FORM 1 CHAPTER 1

Mass Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. SI unit : Kilogram (kg) Lever balance Weight eight is the !ull of gravity on an object SI unit : "e#ton (") S!ring balance Basic physical quantities & S. . Physical quantities S !nit Length Metre (m) Mass Kilogram (kg) $ime Secon% (s) $em!erature Kelvin (K) &lectric current 'm!ere (') Measu"ing t##ls Length :

'nimal : 'moeba +aramecium +lasmo%ium Multicellular organisms: +lant : S!irogyra Sea #ee% )rass 'nimal : &agle Squirrel 'nt (ell organisation (ell $issue .rgan System .rganism System an% function Skeleton system: +rotects internal organs an% gives su!!ort to the bo%y *loo% circulation system: $rans!ort %issolve% foo%/ gases/ an% #aste materials "ervous system: (onveys nerve im!ulses an% reacts to stimuli 0e!ro%uctive system: +ro%uces re!ro%uctive cells 0es!iratory system: &nables the e1change of gases #ith the surroun%ings

Measuring ta!e Metre rule (ali!ers

Measure area of irregular sha!e: )ra!h !a!er Measure volume of liqui%: Measuring cylin%er *urette +i!ette

CHAPTER $
Structure of cell an% its function
%ucleus (ell control centre Chl#"#plast +ro%uces chloro!hyll

&1cretory system: 0emoves #astes materials from the bo%y 2igestive system: *reaks u! foo% into sim!les form to be absorbe% an% use% by the bo%y Muscular system: Moves the !arts of the bo%y

Cell &e&'"ane (ontrols the entry an% e1it of materials from the cell Cyt#plas& Stores %issolve% materials

(acu#le (ontains #ater an% solute

Cell )all Maintains the sha!e of the cell

,nicellular organism +lant : (hlamy%omonas -east &uglena

CHAPTER *
What is &atte"+ Matter is everything that has mass an% occu!ies s!ace Matter is ma%e u! of tiny !articles Matter e1ist in either: Soli%: Liqui% : )as :

o o

2istillation 5iltration

CHAPTER (ontents of air: "itrogen .1ygen (arbon %io1i%e Inert gases Microorganisms ater va!our 2ust : : : : 9:; 76; <.<4; <.=;

+articles vibrate in their !osition

+articles move gli%ing among each other

+articles move fast an% ran%omly

2ensity: 2ensity is the mass !er unit volume of a substance. ,nit : g3cm4 2ensity formula:
2ensity A BBBBmass of substance (g)BBB >olume of substance (cm4)

+ro!erties of o1ygen: (olourless/ o%ourless an% tasteless gas slightly on #ater no effect on litmus !a!er su!!orts combustion an% res!iration (onfirmation test for .1ygen: )lo#ing #oo%en s!linter: +resence of o1ygen causes the glo#ing #oo%en s!linter to ignites. +ro!erties of carbon %io1i%e: (olourless/ o%ourless an% tasteless gas Slightly soluble in #ater >ery soluble in so%ium hy%ro1i%e (hanges moist blue litmus !a!er from blue to re% (onfirmation test for carbon %io1i%e: Lime#ater test: (arbon %io1i%e turns the lime#ater clou%y 0es!iration
.1ygen (arbon %io1i%e &nergy )lucose
)lucose D o1ygen

CHAPTER ,
*asic resources of earth : ater 'ir Soil Living things Minerals 5ossil fuels (lassification of matter: Matter is classifie% into:
6.

&lement

Metal "on C Metal

Substance #hich is ma%e u! of one ty!e of !article only (om!oun% Substance that is ma%e u! of t#o or more ty!es of elements. (hemically combine% Se!aration metho% : electrolysis Mi1ture Substance that consist of t#o or more substance 8oine% !hysically Se!aration metho% :

#ater

7. 4.

#ater D carbon %io1i%e D energy

(om!arison bet#een inhale% an% e1hale% air:

Inhale% "itrogen ? 9:; Inert gases ? <.=; .1ygen ? 76; (arbon %io1i%e ? <.<4; &1hale% "itrogen ? 9:; Inert gases ? <.=; .1ygen ? 6@; (arbon %io1i%e ? <.<4;

(ombustion:
(arbon D o1ygen Ey%rocarbon D o1ygen Light &. D Eeat &. D carbon %io1i%e Light &. D Eeat &. D carbon %io1i%e D #ater

