15th GROUP ELEMENTS

Basics at a glance Oxides of Nitrogen:

Minerals of elements  Nitrous Oxide (or)
Mineral sources of nitrogen Laughing gas (or) : N2O
Salt petre (or) Bengal salt petre : KNO3 Nitrogen monoxide (or)
Di nitrogen monoxide
Chile salt petre : NaNO3  Nitric Oxide : NO
 Minerals of Phosphorous  Nitrogen dioxide : NO2
Fluorapatite : 3Ca  PO  .CaF  ;
3 4 2 2 Di Nitrogen Tetroxide : N 2O4
Chlorapatite : 3Ca 3  PO 4 2 .CaCl 2  ;  Dinitrogen trioxide (or) Sesquioxide: N 2 O3

Hydroxyapatite : 3Ca  PO  .Ca  OH   ;

3 4 2 2
 Di Nitrogen Pentoxide : N 2 O5

Phosphorite rock : Ca  PO   .

Oxides of Phosphorous:
3 4 2
Phosphorus trioxide : P2 O3 or P4 O 6
 Minerals of As, Sb and Bi
As: Phosphorus pentoxide : P2 O5 or P4 O10
Realgar :  As4 S4 red  orange colour Oxy acids of phosphorous
H 3 PO2
Orpiment:  As2 S3  yellowcolour
Hypophosphorous acid :

Sb: Stibinite :  Sb2 S3  and in flue dust as Sb2O3

Orthophosphorous acid : H 3 PO3
Bi: Bismuth glance :  Bi S 
2 3

or Bismuthinite Orthophosphoric acid : H 3 PO4

Bismuth ochre or Bismite:  Bi2O3  Peroxy phosphoric acid : H 3 PO5
Bismuthite :  BiO 2 CO3  Pyrophosphorus acid : H 4 P2O5
 Allotropes of Nitrogen Hypophosphoric acid : H 4 P2O6
 -Nitrogen (Solid State)
 - Nitrogen (Solid State) Pyrophosphoric acid : H 4 P2O7
 Allotropes of Phosphorous Metaphosphoric acid :  HPO3 n
White or yellow phosphorous
Super Phosphate of Lime:
Red phosphrous
 -Black phosphorous Ca  H2PO4 2 CaSO4.2H2O
 -Black phosphorous  Nitrolim : CaNCN  C (Calcium cyanamide
Violet phosphorous + graphite)
Scarlet phosphorous
 Allotropes of Arsenic  Triple Phosphate of Lime: 3Ca  H 2 PO4 2
Metallic or grey  Drying agent for ammonia is quick lime, CaO
Non-Metallic or yellow, black arsenic  Acidic oxides : N2O3 and N2O5
 Allotropes of Antimony P4O6 and P4O10
Crystalline  Amphoteric oxides : As4O6 and Sb4O6
Non-metallic or Yellow  Basic oxide : Bi2O3
 -antimony  Neutral oxides : N2O, NO
Explosive antimony
  Phosphoproteins are present in milk and eggs.
SYNOPSIS  Important sources of “P” are phosphate rocks
Introduction like
 Fluorapatite - 3Ca3(PO4)2. CaF2
 Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Arsenic, Antimony and
Chlorapatite - 3Ca3 (PO4)2. CaCl2
Bismuth belong to VA group or 15th group of
the periodic table.  Hydroxy apatite [3Ca3(PO4)2Ca(OH)2]
 Phosphorite rock [Ca3(PO4)2]
 The atomic numbers of N, P, As, Sb, and Bi are
 As, Sb and Bi are mostly available as their
7, 15, 33, 51 and 83 respectively.
sulphide minerals
 Elements of Nitrogen family are called
pnicogens and their compounds are called  In the flue dust antimony is available as Sb2O3
 In air occurance of VA group elements decreases
pnictides as these elements forms pungent
smelling compounds. from N to Bi
Electronic configuration: The general
valency shell electronic configuration of these
Atomic Configuration
Element Symbol elements is ns2 np3.
number
 The penultimate shell of nitrogen contains two
[He]2S 2P electrons, phosphorous contains eight electrons
2 3
Nitrogen N 7
while As, Sb and Bi contains eighteen electrons.
Phospho- 
[Ne]3S 3P These elements are extra stable due to
2 3
P 15
rous completely filled s-subshell and half filled p-
[Ar]3a 4S 4P
10 2 3
Arsenic As 33 sub shell.

Antimony Sb 51 [Kr]4a 5S 5P
10 2 3
General properties: Nitrogen is a diatomic
gas while the other elements are solids.
[Xe]4f14 5d10  P, As and Sb are tetra atomic. Bi is mono atomic.
Bismath Bi 83
6s 6p
2 3

Bonding: Nitrogen is a diatomic gaseous



molecule where as phosphorus is a tetraatomic

 Occurrence: The percentage of relative
abundance of elements in the earth crust is
P>N>As>Sb>Bi
 Except ‘P’ all other elements occur in free state.
 In air N2 occurs to the extent of 78% by volume
or 80% by mass. N2 is an essential constituent
of proteins and amino acids.
 In the earth crust nitrogen is available as nitrates
 Nitrogen is chemically inert at room temperature
 Phosphorus is the 11th most abundant element
in the earth’s crust.
 Phosphorus occurs in minerals of the apatite
 In Nitrogen molecule 1 and 2 bonds are
family,
Ca 9  PO4 6 .CaX 2  X  F, Cl or OH 
(e.g. fluorapatite Ca 9  PO 4 6 .CaF2 ) which are
the main components of phosphate rocks.
 Phosphorus is an essential constituent of animal 
and plant matter. It is present in bones as well
as in living cells.
solid.
This is because nitrogen atoms are small in size
and can approach very close to one another so
lateral overlap of p-orbitals can takes place to
form  -bonds.
Phosphorus atoms are larger in size hence lateral
overlapping is not possible. So P4 molecules are
formed by single bonds between P atoms.
because N  N energy is very high (941.4 K.J. /
mole).
present.
Atomic Radius: Atomic radius of the
elements gradually increase from nitrogen to
bismuth
The increase in the radius is less predominat
beyond phosphorus due to shielding effect by
inner d - orbitals .
 Metallic character: Nitrogen and  In P4 molecule, the four P atoms are present at
Phosphorus are non metals. Arsenic and the corners of a tetrahedron and bond angle is
Antimony are metalloids and Bismuth is a metal. 600.
 Atomic radius, metallic character, Density and  White phosphorus molecule has 6 P-P bonds. It
B.P. gradually increase from N to Bi. has a regular tetrahedral structure.
 Most reactive form of phosphorous is white due
Conductivity: The Nitrogen and Phosphorus to high bond angle strain.
are non conductors of heat and electricity.  It is a translucent white waxy solid. It is
Arsenic is a poor conductor Antimony and poisonous.
Bismuth are the good conductors of heat and  Insoluble in water but soluble in carbon
electricity. disulphide and glows in dark
Ionisation Potential: The IP of the elements ( chemiluminescence).
is relatively high compared  It dissolves in boiling NaOH solution in an inert
to the corresponding elements of the adjacent atmosphere giving PH 3
groups.This is due to the stable electronic P4  3NaOH  3H2O  PH3  3NaH2PO2
configuration of ns 2 np 3 in their valency shell  It readily catches fire in air to give dense white
 Ionisation potential, electronegativity, fumes of P4 O10 .
electron affinity gradually decrease from N to
Bi. Red Phosphorous: Phosphorous tetrahedron
 The order of electron affinity is polymerises to form more inactive “Red -
N  P  As  Sb  Bi phosphorous.”
 M.P. increases upto As (grey   form) and then P P P
decreases.
Allotropic forms: Allotropy may observed P P P P P P
in all the 3 states of matter i.e solids, liquids,
gases P P P
 Except bismuth all the elements of this group Red phosphorus
exhibit allotropy.
 Nitrogen has two allotropes in the solid state.  It is obtained by heating white phosphorous at
They are  - Nitrogen (cubic crystalline) and 573K in an inert atmosphere for several days.
 -Nitrogen (hexagonal crystalline). When red phosphorous is heated under high
pressure, a series of layers of black phosphorous
 Phosphorus exists in a variety of forms. The
are formed which are similar to graphite.
most important forms of phosphorus are white
 Red phosphorous possesses iron grey lustre. It
or yellow, red,  - Black,  - Black, scarlet, is odourless, non poisonous and insoluble in
violet. water as well as in carbon disulphide.
 White Phosphorous:White phosphorous is  Less reactive than white phosphorous.It does not
stored under water. glow in the dark.
 White phosphorous contains discrete P 4 Black phosphorous: It has two forms  -black
molecules.
phosphorous and  -black phosphorous.
P   - black is formed when red phosphorous is
60
heated in a sealed tube at 803K.
  -black is prepared by heating white
P P
phosphorous at 473K under high pressure.
 Allotropes of As & Sb
As : Metallic or grey arsenic
P Non-metallic or yellow arsenic
White phosphorus Black Arsenic
 Most of the scientists believe that “yellow  Similarly, in case of phosphorus nearly all
antimony” is nothing but a solid solution of intermediate oxidation states disproportionate
antimony trichloride (SbCl3) in yellow antimony. into +5 and -3 both in alkali and acid medium.
 The allotropes of Antimony are yellow, metallic However +3 oxidation state in case of arsenic,
form and explosive forms. antimony and bismuth becomes increasingly
stable with respect to disproportionation.
Catenation: The catenation capacity depends
on bond energy Greater the bond energy value, GRADATION IN THE PHYSICAL
higher the “catenation capacity” CONSTANTS OF GROUP VA ELEMENTS
 Nitrogen has more bond energy than
phosphorus.
Property N P As Sb Bi
 Nitrogen forms upto eight atoms chains that are
known at room temperature, but only Atomic weight 14.01 30.97 74.92 121.75 208.98
N2H4 - hydrazine
HN3- Hydrazoic acid are stable Covalent radius
0.72 1.10 1.21 1.41 1.49
(Å)
 Tetrazenes (H2N - N = N - NH2) having organic
Density in solid
substituents give chains longer than 2 - state (gcc )
–1 0.88* 1.82 5.78 6.69 9.79
tetrazenes
Melting point
 Phosphines containing more than 2 (°C) –210 44 816** 630 271
‘Phosphorous atoms in linear as well as cyclic Boiling point
forms are also identified (°C) –196 281 615 1587 1564

Ex:P4H6 tetraphosphine Ionisation

Catenation capacity decreases from N - Bi potential 1402 1012 947 834 703
(kj mol )
–1

Oxidation states:“P” similar to nitrogen Electro

exhibits all possible oxidation states between + negativity 3.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9
(Pauling scale)
III and +V in its hydrides, oxides
M-M bond
 VA group elements exhibit -3, +3 and + 5 energy 355.5 200.7 163.1 146.4 –
oxidation numbers. (kJ mol )
–1

 Nitrogen exhibits all the oxidation states from -

Common +3, +3 +3, +5 +3, +5 +3, +5
3 to +5 and -1/3 in N 3 H oxidation states +5
+3

Stable oxidation number of Bi is +3 due to inert

pair effect.
 The stability of -3 oxidation state decrease from 
N to Bi due to decrease of non-metallic nature.
 Nitrogen forms tri negative ion N 3 easily..
Phosphorus forms P 3 ions with difficulty..
 The stability of +5 oxidation state decreases
and +3 oxidation state increases down the
group from N to Bi due to inertpair effect.
 As, Sb and Bi cannot form trinegative ions.
 In the case of nitrogen, all oxidation states from
+1 to +4 tend to disproportionate in acid
solution. For example,
3HNO 2  HNO3  H 2 O  2NO
Anomalous properties of Nitrogen
Nitrogen differs from the rest of the members
of this group due to its.
 Small size • high EN • high IE
 Non-availability of vacant d-orbitals.
 Nitrogen exhibts unique ability to form
P - P multiple bonds with itself and other
elements having small size and high EN like
C, O.
 Due to absence of vacant d-orbitals nitrogen
covalency is restricted to four and cannot form
d  P similar to the heavier elements
Eg : R3 P  0(or ) R3 P  CH2
W.E-1: Red phosphorous is less reactive than 
white phosphorous .why ?
Sol. Red phosphorous is stable due to its chain like
polymeric structure, therefore red phosphorous 
is less reactive .Moreover, white phosphorous
is very reactive due to its discrete P4 structure 
and P - P - P bond angle strain at 600
W.E-2: Nitrogen exhibits a maximum covalency 
of four .Explain
Sol. Nitrogen has no vacant ‘d’ orbital (ie.1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 3 ).
Excitation of 2s electron into 3s is not possible.
Therefore it can form only 4 bonds ie, three
single covalent bonds and one dative bond due 
to the lone pair of electrons in 2s.
Chemical Properties:
Hydrides: Hydrides of Nitrogen are NH 3
(Ammonia), N2H4 (Hydrazine), N3H (Hydrazoic
Acid)
 Hydrazoic acid is a mono basic acid.
Hydrides of phosphorus are PH3 (Phosphine), 
P2H4 (Diphosphine)
P2H4 is the least stable hydride.
As, Sb and Bi forms only AsH3 (Arsine), SbH3 
(Stibine) and BiH3 (Bismuthine).
 All the hydrides of the type MH3. (M = VA group
element) are prepared by the action of water or
dilute acids on their metal compounds like
Mg3N2, Ca3P2, Zn3As2, Mg3Sb2 and Mg3Bi2.
 BiH3 is very difficult to prepare because, it
dissociate even at 250 C
 The ease of formation of hydrides decreases
from NH3 to BiH3.
 Except NH 3 , the remaining hydrides are
poisonous gases.
 MH3 type hydrides are colourless and volatile
gases.
 From N to Bi, E.N decreases and so that polarity
of M-H bond decreases hence their solubility
also decreases.
 The ability to donate lone pair (Lewis basic
nature), stability and basic strength of the
hydrides decrease from NH3 to BiH3.
 Reducing power of the hydrides increases from
NH3 to BiH3 due to decrease in bond enthalpy
Ammonia is only a mild reducing agent while
BiH3 is the strongest reducing agent amongst
all the hydrides.
The tendency to form co-ordinate covalent
bonds gradually decreases from NH3 to BiH3 .
Except NH3 other hydrides have little or no
tendency to form coordinate covalent bonds (to
donate e pair)
From NH3 to BiH3 ionic nature increases.
 MH3 type hydrides are trigonal pyramidal in
shape.
 In NH 3 molecule central atom will make use of
sp 3 hybrid orbitals.
In MH3 type hydrides, the bond angle decreases
from NH3 to BiH3 due to increase in the size of
atom M and decrease in the E.N.
 As pure ‘p’ orbitals of As and Sb are involved,
the HMH bond angle in AsH 3 and SbH3 are
expected to be 90 0. But due to repulsions
between M-H bonds, the angle is likely greater
than 900
PH3 is quite stable in air. But, PH3 frequently
contains P2H4 (diphosphine) in traces as impurity
so when heated to 1500C P2H4 catches fire.
PH3 can also act as an electron pair donor and
forms complex. Ex: [Cl3Al  PH3 ]
Reaction of NH 3,PH3 and AsH 3 with HI is
similar
NH 3  HI  NH 4 I  Ammonium iodide
PH3  HI  PH 4 I  Phosphonium iodide
 Hydrogen atoms of NH3 may be substituted
by groups like Cl2 alkyl groups such as CH 3 .
Similar substitutions are less common in PH 3 .
 P(CH3)3 is more basic than PH3 due to  I effect
of CH3 groups
Note:
 VA group elements cannot form MH5 type of
hydrides due to small size of hydrogen atom.
 Though ‘N’ has greater EN ammonia is the
strongest electron pair donor of all the hydrides
of VA group elements. This is
• Because the small size of the “nitrogen atom”
(because of small size e  density is more on sp3
hybrid orbital compared to ‘p’ and other
elements.)
• In other hydrides greater M-H bond length leads 
to weakening of the covalent bond.
• The lone pair of e– is spread over a larger atom. 
As a result of this e– density on the atom and e–
donating nature (basic nature) decreases.
 The most acidic trioxide is N 2 O3 and most basic
 NH3 forms hydrogen bonds with water
Trends in some properties of hydrides
of VA group elements:
• M.P P H
Trioxides and pentoxides of P, As and Sb are
dimers.
From N2O3 to Bi2O3 acidic nature decreases and
basic nature increases.
trioxide is Bi 2 O3 the acidic and basic nature of
an oxide depends on the size and charge on the
VA group element.

