The spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance that has absorbed energy is called an emission spectrum.

Atoms, molecules or ions that have absorbed radiation are said to be excited A continuum of radiation is passed through a sample which absorbs radiation of certain wavelengths. The missing wavelength which corresponds to the radiation absorbed by the matter, leave dark spaces in the bright continuous spectrum. electron will move from a lower stationary state to a higher stationary state when required amount of energy is absorbed by the electron The boron-10 (10B) isotope has high ability to absorb neutrons and, therefore, metal borides are used in nuclear industry as protective shields and control rods Potassium hydroxide is also used as an excellent absorbent of carbon dioxide Calcium oxide absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide ammonia gas is absorbed in an excess of standard solution of sulphuric acid. Water vapours are absorbed by anhydrous calcium chloride but adsorbed by silica gel Phosphine is purify from the impurities,in this wayit is absorbed in HI to form phosphonium iodide (PH4I) which on treating with KOH gives pure off phosphine.
PH4I KOH KI H2O PH3

When absorbed in copper sulphate or mercuric chloride solution, the corresponding phosphides are obtained. 3CuSO 2PH Cu P 3H SO 3HgCl 2PH Hg P 6HCl The SO3 gas absorbed in concentrated H2SO4 to produce oleum

deliquescent (absorb moisture easily from the atmosphere LiCl is deliquescent and crystallises as a hydrate, LiCl.2H2O Both LiCl and MgCl2 are deliquescent and crystallise from aqueous solution as hydrates, LiCl2H2O and MgCl28H2O. Crude sodium chloride, generally obtained by crystallisation of brine solution, contains sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride as impurities. Calcium chloride, CaCl2, and magnesium chloride, MgCl2 are impurities because they are deliquescent (absorb moisture easily from the atmosphere) Crystals of sodium hydroxide are deliquescent

salts in rain drops result in wetdeposition. SO2 is also absorbed directly on both solid and liquid ground surfaces and is thus deposited as dry-deposition NO2 in turn absorbs energy from sunlight and breaks up into nitric oxide and free oxygen atom (Fig. 14.2). NO2(g) NO(g) + O(g)

The colour observed corresponds to the complementary colour of the light absorbed Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth washed with soap using hard water, because of this gummy mass POISONOUS poisonusmethanol phosgene (COCl2), tear gas(CCl3NO2), mustard gas (ClCH2CH2SCH2CH2Cl) sodium fluoride White phosphorus

ozone sulphur dioxide Carbon monoxide metal carbonyls lead

Mathura refinery has already taken suitable measures to check the emission of toxic gases.

activated charcoal is used in adsorbing poisonous gases Gas mask (a device which consists of activated charcoal or mixture of adsorbents) is usually used for breathing in coal mines to adsorb poisonous gases EDTA is used in the treatment of lead poisoning
A methanol poisoned patient is treated by giving intravenous infusions of diluted ethanol.

metal carbonyls. are highly poisonous nature of CO arises because of its ability to form a complex with haemoglobin This prevents haemoglobin in the red blood corpuscles from carrying oxygen round the body and ultimately resulting in death

Carbon monoxide highly poisonous It binds to haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin, which is about 300 times more stable than the oxygen-haemoglobin complex sulphur dioxide, is a gas that is poisonous to both animals and plant 1 part per million (ppm) of fluoride ions in water prevents tooth decay, while 1.5 ppm causes the tooth to become mottled and high concentrations of fluoride ions can be poisonous , sodium fluoride is used in rat poison

White phosphorus is poisonous Red phosphorus nonpoisonous

Phosphine is highly poisonous phosgene (COCl2), tear gas (CCl3NO2), mustard gas (ClCH2CH2SCH2CH2Cl). Chloroform is slowly oxidised by air in the presence of light to an extremely poisonous gas, carbonyl chloride, also known as phosgene. Chronic chloroform exposure may cause damage to the liver (where chloroform is metabolised to phosgene)

Methanol is is highly poisonous in nature

Diborane is a colourless, highly toxic gas The use of aluminium and its compounds for domestic purposes is now reduced considerably because of their toxic nature. Benzene and polynuclear hydrocarbons containing more than two benzene rings fused together are toxic and said to possess cancer producing (carcinogenic) property Higher concentrations of NO2 damage the leaves of plants and retard the rate of photosynthesis. Nitrogen dioxide is a lung irritant that can lead to an acute respiratory disease in children. It is toxic to living tissues also. Nitrogen dioxide is also harmful to various textile fibres and metals. Pesticides are basically synthetic toxic chemicals with ecological repercussions Most herbicides are toxic to mammals but are not as persistent as organo-chlorides organic

solvents such as benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride etc are highly toxic H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell freon refrigerant R-22. It was once used as a general anaesthetic in surgery but has been replaced by less toxic, safer anaesthetics, such as ether DDT have a high toxicity towards fish. Although salvarsan is toxic to human beings, its effect on the bacteria, spirochete, which causes syphilis is much greater than on human beings

Cfc is non toxic Dinitrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless and non-toxic gas. Antibiotics are used as drugs to treat infections because of their low toxicity for humans and animals

odour
odourammonia chlorine ethyene arene lower aldehdeye and amine aliphatic carboxyllic acid vanillin acetophenone butyraldehyde camphor Ammonia is a colourless gas with a pungent odour

Chlorine pungent and suffocating odour Ethyene has characteristic odour Other members are odourless arenes The lower aldehydes have sharp pungent odours. As the size of the molecule increases, the odour becomes less pungent

and more fragrant butyraldehyde, vanillin, acetophenone, camphor, etc. are well known for their odours and flavours Aliphatic carboxylic acids have unpleasant odour lower aliphatic amines are gases with fishy odour flammable

Most of the higher boranes are also spontaneously flammable in air compounds (CFCs), also known as freons. non flammable Water is noninflammable Phosphene When pure, it is non inflammable but becomes inflammable owing to the presence of P2H4 or P4 vapours Helium is a non-inflammable Aspirin possesses analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic properties Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain. histamine causes inflammation in the body

lithium unlike other alkali metals, and beryllium unlike other alkaline earth metals, form compounds with pronounced covalent character; the other members of these groups predominantly form ionic compounds

sodium chloride, sodium oxide and sodium sulphide are ionic compounds
Dihydrogen is reduced by sodium to form NaH. An electron is transferred from Na to H leading to the formation of an ionic compound, Na+H.

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