica date to the Classic and Post-Classic Periods. The claim is based on the critique

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 1 607 621 3025. E-mail address: michaelaiuvalasit@hotmail.com (M.J. Aiuvalasit). 0305-4403/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.019

that archaeologists have collected too little chronological data from these systems and on the interpretation that larger work forces and more complex socio-political control would have been required to construct these systems than those that existed during the Formative. Although unconrmed by undertaking her own eldwork at the site, this interpretation fundamentally challenges the existing n Dam Complex. While this inference is not chronology of the Purro supported by the population history of the complex or the stratigraphy of the dam and its related features, it speaks to the necessity of improving chronological interpretations by absolute dating. n Valley, an effort During recent investigations in the Tehuaca n Dam Complex. As was made to rene the chronology of the Purro part of a pilot geoarchaeological investigation aiming to further n Dam complex, we examined contextualize the setting of the Purro n Dam and sediments impounded sediments behind the Purro within a recently discovered prehistoric canal (Aiuvalasit et al., 2007). As these sediments are contemporaneous to the function of the water management features, the potential to cross-date the sediments to the architectural features was recognized. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) as well as standard 14C and accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) analyses were employed to directly date the sediments behind the dam and sediments within the canal. These methods were used to take advantage of the datable materials, and to corroborate the results of the respective dating methods.

1208 Table 1 n Valley. Prehistoric chronology of Tehauca Calendar years

M.J. Aiuvalasit et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 12071213

Mesoamerican Archaeological Period (Evans, 2004) Historic Post-Classic Classic Middle-Late Formative Early-Middle Formative Transition, Late Archaic to Formative

n Valley Tehuaca Archaeological Phase (MacNeish, 2001) Venta Salada Palo Blanco Santa Maria Ajalpan n Purro

1550 AD 1000 AD 1 AD/BC 1000 BC 2000 BC

This report presents an overview of the natural landscape and prehistoric cultural context for this investigation, the results of radiometric dating of sediments associated with the water management features, and a reevaluation of chronological models n Dam Complex. of the Purro n Dam Complex 2. The Purro n Dam Complex is located at the southern end of the The Purro n Valley in the state of Puebla, Me xico (Fig. 1). The valley is Tehuaca arid and forms the southernmost extension of the highlands of xico. A mean annual precipitation of only 400 mm in the Central Me valley dictates that some form of water management is required for intensive agriculture. n Dam Complex are situated The features that comprise the Purro in the Barranca Lencho Diego, a high-gradient drainage along the n Valley in the rain shadow of the Sierra eastern side of the Tehuaca Madre Oriental. The barranca has a drainage area of 30.5 km2 that includes portions of Cerro Chichiltepec and piedmont (foothills) before the drainage debouches into the Rio Salado (Fig. 2). As it emerges from the steep-sided canyons of the piedmont, the barranca widens and its gradient decreases. Alluvial fans are deposited across the barranca oor, which widens to 1000 m. The barranca again narrows as outcropping foothills conne the drainage to 400 m, and it stays this narrow for the remainder of its course. It is at this

n Dam complex, note internal architectural elements of Fig. 2. Overview of the Purro n Dam exposed by an arroyo cut in the foreground. Purro