3
< AsH3 < SbH3 < NH3 Ex: N is small and having +III oxidation state
• B.P PH3 < AsH3 < NH3 < SbH3
hence N2O3 is acidic.
• B.L NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3
• B.E NH3 > PH3 > SbH3 > AsH3  Except Bi other elements form pentoxides.
• B.A NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3  Acidic nature decreases or basic nature increases
• Reducing power NH3<PH3<AsH3<SbH3 <BiH3 from N2O5 to Sb4O10
• Basic Nature: NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3  N2O5 is the most acidic oxide in VA group
• Stability: NH3>>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>>BiH3 elements.
 Trioxides dissolve in water giving - Ous acids.
W.E-3: PH 3 has lower boiling point than
P4O6  6H 2O  4H3PO3
NH 3 .Why?
(Orthophosphorus acid )
Sol. Unlike NH 3 , PH 3 molecules are not associated
 Pentoxides dissolve in water giving - ic acids.
through hydrogen bonding in liquid state. That P4O10 + 6H 2O  4H3PO4 (Ortho phosphoric
is why the boiling point of PH 3 is lower acid)
than NH 3 . P4O10 + 2H2O  4HPO3 (Meta phosphoric acid)
 From top to bottom Oxidising nature of trioxides
W.E-4: The Lewis basic strength of PH 3 is less decreases.
 Trioxides are more stable than pentoxides
than that of NH 3 .Explain . (Because in pentoxides elements are in excited
Sol. The electron pair density on the smaller ‘N’ state)
atom is more than the larger ‘P’ atom .Electron  The stability of pentoxides decreases from N2O5
donation is more for ‘N’ of NH 3 compared to to Bi2O5.
‘P’of PH 3 . Therefore PH 3 is a weaker Lewis Halides: VA group elements form trihalides
base than NH 3 . of the type MX3 and pentahalides of the type
MX5.
Oxides: These elements form two series of  Trihalides are prepared by the reaction of VA
oxides - Trioxides (M 2O3) and Pentoxides group element or its compound with halogen.
(M2O5).  NF3 does not undergo hydrolysis.
 Nitrogen forms number of oxides due to  NCl3 on hydrolysis gives NH3 and Hypochlorous
P  P multiple bonding between N and acid.
oxygen atoms. NCl3 + 3H2O  NH3 + 3HOCl
 As oxidation number of the element increases, Aqueous solution of NCl3 acts as a bleaching
acidic nature of its oxides increases. agent due to formation of HOCl.
 As the atomic number increases acidic nature  PF3 is weakly reactive with water
of oxides decreases.
 Acidic nature of pentoxides is more than that of  The extent of hydrolysis decreases from NX3 to
trioxides. BiX3.
 PCl3 on hydrolysis gives HCl and H3PO3.  Very pure nitrogen can be obtained by the
PCl3 + 3H2O  H3PO3 + 3HCl thermal decomposition of sodium or barium
PCl3 is a covalent but the aqueous solution of azide.
Ba  N3 2  Ba  3N 2
PCl3 is good conductor due to the formation of
HCl.
 Trihalides except BiF3 are predominantly 2NaN 3  2Na  3N 2
covalent in nature.
Properties: Dinitrogen is a colourless,
 Trihalides use Sp3 hybridised orbitals of the
odourless, tasteless and non-toxic gas.
central atom.
 Trihalides have trigonal pyramid structure.  Nitrogen atom has two stable isotopes: 14 N and
 Penta halides use the sp3d hybridised orbitals of 15
N.
the central atom.  Nitrogen has a very low solubility in water
 Pentahalides have trigonal bipyramidal
( 23.2cm3 per litre of water at 273K and 1 bar
structure.
 In the formation of PCl5 the central phosphorous pressure) and low freezing and boiling points
will make use of Sp3d hybrid orbitals.  Dinitrogen is rather inert at room temperature
 Nitrogen cannot form NCl5 because it has no d- because of the high bond enthalpy of N  N
orbitals in the valency shell. bond. Reactivity, however, increases rapidly
 PCl5 is obtained by passing Cl2 into liquid PCl3. with rise in temperature.
 PCl5 undergoes a two step hydrolysis.  At higher temperatures, it directly combines
PCl5 + H2O  POCl3 + 2HCl with some metals to form predominantly ionic
POCl3 + 3H2O  H3PO4 + 3HCl nitrides, and with non-metals, Covalent nitrides.
 Bi cannot form stable penta halides due to inert A few typical reactions are
pair effect. Heat
6 Li  N 2   2 Li3 N
 Pentahalides are more covalent than trihalides.
Heat
 All the trihalides of these elements except those 3Mg  N 2   Mg 3 N 2
of nitrogen are stable.( NF3 is stable).  It combines with hydrogen at about 773K in the
persence of a catalyst (Haber’s Process) to form
Dinitrogen preparation: Dinitrogen is ammonia:
produced commercially by the liquefication and
N 2  g   3H 2  g   3  g  ;
K
fractional distillation of air. 773

 NH
2

 Liquid dinitrogen (b.p. 77.2K) distils out first
 f H   46.1 Kjmol 1
leaving behind liquid oxygen (b.p.90K).
 In the laboratory, dinitrogen is prepared by  Dinitrogen combines with dioxygen only at very
treating an aqueous solution of ammonium high temperature
chloride with sodium nitrite. N 2  O2  g  
Heat

 2
 g 
NO

NH 4 Cl  aq   NaNO 2  aq   (at about 2000 K)
N 2  g   2H 2O  l   NaCl  aq   The main use of dinitrogen is in the manufacture
of ammonia and other industrial chemicals
Small amounts of NO and HNO3 are also containing nitrogen (e.g.,calcium cyanamide).
formed in this reaction which are removed by  It also finds use where an inert atmoshpere is
passing the gas through aqueous sulphuric acid required (e.g., in iron and steel industry, inert
containing potassium dichromate. It can also diluent for reactive chemicals).
be obtained by the thermal decomposition of  Liquid dinitrogen is used as a refrigerant to
ammonium dichromate. preserve biological materials, food items and in
 NH4 2 Cr2O7 
Heat
 N2  4H2O  Cr2O3 cryosurgery.
W.E-5: What are the products obtained by the 
thermal decomposition of sodium azide.
A. The thermal decomposition of sodium azide
gives dinitrogen gas
2 NaN 3  2 Na  3N 2
W.E-6:When compared to CN  , NO  and 
CO, N 2 is chemically inert. Explain .
A. Nitrogen is inert because of non-polar bond
nature and high bond dissociation energy
 N  N  .The rest all are polar molecules
which can easily dissociate to participate in 
chemical reactions.
Ammonia: In modern times ammonia is
manufactured by following process.
• By Cyanamide process
• From coal • By Haber’s process
 Ammonium salt on heating with an alkali gives
ammonia gas.
NH4Cl + NaOH  NaCl + NH3 + H2O
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2  CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
Haber’s process: On large scale, ammonia
is prepared by Haber’s process.
 In Haber’s process ammonia is synthesised
directly from elements.
 The nitrogen and hydrogen used in the Haber’s
process must be very pure
N2 + 3H2  2NH3 : H  93.63 KJ
 Conditions
 Temperature : 725 to 775 K
 Pressure : 200- 300atm
 Catalyst : Finely divided iron
 Promotor: Molybdenum or Oxides of
Potassium and Aluminium
 The nitrogen required for the process is
obtained from air by liquefication, followed
by liquid air, Hydrogen is produced by the
electrolysis of water,
 Ammonia is formed to extent of about 10% in
the reaction
 Nitrogen and Hydrogen are mixed in the ratio
1:3
 Dehydrating agents like P 2O5, Con. H2SO4,
anhydrous CaCl2 are not used for drying NH3,
because they react with ammonia.
Ammonia is dried over CaO (Quick lime).
Now a days ammonia is manufactured from coal
Coal on destructive distillation gives
 Coal gas
 Ammonical liquor and Coaltar
 Pitch
 The ammonical liquor is treated with “milk of
lime” and steam is blown through the solution.
The mixture of steam and NH3 gas produced is
absorbed in H2SO4. (NH4)2SO4 is formed in the
solution.(The salt is seperated by crystalisation)
on the other hand if the mixuture of steam and
NH3 is passed through water under pressure
Conc. Solution of NH3 is obtained.
Ammonia forms ammonium salts with acids,
e.g., NH 4Cl,  NH 4 2 SO4 , etc. As a weak base,
it precipitates the hydroxides (hydrated oxides
in case of some metals) of many metals from
their salt solutions. For example,
ZnSO4  aq   2NH 4 OH  aq  
Zn  OH  2  S    NH 4  2 SO 4  aq 
 White ppt 
FeCl3  aq   NH 4 OH  aq  
Fe 2 O3 .xH 2 O  s   NH 4 Cl  aq 
 brown ppt 
Due to Lewis basic nature it forms complex
compounds with metals like Cu 2 , Ag 
2
Cu 2   aq   4NH 3  aq    Cu  NH 3  4   aq 
 blue   deep blue 
 Ag   aq   Cl   aq   AgCl  s 
colourless white ppt
AgCl  s   2 NH 3  aq    Ag  NH 3  2  Cl
white ppt colourless
Uses of Ammonia
 as a refrigerant
 as a solvent
 in the manufacture of Ammonium sulphate,
Urea and other fertilizers.
 in the manufacture of HNO 3 by Ostwald’s
process.
 Tests for ammonia : Ammonia gives brown  It is a blue liquid at low temperature.
precipitate with Nessler’s reagent K2[HgI4]. The  It is an acidic oxide.
formula of the precipitate formed in the above,  It is anhydride of Nitrous acid.
i.e. Hg2O. NH2I (Iodide of millon’s base). The following two structures are proposed.
 Nessler’s reagent is a mixture of KI, HgCl2 and
NaOH.
 It gives dense white fumes when exposed to a
glass rod dipped in HCl solution.
Oxides of Nitrogent
Nitrous oxide (or) Nitrogen monoxide
(N2O): It is also known as laughing gas.
 It is prepared by heating ammonium nitrate. 121 pm O
NH 4 NO3 Heat
 N 2 O  2H 2 O O 105°
 114pm N N 130°
It is a colourless neutral oxide.  186pm
 It is a linear molecule.
117° O
The structure of N 2O is
  Nitrogen dioxide (or) Dinitrogen tetroxide
:N  N O::N  N  O: (NO2 (or) N2O4) :
 

N N O (linear)  It is obtained by heating Lead Nitrate.