CHAPTER .
FORMS of energy: +otential energy Kinetic energy Eeat energy Light energy (hemical energy Soun% energy &lectrical energy "uclear energy +otential energy: &nergy store% in an object %ue to its !osition or con%ition Kinetic energy: &nergy store% in any moving object Eeat energy: Is a ty!e of energy that rises the tem!erature of an object. Light energy: &nergy that enables us to see (hemical energy: &nergy store% in chemical substances &q: 5oo%/ battery/ fuel Soun% energy: &nergy that is !ro%uce% in vibrating object &lectrical energy: Is !ro%uce% by an electric charge or current "uclear energy: &nergy store% in the nucleus of an atom SO!RCES of &nergy: 5ossil fuels *iomass fuels in% ater Sun 0a%ioactive substances )eothermal energy 0ene#able F "onCrene#able energy sources

0ene#able energy sources: Solar ater in% *iomass )eothermal ave3ti%al "onCrene#able: fossil fuels ra%ioactive substances

CHAPTER /
heat is a form of energy heat can be !ro%uce% by the follo#ing #ays: o rubbing t#o objects together o burning objects o electricity that runs through a coile% #ire heat causes soli%s/ liqui%s an% gases to e1!an% an% contract %ifferences bet#een heat an% tem!erature Heat Te&pe"atu"e ' form of energy $he %egree of hotness or col%ness of a substance ,nit A 8oule (8) ,nit A Kelvins (K) Eeat flo#s in three %ifferent #ays: 6.

(on%uction is the flo# of heat through soli% (onvection is the flo# of heat through flui%s such as in gases an% in liqui%s

7.

4.

0a%iation is the transfer of heat through vacuum (Heat flows from hotter area to colder area) Lan% breeGe:

't night Sea is #armer than lan% (ool air from lan% flo#s to the sea as lan% breeGe

Sea breeGe:

2uring %ay Lan% is #armer than the sea Less %ense hot air on lan% rises (ool air from the sea flo#s to#ar%s the lan% as sea breeGe

+hysical !rocess that involve% in the change of states of matter.

soli%

Liqui%

)as

'bsor!tion of heat: 2urk an% %ull objects absorbs heat better than shiny objects )ives out heat: ' %ull/ %ark surface/ gives out heat better than #hite shiny surface.

FORM $ CHAPTER 1
Sensory organs: Skin: sense of touch Stimuli : hot/ col%/ !ain/ !ressure/ touch "ose: sense of smell Stimuli : (hemical substance in the air $ongue: Sense of taste Stimuli:(hemical substance in the foo% &ar:

travels in the form of #aves can be reflecte% (echo) can be absorbe% can only travel through me%ium cannot travel through vacuum

Stimuli an% res!onses in !lants: +hototro!ism: Stimuli ? Light 0es!onse to obtain sunlight )eotro!ism: Stimuli ? gravity 0es!onse to root itself firmly in the soil3to obtain mineral salts an% #ater Ey%rotro!ism: stimuli ? #ater 0es!onse to obtain #ater an% mineral salts $higmotro!ism: Stimuli ? touch 0es!onse to obtain su!!ort an% light

sense of hearing Stimuli: soun%

&ye: sense of sight Stimuli: light +ro!erties of light: light can be reflecte% an% refracte% 2efects of vision: 6. long sighte% (an see far objects clearly Image forme% behin% retina (auses: C eyeball too small3short C lens too thin correction ? ,se conve1 lens 7.

CHAPTER $
(lasses of foo%: (arbohy%rate: su!!ly energy +rotein: nee%e% for gro#th !ro%uce ne# cells fats:

insulator of heat for the bo%y su!!ly energy

short sighte% can see near objects clearly image forme% infront of retina causes: C eye ball too big3long C Lens too thick correction ? use concave lens

#ater: hel!s trans!ort e1cretory !ro%ucts from cells to e1cretory organs hel!s the %igestion of foo% vitamins: maintain goo% health Minerals: maintain goo% health 5ibre: hel!s in !eristalsis !revents consti!ation

+ro!erties of soun%: is a form of energy !ro%uce% by vibrating objects

FOO0 TESTS Starch: a fe# %ro!s of i#1ine s#luti#n is a%%e% to foo% sam!le Dve result A It turns 0a"2 Blue )lucose: Bene1ict3s S#luti#n is a%%e% to the foo% sam!le an% heate% Dve result A B"ic2 "e1 p"ecipitate forme% +rotein: Mill#n3s "eagent is a%%e% to the foo% sam!le an% heate% Dve result A B"ic2 "e1 p"ecipitate forme% 5ats: ' little foo% sam!le is !lace% on a !iece of 4ilte" pape" Dve result A ' t"anslucent sp#t is %etecte%. 2I)&S$I>& S-S$&M
Mouth 0ectum 'nus .eso!hagus Stomach 2uo%enum Small intestine

Plant 6ing1#&
5lo#ering !lant "onC5lo#ering !lant 5erns Mosses 5ungi 'lgae

M#n#c#tyle1#ns (Plants with only one cotyledon) Leaves #ith !arallel veins Eave fibrous roots &q: +a%%y/oil !alm/ maiGe 0ic#tyle1#ns (Plants with two cotyledon) Eave net veine% leaves Eave ta! roots &q: beans/ hibiscus/ rubber trees