n constriction, where the barranca is at its narrowest, that the Purro Dam was constructed (Fig. 3). The dam effectively manipulates the hydrology of the barranca by blocking the drainage where the valley is at its narrowest, immediately down stream of the broad oodplain. This placement maximizes the accommodation space for impounded water behind the dam in the wide upstream oodplain. Ultimately the dam was not an isolated feature but rather the focus of an entire settlement complex (Neely et al., 2005a,b,c; Spencer, 1979; Woodbury and Neely, 1972) (see Fig. 3). There is convincing evidence from stratigraphically differentiated architectural patterns within the dam, associated water management features, and habitation structures that the dam was constructed in stages. In its nal n Dam is the largest prehistoric water management form the Purro structure in Mesoamerica at 24 m high, 106 m wide, and 400 m in length (Figs. 2 and 3). Our recent work (Neely et al., 2005a,b,c; Neely and Aiuvalasit, in preparation-a) has identied additional components to the water n Dam Complex. These management infrastructure of the Purro include: several smaller stone-faced dams buried along the banks n Dam; a prehistoric canal of the drainage upstream from the Purro n Dam; rock(the Santa Maria Canal) that bypasses the Purro bordered oodwater elds along the margins of the alluvial fans; and thick ne-grained aggradational sequences of alluvium impounded behind the dam (Fig. 3). Several of these features were discovered by examining proles of arroyos, which have cut n Dam and provide through aggradational sequences behind Purro exposures of alluvium and cultural features buried by sedimentation behind the reservoir. Recent mapping established elevation relationships across natural landforms and water management features, which was critical for correlating dam construction levels n Dam. to sedimentation sequences behind the Purro

3. Radiometric dating 3.1. Dating methods Samples for radiometric dating were collected from two proveniences within the complex: 1) an arroyo-exposed stratin graphic prole of the reservoir sedimentation ll behind the Purro Dam, and 2) a test trench cut through the Santa Maria Canal on the east slope of the Cerro Lencho Diego, located 350 m north of the north end of the dam (Fig. 3). Mark Bateman, University of Shefeld, England conducted the OSL dating, while Beta Analytic Inc. (2007), Miami, Florida, performed the radiometric and AMS assays.

n Valley, showing drainage basin boundary (dashed line) and site Fig. 1. The Tehuaca locations as indicated by MacNeish (1967: 26 and 2001: 706).

M.J. Aiuvalasit et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 12071213

1209

n Dam Complex map showing sampling localities. Fig. 3. Purro

Two sediment samples were recovered for OSL analysis from the prole of the reservoir ll. No samples for radiocarbon dating were collected because no datable materials were observed in the prole. Sample Shfd06131 was analyzed at the single aliquot level using 5 mm diameter aliquots of extracted and cleaned quartz (See Table 2). Twenty-four replicate palaeodoses (De) for the sample were made, all of which had good OSL growth characteristics with dose, met the criteria of having a recycling ratio of 1 0.10, and were normally distributed (Fig. 4). The second OSL sample (Shfd06132) from the Reservoir Prole, due to the paucity of coarse-grained quartz, was measured at the single grain level. Four aliquots, each with 100 grains, were measured. Of the 400 grains measured, only 1% yielded grains which met the criteria of having a recycling ratio of 1 0.20, exhibiting good growth with dose, and an error less than 20% on the test dose. Of the four usable single grain results for

sample Shfd06132, three are within the errors of each other. The fourth grain was excluded as a statistical outlier (Fig. 4). An articial aliquot was created by combining all of the single grain OSL data from each of the aliquots used. This approach yielded one aliquot that met the quality control criteria, and this was used to calculate a comparative date for this sample. One sediment sample for OSL analysis was collected from the Santa Maria Canal (Table 2), while two charcoal samples were dated: one by standard radiometric assay and one by AMS (Table 3). The OSL sample and one of the charcoal samples came from the same stratigraphic horizon within the canal ll, which allowed us to compare the results of the two methods. OSL sample Shfd06130 was at the single aliquot level. Limitations in the amount of extracted and cleaned quartz from this sample meant that only 16 replicates could be measured; of which 7 gave results which met