113pm 119pm 2Pb (NO3)2  
 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
 Usually N2O is administered to patients to  It is a reddish brown poisonous gas soluble in
induce sleep. Hence used as local anaesthetic. water.
Nitric Oxide (NO): It is formed as an  It becomes a colourless solid on cooling due to
intermediate in the manufacture of HNO3 by the formation of dimer N2O4.
catalytic oxidation of NH3 in presence of Pt.  It dissolves in water giving HNO2 and HNO3.
So it is called mixed anhydride.
4NH3  5O2    4NO + 6H2O
Pt
 NO2 is an odd electron molecule and exhibits
 NO formed during lightening stage paramagnetic property.
 It is a colourless, neutral gas.  In dimeric state (N 2O4 ) it is colourless and
 It is paramagnetic due to the presence of diamagnetic in nature
unpaired electron .
 It gives reddish brown gas in air by oxidation.
 It readily reacts with O2 as
2NO + O2  2NO2 (Reddish brown gas)
 .
Its structure is : N  O : N  O :


NO

115pm

Nitrogen trioxide (N2O3): It is also known

as Nitrogen sesqui oxide. Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)
 It is formed by cooling an equimolar mixture of  It is obtained by dehydrating HNO3 with P2O5.
NO and NO2. 4HNO3  P4 O10  4HPO3  2N 2 O5
20º C 
NO  NO2 
 N 2O3 It is the anhydride of Nitric acid.
 It is a powerful oxidising agent. Oxyacids of Nitrogen
 It is a colourless solid. Hypo nitrous acid: HNO (or) H2N2O2
 It disolves in water to give nitric acid.  The molecular formula of Hypo nitrous acid is
N 2 O5  H 2 O  2HNO3 H 2 N 2O2 , its basicity = 2.
 It has planar structure and is represented as Nitrous acid (HNO2):
 Nitrous acid is unstable except in dilute solutions
 In the laboratory it is prepared by the addition
of ice cold dilute acid to Barium nitrite
’ Ba  NO 2 2  H 2SO 4  BaSO 4  2HNO 2
 ice cold 
 It is obtained by dissolving N2O3 in water.
 Its solution is slightly bluish in colour due to
O 151pm 119pm the presence N2O3.
O
O  HNO2 is a weak acid and its salts are known as
N N 134° nitrites
 112° Ex : Sodium Nitrite NaNO2
O O  It is an unstable.
PLANAR  On long standing it undergoes
disproportionation in acidic solution
Note: In solid state it exists as NO2+, NO3- ions.
(Nitrosonium Nitrate) 3HNO 2  HNO3  2NO  H 2 O
In this reaction
W.E-7: Explain why NO is colourless and NO2 In HNO2  HNO3 O.S of ‘N’ changes from +3
is coloured even if both contain odd number to +5
2
of electron . I n H NNO O.S of N changes from +3 to +2
O

Sol. In NO molecule , the odd electron is involved i.e “HNO2” as oxidant changes to ‘NO’ and as
in bonding between two bonded atoms, and reductant changes to “HNO3” so it acts as an
the excitation of it is difficult (possible only in oxidising and reducing agent.
 With oxidising agents stronger than HNO2 like
uv region) In NO2 the unpaired electron can be
excited easily by absorption of vissible light. KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Br2  H 2 O or H2O2 solutions
HNO2 functions as reductant.
Thus NO is colourless and NO2 is coloured.
 Where as with weaker oxidants i.e reducing
agents like H2S, SO2 ‘or’ Sn+2 solutions HNO2
W.E-8:Why does NO2 dimerise? functions as oxidant
Sol. NO2 contains odd number of valence  At low temperatures HNO2 reacts with aromatic
electrons .It behaves as a typical odd molecule. primary amines and gives “diazonium
On dimerisation , it is converted to a stable compounds”
Diazonium compounds can be converted into
N 2O4 molecule, with even number of different substituted aromatic compounds
electrons. Structure of (HNO2)
 Its structure is HO - N = O
W.E-9: NO2 and N 2O4 exhibit different magnetic HNO2 exists in two tautomeric forms i.e in two
properties . Explain . structural isomers.
Sol. NO2 is paramagnetic and is reactive due to H
the presence of unpaired electron . N 2O4 is N

 N
the dimer of NO2 which has no unpaired HO O
O O
electron . It is diamagnetic .
 Thus the product formed is recycled and the
W.E-10: N 2O3 , N 2O4 and N 2O5 are anhydrides
of which oxyacids . aqueous HNO3 can be concentrated by
distillation upto  68% by mass. Further
Ans. N 2O3 is an anhydride of nitrous acid
concentration to 98% can be achieved by
N 2O3  H 2O  2 HNO2 dehydration with cencentrated H 2 SO4 .
N 2O5 is an anhydride of nitric acid Concentration of HNO3 : The crude HNO3
N 2O5  H 2O  2 HNO3 is concentrated in three stages.
Stage-1: 61% HNO3 is distilled until 68% HNO3
N 2O4 is a mixed anhydride of nitrous acid is obtained
and nitric acid Stage-2: 68% HNO3 is mixed with Conc H2SO4
N 2O4  H 2O  HNO2  HNO3 and subjected to azeotropic distillation, where
98% acid is obtained.
Preparation and uses of Nitric acid Stage-3: 98% HNO3 is cooled in a freezing
(HNO3) mixture then crystals of pure HNO3 seperates
 Nitric Acid is also called aqua fortis (strong out.
water)
Structure of Nitric acid
 HNO3 is the most important oxy acid of 

Nitrogen HO N O  HO  N  O 
 ||
 HNO3 is prepared on large scale by O O
1) Birkland-Eyde process (Arc process)
2) Ostwald’s process (from ammonia) H pm O
 Birk land-Eyde process is used at places 102°
1
12

96 pm
where electric power is cheap. O N 130°
140.6 pm
Principle : In air N2 and O2 are converted to
Nitric oxide at an electric arc. O
Electric arc
N 2  O2   2 NO; H  180.7 kJ Uses of HNO3: In the manufacture of fertilisers
 NO is oxidised to NO2 by atmospheric oxygen. like basic calcium nitrate [CaO.Ca(NO3)2]
2 NO  O2  2 NO2  In the preparation of explosives like TNT,
 NO2 is made to react further with air and water nitroglycerine etc.
to form HNO3  as nitration mixture along with H2SO4
 In the preparation of perfumes, dyes and
4 NO2  O2  2 H 2O  4 HNO3 medicines
Ostwald’s process (from ammonia):NH3  HNO3 is a very strong oxidising agent used in
mixed with air in 1 : 7 or 1 : 8 when passed over the oxidation of cyclohexanol or Cyclohexanone
a hot platinum gauze or rhodium catalyst is to adipic acid.
oxidised (95%) to NO  p-xylene to terepthalic acid
pt gauze
 In the preparation of artificial silk i.e “cellulose
4NH3+5O2  1155 K
  4NO+6H2O+1275 K.J nitrate”
Nitric oxide thus formed combines with oxygen  In laboratory it is prepared by the action of conc
giving NO2 . H2SO4 on KNO3 or NH4NO3
KNO3 + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HNO3
2 NO  O2  g   2 NO2  g   A mixture of 1 : 1 Conc HNO3 and Conc H2SO4
 Nitrogen dioxide so formed, dissolves in water is known as nitration mixture
It is used in nitration reaction of organic
to give HNO3 .
compounds like Benzene, Toluene and phenol
3NO2  g   H 2O  l   2 HNO3  aq   NO  g  C6H6 + HNO3  H 2SO 4
 C6H5NO2 + H2O
 Properties: It is a colourless liquid (f.p.231.4K
and b.p 355.6K).
 It is a very strong oxidising agent. It oxidises
non-metals to their corresponding oxides or
oxoacids
 i) It oxidises iodine to iodic acid
I 2  10HNO3  2HIO3  10NO 2  4H 2 O
ii) Carbon to carbon dioxide,
C  4HNO3  CO 2  2H 2 O  4NO 2
iii) Sulphur to H 2SO4
S8  48HNO3  8H 2SO 4  48NO 2  16H 2O
iv) Phosphorus to phosphoric acid
P4  20HNO3  4H 3PO 4  20NO 2  4H 2 O
 Concentrated nitric acid is a strong oxidising
agent and attacks most metals except noble 
metals such as gold and platinum.
 3Cu  8 HNO3  dilute  
3Cu  NO3 2  2 NO  4 H 2O
 Cu  4 HNO3  conc. 
Cu  NO3 2  2 NO2  2 H 2O
 Zinc reacts with dilute nitric acid to give N 2 O
and with concentrated acid to give NO 2
 4Zn  10HNO3  dilute  
4Zn  NO 3  2  5H 2 O  N 2 O
 Zn  4HNO3  conc. 
Zn  NO3 2  2H 2O  2NO2
 Some metals (e.g., Cr,Al) do not dissolve in 
concentrated nitric acid because of the formation
of a passive film of oxide on the surface.
Brown ring test: The familiar brown ring 
test for nitrates depends on the ability of Fe 2
to reduce nitrates to nitric oxide, which reacts
with Fe 2 to form a brown coloured complex.
The test is usually carried out by adding dilute 
ferrous sulphate solution to an aqueous solution
containing nitrate ion, and then carefully adding
concentrated sulphuric acid along the sides of
the test tube. A brown ring at the interface
between the solution and sulphuric acid layers
indicates the presence of nitrate ion in solution
NO3  3Fe 2  4 H   NO  3Fe3  2 H 2O
2
 F e  H 2 O  6   NO 
2
 F e  H 2 O  5  N O    H 2O
In brown ring, Fe exhibits +1 oxidation state.
Phosphine
 Preparation: Phosphine is prepared by the
reaction of calcium phosphide with water or
dilute HCl.
Ca 3P2  6H 2 O  3Ca  OH 2  2PH 3
Ca 3 P2  6HCl  3CaCl2  2PH 3
In the laboratory, it is prepared by heating white
phosphorus with concentrated NaOH solution
in an inert atmosphere of CO2
P4  3NaOH  3H 2 O  PH 3  3NaH 2 PO 2
 Properties: It is a colourless gas with rotten
fish smell and is highly poisonous.

It explodes in contact with traces of oxidising
agents like HNO3, Cl2 and Br2vapours
 It is slightly souble in water. The solution of PH 3
in water decomposes in presence of light giving
red phosphorus and H 2 .
 When absorbed in copper sulphate or mercuric
chloride solution, the corresponding
phosphides are obtained.
3CuSO 4  2PH 3  Cu 3P2  3H 2SO 4
3HgCl2  2 PH 3  Hg3 P2  6 HC 
Phosphine is weakly basic and like ammonia,
gives phosphonium compounds with acids e.g.,
PH 3  HBr  PH 4 Br 
When pure it is non inflammable but becomes
inflammable owing to the presence of P2 H 4 or
P4 vapours.
To purify it from the impurities, it is absorbed
in HI to form phosphonium iodide  PH 4 I 
which on treating with KOH gives phosphine.
PH 4 I  KOH  KI  H 2 O  PH 3
 Uses: The spontaneous combustion of  Finely divided metals on heating with PC 5 give
phosphine is technically used in Holme’s
corresponding chlorides.
signals. (Mixture of calcium carbide and
calcium phosphide). 2Ag  PC 5  2AgC  PC 3
It is also used in smoke screens.
Sn  2PC 5  SnC 4  2PC 3
Halides of phosphorous
 In the solid state it exists as an ionic solid.
Phosphorous Trichloride
 PC 4   PC 6  in which the cation,  PC 4 
  
 Preparation: It is obtained by passing dry
chlorine over heated white phosphrous.
P4  6C 2  4PC 3
is tetrahedral  sp  and the anion.  PC 
3
6


 It is also obtained by the action of thionyl octahedral  sp d  .

3 2

chloride with white phosphorous

P4  8SOC 2  4PC 3  4SO 2  2S2 C 2  In solid state PBr5 exists as monomeric ionic
 solid -  PBr4  Br 
Properties: It is a colourless oily liquid and 

hydrolysis in the presence of moisture.

PC 3  3H 2 O  H 3PO3  3HC
 It reacts with organic compounds containing-
OH group such as CH 3COOH, C2 H 5OH .
3CH 3COOH  PC 3  3CH 3COC  H 3PO3
3C2 H 5OH  PC 3  3C2 H 5C  H 3PO3
Phosphorous Pentachloride: It is
prepared by the reaction of white phosphorous
with excess of dry chlorine.
P4  10C 2  4PC 5
 It can also be prepared by the action of SO2Cl2
on phosphorous.
P4  10SO 2 C 2  4PC 5  10SO 2
Properties:
 PC 5 is yellowish white powder..
 It hydrolysis to POC 3 and finally gets conveted
to phosphoric acid
PC 5  H 2 O  POC 3  2HC
POC 3  3H 2 O  H 3 PO 4  3HC
 When heated it sublimes but decomposes on
stronger heating
PC 5 Heat
 PC 3  C 2
 It reacts with organic compounds containing -
OH group converting them to chloro derivaties.
C2 H 5OH  PC 5  C2 H 5C  POC 3  HC
CH 3COOH  PC 5  CH 3COC  POC 3  HC
W.E-11: PCl3 is an electrical conductor in itss
aqueous solution. Explain .
Sol. PCl3 hydrolysis in moisture (in water) giving
the fumes of HCl .
PCl3  H 2O  H 3 PO3  3HCl
In aqueous solutions , HCl ionises and it
therefore act as an electrical conductor .
W.E-12: ‘P’ forms pentahalides and not
pentahydrides .Explain.
Sol. ‘P’ can exhibit pentavalency in its excited
state. The electro negativity of F, Cl and Br
can easily influence the excitation in ‘P’ to
form PX 5 . However ,, hydrogen is not much
electronegative to influence the excitation in
‘P’ PH 5 cannot be formed .
W.E-13: All five bonds of PCl5 are not
equivalent and PCl5 is less stable. Explain .
Ans. PCl5 has a trigonal bipyramidal structure and
the three equatroial P - Cl bonds are
equivalent, while the two axial bonds suffer
more repulsions as compared to the equatorial
bonds. Hence , PCl5 is less stable.
 Oxides of Phosphorous
Phosphorous trioxide (P4O6 ): It is obtained
by burning phosphorous in limited supply of air.