(onifer

CHAPTER ,
Species 5 ' grou! of the same kin% of organisms #ith common characteristics P#pulati#n 5 a grou! of organisms of the same s!ecies living an% re!ro%ucing in a %efine% area C#&&unity 5 is ma%e u! of %ifferent !o!ulations of organisms living together in a habitat Ec#syste& 5 consists of !lants/ animals an% the nonC living environment interacting #ith each other for living Ha'itat 5 a !lace #here an organism lives Interaction bet#een living organism: 6. +reyC!re%ator +re%ator : animal that hunts other animals for foo% +rey : $he animal being hunte%

Large intestine

&"2 +0.2,($ .5 2I)&S$I." Starch +rotein 5at (e"te'"ates5 glucose amino aci%s n7e"e"te'"ates5 5atty aci% D glycerol
No backbones

Have backbones

Ma&&als CHAPTER * *o%y covere% #ith hair3fur *reath through lungs Ani&al 2ing1#&5 )ive birth to young alive Bi"1s *o%y covere% #ith feathers *reath through lungs Lay eggs Eave #ings Reptiles *o%y covere% #ith %ry scales Lay eggs A&phi'ians Live on both lan% an% #ater *reath through lungs F moist skin Eave moist skin Lay eggs Fish Live in #ater *reath through gills *o%y covere% #ith slimy scales Eave fins Lay eggs arm *loo%e% *reath $hrough lungs

(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa) 7. Symbiosis a) (ommensalism satu !ihak men%a!at fae%ah %an !ihak yang satu lagi ti%ak a%a kesan ?ve atau Dve b) Mutualism Ke%uaC%ua !ihak men%a!at fae%ah c) 4. +arasitism Satu !ihak men%a!at men%a!at fae%ah %an satu !ihak rugi

+hysical characteristics of #ater #ater can e1ist in 4 states : Soli%/ liqui%/ gas (olourless/ tasteless/ o%ourless at room tem!erature 5reeGing !oint of !ure #ater : <o( *oiling !oint of !ure #ater : 6<< o( 2ensity of !ure #ater : 6 g3cm4 $est for !resence of #ater: C#'alt chl#"i1e pape" changes from 'lue t# pin2 (om!osition of #ater ater is a com!oun%/ ma%e u! of 7 atoms of hy%rogen an% 6 atom of o1ygen E 7. &va!oration is a !rocess by #hich liqui% changes into #ater va!our at any tem!erature 5actors affecting eva!oration: o Surface area o Eumi%ity o Movement of air o $em!erature of surroun%ings Solution F Solubility a) Solution a mi1ture of solute an% solvent b) Solvent Liqui% that %issolves a substance c) 6. 7. 4. Solute ' substance that is %issolve%)

(om!etition interaksi antara organisma untuk ke!erluan yang sama

*iological control is a control of !ests by the intro%uction of their natural enemy 5oo% #eb +ro%ucer (Selalunya tumbuhan) +rimary consumer (Yang memakan tumbuhan-Producer) Secon%ary consumer(Yang memakan Primary consumer) $ertiary consumer(Yang memakan Secondary consumer) 2ecom!osers (pengurai bahan atau organisma yang sudah mati) +hotosynthesis meru!akan !rocess membuat makanan oleh tumbuhan hijau
(arbon %io1i%e D ater sunlight chloro!hyll glucose D .1ygen

(onservation means !ro!er management on the use of natural resources to maintain future accessibility +reservation Measures taken to maintain living organisms an% the natural environment in their natural balance state

2ilute solution a solution that contains very little solute (oncentrate% solution Solution that contain a lot of solute Saturate% solution Solution that contains the ma1imum amount of solute an% cannot %issolve any more solute

CHAPTER -

5actors affecting solubility "ature of the solute "ature of the solvent $em!erature of the solvent '(I2

$aste sour (orrosive !E less than 9 (hange #et blue litmus !a!er to re%

(annot be seen &55&($ can be seen or felt Eas magnitu%e an% %irection

'LK'LI $aste bitter an% soa!y (orrosive !E more than 9 (hange #et blue litmus !a!er to re% +,0I5I('$I." 6. 5iltration strength ? 0emove large insoluble soli%s (anHt remove %issolve substance F microorganism 7.

