Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello

CLASS EIGHT

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM

 The body system that controls and coordinates for the function of all other organ systems is
called nervous system
 Nervous system divided in to two parts CNS and PNS
 CNS stands for central nervous system
 PNS stands for peripheral nervous system
 CNS consist of Brain and Spinal cord
 PNS consist of Sensory nerves and motor nerves
 CNS controls all the vital functions.
 Brain is enclosed in a hard bony protective structure called Cranium (Skull).
 Brain is made up of soft nerve tissues
 Brain appears like a large pinkish grey walnut
 Brain has wrinkled appearance
 Brain is control center of body
 Brain cells are called neurons
 Brain has three parts forebrain , mid brain and hind brain
 Fore brain is also called cerebrum
 Cerebrum is the largest part of brain
 Cerebrum comprises two hemispheres
 Right hemisphere controls left side of body and left hemisphere controls right side of body
 Cerebrum controls thinking feeling memory hearing seeing speech decision making
 Thalamus lies inside cerebrum
 Thalamus controls sensory functions
 Hypothalamus lies at the base of the thalamus
 Hypothalamus controls the body temp feeling of hunger and thirst
 Mid brain consist of optic lobe
 Mid brain has four optic lobes
 Mid brain controls visual reflexes
 Hind brain consist of pons cerebellum and medulla oblongata
 Pons are bridge like structure which links different parts of brain
 Pons controls facial expressions sleeping and breathing
 Cerebellum lies dorsally behind the optic lobes
 Cerebellum controls muscular co-ordination and body balance
 Medulla oblongata lies below the cerebellum

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Medulla oblongata controls involuntary reflex actions such as blood pressure heart beat
peristalsis etc
 Spinal cord is long piece of nerve tissue
 Spinal cord is extension of brain
 Sensory nerves carries message to brain and spinal cord
 Motor nerves carries message away from brain or spinal cord to the body organs
 The quick action in which brain is not involved is called reflex action
 Those actions which are performed by our own wish called voluntary actions or conscious
actions
 Eating bathing walking running are voluntary actions
 Fore brain is responsible for voluntary actions
 Those actions which are not performed by our own wish called involuntary actions
 Breathing blinking of eyes digestion respiration are involuntary actions
 Hind brain is responsible for involuntary actions
 The process of eliminating waste materials from the body is known as excretion
 Waste materials are water carbon dioxide mineral salts and urea
 Lungs, kidney, liver, and skin play part in excretion
 The main excretory organ is kidney
 There are two kidneys in our body
 Kidneys are bean shaped and reddish brown
 Urinary system consist of kidneys ureter bladder urethra
 Renal artery takes blood to kidney for filtration
 Renal vein takes filtered blood away from kidney
 Artificial kidney machine called the dialysis
 Dialysis consist of two processes filtration and reabsorption
 The kidney can be damaged due to microbial infection calcification and other diseases
 Acute kidney failure can be managed by transplantation
 Replacement of malfunctioning organ by a healthy organ is called transplantation

 HEREDITY IN ORGANISMS

 Cell is basic structural and functional units of living things

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 The multiplication of new cells takes place by a process known as cell division
 Cell division involves division of nucleus and cytoplasm
 Karyokinesis means division of nucleus
 Cytokinesis means division of cytoplasm
 The cell that divides is called parent cell
 New divided cells called daughter cells
 Cell division have two types Mitosis and Meiosis
 In mitosis body grow repair and develop
 In meiosis gametes divides
 Mitosis takes place in somatic or vegetative cells
 In mitosis one parent cell divides into two daughter cells
 In mitosis no of chromosomes remains same in daughter cells
 Mitosis consist of four stages prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase
 Prophase is the first stage
 Meiosis is called reduction division
 In meiosis four daughter cells are formed
 In meiosis number of chromosomes reduces to half
 Meiosis consist of two rounds
 Chromosomes are present inside the nucleus
 The basic physical and functional unit of heredity is called gene
 Genes are located on chromosomes
 DNA stands for deoxyribo nucleic acid
 Chromosome consists of proteins and nucleic acid
 DNA is double strands
 Basic unit of DNA is called nucleotide
 A Nucleotide consist of phosphate sugar and base
 There are four bases Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine
 Every living thing has its own distinct DNA
 Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring is known as inheritance
 Zygote is the first cell of an organism
 Gregory Mendel is the father of inheritance