P4  3O2 
 P4O6
 It is the anhydride of phosphorous acid.
 It dissolves in cold water to form phosphorous
acid.
 In P4O6 each phosphorous is surrounded by three
oxygen atoms.
 It is an acidic oxide.
 Number of P-O-P bonds are six
 It has four lone pairs on phosphorous and 12
covalent bonds.
Phosphorous pentoxide (P4O10)
 It is obtained by burning phosphorous in excess
of air or oxygen.
 prepared by disolving P4O6 in cold H2O
P4  5O2 
 P4O10
 It is the anhydride of phosphoric acid.
 It dissolves in water to form H3PO4.
 In P4O10 each phosphorous is surrounded by four
oxygen atoms.
 Number of P-O-P bonds are six
 It is a strong dehydrating agent.
 It has 16 covalent bonds.
 As 4 O10 and Sb4O10 are produced by oxidation of
As 4 or Sb 4 with conc HNO3
Oxyacids of Phosphorous: The
phosphorous series of acids contains P-Hbonds
 P-H bonds are responsible for reducing property
of ous acids
 O-H bonds are responsible for acidic properties.
Hypo Phosphorous acid (H3PO2): It is
prepared by the heating yellow or white ‘p’ with
dilute Ba(OH)2
6H 2O + 2P 4 + 3Ba(OH) 2  3Ba(H 2PO 2) 2 +
2PH3 
from Ba(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 , H 3 PO 2 is obtained by
hydrolysis.
 H3PO2 in monobasic acid and a very strong
reducing agent is basic solutions and it is
oxidised to H3PO3
Meta phosphorous acid(HPO2): It is mono
basic acid normally exist as a cyclic compound
due to polymerisation.
Ortho phosphorous acid (H3PO3): It is
P4O6 + 6H2O  4H3PO3 or P(OH)3
 It forms two types of salts
 Primary phosphites H 2 PO 3 – (dihydrogen
phosphite) (acidic salt)
 Secondary phosphites HPO3–2 (monohydrogen
phosphites) (normal salts)
 Phosphorous acid and phosphites are very strong
reducing agents in basic solutions.
Ex : Hg+2, Ag+, Cu+2 salts are reduced to Hg, Ag
and Cu
H3PO3 + 2AgNO3 + H2O  H3PO4 + 2Ag +
2HNO3
here H3PO3 is oxidised to H3PO4
 Ortho Phosphoric acid (H3PO4): It is the
simplest of ‘ic’ acid series
 PO  . But tri and tetra meta phosphate are well

3 2

 It is prepared by dissolving P4O10 in water known. They form a family of ring compounds.
P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4 O
O OH
 It is a weak tribasic acid and has oxidising
properties. P P
HO
 Solid H 3 PO 4 absorbs water and forms a O
O O
colourless syrupy liquid (syrupy phosphoric
acid) P
 Ortho phosphoric acid is prepared in the lab by O OH

the action of HNO3 on phosphorus. Cyclic trimetaphosphoric acid

 H3PO4 is manufactured by heating bone ash or  Hypo phosphoric acid (H4P2O6) is obtained
phosphorite rock with dil. H2SO4. by the oxidation of phosphorous and dissolving
 H3PO4 is a tribasic acid and forms three types in water gives H4P2O6 . It is a tetra basic acid.
of salts. Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7): It is
 Primary phosphates : H 2 PO 4  (acidic salt) prepared by heating an equimolar mixture of the
ortho and meta phosphoric acids at 373 K
 Secondary phosphates : HPO 4 2  (acidic salt)
H 3 PO 4  HPO 3 
373K
 H 4 P2 O 7
 Tertiary phosphates : PO 4 3 (Normal salt)  Pyrophosphates also give molybdate test. i.e
In H3PO4 phosphorous atom is sp3 hybridised. they give ammonium phospho molybdate
 In qualitative analysis orthophosphates are
identified by ammonium phospho molybdate
 NH 4 3 PO4 .12  MoO3 
formation (Molybdate test) Charac-
Oxidation
 The canary yellow ammonium Name Formula Structure number
teristic
bonds &
of P
phosphomolybdate is(NH4)3PO4.12(MoO3) their No

 Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NaH2PO4) Meta

Phospho- HPO
on heating first changes to pyrophosphate on rous 2 HO – P = 0 +3 One – p – OH
One p = O
further heating it changes to meta phosphate or acid

trimeta phosphate O
Hypo One – p – OH
 H2O  240 Phospho- H3PO2 HO – P – H +1 Two p–H
2NaH 2 PO4 
 Na 2 H 2 P2 O7 
160
 rous acid
H
One p = O

O
 NaPO3 3 or Na P O
3 3 9
H3PO3
Phospho- P2O3.3H2O
HO – P – OH +3
Two p–OH
One p – H
sod.trimeta phosphate rous acid One p = O
H
Meta Phosphoric acid (HPO 3 ): Meta O
Ortho H3PO4
Three p–OH
phosphoric acid:It is formed by heating Phospho- (or) HO – P – OH +5 One p = O
ric acid P2O5.3H2O
pyrophosphoric acid or orthophosphoric acid to OH

870 k Meta HPO3 O One p–OH

Phospho- (or) +5 Two p = O
ric acid P2O5.H2O HO – P = O
H3PO4 
 H4 P2O7 
520k
 H2 O
 HPO3 870k
 H2 O O O
Hypo Four p–OH
 It is a transparent glassy solid. Hence also known Phospho- H4P2O6 HO – P – P – OH +4 Two p = O
ric acid One p – p
as glacial phosphoric acid. OH OH
H4P2O7 O O
 HPO3 is a monobasic acid and its salts are called Pyro
Phospho- (or) HO – P – O – P – OH +5
Four p–OH
Two p = O
meta phosphates. There is no evidence for the ric acid P2O5.2H2O OH OH One p – O – p

existence of true monometaphosphate Peroxy

O
Two p–OH

 PO  Ions or of the dimeta phosphate  P O  or

Phospho- H3PO5 HO – O – P – OH +5 One p = O
 2
ric acid One p-O-OH
3 2 6 OH
 PREPARATION OF OXOACIDS Additional Synopsis
Cyanamide process: Calcium carbide
reacts with N 2 gas at 1273-1378K to form
calcium cynamide and graphite mixture
12731378 K
CaC2  N 2 
 CaCN 2  C graphite 
finely powdered anhydrous CaCl2 or CaF2 it acts
C as a catalyst.
 Nitrolim is a mixture of calcium cyanamide and
graphite (CaCN 2 + C). Nitrolim is used as
fetilizer.
 Calcium cyanamide on hydrolysis gives
ammonia gas.
CaCN2 + 3H2O  CaCO3 + 2NH3
Calcium super phosphate (or) super
phosphate of lime
 Super phosphate of lime is also known as
Important features about oxyacids of calcium super phosphate.
phosphorous: In all these oxyacids,  This is one of the few soluble phosphates
phosphorous is tetra hedrally surrounded by  Calcium super phosphate is a mixture of calcium
atoms. dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2) and
 In all these oxyacids, at least one OH group is gypsum. ( CaSO4 . 2H2O)
linked to the phosphorous atoms. The hydrogen  Calcium super phosphate is manufactured by the
atoms in OH groups are ionisable, and are action of conc. H2SO4 (chamber acid 60% acid)
responsible for the acidic nature. on powdered bone ash or calcium phosphate.
 P-H bonds are responsible for reducing Ca3  PO4 2  2 H 2 SO4  4 H 2O 
properties of the acids phosphoric series of
Ca  H 2 PO4 2  2  CaSO4 2 H 2O   heat
acids do not have P-H bonds.
 All oxoacids contain at least one P=O and one The composition of super phosphate of lime may
P-OH bond. be variable.
 The reaction mixture is allowed to take place
W.E-14:How is the reduction ability of H 3 PO2 for 24-36 hours, In this period the temperature
and H 3 PO3 accounted on the basis of rises to about 373-383 K.
 The impurties in phosphate rock i.e carbonates
structures of molecules
liberated as CO2 and fluoride liberated as HF
Sol. H 3 PO2 have two ‘H’ atoms linked directly
gases
to ‘P’ imparting reducing character to the  The final product is a hard mass (due to the
acid . Similarly in H 3 PO3 only one ’H’ is linked presence of gypsum)
directly to ‘P’ imparting reducing character .  It is a phosphatic fertilizer. It is soluble in water.
 The CaSO4 in super phosphate of lime is an
W.E-15: Aqua - regia can dissolve noble metals.
Explain insoluble waste product.
To avoid this waste product, the super phos
Sol. 1 : 3 mixture of conc. HNO3 and conc. HCl is phate is converted into “Triple phosphate” by
Aquaregia . The mixture produces nascent treating with "H 3 PO 4 ” which completely
chlorine, which reacts with noble metals to
dissolves in water.
dissolve them
Ca 3  PO 4 2  4H3PO 4  3Ca  H 2 PO 4 2
HNO3  3HCl  2 H 2O  2(Cl )  NOCl
 Superphosphate of lime is converted into triple
Au  3(Cl )  AuCl3 ; AuCl3  HCl  (chloroauric
HAuCl4
acid) phosphate.
 C.U.Q OXIDATION STATES
12. In the compound NCl3 , negative oxidation
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS state is exhibited by
1. The outer electronic configuration of group 1) Nitrogen 2) Chlorine
VA elements is 3) Nitrogen & Chlorine
1) ns2 np2 2) ns2 np3 3) ns2 np4 4) ns2 np5 4) Neither nitrogen nor chlorine
2. VA group elements are known as 13. The oxidation state that is not exhibited by
1) Halogens 2) Normal elements VA group elements
3) Chalcogens 4) Pnicogens 1) +1 2) +3 3) -3 4) +6
3. The most abundant element in the earth’s
crust among the following is DINITROGEN
1) P 2) As 3) Sb 4) Bi 14. The bond energy of N  N in KJ per mole is
4. Which one of the following has the lowest 1) 180 2) 941.4 3) 350 4) 120
melting point? 15. Anamolous behaviour of Nitrogen is due to
1) N 2) P 3) As 4) Sb 1) Small size and high electronegativity
5. The molecular formula of Phosphorous is 2) Non availability of d-orbitals in valency shell
1) P 2) P4 3) P2 4) P5 3) Ease of multiple bond formation
4) All are correct
6. The elements present in Flourapatite are
1) Ca, N & O only 2) Ca & P only HYDRIDES
3) Ca, N, O, F 4) Ca, P, F,O 16. The trend in the hydrides from Bi to N is
7. List - I List - II 1) Bond length increases
A) Phosphorite 1) KNO3 2) Bond length decreases
3) Acidic nature increases
B) Bengal salt petre 2) Ba  NO3 2 4) Bond energy decreases
C) Fluoroapatite 3) NaNO3 17. Which of the following hydrides has the
lowest melting point
D) Chile salt petre 4) 3Ca3  PO4 2 .CaF2 1) NH3 2) PH3 3) AsH3 4) SbH3
5) Ca3  PO4 2
18. The largest bond angle is in
1) AsH3 2) NH3 3) H2O 4) PH3
The correct match is 19. Among the following which one is more
A B C D A B C D stable?
1) 1 2 3 5 2) 2 4 3 1 1) PH3 2) NH3 3) AsH3 4) SbH3
3) 4 3 5 2 4) 5 1 4 3 20. The formula of the Hydride of nitrogen that
ALLOTROPIC FORMS is acidic in nature is
8. The most thermodynamically stable 1) NH3 2) HN3 3) N2H4 4) NH2OH
allotropic form of phosphorus is 21. The element which forms acidic hydride is
1. Red P 2. Yellow P 1) Nitrogen 2) Phosphorus
3. Black P 4. All are stable 3) Arsenic 4) Antimony
9. The element of 15 th group which cannot 22. Which of the following is correct about V
exhibit allotropy group Hydrides (from ammonia to
1) N 2) As 3) Sb 4) Bi Bismuthine)
10. Nitrogen shows allotropy in -------- state 1) Their thermal stability gradually increase
1) gaseous 2) liquid 2) Their ease of preparation gradually increase
3) solid 4) Liquid and Solid 3) The electron pair donating Nature gradually
11. The VA group element having more decrease
number of allotropes is 4) The bond energies gradually increase
1) N 2) P 3) Bi 4) Sb
23. Which of the following is a Hydride of HALIDES
Nitrogen 39. Nitrogen cannot form penta halide because
1) NH3 2) N2H4 3) HN3 4) All 1) Nitrogen atom is very small
24. The oxidation state of nitrogen is a fractional 2) Nitrogen atom has no vacant orbitals in
value in valency shell
1) Hydroxyl amine 2) Hydrazoic acid 3) Electronegativity of nitrogen is very high.
3) Nitrate ion 4) Hydrazine
4) Nitrogen molecule contains a very strong
25 Thermally more stable hydride is
triple bond
1) NH 3 2) PH 3 3) AsH 3 4) BiH 3 40. Which of the following trihalides is not
hydrolysed
OXIDES
1) NF3 2) PCl3 3) AsCl3 4) SbCl3
26. Which of the follwing is both neutral and
paramagnetic 41. Which one of the following exceeds octet
rule?
1) N 2O 2) NO 3) NO2 4) N 2O4
1) NCl3 2) PCl3 3) PCl5 4) NH3
27. Oxide of nitrogen formed in the atmosphere 42. The hybrid orbitals used by Phosphorus in
during the lightening is the formation of PCl5 are
1) NO 2) N2O 3) NO2 4) None 1) sp3 2) sp2 3) dsp2 4) sp3d
28. A colourless paramagnetic gas among the
43. PCl3 on hydrolysis gives
following is
1) H3PO4 2) H3PO3 3) POCl3 4) H3PO2
1) Nitric Oxide 2) Nitrous Oxide
44. Which of the following is explosive
3) Nitrogen dioxide 4) Dinitrogen trioxide
29. A blue liquid among the following is 1) NCl3 2) NF3 3) NH3 4) N2O5
1) N2O3 2) N2O 3) N2O4 4) NO2 45. Which of the following undergoes hydrolysis
30. The oxide of Nitrogen which has three- very easily
electron bond in its structure is 1) NCl3 2) PCl3 3) AsCl3 4) BiCl3
1) N2O 2) NO 3) N2O3 4) N2O5 46. PCl3 is prepared by the action of Cl2 on
31. The laughing gas is 1) P2O3 2) P2O5 3) White P 4) H3PO3
1. Nitrous oxide 2. Nitric oxide 47. Which of the following pentahalides of Bi
3. Nitrogen oxide 4. Nitrogen pentoxide exists
32. FeSO4 forms brown ring with 1) BiCl5 2) BiBr5 3) BiI5 4) BiF5
1) NO3 2) NO 3) NO2 4) N2O3 48. Which chloride is not appreciably hydrolysed
33. Ammonium nitrate crystals on heating at by water
0
250-260 C gives 1) NCl3 2) PCl3 3) AsCl3 4) SbCl3
1) N2 2) NO2 3) N2O 4) NO
34. Number of oxygen atoms attached to 49. The shape and hybridisation of PCl3 molecule
phosphorus atom in P4O6 molecule are
1) Tetrahedral and sp 3 2) Pyramidal and sp 3
1) 6 2) 4 3) 3 4) 2
35. Which of the following is paramagnetic 3) Angular and sp 3 4) Planar trigonal and sp 3
1) NO 2) NO2 3) ClO2 4) All
36. Acidic para magnetic oxide of nitrogen
OXYACIDS
1) NO 2) N2O3 3) NO2 4) N2O5 50. In hyponitrous acid the number of Hydroxyl
37. Regarding N2O, the wrong statement is groups present are
1) It is called laughing gas 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
2) It is called nitrous oxide 51. Oxidation state of phosphorus is + 3 in
3) It is a linear molecule 1) Orthophosphorus acid
4) It is a more reactive oxide 2) Orthophosphoric acid
38. Which of the following exist as dimer 3) Pyrophosphoric acid
1) NO 2) NO2 3) P2O3 4)All 4) Metaphosphoric acid
52. A tribasic acid with peroxy bond is 66. NH3 on burning in oxygen gives
1) H3PO2 2) H3PO3 3) H3PO4 4) H3PO5 1) NO and H2O 2) NO2and H2O
53. The salts of phosphorous acid are called 3) N2and H2O 4) N2O and H2
1) Phosphates 2) Phosphites 67. An aqueous solution of ammonia contains
3) Hypophosphites 4) Phosphides 1) Ammonium ions 2) Hydroxy ions
54. Which contains O-O linkage? 3) both of them 4) H+ ions
1) H3PO3 2) H4P2O7 3) H4P2O6 4) H 3 PO5 68. Nitrolim is
55. The formula of meta phosphoric acid is 1) CaC2 + N2 2) CaCN2 + Graphite
1) H2PO3 2) H3PO3 3) HPO3 4) H4P2O7 3) Ca NCN 4) Ca(CN)2 + C
56. Oxidation state of +1 for phosphorous is
69. In the preparation of HNO3 by Ostwald
found in
process ammonia is
1) H 3 PO3 2) H 3 PO4 3) H 3 PO2 4) H 4 P2O7
1) reduced 2) oxidised
57. Number of hydroxy groups present in
3) reduced and oxidised 4) hydrolysed
Phosphoric acid
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 70. NH 4Cl on heating with NaOH liberates
58. Which of the following is an acid 1) NaCl 2) NH 3 3) HCl 4) NaOCl
1) Ca(OH)2 2) P(OH)3 3) NH4OH 4) NaOH
59. The oxyacid of phosphorous which has more 71. Ammonia gas is dried over
non-ionisable hydrogens 1) Quick lime 2) Conc. H 2 SO4
1) H3PO2 2) H3PO3 3) H4P2O7 4) H4P2O6
3) P2O5 4) CaCl2
PREPARATION AND USES OF NITRIC ACID 72. Which of the following compound is not used
60. Mixture of conc. HNO3 and conc. H2SO4 is as fertilizer
known as 1) Ammonium sulphate 2) Urea
1) Sulphonating mixture 2) Nitration mixture 3) Calcium super phosphate 4) Ca3  PO4 2
3) Explosion mixture 4) Fusion mixture
73. Which of the following can serve as a
61. Iron is rendered passive in
solvent for both ionic and covalent
1) aquaregia 2) conc. H2SO4
compunds?
3) conc. HNO3 4) conc. HCl
62. The industrial preparation of nitric acid by 1) Liquid ammonia 2) H 2O
ostwald’s process involves 3) Benzene 4) CCl4
1) reduction of NH3 2) oxidation of NH3
3) hydrogenation of NH3 4) hydrolysis of NH3 ADDITIONAL SYNOPSIS BITS
63. Catalyst in the Ostwald’s process is SUPER PHOSPHATE OF LIME
1) Pt 2) Fe 3) V2O5 4) Ni 74. Teeth and bones are made of mainly
1) Calcium silicate
AMMONIA 2) Calcium phosphate
64. In Haber’s process for the manufacture of 3) Calcium silicon phosphate
ammonia, the catalyst used is 4) Calcium hydrogen phosphate
1) finely divided Nickel 75. Superphosphate of lime is a good fertilizer
2) finely divided molybdenum because it is
3) finely divided iron
1) Calcium containing substance
4) finely divided Platinum
2) Soluble in water
65. The catalytic promoter used in Haber’s
process is 3) Containing gypsum
1) Mo 2) Ni 3) Pt 4) V2O5 4) None of these
 C.U.Q - KEY 30. NO ( nitric oxide) has three electron bond.
1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 1 5) 2 6) 4 7) 4 32. FeSO4 forms brown ring with NO