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Table 2 n Dam Complex. OSL data and ages from the Purro Sample details Lab no. Provenience Context Shfd06130 Santa Maria Canal, Prole #1 192 cm, base of canal ll Single aliquot 1.54 8.2 2.52 123 11.2 185 9 3194 177 7.2 1.23 2.26 0.40 A.D. 147653 B.C. Shfd06131 n Dam Purro Reservoir Prole #1 440 cm, base of ne grain sedimentation above Dam Phase 3 Single aliquot 1.84 4.5 2.76 133 5.8 134 7 3731 210 10.4 0.28 2.78 0.17 613943 B.C. Shfd06132 n Dam Purro Reservoir Prole #1 45 cm, top of reservoir prole Single grain 2.17 8.8 1.96 84.2 5.8 225 11 2829 151 2.2 0.27 0.78 0.10 A.D. 13271127 Shfd06132 n Dam Purro Reservoir Prole #1 45 cm, top of reservoir prole Single grain 2.17 8.8 1.96 84.2 5.8 225 11 2829 151 2.7 0.31 0.95 0.12 A.D. 1177937

Dosimetry

Palaeodose Age

Method U (PPM) Th (PPM) K (%) Rb (PPM) Moisture (%) Dcosmic (mGy/a1) Dose rate (mGy/a1) Mean De (Gy) Mean age (Kyr) B.C./A.D. at 1 s

Elemental concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and converted to annual dose rates using the coefcients published in Adamiec and Aitken (1998), Marsh et al. (2002), and Aitken (1998) incorporating attenuation factors relating to sediment grain sizes used, density and palaeomoisture. Cosmic dose rates were calculated from the expression published in Prescott and Hutton (1994). De measurements were carried out on extracted course grained quartz prepared as outlined in Bateman and Catt (1996) using a Ris TL DA-15 single grain laser luminescence reader and the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) approach of Murray and Wintle (2000). The De values used in the nal age calculation are based on a weighted (by inverse variance) mean of replicate De values which takes into account both the variation between each De palaeodose value and also the associated error values for each aliquot. The text and gures quote OSL ages from the year of measurement (2007) with 1 s condence limits which incorporate systematic uncertainties with the dosimetry data, uncertainties with the palaeomoisture content and errors associated with the De determination.

the quality assurance criteria of the recycling ratio of 1 0.10. Of these, a further aliquot was excluded as a statistical outlier leaving six aliquots that are normally distributed around the mean (Fig. 4). 3.2. Reservoir prole The arroyo-cut reservoir was sampled because it provided the thickest accessible prole providing stratigraphic units that could n Dam. This be correlated to construction levels of the Purro reservoir ll prole, located 120 m east and upstream of the n Dam, was 8.4 m thick (Figs. 3 and 5). At southern end of the Purro the base of the prole was a 0.5 m thick exposure of the underlying natural surface atop which was a 2.5 m high earth and stone dam feature. Above this dam feature was a 1.0 m deposit of coarse alluvial sands and gravels from a high-energy ooding event. This deposit buried the early dam, was traceable across multiple arroyo n Dam, exposures, and correlates to a gravel bed within the Purro identied as the Phase III construction level. Above the gravel deposit was 4.4 m layer of ne-grained sedimentation which

n Dam, and correlates inlled to the height of the top of the Purro with the Phase IV construction of the dam. The sedimentation sequence consisted of alternating yellowish-red (5YR4/6) and dark yellowish-brown (10YR4/6) silt loam, which may owe its color to differences in bedrock lithology between the local piedmont and the uplands. Neither paleosols nor stratigraphic unconformities were observed within this ne-grained sedimentation sequence. OSL samples were collected from the base of the ne-grained sequence at 4.45 m below ground surface (Shfd06131) and from the top of the sequence at 0.45 m below ground surface (Shfd06132) in order to provide a bounding chronology of the sedimentation n Dam (Fig. 5). Sample sequence of Phases IV and V of the Purro Shfd06131 produced a mean age range of 613943 B.C (at 1 s) (Table 2). The position of this sample at the base of the ne-grained sedimentation sequence, immediately above the gravel deposits of Phase III means that this date correlates to the initiation of sedimentation behind the Phase IV construction of the Dam. This places Phase IV in the Formative Period, and specically to the Early Santa

Fig. 4. Combined probability density functions for small (5 mm) aliquots showing degree of inter-aliquot scatter. Also plotted are individual grain De (black) and the unweighted mean De (gray).

