Lecture 5

Materials for industrial building structures (cont.)

Gh. Asachi Technical University, Iai Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Civil and Industrial Building

dr. Gabriel OPRIAN

Outline presentation

Aluminium structures Brick masonry

Timber structures for industrial buildings

Transportation systems

Aluminium structures

Aluminium structures
Codes for the design of aluminium structures: 1.CEN-TC250/SC9 (1998). Eurocode n. 9: Design of

Aluminium Structures, (pr ENV 1999-1.1; 1.2; 2).

EUROCODE 9 (EC9) Proiectarea structurilor din aliaje de aluminiu

Aluminium structures
Aluminium is a structural material utilised in industrial buildings, particularly for roof and wall claddings and sometimes for structural elements when aggressive environments are present.

In case of structural designs where weight savings are important, aluminium is also often selected.

Solution for roof structure

www.lumex.com.pl/english/zadaszenia.html

Aluminium structures

Beams www.lumex.com.pl/english/zadaszenia.html

Aluminium structures

Trisystem Elements www.lumex.com.pl/english/zadaszenia.html

Aluminium structures

Trisystem Elements www.lumex.com.pl/english/zadaszenia.html

Aluminium alloy frames

Aluminium frame for industrial applications www.dkimages.com

Aluminium structures Advantages

Some advantages of aluminium structures used for various types of industrial construction structures are pointed out as follows: Lower maintenance cost; Lower weight (aluminiums strength-to-weight ratio savings of 50-70% over equivalent steel structure) Lower cost (long maintenance cost saving); term cost reduction through

Longer life span (because of its durability, aluminium can be reused on new structures)

Recycling;
Easier and lighter to transport, assemble and lift in-situ. Fire resistant (equal to steel in fire resistance)

Aluminium structures Advantages(cont.)

The extrusion fabrication process allows to produce individually tailored shapes to be designed (Figure 1). As connection solution, it is possible to have either bolting, riveting and welding, without any difficulties involved.

Aluminium structures Disadvantages

Some of the disadvantages of aluminium are presented below:

- many of the strongest aluminium alloys are not weldable using conventional techniques.
- shaping and straightening aluminium parts requires greater temperature control and special paints to detect overheating or microcraks; - fire resistance; - aluminium elements may be damaged by denting (trad. crestare) and scraping during handling. Prelubricated strip or protection during pressing is needed.

Aluminium structures

Aluminium structures

Aluminium structures

Aluminium structures

Aluminium structures

Aluminium structures

Deck aluminium structures (Pont de Grosle sur le Rhne)

Aluminium structures

Aluminium structures

Aluminium Industrial Stand Silver aluminium Structure

Aluminium Transverse Frame Span and Height

Aluminium structures

Brick masonry
Industrial buildings with brick masonry walls may have the roof structures made of steel trusses, timber frames or trusses, precast and prestressed concrete members.

Brick masonry of industrial structures are used for wall structures (strength and partition walls), fig.3.41, or strength structure frame in the form of arches.

Brick masonry

Brick Industrial chimney structures

Brick masonry
Nowadays, brick masonry industrial structures are less used than in the past. The main reasons are: Low efficiency; High cost for erection and maintenance; Their limitation to small and medium construction area.

Timber structures
In industrial buildings, timber is one on of the important construction materials. Structural systems made of timber have the following advantages [Thelandersson, 2003]: Timber is environmentally friendly and recyclable material (for example particleboard, fibreboard, fuel for drying kilns, etc.); The energy consumption during the production process is very low compared to other building materials; Timber has a low weight-to-strength ratio, which is advantageous for transportation, erection and production; Timber frame systems are used in industrial buildings for the transfer of vertical loads, stabilization of wind and earthquake loads, fire separation, sound and thermal insulation. Timber connections are easy to make;

Timber structures
In industrial buildings, timber is one on of the important construction materials. Structural systems made of timber have the following advantages [Thelandersson, 2003]: Timber is environmentally friendly and recyclable material (for example particleboard, fibreboard, fuel for drying kilns, etc.); The energy consumption during the production process is very low compared to other building materials; Timber has a low weight-to-strength ratio, which is advantageous for transportation, erection and production; Timber frame systems are used in industrial buildings for the transfer of vertical loads, stabilization of wind and earthquake loads, fire separation, sound and thermal insulation. Timber connections are easy to make;

Timber structures
Sometimes, timber characteristics are affected by a series of factors:

Timber elements can have structural defects: knots, cracks, split, grain deviation, insect holes, resin bags, etc;
Maintenance cost (preservative works against insects, fungus, humidity, etc.) Sawn timber elements are limited in section and length (compared to steel or reinforced concrete).

Timber structures

Timber structures

Timber structures

Strength classes

Timber structures

Strength classes

Timber structures

Timber structures
A great variety of timber elements are glulam members, fig.3.42, which are fabricated from thin laminations of wood, glued together in such a way to obtain large spans with minimum consumption of materials.