8) 3 9) 4 10) 3 11)2 12) 1 13) 4 14) 2 33. NH 4 NO3  N 2O  2 H 2O
15) 4 16) 2 17) 2 18) 2 19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 34. In P4O6 molecule number of oxygen atoms
22) 3 23) 4 24) 2 25)1 26) 2 27) 1 28) 1 attached to phosphorous is ‘3’.
29) 1 30) 2 31) 1 32) 2 33) 3 34) 3 35) 4 35. NO = 5+6 = 11, ClO2  7  2  6  19 ,
36) 3 37) 4 38) 4 39) 2 40) 1 41) 3 42) 4
NO2  5  2  6  17 all are paramagnetic
43) 2 44) 1 45) 1 46) 3 47) 4 48) 4 49)2
50) 2 51) 1 52) 4 53) 2 54) 4 55) 3 56) 3 36. NO2 is acidic paramagnetic oxide
57) 3 58) 2 59) 1 60) 2 61) 3 62) 2 63)1 37. N 2O is relatively unreactive
64) 3 65) 1 66) 1 67) 3 68) 2 69)2 70)2
38. NO, NO2 , P2O3 all exists as dimers.
71)1 72)4 73)1 74) 2 75) 2
39. Nitrogen cannot form pentahalides due to
C.U.Q - HINTS absence of d orbitals.
6. 3s 3 p 3d
2 3 0 40. Because NF3 is a stable halide.
9. ‘Bi’ is metal 41. In the valency shell of PC 5 10 electrons
10. Nitrogen exhibits allotropy in solid state are present
12. Nitrogen has greater effective nuclear charge
42. In PC5 P undergoes SP3d hydridisation due to
than chlorine
15. Due to 1) Small size absence of d-orbitals
2) Absence of ‘d’ orbitals 45. NC 3 undergoes hydrolysis easily
3) Ease of multiple bond formation
46. P4  6C  2  4 PC  3
16. From Bi to N bond length decreases
17. PH 3 having lowest melting point 48. SbC 3 is not easily hydrolysed.
18. As electronegativity decreases down the group 55. HPO3
the electron density on central atom of hydride 61. Fe, Cr , A forms a protective passive layer..
decreases and thus repulsion between bond pair
64. Powderd Iron
and lone pair of electrons decreases which
ultimately decreases H  M  H bond angle. 65. Mo (or) K 2O  A 2O3
67. A mixture of Ca.cyanamide and graphite
Therefore NH 3 having highest bond angle.
19. due to inter molecular H-bond CaC 2  N 2  CaCN  C3
144442 24444
.
Nitro lim
21. Nitrogen forms acidic hydride
22. From NH 3 to BiH 3 the electron pair donating 68. 4 NH 3  5O2  4 NO  6 H 2O
nature gradually decreases 72. Ca3  PO4 2
23. Hydrides of nitrogen NH 3 , N 2 H 4 , HN 3 etc more soluble fertilizer.
24. Hydrazoic acid NH 3 3x  1  0
LEVEL-I (C.W)
1
3x  1 ; x
3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
electric 1. A metalloid of nitrogen family is
27. N 2  O2  2 NO 1) N 2) As 3) P 4) Bi
arc

28. NO  5  6  11 paramagnetic, colourless oxide 2. The element having the higher boiling point
is
29. N 2O3 is a blue coloured liquid 1) P 2) As 3) Sb 4) Bi
3. Phosphide ion has electronic structure similar HYDRIDES
to that of 12. Non combustible hydride is
1) Nitride ion 2) Chloride ion 1) PH3 2) SbH3 3) NH3 4) AsH3
3) Fluoride ion 4) Sodium ion 13. The substance that is neutral to litmus
1) N2O3 2) NH3 3) P4O10 4) PH3
ALLOTROPIC FORMS
14. Which of the following is least stable
4. The most reactive form of phosphorus is
1) NH4+ 2) SbH4+ 3) PH4+ 4) AsH4+
1) White P 2) Red P
15. Which statement is false
3) Black P 4) Scarlet P 1) NH3 is a Lewis base
5. Which is oxidised in air 2) NH3 molecule is triangular planar
1) White P 2) CH 4 3) H 2O 4) SO2 3) NH3 does not act as reducing agent
6. Which of the following exist in mono-atomic 4) NH3 (liquid) is used as a solvent
state 16. Which is used to produce smoke screens?
1) Phosphorus 2) Nitrogen 1) Zinc sulphide 2) Calcium phosphide
3) Antimony 4) Bismuth 3) Zinc phosphate 4) Sodium carbonate
7. Which property of white phosphorus is 17. Which one of the following statements is
common to red P correct with respect to basic character ?
1. It burns when heated in air 1) PH 3  P  CH 3 3 2) PH 3  NH 3
2. It reacts with hot caustic soda solution to give
phosphine 3) PH 3  NH 3 4) P(CH 3 )3  PH 3
3. It shows chemiluminescence 18. Which is in the decreasing order of boiling
4. it is soluble in carbon disulphide points of hydrides ?
OXIDATION STATES 1) NH 3  PH 3  AsH 3  SbH 3
8. Oxidation state of +3 for phosphorous is 2) SbH 3  AsH 3  PH 3  NH 3
found in
1) H3PO3 2) H3PO4 3) H3PO2 4) H4P2O7 3) PH 3  NH 3  AsH 3  SbH 3
9. List - I List - II 4) SbH 3  NH 3  AsH 3  PH 3
A) HNO3 1) -3, +5 oxidation state
B) NH4NO3 2) -1/3 oxidation state OXIDES
C) N3 H 3) +5 oxidation state 19. Amphoteric oxide among the following is
D) H3PO3 4) +3 oxidation state 1) N2O5 2) As2O3 3) Bi2O3 4) N2O
5) + 1/3 oxidation state 20. Which of the following exists as monomer
The correct match is molecules only
A B C D A B C D 1) Nitrogen (III) Oxide 2) Phosphorus (V) Oxide
1) 3 1 2 4 2) 5 2 3 4 3) Arsenic (III) Oxide 4) Antimony(V) Oxide
3) 1 2 3 4 4) 4 3 2 5 21. Nitrogen (I) oxide is produced by
10. The stable oxidation state of Bismuth is 1) Thermal decomposition of Ammonium
1) +1 2) +5 3) -3 4) +3 Nitrate
2) Decomposition of NO2
DINITROGEN 3) By the decomposition NaNO2
11. Fixation of nitrogen means 4) By the interaction of Hydroxyl amine and
1. reaction of nitrogen with oxygen Nitrous acid
2. conversion of free atmospheric nitrogen into 22. In P O the number of the oxygen atoms
4 10
nitrogen compounds bonded to each phosphorous atom is
3. the action of denitrifying bacteria on nitrogen 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
compounds 23. Which of the following oxide is brown
4. decomposition of nitrogenous compounds to coloured gas
yield free nitrogen. 1. NO2 2. NO 3. N 2O 4. N 2O5
24. The gas not having oxidizing as well as 36. Among the following an acidic salt is
bleaching properties is 1) NaH 2 PO2 2) NaH 2 PO3
1) Chlorine 2) Ozone 3) SO2 4) N2O
3) Na2 HPO3 4) Na3 PO4
25. P4O10 is the anhydride of the following
PREPARATION AND USES OF NITRIC ACID
1) H 3 PO2 2) H 3 PO3 3) H 3 PO4 4) H 3 PO5
37. Ammonia and air are the starting materials
HALIDES for the manufacture of Nitric acid in
26. Which of the following trihalides give unique 1) Birkland - Eyde process 2) Ostwald’s process
products on hydrolysis. 3) Haber’s process 4) Hasen Clever method
38. Moles of oxygen that can oxidise one mole
1) NCl3 2) PCl3 3) ASCl3 4) SbCl3
of NH 3 to NO
27. The element which gives explosive halides is
1) Phosphorus 2) Nitrogen 1) 1 2) 1.25 3) 2.5 4) 5
3) Arsenic 4) Bismuth 39. Percentage of nitric acid obtained in
28. Which of the following is most stable Ostwald’s process is
1) NI3 2) NF3 3) NBr3 4) NCl3 1) 61% 2) 68% 3) 74% 4) 82%
29. Among NCl 3 , PF 5 and NF 5 why NF 5 is AMMONIA
impossible? 40. Which does not give ammonia with water
1) N has high electronegativity 1) Mg3N2 2) AlN 3) CaCN2 4) Ca(CN)2
2) N has high ionisation energy 41. When a mixture of NH3 and air is passed over
3) N has lowest atomic size heated platinum gauze at 8000 C, it produces
4) N has no vacant d-orbital 1) NO 2) NO2 3) POCl3 4) HOCl
30. Which of the following is not correct ? 42. Aqueous NaOH reacts with white
1) Hydrolysis of NCl3 gives NH 3 and HOCl Phosphorous to form Phosphine and
2) NH 3 is less stable than PH 3 1) NaH 2 PO2 2) P2O5 3) Na3 PO3 4) P2O3