M.J. Aiuvalasit et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 12071213 Table 3 Radiocarbon dates from the Santa Maria Canal. Lab no. Provenience Context Material (Method) Charcoal (AMS) Charcoal (standard radiometric)

1211

d13C
15.7 23.7

14

C age B.P.

Calibrated age range B.C./A.D. and relative area under distribution 1s (68%) 2s (95%) 1.0 0.139, 0.218, 0.471, 0.172 A.D. 599712, A.D. 746767 A.D. 127345 0.947, 0.053 1.0

Beta233267 Beta233268

Santa Canal Santa Canal

Maria Prole #1 Maria Prole #1

Canal ll, 100 cmbs Canal ll, 190 cmbs

1370 40 BP 1790 40 BP

A.D. 632681 A.D.139160, 165196, 208258, 297345

Calibration was performed using CALIB 5.0.2 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993). The text and gures quote the most probable interval after calibration (Reimer et al., 2004).

Maria Phase in the local chronology (MacNeish, 2001) (Table 1). The results of the second OSL sample (Shfd06132), which came from the top of the sedimentation sequence, were two age ranges (depending whether the single grain or articial aliquot data is used): A.D. 11271327 and A.D. 9371177 (at 1 s). Both correlate to the Post-Classic Period. 3.3. Santa Maria Canal prole The Santa Maria Canal hugs the western barranca margin upstream from the dam (Fig. 3). The entire length of the 1.4 km long canal is well above the maximum height of the Dam, and is situated on a complex of colluvial slopes and alluvial terraces which were culturally modied to maintain the grade of the canal and to modify the slopes for agricultural and habitation sites. The gypsum outcrop of the Cerro Lencho Diego forms the western wall of the canal, and culturally modied sediments and gypsum outcrops form its eastern margin (Fig. 6). Water for the canal apparently came from two sources: local runoff from the slopes and water diverted from the barranca. A trench was opened to expose the inlling sequence of the canal, provide opportunities to observe the sequence of canal inlling, and collect one OSL sample and two charcoal samples for dating (Fig. 6, Tables 2 and 3). The canal ll consists of approximately 240 cm of yellowish-brown (10YR5/4) to light yellowishbrown (10YR6/4) silty clay loam, with eight stratigraphic horizons exposed in prole (Fig. 6). This trench lacked the nely bedded cutand-ll stratigraphy observed in other stratigraphic exposures of the canal (Aiuvalasit et al., 2007); however it did have ashy lenses of charcoal, and occasional quartzite gravels and coarse sand fractions. These quartzite sediments are not endemic to the immediate gypsum foothills and indicate that the canal must have been fed, at least in part, by water diverted upstream from the barranca. The

base of the canal ll sequence, at 190 cm below ground surface, was dated by the OSL analysis of sediments and the radiometric dating of charcoal. The radiometric date of charcoal spanned A.D. 127345 (Beta-233268) at 2 s (Table 3), while the OSL date produced an age range of 653 B.C A.D. 147 (Shfd06130) (Table 2). The calibrated ages overlap between A.D. 127147, which suggests that the OSL determination is inuenced by partially bleached or older sand grains within the sample. The age determinations place the earliest inlling of the Santa Maria Canal to the Middle to Late Formative. The second radiocarbon sample was recovered from 100 cm below ground surface, and has a calibrated age range at 1 s of between A.D. 632681 (Beta-233267), dating to the Mid-Classic Period. Additionally, one Rio Salado Gray incised bowl rim sherd, dating to the Formative Period and likely washed in from an upland site, was found above the dated charcoal sample at 92 cm below the ground surface. 4. Implications of the new radiometric dates The results of the dating of sediments and charcoal from reservoir and canal ll have a bearing on both our understanding n Dam Complex and of water management in Mesothe Purro america. The OSL sample from the lowest/deepest sample of the reservoir prole supports the 750600 B.C dates proposed by Woodbury and Neely (1972: 93) for the earliest levels of n Dam. The date is within the range of the construction on the Purro radiocarbon date of 777 B.C obtained from one of the well-documented fossilized canals found between San Lorenzo Teotipilco n (Neely, 2001; Neely and Castello n Huerta, and the city of Tehuaca n Mautner, 2004). This indicates that several 2003; Neely and Rinco types of large-scale water management were well established and n Valley by the Middle Formative Period. functioning in the Tehuaca ` -vis the This seeming anomaly and its ramications vis-a