Timber Portal Frame solutions www.somersetarchitect.co.uk

Timber structures

http://www.bona-dea.ro/constructii-din-lemn-case-mansarde-etc/constructii-haleindustriale-din-lemn.html

Timber structures

http://www.bona-dea.ro/constructii-din-lemn-case-mansarde-etc/constructii-haleindustriale-din-lemn.html

Timber structures

http://www.bona-dea.ro/constructii-din-lemn-case-mansarde-etc/constructii-haleindustriale-din-lemn.html

Timber structures

http://www.bona-dea.ro/constructii-din-lemn-case-mansarde-etc/constructii-haleindustriale-din-lemn.html

Timber structures

http://www.bona-dea.ro/constructii-din-lemn-case-mansarde-etc/constructii-haleindustriale-din-lemn.html

Timber structures

Timber structures

Timber structures

Timber structures

Timber structures

Composite and hybrid structures

Fiberglass FRP Pultrusion Profiles have the following features: High in strength Light in weight Cost-effective Excellent for insulation Good temperature resistance Corrosion resistant It's an ideal material and is widely used for anticorrosion structures in industries such as chemical, metallurgy, petroleum, railway, ocean surveys, mining, and shipbuilding.

www.lbie.com

Composite and hybrid structures

Standard Range of FRP Pultrusion Profiles
Type Size (mm) 102 x 102 x 10 102 x 102 x 6.4 50.8 x 50.8 x 6.4 www.lbie.com

Square Tube

50.8 x 50.8 x 4
38 x 38 x 4

I Beam C-Channel L-Angle Round Tube (D = diameter)

203 x 101 x 10

203 x 101 x 10
50 x 30 x 5 40 x 40 x 5

D 75 x 6.0
D75 x 2.8 D 32 x 3

Composite and hybrid structures

Structures made of composite materials have various applications in construction industry. The main advantages of these materials compared to traditional materials such as wood, steel and concrete are: - corrosion and weather resistance; - low weight with great strength; - minimal maintenance and long service life;

Pre-Engineered FRP Building www.cfmaier.com

FRP Dome structures

Composite and hybrid structures

In Europe a major producer of FRP product is Fiberline from Denmark. Other producers world wide are: SIKA USA, Grand Fibreglass from China, Teijin from Japan, etc. FRP profiles produced by Grand Fibreglass from glass fibre roving with continual strand mat as reinforcement and unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix material are illustrated in fig. 3.43. These products are used in industrial buildings for handrails, supports, reinforcing concrete beams and columns, etc.

FRP Elements and Structures

Composite and hybrid structures

Roof covering elements obtained from FRP have various shapes (corrugated products). FRP plates can be made with longitudinal or transverse waves,Transverse with corrugated symmetry or non-symmetry. Longitudinal corrugated plate
plate Corrugated plate

length max 1,25 m

length max 1,25m

Profile shapes

width max 5,0m

Roof coverings made of FRP

Composite and hybrid structures

A new trend in industrial buildings is to use FRP bars to reinforce the concrete structural elements, taking into account the great advantages of composite material bars: good corrosion resistance, potential reduction of the concrete cover, tensile strength (1000MPa) is 1 - 2 times that of steel, only 25% of the weight of equivalent size steel reinforcing bar.

They are non-conductive and highly effective electromagnetic and thermal insulators, have excellent fatigue resistance, good impact resistance, and perform well in cyclic loading situations, fig.3.48.

Glass FRP bars before concrete casting [ISIS Canada, 2004]

Transportation systems
In case of industrial buildings used for deposit or production, a large variety of internal transportation systems is used. Transportation systems can be classified as follows: transportation systems with periodical acting (working) or continual acting. Periodical acting transportation systems can be: - Ground level transportation system without railways, such as truck and electro cars, or with rails, like cranes, portal cranes, etc. - Suspended transportation system: crane simple girder gantry crane (capacity: 0.5-6.0 t), double girder gantry crane (capacity: 2-20 t) fig.3.49, runway catwalks, gantry crane, wall mounted swivel crane, column mounted swivel crane; - Elevators.

Transportation systems
Crane bridge

Crab

End carriage a. Crane runway girder

Figure 3.49 Crane examples: a. top running bridge crane; b. b. under slung bridge crane

Crane bridge

Crab

End carriage b. Crane runway girder

Transportation systems
In the category of transportation systems with continual acting the best known are: - Various types of conveyors: continuous conveyors, loose materials conveyors, fig.3.50; - Elevators; - Pipe transportation (hidropneumatic).

a.

b.

c.

d.

Figure 3.50 Continuous conveyors: a. endless chain conveyor; b. cable conveyor; c. platform conveyor; roller conveyor

Transportation systems
Fig. 3.51 shows crane bridges with various positioning, located outside or inside industrial buildings.

a)

b)

Figure 3.50 Continuous conveyors: a. endless chain conveyor; b. cable conveyor; c. platform conveyor; roller conveyor

Transportation systems

Bridge Crane components.

system

consists

of

three

major

1. the Bridge Crane, which traverses across the runway 2. the hoist & trolley, which traverses across the bridge and lifts up and down 3. the runway, which is tied to the building structure.

Truss Type Crane-providing greater lift capacity

First Test Paper- Main subjects

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Major concern for industrial buildings in Romania-past and present Main factors which influence the design of an industrial building Modular coordinates applied to industrial buildings Ultimate limit states in case of industrial buildings Specific loads for an industrial hall (without the influence of flood loads) Layout and elevation of industrial buildings Feasible transverse section for industrial buildings Structural systems for industrial buildings- frame connection in case of single and multispan frames Steps in the design of industrial buildings made precast and prestress RC elements

10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Materials for industrial buildings structures (Reinforced Concrete Beams and Girders) Materials for industrial buildings structures (Reinforced Concrete Columns)
Materials for industrial buildings structures (Reinforced Concrete Roof members) Materials for industrial buildings structures (Structural steel beams) Materials for industrial buildings structures (Structural steel columns) Materials for industrial buildings structures (Structural steel decks) Materials for industrial buildings structures (Aluminium structures) Materials for industrial buildings structures (Composite materials) Transportation system for industrial buildings