Occurrence Properties Uses

Fluorine From Fluorospar, Pale and Yellow Freon, refrigerant,

Apatite, Cryolite State propellant and
The most used to make
powerful sulfur
oxidizing agent hexafluoride, the
reacts with more insulating gas for
nonmetals and high-power
more violently electricity
than the other transformers
halogens. And,
with the exception
of nitrogen,
oxygen, and noble
gases, it can
directly react with
all nonmetals.
Chlorine Found in large Greenish Yellow It is used as H2O
quantities as gas Disinfectant
sodium chloride in The most
seawater and in- prevalent ANION
land deposits. has responsibility
for the
maintenance of
osmotic pressure
and anion-cation
balance.
Bromine Reddish brown Sedative and
Often found with Less potent antidepressant
sodium chloride as oxidizing agent,
the sodium, because of to the
potassium and weaker hydration
magnesium of the bromide ion
bromide. compared to the
chloride ion.
Bromine is only
slightly soluble in
water, but it is
completely
miscible in less
polar solvents like
chloroform,
carbon
tetrachloride, and
carbon disulfide.
Iodide It can be obtained Grayish black Expectorant,
in large quantities solid, violet antiseptic,
from sea water, colored vapor antimicrobial, and
sea kelp, brine or Many elements Antidote for
2. Enumerate the compounds formed by the elements of Group VIIA and VIIB,
including their uses and applications in pharmacy.

Fluorine
Combines with hydrogen to form the compound (HF) hydrogen fluoride or, more
specifically in the context of water solutions, hydrofluoric acid. In some ways, the
substance behaves more like water, and it is also more prone to hydrogen bonding
than other hydrogen halides, such as HCl. It is a common ingredient in
pharmaceuticals because it can improve drug selectivity, allow it to dissolve in
fats, and slow the rate at which the drug is metabolized, giving it more time to
work. Because the carbon–fluorine bond is more hydrophobic than the carbon–
hydrogen bond, adding fluorine to biologically active organic compounds increases
their lipophilicity (ability to dissolve in fats). Because of increased cell membrane
penetration, this effect frequently increases a drug's bioavailability.

Chlorine
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and hydrogen chloride are examples of compounds (HCl).
Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, is a chemical that is used to season food
and in some industrial processes. When hydrogen chloride is combined with water
(H2O), it produces hydrochloric acid, a powerful and commercially important acid.
Are used to treat a variety of medical conditions and diseases, such as high
cholesterol, diabetes, cancer, stomach ulcers, anemia, depression, asthma, high
blood pressure, inflammation, and epilepsy.

Bromine
It can be found in a variety of compounds, the most common of which are sodium
bromide (NaBr) and potassium bromide (KBr). These compounds can be found in
seawater as well as underground salt beds. Compounds are used in drugs and as a
catalyst in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Previously used as a sedative in the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it is now used in both drugs and as a
catalyst in the production of pharmaceuticals. It is commonly found in medications
such as inhalers, nasal sprays, and gaseous anesthetics.

Iodide
Its most common compounds are those derived from alkali metals, such as sodium
and potassium. It does, however, form compounds with other elements. It can even
combine with other halogens to form compounds. Iodine monobromide (IBr),
iodine monochloride (ICl), and iodine pentafluoride are a few examples (IF 5).
Used as an antiseptic and to treat and prevent iodine deficiency it can be taken
orally or injected into a muscle to treat iodine deficiency. It can be used as an
antiseptic on wet wounds or to disinfect the skin before surgery.

Astatine
In addition to hydrogen (hydrogen astatide, HAt, which forms hydroastatic acid
when dissolved in water), astatine has been shown to bind to the other halides,
silver, sodium, palladium, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, lead, boron, and
tellurium as a colloid. It is also used to treat cancer because it is known to destroy
cancer-causing cells.

Manganese
Manganese dioxide (MnO2), manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4), Mn salts (chloride,
sulfate, carbonate, and nitrate), Mn silicate, and potassium permanganate are
examples of Mn compounds that form compounds in the environment with
chemicals such as oxygen, sulfur (S), and chlorine to become water soluble
(KMnO4). Used in medicine. Manganese is used to prevent and treat manganese
deficiency, a condition in which the body lacks manganese. It is also used to treat
weak bones (osteoporosis), a type of "tired blood" (anemia), and premenstrual
syndrome symptoms (PMS).

Technetium
Exists in compounds with oxidation states of +7, +6, and +4 such as potassium
pertechnetate, KTcO4, technetium chloride, TcCl6, and technetium sulfide, TcS2.
Compounds exist in all formal oxidation states ranging from 1 to +7. A type of
medical diagnostic imaging scan that is used in a variety of medical diagnostic
imaging scans It is used as a radioactive tracer in nuclear medicine, which is a type
of medical imaging that evaluates how specific parts of our bodies work or
function.

Rhenium
Resembles manganese and technetium chemically and is mainly obtained as a by-
product of the extraction and refinement of molybdenum and copper ores. 
Although compounds are known in all formal oxidation states from 1 to 7, it is
formed in the oxidation states +4 and +7. Perrhenic acid (HReO4) and its
anhydride, heptoxide, and perrhenates are examples of common stable compounds
containing rhenium in the +7 state. Is commonly used for the palliative treatment
of bone metastases caused by breast or prostate cancer.
3. Which halogen has the highest ionization energy? Explain why.

Fluoride is the halogen with the highest ionization energy because it has small
atomic radii due to the high effective nuclear charge and thus has a high tendency
to attract, which is why it is difficult to extract an electron from F's outermost shell.
As a result, they have a high ionization energy.

4. Explain why, at room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases,

bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid
Dispersion (London) intermolecular forces attract the molecules of each substance.
The balance between the kinetic energies of the molecules and their intermolecular
attractions determines whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas.
The electrons in fluorine and chlorine are tightly bound to the nuclei. Because
electrons have little opportunity to drift to one side of the molecule, the London
dispersion forces are relatively weak.
As we move from fluorine to iodine, the electrons are further away from the nuclei,
allowing the electron clouds to distort more easily. The dispersion forces in
London become increasingly powerful. At a sufficiently low temperature, the
molecules will all be solids. At a sufficiently high temperature, they will all be
gases.
References:

Ernest Z. (2014) Why is fluorine a gas, bromine a liquid, and iodine a solid, at
room temperature?https://socratic.org/questions/why-is-flourine-a-gas-bromine-a-
liquid-and-iodine-a-solid-at-room-temperature#:~:text=As%20we%20move
%20from%20fluorine,dispersion%20forces%20become%20progressively
%20stronger.&text=It%20is%20only%20at%20temperatures,and%20iodine%20is
%20a%20solid.

Pressbooks, (2017) OCCURRENCE, PREPARATION, AND PROPERTIES

OF HALOGENS. https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/18-11-occurrence-
preparation-and-properties-of-halogens/

ILO, (2014). Halogens and Their Compounds.

https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-xviii-10978/guide-to-
chemicals/item/1047-halogens-and-their-compounds