$-+& .5 5.0(& 5rictional force o .ccurs #hen t#o surface in contact o 'l#ays o!!oses the motion of the object o 'cts in the o!!osite %irection to movement o (an slo# %o#n or sto! moving object

*oiling Strengh ? kills microorganisms (anHt remove insoluble !articles F %issolve substance 2istillation Strengh ? removes insoluble an% %issolve substance3 removes microorganisms $asteless (hlorination Strengh ? kills microorganism (anHt remove insoluble !articles F %issolve% substance

)ravitational force o 5orce that !ull objects to the earth o (auses all objects to have #eight &lectrostatic force o 5orce of attraction or re!ulsion bet#een charge% substance o &nables charge substance to attract neutral substance such as small !ieces of !a!er o Same charges re!el each other o 2ifferent charges attract each other

4.

I.

CHAPTER .
Kinetic theory of gas gas !articles move freely in all %irection )as !articles colli%e #ith the #all of the container an% bounce back ' force is e1erte% by the !articles onto the #all $his force !ro%uces a !ressure on the #alls of the container 5actors affecting 'ir !ressure ('+) (#lu&e Te&pe"atu"e (#lu&e 8 9 AP : Te&pe"atu"e 8 9 AP 8 (#lu&e : 9 AP 8 Te&pe"atu"e : 9 AP :

Magnetic force o &nables a magnet to attract magnetic substances like iron/ nickel an% cobalt .0K ork is sai% to be %one #hen a 4#"ce &#7es an #';ect over a %istance in the 1i"ecti#n of the force &quation for calculating #ork %one: W#"2 >;#ule? 9 F#"ce >%e)t#n? @ 1istance >&et"e? +. &0 +o#er is the rate of %oing #ork/ #hich means the amount of #ork %one !er unit time. +o#er can be calculate% using the equation:
P#)e" >)atts? 9 W#"2 1#ne >;#ules? Ti&e ta2en >sec#n1s?

<CHAPTER =
>ertebrates have 6. &n%oskeleton also kno#n as internal skeleton Ma%e u! of bones an% cartilage

CHAPTER /
5.0(& Is an act of !ush an% !ull

Invertebrates have 6. &1oskeleton Ma%e of cuticle or calcium carbonate &1am!les animals: centi!e%e/ ant/ crab 7. Ey%rostatic skeleton (onsist of a muscular #all #hich encloses a bo%y cavity that is fille% #ith 4lui1 $his bo%y flui% !ressure gives su!!ort an% sha!e to the animal &1am!les animals: earth#orm/ leech/ jellyfish S,++.0$ S-S$&M I" +L'"$S *uttress 0oot thick an% #i%e roots that gro# from the stem above the groun% e.q: 'ngsana tree/ %urian tree +ro! roots 0oots #hich gro# from the stem or branches &.q.: !an%an !lant/ maiGe !lant +rickles 'n outgrou#th of the e!i%ermis an% can be easily remove% from the stem. &.q: 0ose $en%rils (urly stringClike structures mo%ifie% from stems an% leaves (url an% t#ine roun% !arts of other !lants or objects to hel! the !lant to climb &.q: (ucumber !lant/ bitter gour%/ !um!kin Stilt roots 0oots that %evelo! from the main stem an% gro# into the groun% for su!!ort. &.q: Mangrove tree (*akau) (las!ing roots 0oots that gri! onto other !lants or structure to get su!!ort &.q: betel vine (sirih)/ orchi% $horns (duri) Shar! mo%ifie% branches that cannot be easily remove% 'ct as hooks to hol% on to su!!orts. &.q: *ouganvillea ( unga !ertas)

CHAPTER A
The p#int #4 equili'"iu& is the !oint #here the #hole #eight of an object a!!ears to act on. It is also the !oint #hich an object can be balance% on an% it is !resent in all objects. It is also kno#n as the cent"e #4 g"a7ity of the object

5'($.0S '55&($I") $E& S$'*ILI$- .5 '" .*8&($ 6.

$he !osition of the centre of gravity. the lo#er the centre of gravity/ the more stable the object $he base area $he #i%er the base area/ the more stable the object

7.

CHAPTER 1B
L&>&0 is a sim!le machine makes #ork easier have 4 !arts : o 5 A 5ulcrum o & A &ffort o L A Loa% (L'SS&S .5 L&>&0 "otice the mi%%le !art of the lever L 5 5 5 L & & & L A A A 6st class 7n% class 4r% class

$E& M.M&"$ .5 5.0(& $he SI unit for moment of force A %e)t#nC&et"e >%&? 5ormula for moment of force:
M#&ent #4 4#"ce F#"ce 9 >%? D >%&? Pe"pen1icula" 1istance 4"#& the pi7#t t# the 4#"ce >&?

L&>&0 I" &J,ILI*0I,M

#hen a lever is in equilibrium/ the sum of the anticlock#ise moments is equal to the sum of the clock#ise moments. $he !rinci!le of moments can be re!resente% by the follo#ing formula:
0istance #4 e44#"t 0istance #4 l#a1 E44#"t E#a1 D 4"#& the 4ulc"u& D 4"#& the 4ulc"u& 9 >E? >E?