Group V Elements

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Names of Group:
Lailatul Badriyah
1 18030194023

Wahyu Izmi Zakiyah

2 18030194099

Aulia Pratamadita
3 18030194101
 The Group V Elemets

Electronic Structure and Occurance, extraction and

01 Oxidation State 02 uses
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic,
anthimony, and Bismuth

General Properties and

03 structure of the elements 04 Bond Type

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic,

anthimony, and Bismuth
Electronic Structure and Oxidation State
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The Elements of this Group :

Have five electrons in outer shell; tendency for the pair s electrons to remain inert increases with increasing atomic
weight. Only p electrons are used in bonding.
Occurance, extracti
on and uses
 Occurance, extraction and uses
Nitrogen
01  Nitrogen comprises 78% of the earth”s
atmosphere, but it’s not very abudant
element. Nitrates are very soluble in
water, so they aren’t widespread in the
earth’s crust.
 Nitrogen is an essential constituent of
protein (N= 17% by weight) and amino
acids.
 Nitrates are extensively used in fertilizers
and explosives.
 Nitrogen gas is used in large amounts
as an inert atmosphere. This is mainly in
the iron and steel and other metallurgical
industries, and in oil refineries for purging
catalytic cracking vessels, re-forming
vessels, and pipes.
 Liquid nitrogen  as a refrigerant
 N2  manufacture of ammonia and
calcium cyanamide
 N2 is obtained commercially by condensing air to the
liquid state then fractionally distilling the liquid air.
 Two thirds of N2 is sold as gas and one thirds is sold
as liquid
 A cylinder of N2 is the sual source of N2 in laboratory.
 The sample of gas obtained by making ammonium
nitrite then warming it.
 N2 also obtained by oxidizing ammonia, example:
with calcium hypocloride; bromine water; or CuO.
 Small quantities of very pure N2 obtained by carefully
warming sodium azide NaN3 to about 300˚C
 NH4Cl + NaNO2  NaCl + NH4NO2 (warm)  N2 +
2H2O
 4NH3 + 3Ca(Ocl)2  2N2 + 3CaCl2 + 6H2O
 8NH3 + 3Br2  N2 + 6NH3Br
 2NaN3  3N2 + 2Na
 Occurance, extraction and uses
02 Phosphorus
 The eleventh most abudant element in
the earth’s crust
 60% of bones and teeth, and average
person has 3.5 kg of calcium phosphate
in his body.
 DNA and RNA made up from polyester
chains of phosphates and sugar with
organic bases. So, phosphorus is vital
importance for the production of energy in
cells.
 Vast amounts of phosphates  used in
fertilizers.
 Production phosphorus obtained by the
reduction of calcium phosphate with C in
an electric furnace at 1400 ˚C – 1500 ˚C
 Sand (silica SiO2) is added to remove the
calcium as a fluid slag and to drive off the
phosphorus as P4O10.
 The P4O10 reduced to phosphorus by C
 At this temperature (1400 ˚C – 1500 ˚C)
gaseous phosphorus distils off , mainly as
P4 but with some P2. this is condensed to
white phosphorus P4 by passing the gas
through water.
2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2  6CaSiO3 + P4O10
P4O10 + 10C  P4 + 10CO
 85% of the elemental P produced is used
to make very pure phosphoric acid
(H3PO4). 10% is used to make P 4S10
(used making organo P—S compounds)
and P4S3 (used to make matches). Other
uses are for making POCl 3.
P4 + 5O2  P4O10 + 6H2O  4 H3PO4
P4 + 10S  P4S10
 Occurance, extraction and uses
03 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
The most important source of arsenic, Bismuth is obtained as Bi2O3
antimony and bismuth is as sulphides. from the flue dust
The colours of the sulphide ores are
Bismuth is used in low
distinctive.
Arsenic is obtained as As2O3. melting alloys, in batteries,
Production of As2O3. is about 50.000 tones bearings, solder and
Other type of arsenic are As4S4 and As2S3 ammunition.
4FeAsS  As4 + 4FeS
Production of Bi is about
Antimony is obtained as Sb2O3 and
3.900
reduced to metal.
Sb2S3 + 3Fe  2Sb + 3FeS
Antimony metal is used in alloys and to
electroplate steel to prevent rusting
Production of Sb is about 63.900
General Properties an
d structure of the elem
ents
General Properties and structure of the ele
ments
01 Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with the symbol N and atomic
number 7 in period 3
It is colourless, odourless, tasteless
It is exists as N2
N2 contains a triple bond at 1.09 A and very stable
N2 is innert at room temperature, but at the elevated
temperature it will be reactively.
It can be made by paasing an electric spark at low pressure
General Properties and structure of the ele
ments