3) NH 3 isa weak reducing agent compared to ADDITIONAL SYNOPSIS BITS

PH 3
SUPER PHOSPHATE OF LIME
43. Superphosphate is a mixture of
4) Nitric oxide in solid state exhibits 1) Ca(H2PO4)2 H2O + CaCl2 2H2O
diamagnetic property 2) Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2(CaSO4. 2H2O)
OXYACIDS 3) Ca3(PO4)2 H2O + 2CaSO4 2H2O
31. An element X belongs I, II, III or V groups. 4) Ca3(PO4)2 H2O + CaCl2 2H2O
Its oxide reacts with water to produce highly 44. Superphosphate of lime is obtained by
acidic solution the element X belongs to treating
1) I groups 2) II group 3) III group 4) V group 1) Calcium phosphate with HCl
32. The anhydride of orthophosphoric acid is 2) Calcium phosphide with HCl
1) P4O6 2) P2O4 3) P4O10 4) H2P2O6 3) Calcium phosphate with H2SO4
33. The oxyacid of phosphorous which exists as 4) Calcium phosphate with NaOH
a dimer in vapour phase is
1) Hydrophosphorous acid
LEVEL-I (C.W) - KEY
2) Pyrophosphoric acid 1) 2 2) 4 3) 2 4) 1 5) 1 6) 4 7) 1
3) Peroxy phosphoric acid 8) 1 9) 1 10) 4 11) 2 12) 3 13) 4 14) 2
4) Metaphosphoric acid 15) 2 16) 2 17) 4 18) 4 19) 2 20) 1 21) 1
34. Salt of the following is used as a water
22) 3 23) 1 24) 4 25) 3 26) 1 27) 2 28) 2
softner
29) 4 30) 2 31) 4 32) 3 33) 4 34) 3 35) 2
1) H 4 P2O6 2) H 4 P2O7 3) HPO3 4) HPO2
36) 2 37) 2 38) 2 39) 1 40) 4 41) 1 42) 1
35. Basicity of orthophosphoric acid is
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 43) 2 44) 3
 LEVEL-I (C.W) - HINTS 5. Red phosphorous is less soluble and less
volatile than white phosphorous because its
12. NH 3 is non combustable hydride
structure is
13. PH 3 is neutral to litmus 1) polymerised chains 2) hexagonal rings
3) tetrahedral 4) Planar sheets
14. SbH 4 is least stable
OXIDATION STATES
15. NH 3 - pyramidal 6. In Ba(H 2PO 2) 2 the oxidation number of
19. As2 O3 is Amphoteric oxide phosphorous is
1) + 5 2) + 1 3) + 3 4) + 4
20. Nitrogen ( III ) oxide forms monomer molecules 7. The oxidation state of nitrogen in
only hydrazine is
21. NH 4 NO3  N 2O  2 H 2O 1) -1 2) -2 3) +1 4) +2
8. Substance Oxidation state of N
(nitrogen in N 2O has +1 oxidation state) A) HNO3 1) -3 , +5
23. presence of unpaired e B) NH 4 NO3 2) -1/3
24. N 2O is not having oxidising and bleaching C) N 3 H 3) +5
properties
D) H 3 PO3 4) +3
27. Nitrogen forms NC 3 which is explosive 5) +1/3
29. excitation is not possible The correct match is
31. from left to right acidic nature increases A B C D A B C D
Pt gauze
1) 3 1 2 4 2) 5 2 3 4
38. 4 NH 3  5O2    4 NO  6 H 2O 3) 1 2 3 4 4) 4 3 2 5
39. A.C to Ostwald process DINITROGEN
40. CaNCN on hydrolysis gives NH3
9. Nitrogen forms N 2 but phosphorus forms
43. Ca.dihydrogen phosphate and Gypsum
P4 due to
44. Ca3  PO4 2  2 H 2 SO4  4 H 2O 
1. Triple bond is present between phosphorus
Ca  H 2 PO 4   2  CaSO4 .2 H 2O  atoms
2 2. P  P bonding is weak.
3. P  P bonding is strong
LEVEL-I (H.W) 4. Multiple bond is formed easily
HYDRIDES
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
10. Which of the following is least stable
1. Atomicity of white phosphorus is
1) NH3 2) N3H 3) H2NNH2 4) N2H2
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 8
11. The bond angle decreases from NH3 to BiH3
2. Which of the following is able to form ionic due to
compounds 1) The decrease in basic strength
1) Bi 2) As 3) Sb 4) P 2) The decrease in bond dissociation energy
3. The percentage of P-character in the orbitals 3) The decrease in electronegativity of the cental
forming P  P bonds in P4 is atom
1) 25 2) 33 3) 50 4) 75 4) All of these
12. Which one of the following can more readily
ALLOTROPIC FORMS donate the lone pair?
4. Which of the following exists in more number 1) NH3 2) PH3 3) AsH3 4) BiH3
of allotropic forms 13. The most polar compound among the
1) Nitrogen 2) Bismuth following is
3) Arsenic 4) Phosphorus 1) NH3 2) PH3 3) AsH3 4) BiH3
14. Acidic hydride of nitrogen is 26. PCl5 on hydrolysis gives
1) NH 3 2) N 2 H 4 3) N 2 H 2 4) N 3 H
1) H 3 PO3 2) H 3 PO4 3) H 3 PO2 4) H 3 PO5
15. The correct order of reducing abilities of
VA group hybrides is OXYACIDS
1) NH 3  PH 3  AsH 3  SbH 3  BiH 3 27. H3PO2 is the molecular formula of an acid of
phosphorous. It’s name and basicity
2) NH 3  PH 3  AsH 3  SbH 3  BiH 3 respectively are
3) NH 3  PH 3  AsH 3  SbH 3  BiH 3 1) Metaphosphorous acid and one
2) Hypophosphorous acid and one
4) SbH 3  BiH 3  AsH 3  NH 3  PH 3 3) Metaphosphoric acid and two
4) Hypophosphoric acid and two
OXIDES
28. Which of the following is a normal salt
16. Which of the following is most acidic
1) Na2HPO4 2) NaH2PO3
1) As2O3 2) P2O3 3) Sb2O3 4) Bi2O3
3) NaH2PO4 4) Na3PO4
17. Which of the following is a mixed acid
29. Which of the folowing is tetrabasic acid
anhydride
1.Orthophosphoric acid
1) Nitrogen (III) Oxide 2) Nitrogen (II) Oxide
2.Orthophosphorous acid
3) Nitrogen (V) Oxide 4) Nitrogen (IV) Oxide
3. Metaphosphoric acid
18. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen is
4. Pyrophosphoric acid
anhydride of nitric acid ?
30 Covalency of phosphorous in peroxy
1) N2O3 2) N2O4 3) N2O5 4) N2O
phosphoric acid is
19. Which one of the following elements does not
1) 6 2) 5 3) 4 4) 3
form the compound, M 4O10 (M = element)? 31 The starting material used for the
1) P 2)Sb 3) As 4) Bi manufactured of HNO3 by Ostwalds process
20. Nitrous oxide is
is
1. Soluble in cold water
2. Soluble in hot water without decomposition 1) Ammonia and N 2O
3. Acidic in nature 4. Basic in nature 2) Ammonia
21. NO2 can not be obtained by heating 3) Air only
1) KNO3 2) Pb(NO3)2 4) Ammonia and nitrogen
3) Cu(NO3)2 4) Hg(NO3)2 PREPARATION AND USES OF NITRIC ACID
22. P4O6 is the anhydride of the following 32. Which of the following is rendered passive
by con. HNO3 is
1) H 3 PO2 2) H 3 PO3 3) H 3 PO4 4) H 3 PO5 1) Al 2) Au 3) Zn 4) Sn
33. Which of the following is used in
HALIDES pyrotechniques
23. The V A group clement that doesn’t directly
1) NH 3 2) HNO3 3) PH 3 4) H 3 PO4
react with chlorine
1) N 2) As 3) Sb 4) Bi AMMONIA
24. Which of the following gives an alkaline gas 34. Which one of the following gas is most soluble
on hydrolysis in water?
1) PCl3 2) BiCl3 3) NCl3 4) PBr3 1) CO 2) N2O 3) NO 4) NH3
25. Which of the following halide does not 35. Calcium cyanamide on treatment with steam
contain a lone pair of electrons on the central under pressure gives ammonia and
atom 1) Calcium carbonate 2) Calcium hydroxide
1) PCl3 2) NCl3 3) AsCl3 4) PCl5 3) Calcium oxide 4) Calcium bicarbonate
36. Which of the following reactions yield 24. NC   3H O  NH  3HOC 
3 2 3
elementary gases like N 2 , H 2 , O2 as the 32. Al rendered passive on treatement with
byproducts ? Con HNO3
I) CuO  NH 3  34. due to H-bond
Fe
II) 2 NH 3  2 Na 
300  4000 C
 35. CaNCN  3H 2O  CaCO3  2 NH 3
III)  NH4 2 Cr2O7 



IV) 2Pb  NO3 2 



1) I and II only 2) II , III and IV only
3) I, II and III only 4) all of these

LEVEL-I (H.W) - KEY

1) 1 2) 1 3) 4 4) 4 5) 1 6) 2 7) 2
8) 1 9) 2 10) 4 11) 3 12) 1 13) 1 14) 4
15) 1 16) 2 17) 4 18) 3 19) 4 20) 1 21) 1
22) 2 23) 1 24) 3 25) 4 26) 2 27) 2 28) 4
29) 4 30) 2 31) 2 32) 1 33) 2 34) 4 35) 1
36) 4

LEVEL-I (H.W) - HINTS

2. ‘N’ is able to form ionic compounds
3. In P4 molecule phosphorus is SP 3 hybridised
6.  2   4  1  2 p  4  2   0
2 p  2
p  1
9. N 2O4 is used an oxidant with liquid propellants.
10. N 2 H 2 is least stable
11. The bond angle decreases from NH 3 to BiH 3
due to the decrease in electronegativity of the
central atom
12. NH 3 is the strongest electron pair donor due to
its small size as the electron density of the
electron pair is concentrated over a small region