n Dam. Fig. 5. Reservoir prole sampling locality in relation to the southern prole of the Purro

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Fig. 6. Santa Maria Canal Prole.

n Valley contemporary socio-political organization in the Tehauca will be explored in forthcoming works (Neely and Aiuvalasit, in preparation-a,b). The two uppermost OSL samples from the Reservoir Prole date later (i.e., ca. A.D. 1057 and A.D. 1227) than the cross-dated ceramic materials (ca. A.D. 200300) recovered from the nal construction n Dam. However, those same OSL dates Level #4 of the Purro bracket the ceramic chronology (post A.D. 1100) obtained for the fth construction level of the dam. Woodbury and Neely (1972: 94) hypothesized that during the fth construction level the dam was not used for water management, but as a large building platform upon which a Post-Classic pyramid and other structures were built. Thus, the uppermost OSL samples probably date sediments eroded into the reservoir area after the dam ceased to function as a water management feature. Of equal signicance are the OSL and radiocarbon dates recovered from the Santa Maria Canal. By considering the results of the AMS and OSL together the uncertainties of each method were allayed by complimentary results from the sample at the base of the canal prole. Although the wide standard deviation of the OSL sample spans multiple cultural periods, which limits its interpretative potential, the AMS dates are inclusive within the latter portions of the OSL sample range. This gives some condence that the sediment inlling and incorporation of charcoal are contemporaneous rather than the latter being recycled from elsewhere in the basin. The radiocarbon date constrained the earliest inlling of the Santa Maria Canal to the Middle to Late Formative Period, which would have occurred after the construction of the rst three n Dam. The same sedimentation process to four phases of Purro continued into the Mid-Classic Period as determined by the AMS date higher in the prole. It should be noted that maintenance of canals typically involves cleaning out inlling sediments, so it is possible that the age determinates of sediments and charcoal postdate its construction and initial use. The Santa Maria Canal functioned to expand areas of agriculture by irrigating small agricultural elds on the stepped terraces along the western slopes of the barranca. It also may have diverted a portion of the ow from the

Barranca Lencho Diego to minimize the potential impact of high discharges which could have damaged the dam, or possibly to keep water out of the reservoir area during periods of maintenance and construction of the dam. Thus, even with a small number of samples, this paper contributes to the mounting evidence that water management developed in the Formative and that some early water management infrastructure was large and complex. There is now sufcient evidence to propose that the early dates presented for water n Valley and elsewhere in Me xico are management in the Tehuaca valid and reasonable (Neely, 2009a,b). They may also suggest xico. The several independent inventions of the technology in Me xico are seen to correspond aforementioned early dates from Me well with the rst millennium B.C. and earlier dates obtained from canal systems in the American Southwest (Damp et al., 2002; xico and Mabry, 2008). The roughly contemporaneous data from Me the American Southwest argue that independent technologies may have evolved in these two widely separated regions. Acknowledgements We thank the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia de xico for granting us a permit to conduct eldwork. Blas Castello n Me Huerta, Marco Fragoso F, Charles D. Frederick, and especially Carlos n Mautner, contributed signicantly to the success of our Rinco project. A timely review by Joseph Schuldenrein and assistance with graphics by Mark A. Smith was most appreciated. References
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