Halogens

GROU
Manganese Subgroup

P VII-
GR
Halogens
Fluorine (F)
Chlorine (Cl)

OUP
Bromine (Br)
Iodine (I)
Astatine (At)
 Halogens constitute the
most active family or group of non-metals
in the periodic table.

In the free state, these elements

exist as diatomic molecules
and due to their activity, the
halogens are never found free in nature.
HA
HA
The oxidation property of Halogens
LO
decreases with increasing atomic number.

GE
The tendency to be oxidized is greatest
with iodide and least with fluoride. In
NSthe two heaviest halides may be used
fact
as reducing agents, where as the two
lightest halogens are commonly used as
oxidizing agents.
 It is the first element in the Halogen group in the periodic table.
Its atomic number is 9 and its atomic weight is 19

9
Chemical Properties
F
Fluorine Most electronegative element
18.998
Strongest oxidizing agent, pale yellow gas

Reacts with more nonmetals and in a more violent manner than the other
halogens.

Will react directly with all non-metals except nitrogen, oxygen and the
noble gasses.
 FLUORIN
E’S
NATURA
L
FLUOROSPAR SOURCES CRYOLITE

APATITE
 WARNING!
Graphic Images ahead!
 POISONING
CAUSED BY
Fluorosis
FLOURINE
(mottled enamel and abnormal bone growth)

Lite Dental Moderate Dental Severe Dental

Fluorosis Fluorosis Fluorosis
FLUORINE
IDENTIFICAT
Etching test:
the etches or markings on the glass become
permanent after allowing H2SO4 (conc) to

ION TESTS
stay on the glass for sometime.

AgNO3: no ppt (difference from Cl¯,

Br¯, I¯)
 FLUORIN
NaF E
2% in 4 application
Dichlorofluoromethane
Freon, refrigerant, propellant

C8%Ofreshly
Mpreparation
POU
SnF2

NDS
 Achemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the
periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them.

A.K.A.
17 Dephlogisticated muriatic acid
Cl
Chlorine
found in large quantities as sodium chloride in
35.4527
seawater and in-land deposits.

Physical State
Greenish yellow gas It is used as H2O Disinfectant
 CHLORINE’S
CHEMICAL
• Most predominant ANION
• Responsible for maintenance of osmotic pressure and anion- cation balance
• Does not readily react to carbon
P R O P E RT I E S
• The second lightest member of the halogen elements
• Aside from the −1 oxidation states of some chlorides, chlorine exhibits
+1, +3, +5, and +7 oxidation states, respectively
• Chloride of highest oxidation number of a particular element is
frequently in a lower oxidation state than the fluoride with the highest
oxidation number
 CHLORINE
IDENTIFICA
AgNO3: white ppt of AgCl soluble in NH3 but insoluble in HNO3.

TION TEST
Hg2(NO3)2: white ppt of Hg2Cl2
CHLORI
Compounds and Their Uses

NE
• NaOCl – Dakin’s solution

• Ca(OCl)2 – Muriate of lime

• Diluted HCL 10% - treatment to

achlorhydria (lacking of HCl)

• Labarraques solution aka diluted

dakins solution (2.5%) –
chlorinated soda lime solution
A chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35 and is the third-
lightest halogen.

often found with sodium chloride as the

sodium, potassium and magnesium bromide.
35

BroBrmi n
7 9.9 e
0
Sedative and antidepressant
 WARNING!
Graphic Images ahead!
BROMIN
E
Toxicity
• Bromism (skin eruption, psychosis, weakness, H/A)

Treatment
• NaCl or NH4Cl

Physical State
• Reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor
BROMIN
E
Chemical Properties

• The electron affinity of bromine is high and is similar to that of chlorine. It

is, however, a less powerful oxidizing agent, chiefly because of the weaker
hydration of the bromide ion as compared with the chloride ion.

• Bromine combines violently with the alkali metals and with phosphorus,
arsenic, aluminum, and antimony but less violently with certain other
metals
BROMIN
E
Identification Tests
• AgNO3: yellow ppt of AgBr insoluble in HNO3.
• KMnO4, H2SO4, chloroform: orange to brown layer due to the liberation of
Br2

Compounds and Their Uses

• Koppeschaar’s Solution - 0.1N Bromine Solution - Sedative, use in
iodometry
IODINE
A chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53.