13. In VA group hydrides most polar compound is

NH 3
16. P2O3 is most acidic
17. N 2O4  H 2O  HNO2  HNO3
21. KNO3 on heating doesnot gives NO2
 8. The bond energies (in KJ mole −1 ) of
7. P-BLOCK ELEMENTS P -H , As-H and N-H respectively ?
1) 247 , 318 and 389 2) 247 , 389 and 318
GROUP 15TH ELEMENTS 3) 318 , 389 and 247 4) 318 , 247 and 389
9. What is the order of basic nature of hy-
LEVEL-II (C.W) drides of VA group elements ?
1) AsH 3 > SbH 3 > PH 3 > NH 3
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 2) NH 3 > SbH 3 > PH 3 > AsH 3
1. The number of covalent bonds made by 3) NH 3 > PH 3 > AsH 3 > SbH 3
phosphorus atom never exceeds
1) 3 2) 6 3) 2 4) 12. 4) PH 3 > NH 3 > SbH 3 > AsH 3
2. Ionic radius ( in A o ) of As3+ ,Sb3+ and Bi3+ 10. White phosphorous reacts with caustic soda
to give phosphine and sodium hypophosphite.
follow the order ...
In this reaction phosphorous undergoes
1) As3+ >Sb 3+ >Bi 3+ 2) Sb3+ >Bi3+ >As 3+ 1) Oxidation 2) Reduction
3) Bi3+ >As 3+ >Sb3+ 4) Bi3+ >Sb 3+ >As 3+ 3) Both 4) None of these
3. The shape and bond angle of white OXIDES
Phosphorous molecule is \ 11. The hybridization of phosphorous atom in
1) Linear and 1800 P4O6 and P4O10 is
2) Trigonal planar and 1200 1) sp 2) sp2 3) sp3 4) sp3d
12. The bonds present in P4O10 are
3) Tetrahedral and 1090 281
1) Ionic and covalent 2) Ionic and dative
4) Tetrahedral and 600 3) Covalent and dative 4) Only covalent bonds
DINITROGEN 13. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen
4. Nitrogen liberated by the thermal is the anhydride of nitrous acid ?
decomposition of only 1) NO 2) N 2O3 3) N 2O4 4) N 2O5
1. NH 4 NO2 2. NaN3 14. The number of oxygen atoms bonded to one
3. ( NH 4 )2 Cr2O7 4.all the three phosphorous atom in P4O10 is
1) 4 2) 3 3) 6 4) 5
5. The CN − ion and N 2 are isoelectronic. But 15. The arrangement of oxygen atoms around
in contrast to CN − , N 2 is chemically inert each phosphorous in P4O10
because of 1) Pyramidal 2) Octahedral
1) low bond energy 3) Tetrahedral 4) Square planar
2) absence of bond polarity 16. When NH 4 NO3 is gently heated, an oxide of
3) unsymmetrical electron distribution
Nitrogen is formed. What is the oxidation
4) presence of more number of electrons in
state of Nitrogen in this oxide ?
bonding orbitals
1) + 4 2) + 2 3) + 3 4) + 1
HYDRIDES 17. The following are some statements about
6. Which of the following has maximum oxides of VA group elements
complex forming ability with a given metal I) N 2O molecule is linear
ion
II) NO2 molecule is angular
1) PH3 2) BiH3 3) NH3 4) SbH3
7. The oxidation number of N in N3H is III) N 2O5 molecule is angular
1) + 1/3 2) 0 3) - 1/3 4) 1 The correct combination is
1) All are correct 2) I & III are correct
3) II & III are correct 4) I & II are correct
 SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II
HALIDES 28. Regarding H 3 PO5 the wrong statement is
18. The trihalide which forms oxocations on
1) It’s basicity is three
hydrolysis is 2) Oxidation state P in it is +5
1) NCl3 2) PCl3 3) SbCl3 4) AsCl3 3) It contains O - O linkage
19. Bismuth forms the only pentahalide with the 4) It can form a dimer
halogen 29. The following are some statements about
1) Bromine 2) Fluorine 3) Chlorine 4) Iodine
HNO2
OXYACIDS I) Its undissociated forms are tautomers
20. Acid having peroxide linkage in its structure II) Its undissociated forms are resonance
is structures
1) HNO3 2) H3PO4 3) H4P2O7 4) HNO4 III) Its anhydride in pure state exists as
21. Two oxides of Nitrogen, NO and NO2 react pale blue solid and that melts to deep blue
liquid
together at 253 K and form a compound
The correct combination is
Nitrogen X. X reacts with water to yield
1) All are correct 2) I , III are correct
another compound of Nitrogen Y. The shape 3) II , III are correct 4) I,II are correct
of the anion of Y molecule is 30. The statements regarding oxyacids of
1) Tetrahedral 2) Triangular planar phosphorous are
3) Square planar 4) Pyramidal
22. Oxidation state of +1 for phosphorous is I) HPO3 molecule is monobasic acid
found in II) H 4 P2O6 molecule has P - P bond
1) H 3 PO3 2) H 3 PO4 3) H 3 PO2 4) H 4 P2O7 III) H 4 P2O7 molecule has P-O-P linkage
23. The number of hydroxyl groups in The correct combination is
pyrophosphoric acid is 1) All are correct 2) Only II is correct
1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 7 3) II&III are correct 4) I&II are correct
24. H 3 PO2 is the formula for one of the 31. Which pair of oxyacids of phosphorous
contain ‘P-H’ bonds ?
phosphorous acids. Its name and basicity
are respectively 1) H 3 PO4 , H 3 PO3 2) H 3 PO5 , H 4 P2O7
1) Phosphorous acid and two 3) H 3 PO3 , H 3 PO2 4) H 3 PO2 , HPO3
2) Hypophosphorous acid and two
3) Hypophosphorous acid and one AMMONIA AND NITRIC ACID
4) Hypophosphoric acid and two 32. A & B are two gases. ‘A’ is identified with
25. The acid that forms primary, secondary and the glass rod dipped in NH 3 and ‘B’ is
tertiary phosphates is identified with the glass rod dipped in HCl.
Then A, B are
1) H 3 PO2 2) H 3 PO3 3) HPO3 4) H 3 PO4 1) HCl, NO2 2) HCl, NH3
26. Which of the following is not an acidic 3) NH3, HCl 4) NH3, SO2
salt? 33. Nesslers reagent is used to detect trace
1) NaH 2 PO2 2) NaH 2 PO3 amounts of ammonia. Its formula is
1) KHgI4 2) K2HgI2 3) K2HgI4 4) KHgI3
3) NaH 2 PO4 4) Na2 HPO4 34. Cyanamide process is used to prepare
27. The reducing strength of oxyacid of the 1) Cyanide 2) Isocyanide
Phosphorous depends on 3) Ammonia 4) Nitric acid
1) The number of H-atoms directly attached to P 35. Conc. HNO is treated with iron. The metal
3
2) The number of H-atom attached to oxygen
is passive because
atom
1) It is a transition metal
3) The number of O-atoms attached to P-atoms
2) It forms protective oxide film
4) The number of P-atoms
3) It is reduced 4) It liberates laughing gas
JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II
36. 4Zn + 10 HNO3 → 4Zn ( NO3 )2 + NH 4 NO3 + 3H 2O . 45. Assertion (A): Anhydrous Calcium chloride
In this reaction one mole of HNO3 is reduced
by
1) 32g Zn 2) 64g Zn 3) 128g Zn 4) 256g Zn 46. Assertion (A): The basic nature of VA group
37. CaO.Ca ( NO3 )2  is the chemical composition
of the substance, commonly used as
1) Fertiliser 2) Explosive
3) Perfume 4) Medicine
38. Which of the following is not correct ?
1) Ammonia is used as refrigerant
2)A mixture of Ca (CN )2 and C is known nitrolim
3) A mixture of Ca ( 2 4 )2 and
H PO
CaSO4 .2 H 2O is known as superphosphate of
lime
4) Hydrolysis of NCl3 gives NH 3 and HOCl
Note:
1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)
2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A)
3) (A) is true and (R) is false
4) (A) is false but (R) is true
39. Assertion (A): P4 is more reactive than N2
Reason(R) : P - P bonds are relatively weaker
than N ≡ N
40. Assertion (A): Bismuth compounds are stable
in +V oxidation state than in +III oxidation
state.
Reason (R): Inert pair effect is observed in
Bismuth compounds.
41. Assertion (A): The hydrides of VA group
elements are good reducing Agents.
Reason (R): NH3 is a weak reducing Agent
among the hydrides of VA group.
42. Assertion (A): P2O3 is more basic than N2O3
Reason (R): Metallic nature of the central 6.
atom increases down the group
43. Assertion (A): Ortho phosphoric acid is
tribasic acid
Reason (R): Orthophosphoric acid forms
three series of salts.
44. Assertion (A): In the synthesis of Ammonia
by Habers process, mixture of potassium and
aluminum oxides can be used as promotor. 12. In P4O10 covalent and dative bonds both are
Reason (R): Promotor enhances the activity
of catalyst
15th GROUP ELEMENTS
is used as catalyst in cyanamide process
Reason (R): Catalyst increases the rate of
reaction.
hydrides decreases from ammonia to
bismuthine.
Reason (R): Availability of lone pair on the
central atom in hydrides decreases down the
group.
47. Assertion (A): Stability of NH3 is greater than
PH3
Reason (R): M - H bond energy increases
down the group in the hydrides of pnicogens.
48. Assertion (A): PH3 is more basic than NH3
Reason(R) : EN of N is more than that of P
49. Assertion (A): NH3 is liquid while the other
hydrides of V-A group elements are gases at
room temp.
Reason(R) : NH3 possess inter molecular H -
bonds in liquid state
LEVEL-II (C.W) - KEY
1) 2 2) 4 3) 4 4) 4 5) 2 6)3 7) 3
8) 4 9) 3 10) 3 11) 3 12)3 13) 2 14)2
15)3 16) 4 17) 4 18) 3 19) 2 20) 4 21) 2
22) 3 23) 2 24) 3 25) 4 26) 1 27) 1 28) 4
29) 2 30) 1 31) 3 32) 2 33) 3 34) 3 35) 2
36) 4 37) 1 38) 2 39) 1 40) 4 41) 2 42) 1
43) 2 44) 1 45) 1 46) 1 47) 3 48) 4 49) 4
LEVEL-II (C.W) - HINTS
1. ‘P’ atom never exceeds ‘5’ covalent bonds.
‘P’ belongs to VA group
2. In down the group ionic radius gradually
increases
NH 3 having maximum complex forming
ability
1
7. N3 H = −
3
11. In P4O6 and P4O10 phosphrous has SP 3
hybradisation.
present.
18. S b C l 3 + H 2 O → S b o C l + 2 H C l
o x o c a tio n
 SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II
7. For NH 4 Cl + NaNO3  ∆
→
21. NO + NO2 → N 2O3
→ ( A ) 
Cu
→ ( B ) + ( X )gas ,
N 2O3 + H 2O → 2 HNO2
which of the following is correct?
HNO2 → H + + NO2−
1) ( B ) is an amphoteric oxide
32. White densy fumes of NH 4Cl
2) ( X ) is a colourless, diamagnetic gas which
33. with NH 3 gives reddish brown ppt
combines with Al on heating
LEVEL-II (H.W) 3) (X ) can be produced by action of

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. How do we get pure N 2 gas
1. NH 3 + NaNO2 2. NH 4Cl + NaNO2
3. N 2O + Cu 4. Ba ( N3 )2
2. One mole of calcium phosphide on reaction
with excess of water gives
1) 1 mole of phosphine
2) two moles of phosphoric acid
3) two moles of phosphine
4) one mole of phosphourous pentoxide
3. The p - p bond energy is x’ KJ/mole. Then
the energy needed for the dissociation of
124g of white phosphorous is
1) x KJ 2) 4x KJ 3) 6x KJ 4) 8x KJ
4. The following are some statements
about VA group elements
I) All elements exhibits allotropy
II) Boiling points decrease down the group
III) They contain five electrons in their 10.
valency shell
The correct combination is
1) All are correct 2) Only III is correct
3) I & II are correct 4) II & III are correct
5. With reference to protonic acids, which of
the following statements is correct ?
1) PH 3 is more basic than NH 3
2) PH 3 is less basic than NH 3
3) PH 3 is equally basic as NH 3
4) PH 3 is amphoteric while NH 3 is basic
DINITROGEN
6. A diatomic gas will be obtained in
1) Cu + dil.HNO3 → 2) ( NH 4 )2 Cr2O7 
Heat
→ III) Ease of replacing H with Cl decreases
( Zn + NaOH ) on NaNO2
4) ( X ) is a coloured, paramagnetic gas which
combines with Al on heating
8. The statements regarding N 2
molecule are
I) The Bond energy is 945.4 KJ/mole
II) It has triple bond
III) It contains 2σ and 1π bond
The correct combination is
1) Only II is correct 2) I & II are correct
3) II and III are correct 4) All are correct
HYDRIDES
9. Which of the following is not correct
1) Hydrolysis of NCl3 gives NH3 and HOCl
2) NH3 is less stable than PH3
3) NH3 is weak reducing agent compared to PH3
4) Nitric Oxide in solid state exhibits
diamagnetic property.
Silver chloride dissolves in excess of NH 4OH .
The cation present in solution is
+
1) Ag + 2)  Ag ( NH 3 )4 
+ +
3)  Ag ( NH 3 )2  4)  Ag ( NH 3 )6 
11. The oxyacid of phosphorous which has more
non-ionisbale hyderogens
1) H 3 PO2 2) H 3 PO3 3) H 3 PO4 4) H 3 PO5
12. The following are some statements related
to VA group hydrides
I) Reducing property increases from
NH 3 to BiH 3
II) Tendency to donate lone pair decreases
from NH 3 to BiH 3

3) Both 1 & 2 4) NH NO  V→ from NH 3 to BiH 3

4 3
 IV) Ease of formation of hydrides decreases
19. When orthophosphoric acid is strongly
from NH 3 to BiH 3 heated the product formed is
The correct statements are 1) Phosphine , PH 3
1) I , II , III , IV 2) I , III and IV
2) Phosphorous trioxide , P2O3
3) I , II and IV 4) I and IV
3) Phosphorous acid , H 3 PO3
OXIDES
13. The number of Oxygen atoms surroundings 4) Metaphosphoric acid, HPO3
each Nitrogen atom in N2O5 is HALIDES
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 20. N 2 forms NCl3 whereas P can form both
14. Oxide of nitrogen used as one of the
PCl3 and PCl5 . Why?
constituents in making anesthetics is
1) Nitric Oxide 2) Nitrogen dioxide 1) P has d-orbitals which can be used for bonding
3) Nitrous Oxide 4) Dinitrogen Pentoxide but N 2 does not have
15. The number of bridge oxygen atoms present 2) N atom is larger than P in size
3) P is more reactive towards Cl than N
in both P4O6 and P4O10 are respectively
4) None of the above
1) 4 , 6 2) 4 , 4 3) 6 , 4 4) 6 , 6
16. The number of P-O bonds and lone pair of OXYACIDS
21. Thomas Slag is
electrons present in P4O6 molecule .
1. Ca3  PO4 2 + CaSiO3 2. MnSiO3
1) 12 , 16 2) 12 , 12 3) 8 , 8 4) 12 , 4
17. LIST - 1 LIST - 2 3. CrSiO3 4. FeSiO3
A) NO 1) Colourless and paramagnetic 22. The following some statements about HNO2
are
B) NO2 2) Greenish yellow gas i)It acts as both oxidising and reducing agent.
C) N 2O3 3) Reddish brown and ii) It is a strong acid.
iii) Its Anhydride in pure state exists as pale blue
paramagnetic liquid
D) N 2O5 4) Anhydride of Nitric acid The correct combination is
5) Anhydride of Nitrous acid 1) All are correct 2) i, iii are correct
3) ii, iii are correct 4) i, ii are correct
The correct match is
A B C D A B C D 23. In H 3 PO3 molecule
1) 2 4 5 1 2) 1 3 5 4 1) P-atom is surrounded by three - OH groups
3) 3 2 1 5 4) 1 4 4 3 2) P-atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by two
18. LIST - 1 LIST - 2 -OH groups, one oxygen atom and one
hydrogen atom
A) NCl3 + H 2O → 1) HOCl 3) P-atom is surounded by four -OH groups
B) PCl3 + H 2O → 2) H 3 PO3 4) P - atom is surrounded by two -H atoms
24. The following are some statements about
C) PCl5 + H 2O → 3) H 3 PO4 oxyacids of VA group elements
D) PF3 + H 2O → 4) H 3 PO2 I) The salt of nitric acid contains NO3− ion
5) No Hydrolysis II) The salt of phosphoric acid contains PO43− ion
The correct match is III) Salts of meta phosphoric acid contains
A B C D A B C D HPO32− ion
1) 1 2 3 5 2) 2 4 2 5 The correct combination is
3) 3 2 2 4 4) 5 3 2 1 1) All are correct 2) I , III are correct
3) II , III are correct 4) I , II are correct
25. In solid state PCl5 exists as ionic solid i.e., 35. Assertion (A): A mixture of CaCN 2 and
graphite is known as nitration mixture
[ X ] [Y ] , shapes of X + and Y − are respectively
+ −

Reason(R) : NH3 is collected by downward

1) Tetrahedral, Pyramidal displacement of air
2) Tetrahedral, Octahedral 36. Assertion (A): Nitrogen is inactive in normal
3) Octahedral , Linear chemical reactions.
4) Octahedral , Trigonal bipyramidal Reason (R): The bond dissociation energy is
AMMONIA AND NITRIC ACID directly proportional to reactivity.
26. Atomicity ot dimeric phosphorous pentoxide is 37. Assertion (A): White phosphorous is less
‘x’ and the number of shared electron pair is reactive than red phosphorous.
‘y’. Then Reason (R): white phosphorous has more
a) y-x=6, b)2x=y+8 c)10x-7y=0 bond angle strain than red phosphorous
1) only ‘a’ is correct 2) only ‘b’ is correct 38. Assertion (A): Nitric oxide is neutral oxide
3) only ‘c’ is correct Reason (R): Nitric oxide is paramagnetic, as
4) all the above are correct it possess an odd electron.
27. The number of P-P bonds in cyclotrimeta 39. Assertion (A): NO2 is paramagnetic molecule,
phosphoric acid is where as N2O4 is diamagnetic
1) 3 2) 9 3) 6 4) zero Reason (R): Molecules with unpaired
28. A mixture of potassium nitrite and electrons are Diamagnetic.
ammonium chloride on heating liberates the 40. Assertion(A):The basicity of
gas orthophosphorous acid is two
Reason (R): In orthophosphorous acids, two
1) O2 2) N 2O 3) NH 3 4) N 2 replaceable hydrogen atoms are present
29. Which of the following can acts as 41. Assertion (A): Nitrogen cannot form
both oxidant and redutant pentahalides.
1) H 2 N 2O2 2) HNO2 3) HNO3 4) HNO4 Reason (R): Nitrogen cannot expand its octet
30. Concentrated nitric acid oxidises configuration.
phosphorous and iodine, respectively to
LEVEL-II (H.W) - KEY
1) H 3 PO3 , HI 2) H 3 PO3 , HIO4 1) 4 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 2 6) 3 7) 2
3) H 3 PO4 , HIO3 4) H 3 PO4 , HIO4 8) 2 9) 2 10) 3 11) 1 12) 1 13) 2 14) 3
Note: 15) 4 16) 1 17) 2 18) 1 19) 4 20) 1 21) 1
1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
22) 2 23) 2 24) 4 25) 2 26) 4 27) 4 28) 4
explanation of (A)
2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the 29) 2 30) 3 31) 3 32) 2 33) 2 34) 2 35) 4
correct explanation of (A) 36) 3 37) 4 38) 2 39) 3 40) 1 41) 1
3) (A) is true and (R) is false
4) (A) is false but (R) is true LEVEL-II (H.W) - HINTS
31. Assertion (A): NH4NO3 on gently heating 6. 3Cu + 8HNO3
gives N2O
Reason(R) : N2O is acidic in nature → 3Cu ( NO3 )2 + 2NO + 4 H 2O
32. Assertion (A): HNO 3 stronger acid than
HNO2 ( NH 4 )2 Cr2O7 → N 2 + Cr2O3 + 4 H 2O
Reason(R) : Both are monobasic acids 7. NH 4OH.HCl + NaNO2
33. Assertion (A): HPO3 is monobasic acid
Reason(R) : The salts of HPO3 are called meta → CuO
→ N 2O Cu + N2
(B) (x)
phosphates (Colourless, dia magnetic)
( Basic Oxide )
34. Assertion (A): N3- is isostructural with I3-
Reason(R) : The E.N of N is greater than I 2 Al + N 2 → 2AlN
 Zn + NaOH → ( H 2 ) . The evolved H 2 reduces 2. The correct statement is
1) High reactivity of white phosphorus is due
NaNO2 to form NH 3 gas to small bond angle (600) in P4 molecule which
9. NH 3 is more stable. due to H-bond causes large strain
2) Low reactivity of red phosphorus is due to
10. AgCl + 2 NH 4OH polymeric structure
→  Ag ( NH 3 )2  Cl + 2 H 2O 3) Black phosphorus conducts electricity due
to presence of delocalised π electrons
Diammine silver ( I ) chloride
4) All the above
13. Three oxygen atoms surrounds each nitrogen atom 3. Which of the following statement is wrong?
14. N2O is used as anesthetic. 1) The stability of hydride increases from NH 3
+C
26. CaNCN
14243
Nitro lim
to BiH 3 in group 15 of the periodic table