 BIOTECHNOLOGY

 The branch of science which deals with the use of microorganisms animal cells plant cells
or their components to produce useful products for humans is called BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Selective breeding is a process used to develop new organism with desirable
characteristics of life stock and fields crops to produce antibiotics from microorganisms and
to synthesize antibodies
 Basic unit of DNA is called Nucleotide
 Nucleotides made up of three components Deoxyribo sugar, phosphoric acid and organic
basis
 DNA is stored in the form of code made up of four organic bases Adenine Guanine
Cytosine and Thymine
 Uracil is not organic bases of DNA
 The production of human growth hormone is used for the treatment of Dwarfism
 In 1953 James Watson and Francis crick proposed DNA model
 DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical copies of DNA from one
original DNA molecule
 Each strand of DNA is called chromosomes
 Small pieces of DNA is called plasmids
 Bacteria is used in genetic engineering because of its ability to multiply in shortest span of
time
 Human insulin is a great achievement of medical science
 Human gene that secreted insulin is isolated from the pancreatic cell
 Infants should be immunized with BCG vaccines against Tuberculosis
 MMR vaccines are given against Measles
 Typhoid Vaccine used against Typhoid disease
 Polio vaccine used against polio disease
 Vaccines and insulin are everyday biotechnological products.
 Antibodies contain disease producing pathogens in the weakened form.

 POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT

 Many substances can damage environment by making it dirty and unhealthy for the
organisms living in the environment
 Undesirable changes in physical chemical or biological characteristics of water and land is
called pollution
 Harmful substances which damage the environment are called pollutants
 Pollutants causes pollution
 Air pollution is most dangerous type of pollution
 Air pollutants are sulphur dioxide carbon mono oxide oxides of nitrogen chlorofluorocarbon

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Sulphurdioxide is poisonous gas have irritating smell
 Incomplete combustion of fuel leads to exhaust of carbon mono oxide
 CFC stands chlorofluorocarbons
 CFC is a major cause of the depletion of ozone layer
 The change in our mode of transpiration responsible for global warming
 Burning of coal emits carbon dioxide carbon mono oxide sulphurdioxide and nitrogen oxide
into the air which can dissolve in rain water to form acidic rain
 Acid rain effects the photosynthesis and growth of plants
 Acid rain leads to destroy manmade structures and metal archaeological objects
 Carbon dioxide is major greenhouse gas
 Carbon dioxide traps the sun heat
 The ozone protects the earth from harmful effects of ultraviolet rays of the sun
 The ozone layer is present in the atmosphere approximately 12 to 50 km high up the
ground
 Chlorine atoms breaks the ozone shield
 Forests are vital to our earth
 Trees purify air, filter water, prevent erosion and buffer against climate change
 Deforestation means removal of forests from surface of earth
 Increased greenhouse acidic oceans loss of species climate control flooding and erosion
and life quality decrease are effects of deforestation

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 Atoms are the smallest particles of any matter
 Pure form of matter is element
 Chemical change is also called chemical reaction
 A reaction in which new substances are formed is called chemical change
 The rearrangement of atoms takes place during chemical reaction
 Vinegar + Soda ---------- Sodium bicarbonate
 Iron nail + water --------- rusting
 Rusting of iron, burning of coal, digestion of food and photosynthesis are chemical
reactions
 Chemical reactions are usually expressed in the form of chemical equation
 It is an easy way to write a chemical reaction in the form of symbols or formulas called
chemical equation
 Substances take part in chemical reaction are called reactants
 Substances formed during chemical reaction are called products

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Reactants are written on left side of an arrow
 Products ate written on right side of an arrow
 In chemical equation physical states are mentioned
 g for gas, l for liquid, s for solid, and aq for aqueous solution
 Depletion of ozone layer is chemical change
 Ozone layer depleted by CFCs
 O3 + O ------ 2O2
 Equations must always be balanced. equations are balanced by trial and error method
 Total mass of reactants and products remain conserved during a chemical reaction this is
called LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
 Those reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form a product are called
addition reaction
 Combination and synthesis reactions are also called addition reaction
 When single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances called
decomposition reaction
 Decomposition reaction are the opposite of addition reactions
 The study of heat change in chemical reactions is called THERMOCHEMISTRY
 A reaction in which heat energy is absorbed or added to the system is called
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
 A reaction in which heat is released or give off called EXOTHERMIC REACTION
 All combustion reactions are exothermic
 Neutralization and respiration are also combustion reactions
 Our body is exothermic engine
 ACIDS, ALKALIS AND SALTS