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

Uses
• Expectorant
• Antiseptic
• Antimicrobial CCl4 or CHCl3 – violet

Antidote
• Starch, Na2S2O3
IODINE
Iodine Preparations
• Strong Iodine Solution / Lugol’s Solution
• Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide (SSKI)
IODINE
Physical State
• Grayish black solid, violet colored vapor

• Iodine gives a red solution in benzene,

which is regarded as the result of a
different type of charge transfer complex.
In inert solvents, such as carbon
tetrachloride or carbon disulfide, violet-
colored solutions that contain
uncoordinated iodine molecules are
obtained.
IODINE
Chemical Properties
• Iodine combines directly with many elements. Iodine combines readily
with most metals and some nonmetals to form iodides; for example, silver
and aluminum are easily converted into their respective iodides, and white
phosphorus unites readily with iodine.

Identification Tests
• AgNO3: yellow ppt of AgI insoluble in HNO3.
• KMnO4, H2SO4, chloroform: violet layer due to the liberation of I2.
IODINE
Compounds and Their Uses
• Potassium Iodide
⚬ Increase solubility of I2
• Iodine Tincture
⚬ 2% iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI
• Povidone-Iodine (Betadine®)
⚬ Polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP)
⚬ Iodophores
￭ liberates free iodine
IODINE
Compounds and Their Uses
• Boulton’s Solution
⚬ Phenolated Iodine Solution
⚬ Disinfectant
• Mandel’s Solution
⚬ Carbolized Iodine Solution
⚬ Antiseptic
GR
Manganese Subgroup

OUP
Manganese(M)
Technetium (Tc)
VII-
Rhenium (Re)

B
MANGA
⚬ A chemical element with the symbol Mn
NESE
and atomic number 25.
⚬ Manganese occurs mostly as the oxide,
MnO2. It is difficult to prepare the pure
state. Since manganese is used mainly in
alloy steels, it can be used without
extensive purification.
MANGA
NESE
• Physical State
⚬ a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It
is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse.
• Chemical Properties
⚬ Manganese exhibits oxidation states of 2+,
to 7+. The 2+ compounds are good
reducing agents. The permanganese ion
(Mno4¯) is a good oxidizing agent since
the manganese is in the 7+ oxidation state
and is easily reduced.
MANGA
• TWO SALT FORMS

NESE
⚬ Hausmannite Is a complex oxide of
manganese containing both di- and tri- valent
manganese
⚬ Braunite is a silicate mineral containing both
di- and trivalent manganese

• Identification Test
⚬ H2S: salmon or flesh colored ppt of MnS -
⚬ NaBiO3: purple solution of HMnO4
(permanganic acid)
MANGA
• Compounds and their Uses

NESE
⚬ Manganese Sulfide
￭ Salmon-colored sulfur
￭ Trace element
￭ Cofactor in CHON synthesis for riboflavin -
Phosphorylation, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
• Poisoning: Similar to parkinsonism

⚬ KMnO4
￭ Mineral chameleon
￭ Oxidizing agents, volumetric soln in permanganometry
TECHNE
Technetium is a chemical element with the symbol "Tc" and atomic number 43.

TIUM
It is an artificial (man-made) element, and all of its isotopes are radioactive.
Technetium is unique in that it does not have any stable isotopes, meaning that
all of its forms decay over time.

⚬ AKA Eka-manganese
⚬ 1st element produced artificially
⚬ Used in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
⚬ Diagnostic agent
TECHNE
Uses

TIUM
• Used in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
• Diagnostic agent
RHENIU
is a chemical element with the symbol "Re" and atomic number 75. It is a
M
silvery-gray, dense transition metal. Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in
the Earth's crust, and it is often found in association with other rare elements.
Due to its scarcity and specialized applications, rhenium is not as widely known
as some other transition metals, but its unique properties make it valuable in
certain technological and scientific contexts.
THAN