01 Nitrogen cycle
General Properties and structure of the ele
ments

Net gains to
the supply of
Nitrogen
 General Properties and structure of the ele
ments
02 Phosphorus
 Phosphorus is a chemical element with
the symbol P and atomic number 15 in period 3
 Solid in room temperature
 It is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found
as a free element on Earth.
 In minerals, phosphorus generally occurs as
phosphate.
 Phosphorus exists in two major forms, white
phosphorus and red phosphorus
 White phosphorus is soft, waxy, solid and
reactive
 White phosphorus is the least stable, the most
reactive, the most volatile, the least dense, and
the most toxic of the allotropes
 It consists of tetrahedral P4 molecules and this
structure remains in the liquid and gaseous
states
 Up to the temperature of 800°C when it
starts decomposing to P2 (diphosphorus)
molecules
 It react with moist air and glows in the
dark with a very faint tinge of green and
blue. (chemiluminescence)
White phosphorus
exposed to air glows
in the dark
 It ignites spontaneously in air (self-
igniting) at about 35℃, so it is stored
underwater
 If white phosphorus is heated to about
250℃ or in lower teperature but in the
presence of sunlight it will formed red
phosphorus.
General Properties and structure of the ele
ments
02 Cont. of Phosphorus
 Red phosphorus is solid and less reactive than white phosphorus
 It is stable in air doesn’ ignite unless it is heated to 400℃
 It is insoluble in organic solvents
 Red phosphorus is not an allotrope, but rather an intermediate phase between the white and violet
phosphorus
 Violet phosphorus is a form of phosphorus that can be produced by day-long annealing of red
phosphorus above 550°C
 Heating white phosphorus under high pressure results black phosphorus
 Thermodynamically the most stable allotrope and it is inert

(a) White phosphorus (b) Red phosphorus (c) Violet phosphorus (d) Black phosphorus
General Properties and structure of the ele
ments
02 Structure of Phosphorus

(a) Structure of P4 (white phosphorus) (b) Structure of red phosphorus and (c) violet phosphorus (d) Crystal structure of red phosphorus (e) Crystal structure of black phosphorus
 General Properties and structure of the
elements
03 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
 As, Sb and Bi each exist as solid in allotrope
forms
 All three element have much less reactive
metallic or α-forms
 Arsenic is a chemical element with
the symbol As and atomic number 33 period
4   It is rapidly transformed into gray arsenic
 Though stable in dry air, arsenic forms a
golden-bronze tarnish upon exposure to
humidity which eventually becomes a black
surface layer
 When heated in air,
arsenic oxidizes to arsenic trioxide
 It has various allotropes, but the metallic gray
form is the most common
 Gray arsenic is a semimetal and the most
stable form
 Arsenic vapour contains tetrahedral As 4
molecules as reactive yellow form of solid
 Yellow arsenic is soft and waxy, and
somewhat similar to tetraphosphorus (P4)
 This unstable allotrope, being molecular,
is the most volatile, least dense, and
most toxic.
by light. 
 Black arsenic is similar in structure
to black phosphorus. 
 Black arsenic can be formed by cooling
vapor at around 100–220°C and by
crystallization of amorphous arsenic in
the presence of mercury vapors. 
 It is glassy and brittle and a poor
electrical conductor
 General Properties and structure of the
elements
03 Cont. Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
 Antimony is a chemical element with
the symbol Sb and atomic number 51
period 5
 Sb is stable in air at room temperature,
but reacts with oxygen if heated to
produce antimony trioxide (Sb2O3).
 Four allotropes of antimony are known: a
stable metallic form and three metastable
forms (explosive, black and yellow)
 A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in
nature mainly as the sulfide
mineral stibnite (Sb2S3).
 Sb also has yellow form which the most
unstable
 Black antimony is formed upon rapid
cooling of antimony vapor.
 It has the same crystal structure as red
phosphorus and black arsenic
 It oxidizes in air and may ignite
spontaneously.
 At 100°C, it gradually transforms into the
stable form.
 Another Sb allotrope is formed at high
pressure has hexagonal close-packed
structure
 Bismuth is a chemical element with
the symbol Bi and atomic number 83
period 6
 Bi was discovered to be extremely
weakly radioactive
 When burned in oxygen, bismuth burns
with a blue flame and its oxide forms
yellow fumes.
 Its toxicity is much lower than that of its
neighbors in the periodic table, such
as lead, antimony, and polonium.
 General Properties and structure of the
elements
03 Cont. Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
 It has a high electrical resistivity
 Bi is a semiconductor, despite being a post-transition metal.
 Bismuth is stable to both dry and moist air at ordinary
temperatures.
 Bi is unusual because the liquid expands when it forms the solid
 At ambient conditions, bismuth shares the same layered
Crystal structure common
structure as the metallic forms of arsenic and antimony, Rhombohedral lattice
to Sb, AsSb and gray As
crystallizing in the rhombohedral lattice

Table of ionization energies and electrogenativity of pnictogens

 Bond Type
 The majority of compound formed by this group are covalent

 A coordination number of 4 is obtained if the lone pair is donated to another atom or ion
 It require to much energy to remove all five outer electrons so M 5+ ions are not formed because the ionization
energy is too high but not for Sb and Bi can lose just three electrons to formed M 3+ ions, but M3+ are not very
stable in solution because its rapidly hydrolysed in water. It can exist in fairly strong acid solution.
 Nitrogen atom may gain three electrons to attain a noble gas configuration to form N 3-. Thus ionic nitrides are
formed only by metals which have low ionization eneries anc can form nitrides with high lattice energies.
 Nitrogen can’t form complexes because it can’t extend itc coordination number beyond 4 (only 4 orbitals
available).
 Nitrogen can aslo form storng pπ-pπ multiple bonds.
 But other element may have coordination number of 5 or 6, as example in PCl 5 and [PCl6]- by involving one or two
orbitals (hybridization may occur)
 It can be explained when electronegative ligands are placed round the phosphorus atom, the 3d orbitals contract
nearly the same size as the 3s and 3p orbitals
Thank you