 In 19th century substances were categorized based on their tastes

 Acids have sour taste
 Bases have bitter taste
 Acid derived from Latin word acere means sour
 Acidity was generated by hydrogen b/c it is the component all acids have in common
 Acids are those substances which produced hydrogen ion (H) in the aqueous solution
 Bases are those substances which produce hydroxyl ion (OH) in the aqueous solution
 August Arrhenius in 1903 define acids and bases
 Arrhenius gave theory called ionization theory
 Arrhenius received noble prize on his theory
 Alkalis are those bases which are soluble in water

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Acids turns blue litmus to red
 Bases turns red litmus to blue
 When acid reacts with base then salt and water will form this is called NEUTRALIZATION
REACTION
 H2O is the main product of neutralization as it is formed by the H from acid and OH from
base
 Salt is ionic compound
 Water is bad conductor of electricity
 Acids and alkalis are good conductors of current
 pH scale is measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
 pH scale ranges between 1-14
 Smaller the pH number the more acidic is solution
 Greater the pH number the more basic is solution
 An acidic solution has pH less than 7
 A basic solution has pH more than 7
 Neutral have pH 7
 An indicator is a dye substance
 Indicator indicates that substance is acid or base
 Phenolphthalein. bromophenol blue and methyl orange are indicators
 Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid and pink in base
 Bromophenol blue is yellow in acid and blue in base
 Methyl orange is orange in acid and yellow in base
 Tartaric acid found in grapes and tamarind
 Citric acid found in citrus fruits like lemon and oranges
 Lactic acid found in yogurt
 Ascorbic acid found in Alum, Citrus fruits
 Sulphuric acid H2SO4 is known as king of compounds or oil of vitriol
 Hydrochloric acid HCl is known as stomach acid
 Sodium hydroxide NaOH is known as caustic soda
 Benzoic acid c6h5cooh is used to preserve food
 Carbonic acid hco3 is used to make carbonated drinks
 Acetic acid ch3cooh is main compound of vinegar
 Nitric acid hno3 is used to production of fertilizers explosives purification and extraction of
gold
 Ammonia, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and magnesium
hydroxide are bases

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Sting of an ant contains formic acid
 Blood have 7.3 pH orange juice have 4 pH ammonia have 11 pH and milk have 6.5 pH

 FORCE AND PRESSURE

 Force acting per unit area is called pressure

 Pressure describe how a force is spread over an area
 Pressure is a measure of force acting on a certain area
 Pressure= force/area
 Pressure depends on two factors force and area
 Larger the force greater will be pressure
 Smaller the area greater will be pressure
 In SI system unit of pressure is passcal (Pa)
 Pa= N/m2
 Blasé Pascal was a French scientist whose discoveries about pressure in fluid
 When pressure applied on a surface of liquid it will dispersed all over the surface. this is
called Pascal`s law
 Hydraulics is a branch of science that deals with practical applications of liquid in motion
 The pressure in a liquid is transmitted equally in all direction
 Hydraulic brakes hydraulic jack system hydraulic lifts are the commonly used hydraulic
systems
 When gas particles hit the walls of container they exerts pressure
 Volume and pressure of gas inversely related
 Decrease the volume increase in volume
 Greater the density greater will be pressure
 Pneumatics is Greek word pneuma means breath or wind
 Pneumatic technology deals with the study of behavior and applications of compressed air
 Pneumatic systems are used in spray guns pumps dentistry tool etc.
 The dental drill is a tool used by dentists to bore through tooth enamel
 A vacuum cleaner is a device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up
dust and dirt usually from floors
 Aerosol is a system of particles uniformly distributed in a finely divided state through a gas
 Aerosol can be natural or artificial
 Fog geyser and steam are natural aerosol
 Haze dust particulate air pollutants and smoke are artificial aerosol
 A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 The atmospheric pressure at sea level has a mean value of 101325 Pa
 101325 pa is equal to 14.7 psi
 One atmospheric pressure is equal to 760 mm of Hg
 Barometer has two types mercury and aneroid barometer
 The aneroid barometer can be used as an altimeter by mountaineers or in an airplane to
determine its altitude
 MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

 Comparing an unknown physical quantity with known standard quantity of the same kind is
called MEASUREMENT
 A quantity that can be measure or quantified called physical quantity
 Physical quantity expressed by magnitude and its units
 Those quantities which cannot be derived or resolved called fundamental quantities
 Those quantities which can be derived or resolved called derived quantities
 Standard physical quantity called unit
 Measurement derived from Greek word metron means limited proportion
 There are 7 fundamental quantities and 7 derived quantities
 Mass, length, Time, Temperature, Amount of substance, Electric current and luminous
intensity are basic or fundamental quantities
 Before 1960 three systems of units were used
 MKS CGS and FPS system
 MKS stands for meter kilogram and second
 CGS stands for centimeter gram and second
 FPS stands for foot pound and second
 In 1960 new system of units developed called SI system
 SI stands for international system of units
 Kilogram is unit of mass meter is unit of length a unit of time
 Kelvin is unit of temperature mole is unit of amount of substance
 Ampere is unit of electric current candela is unit of luminous intensity
 1 kilometer equal to 1000 meter
 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeter
 1 centimeter us equal to 10 millimeter
 1 meter is equal to 106 micro meters
 1 meter is equal to 109 Nano meters
 Nano means 10-9
 Micro means 10-6

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Milli means 10-3
 Centi means 10-2
 Deci means 10-1
 Daca means 101
 Hecto means 102
 Kilo means 103
 Mega means 106
 Gaga means 109
 Meter rule is used to measure length
 Measuring cylinder is used to measure volume of liquid
 Flasks and pipettes are used to measure volume of liquids
 Unit of volume is meter cube
 Unit of speed is meter per second
 Unit of acceleration is meter per second per second
 Unit of force is newton
 Unit of work is joule
 Unit of pressure is passcal
 Unit of charge is coulomb

 SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF HEAT

 Heat is form of energy

 Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature
 Sun is natural source of heat energy
 Heat energy brings out chemical changes
 The burning of substance in air with the release of large amount of heat and light energy is
called COMBUSTION REACTION
 Thermal expansion means increase in size by heat
 Thermal contraction means decrease in size by heat
 All three states of matter expand on heating contract on cooling
 Electric wires are left slack due to heat
 Liquids expand on heating and contract on cooling
 Water expand on cooling and contract on heating
 From 0 to 4 degree water shows anomalous behavior
 Rivet is a steel bolt used as permanent mechanical fastener
 Bimetallic strip are used in thermostats of electrical appliances to control the temperature

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Bimetallic strip is made up of two metal strips join together
 Usually one strip is steel and other is brass
 Thermostat keep temperature constant in appliances
 Bimetallic strip uses in electric irons heaters oven fire alarms air conditions car thermostat
and rerigerators
 Cracking of roads and foot paths is effect of thermal expansion and contraction
 Ski suits prevent skiers to get frost bite by insulating their body from cold
 Thermometer is a device to measure the temperature
 In clinical thermometer mercury is used
 In laboratory thermometers alcohol is used

 LENSES

 A lens is a transparent material which is used to refract the light

 When light moves from one medium to another then it will bends this is called refraction of
light
 Convex lens is also called converging lens
 Convex lens converges light rays at a single point
 Concave lens is also called diverging lenses
 Concave lens diverges the light rays in different directions
 Convex lens is thick at middle and thin at edges
 Concave lens is thin at middle and thick at edges
 Convex lens forms real image
 Concave lens forms virtual image
 Center of lens is called optical center
 Center of a sphere is called center of curvature
 A line that bisects lens into two halves called vertical axis
 The line passes through the center of curvature and optical center is called principal axis
 In convex lens rays after refraction meets at a point is called principal focus
 The distance between the optical center and principal focus is called focal length
 Focal length if convex lens is taken positive

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Focal length of concave lens is taken negative
 Main parts of camera are camera body shutter lens. lens aperture
 In human eye image is formed on retina
 Retina is light sensitive part of eye
 The image formed on retina is inverted and real
 Cornea behaves much like the front kens of a camera
 Iris and pupil act like the aperture of a camera
 Retina works like a film in a camera
 In camera the lens moves closer or further from the film to focus
 Retina contains rods and cone cells
 Rod cells are responsible for vision in dim light or in darkness
 Cone cells are responsible for vision in bright light and coloured vision
 Rhodopsin is a chemical found in rods
 In bright light rhodopsin breaks down in two molecules the retinal and Opsin
 In dim light retinal and the Opsin recombine into rhodopsin molecules
 Recombination of two molecules is slow that’s why we see in darkness after some time.
 The retinal used in the eye is derived from Vitamin A
 A person who is long sighted can focus clearly on distant objects
 A long sighted person cannot focus on near objects
 A long sighted person´s eyeball is too short
 A long sighted person´s eye focused light behind retina
 A long sighted person see near blurred image
 Long sighted defect can be corrected by using convex lens
 A person who is short sighted can focus clearly on near objects
 A short sighted person cannot focus on distant objects
 A short sighted person´s eyeball is too long
 A short sighted person´s eye focused light in front retina
 A short sighted person see distant blurred image
 Short sighted defect can be corrected by using concave lens

 ELECTRICITY IN ACTION

 Electricity is flow of electrons around a circuit

 Dry cells and batteries produce electricity
 Electricity can be produced by chemical methods as well as mechanical methods
 In mechanical method a magnet moves through a coil or a coil through magnet

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 U shaped magnet is used in coil
 A current in coil changes its direction with an equal interval of time is called Alternating
current AC
 Small generator called bicycle dynamo
 Bicycle dynamo is a device that can produce electric current and light up the lamp that is
mounted on it
 Solar panels contain solar cells called photo voltaic cells
 Solar panels do not pollute the air
 Solar panel does not produce electricity during night
 For storing current batteries are used
 UPS stands for un-interrupted power supply
 Wind energy is used to produce current by air pressure
 Nuclear energy produce electricity from nucleus of an atom
 Breaking of heavy nuclei in to smaller nuclei called fission
 Biomass is oldest source of energy
 Biomass is obtained from animal waste and fossils plant material
 Hydroelectric energy produce electricity by falling or flowing water
 Most common type of hydroelectric power plant is dam
 Thermal energy is produced from heat
 Alternating current is flow of charge that changes direction periodically.
 Direct current is flow in one direction
 AC is used to deliver high power to industries buildings etc.
 A rectifier is a simple diode or group of diodes which converts alternating current AC to
direct current DC
 A diode allows electric current in one direction
 Resistor is device that opposes the flow of electrons in electronic circuits
 Diode is made up of semiconductor
 Semiconductor is the element which acts some time conductor some time insulator
 LED stands for light emitting diode
 Transistor is a device which controls the flow of electricity or simply electrons by acting as a
switch that can be turn on and off electronically
 A device or a component that provide information in different forms of energy converts it to
electrical signal and forwards it to computer is called input device
 An output device is a device that is used to receive that data from processor and show its
results

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Digital camera, key board, mouse, joy stick, Mike, web camera, Barcode reader, Stylus
pen, touch pad, touch screen and finger print reader are input devices
 Speaker monitor smart phone screen television screen printer electric bell and telephone
receiver are output devices
 CPU stands for central processing unit
 IC stands for integrated circuit

 EXPLORING SPACE

 Sputnik-1 was first man made spacecraft

 1ST spacecraft was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957
 Telescope is an instrument that enables us to see distant objects
 Tele means distant or away and scope means to see
 Galileo Galilee an Italian astronomer use telescope first time
 There are two types of telescope refracting and reflecting telescope
 In refracting telescope lens is used
 In reflecting telescope mirrors are used
 A spectroscope is an optical instrument which is used to measure the properties of visible
light
 White light is made up of seven colours
 Violet indigo blue green yellow orange and red are seven colours
 Band or strip of colours is called spectrum of light
 Red colour has highest wave length 7000A
 Violet colour has smallest wave length 4000A
 A spacecraft is a vehicle sent into space to carry out a specific task
 Venera-9 was the first spacecraft landed on surface of Venus
 MIR stands for magnetic Resonance Imaging
 CT stands for computed Tomography
 CAT stands for computerized Axial Tomography
 LVAD stands for left ventricular assist Device
 GPS stands for global positioning system
 Each satellite makes two complete orbits in 24 hours
 Weather forecasting means predicting or guessing about weather
 Meteorologists do weather forecasting
 Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas on earth
 In outer space no air

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Science Class Eight | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 ISS stands for international space station
 SLF stands for satellite launching facility
 Space bus a box like container to be the body of the spacecraft
 Astronauts wear space suits in space
 The GPS consists of 30 or more satellites

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.‫ داخال جي بارى ۾ آ گاهي‬

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