PREVIOUS EAMCET QUESTIONS 2) nitrogen cannot form d π − pπ bonds

1. The gases evolved in the decomposition of 3) single N − N bond is weaker than the single
lead nitrate are: P − P bond
1. N 2O3 , NO 2. NO2 , O2 3. N 2O3 , O2 4. N 2O3 , O2 4) N 2O4 has two resosnance structures
2. The total number of σ and π bonds in
pyrophosphoric acid are respectively:
DINITROGEN
1. 8,2 2. 10,2 3. 12,2 4. 8,4 4. Nitrogen can be purified from the impurities
3. An oxide of nitrogen (X) is formed when Z is of oxides of nitrogen and ammonia by passing
through
reacted with P2O5 , X is soluble in water and 1. Conc. HCl
gives Z. Which one of the following is Z? 2.Alkaline solution of pyrogallol
1. HNO3 2. H 2 N 2O2 3. HNO2 4. HN3 3. A solution of K 2 Cr2 O7 acidified with H 2SO4
4. Which one of the oxides of nitrogen dimerises 4. A solution of KOH
into colourless solids/liquid on cooling? 5. Animals die in nitrogen because
1. N 2O 2. NO 3. N 2O3 4. NO2 1. It destroys haemoglobin
5. Which one of the acids is a dibasic acid? 2. Of the want of oxygen
3. It is heavier than air 4. It is poisonous
1. H 3 PO3 2. H 3 PO2 3. HPO3 4. H 3 PO4
−
6. Amongst the trihalides of nitrogen, which one 6. PCl5 + Cl − → PCl6 . The wrong statement
is least basic regarding the above equation is
1. NF3 2. NCl3 3. NBr3 4. NI 3 1) Hybridisation of P changes from sp 3 d to
PREVIOUS EAMCET - KEY sp 3 d 2
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 4 5) 1 6) 1 2) Oxidation number of P changes from +5 to
+6
LEVEL-III 3) Covalency of P changes from 5 to 6
4) Here PCl5 is a Lewis acid
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Which of the following statements is not true HYDRIDES
1) Nitrogen differs markedly from the other 7. Sodium dissolved in Ammonia has Blue
members of its family colour due to
2) Nitrogen has five valency electrons 1) Solvated Sodium 2) Amide Ion
3) Nitrogen show covalency greater than four 3) Solvated electron
4) Nitrogen shows great stability as a free 4) Lone pair of electrons on Nitrogen in NH3
element molecule
8. In Nitrogen family the H-M-H angle in the 14. The bottles of liquid ammonia are opened
hydrides MH 3 gradually becomes closer to
900 on going from N to Sb. This shows that
gradually
1) The basic strength of the hydrides increases
2) Due to the increase in the size of central atom
M and increase in its electronegativity
3) The bond energies of M-H increase
4) The bond pairs of electrons become closer to
each other.
9. Gas obtained by heating a mixture of
ammonium chloride and slaked lime is
1) NH3 2) N2 3) N2O 4) NO2
10. Ammonia is not a product in the
1) Hydrolysis of nitrolim
2) Hydrolysis of Aluminium nitride
3) Decomposition of Ammonium nitrite
4) Hydrolysis of urea
11. Which fo the following statements is correct
1. All the hydrides of VA group elements are
pyramidal in shape
2. The bond angle decreases from NH3 to BiH3
down the group because of bond pair-bond pair
repulsion
3. The basic strength decreases from NH3 to
BiH3 , because of decreases in the availability 18. The number of P-O-P bonds present in P4O6
of lone pair of electrons
4. All are correct
12. Some of the reasons of reaction of NH3 with
hydrogen chloride are given below. Pick up
the incorrect are
1. The nitrogen atom of NH3 gains electrons
2. NH3 can give a pair of electrons
3. A proton in HCl can accept an electron pair
from NH3
4. The Cl −ion has a stable configuration of 8
electrons.
13. Phosphine is not obtained by the reaction
1. White P is heated with NaOH
2. Red P is heated with NaOH
3. Ca 3P2 is heated with water
4. Phosphorus trioxide is boiled with water
after cooling them in ice for sometime. It is
because liquid ammonia
1. Has high vapour pressure at room temperature
2. Is corrosive liquid
3. is an explosive 4. Brings tears in eyes
15. The dipole moment of NF3 is less than NH3
because
1. NH3 forms associated molecules
2. F is more reactive than H
3. The resultant of bond polarity is less
4. The resultant of individual polarities is
opposed by the polarity of lone pair
16. Ammonia will be obtained in
1) CaCN 2 + H 2O → 2) NH 4 H 2 PO4  
Heat
→
3) NH 4 NO2  V→ 4) Ca (CN )2 + H 2O V →
17. The compound ( SiH 3 )3 N is expected to be
1) pyramidal and more basic than (CH 3 )3 N
2) planar and less basic than (CH ) N
3 3
3) pyramidal and less basic than (CH 3 )3 N
4) planar and more basic than (CH 3 )3 N
OXIDES
and P4O10 are respectively
1) 4 and 5 2) 4 and 6 3) 6 and 6 4) 3 and 6
19. One of the acids listed below is formed from
P2O3 and the rest are formed from P2O5. The
acid formed from P2O3 is
1) HPO3 2) H4P2O7 3) H3PO4 4) H3PO3
20. Group 15 of the periodic table consists of the
elements N, P, As, Sb and Bi. On passing from
N to Bi, the oxides of the elements of general
formula M 2O3 becomes.
1. Strong reducing agents 2. More ionic
3. More basic 4. More volatile
21. The number of bonds in P4 O10 is
1. 6 2. 16 3. 20 4.7
22. The nitrate which when heated gives off a gas
(or) a mixture of gases which cannot relight
a glowing splinter is
1. Sodium nitrate 2. Ammonium nitrate
3. Lead nitrate 4. Potassium nitrate
23. In nitroprusside ion, the iron and ‘NO’ exist
30. The BCl3 is a planar molecule whereas, NCl3
as Fe+2 and NO + rather than Fe+3 and NO. is pyramidal because
These forms can be differentiated by 1) N − Cl bond is more covalent than B − Cl
1. Estimating the concentration of iron bond
2. Measuring the concentration of CN − 2) B − Cl bond is more polar than N − Cl bond
3. Measuring the solid state magnetic moment 3) nitrogen atom is smaller than boron
4. Thermally decomposing the compound 4) BCl3 has no lone pair but NCl3 has a lone
24. The correct order of bond angle of pair of electron
NO2+ , NO2 and NO2− is OXYACIDS
+
1) NO < NO2 < NO − + −
2) NO = NO < NO2 31. The correct statement in respect of structure
2 2 2 2
of hypo phosphorous acid is
3) NO2+ > NO2 > NO2− 4) NO2+ > NO2 < NO2− 1) 2-OH groups, 2-H atoms are attached directly
25. A tetra-atomic molecule ( A) on reaction with to P
2) One OH group and 2-H atoms are directly
nitrogen ( I ) oxide, produces two substances attached to P
3) One OH group and 3 - H atoms are directly
( B ) and (C ) . ( B ) is a dehydrating agent attached to P
4) Three OH groups are attached directly to P
while substance (C ) is a diatomic gas which
32. In NO 3− ion, the number of bond pair and
shows almost inert behaviour. The substances lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom are
( A) , ( B ) and (C ) are 1. 2,2 2. 3,1 3. 1,3 4. 4,0
33. List - I List - II
1) P4 , P4O10 , N 2 2) P4 , N 2O5 , N 2 A) N2O 1) Sp2 and planar triangle
3) P4 P2O3 , Ar 4) P4 , P2O3 , O2 B) HNO2 2) Nitrite and Nitro form
C) NO3-- 3) Sp3and Tetrahedron
HALIDES D) HNO4 4) Laughing gas
26. Bottle of PCl3 is kept stoppered because it 5) Peroxy bond
The correct match is
1) explodes 2) gets oxidized
A B C D A B C D
3) is volatalised 4) reacts with moisture
1) 1 2 3 4 2) 3 2 4 1
27. What may be expected to happen when 3) 2 5 3 4 4) 4 2 1 5
phosphine gas is mixed with chlorine gas? 34. By the reduction of HNO to NO the number
3 2
1. PCl 3 and HCl are formed and the mixture of moles of electrons involved per mole of
warm up HNO3 is
1) 8 2) 6 3) 3 4) 1
2. PCl 3 and HCl are formed and the mixture 35. Sodium hexametaphosphate is known as
cools down 1. Calgon 2. Permutit 3. Natalite 4.Nitrolim
36. Poly phosphates are used as water softening
3. PH 3 , Cl 2 is formed with warming up
agents because they
4. The mixture only Cools down 1. Form soluble complexes with anionic species
28. Which of the following halides is most acidic? 2. Precipitate anionic species
1) PCl3 2) SbCl3 3) BiCl3 4) CCl4 3. Form soluble complexes with cationic species
4. Precipitate cationic species
29. In the compound of the type POX 3 , P atom 37. In the reaction
show multiple bonding of the type 4HNO3 + P4 O10 → 4HPO3 + X the product
1) pπ − pπ 2) dπ − dπ X is
3) pπ − d π 4) no multiple bonding 1. N 2 O5 2. N 2 O3 3. NO 2 4. H 2 O
15th GROUP ELEMENTS

38. Which of the following is a cyclic oxoacid LEVEL - III - KEY

1. H 4 P2 O7 2. H 4 P2 O6 3. H 3 P3O 9 4. H5P5O15 1) 3 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3 5) 2 6) 2 7) 3
39. When rain is accompained by a thunderstorm, 8) 4 9) 1 10) 3 11) 4 12) 1 13) 2 14) 1
the collected rain water will have a PH value,
1. Slightly higher than that when the thunder 15) 4 16) 1 17) 3 18) 3 19) 4 20) 3 21) 2
storm 22) 2 23) 3 24) 3 25) 1 26) 4 27) 1 28) 1
2. unifluenced by occurrence of thunder storm 29) 3 30) 4 31) 2 32) 4 33) 4 34) 4 35) 1
3. which depends on the amount of dust in air
4. slightly lower than that of rain water without 36) 3 37) 1 38) 3 39) 4 40) 1 41) 2 42) 2
thunderstorm 43) 2 44) 3 45) 2
40. The following are some statements about
oxyacids of VAgroup elements LEVEL-III - HINTS
i) The salt of Nitric acid contains NO3- ion 1. Nitrogen belongs to VA group
ii) The salt of phosphoric acid contains PO43- ion 2. Due to polymerized structure
iii) Salts of meta phosphoric acid contains
6. 2 KNO3 + 10 K → 6 K 2O + N 2 ;
H2PO3- & HPO32- ions
The correct combination is NH 4 NO3 → N 2O + 2H 2O
1) i and ii are correct 2) ii and iii are correct
3) all are correct 4) only ii is correct 16. CaCN 2 + 3H 2O → CaCO3 + 2 NH 3 ;
41. Which of the following metals, Fe, Zn, Pb, NH 4 H 2 PO4 → NH 3 + HPO3 + H 2O
Ag and Pt do not give metal nitrate on
treatment with concentrated HNO3 ? 17. ( SiH 3 )3 N is planar and less basic than
1) Fe and Zn 2) Fe and Pt (CH 3 )3 N because lone pair of N atom is used
3) Pb, Ag and Pt 4) Fe, Ag and Pt
42. Among the following ions, pπ − d π overlap to form d π − pπ back bonding with Si-atom
∆
is present in 22. NH 4 NO3  → N 2 O + 2H 2 O.N 2 O is non
1) NO3− 2) PO43− 3) CO32 − 4) NO2− combustable.
2−
43. Phosphate + conc.HNO3 + ( NH 4 )2 MoO4 23. The nitroprusside ion is  Fe (CN )6 NO +  . The
so ln . → Yellow precipitate . magnetic moment measurement reveal the
The composition of yellow precipitate is presence of 4 unpaired electrons in Fe which
1) ( NH 4 )3 PO4 .MoO3 2) ( NH 4 )3 PO4 .12MoO3 must be then in Fe ++ (3d 6 ) and not Fe +++ (3d 5 )
3) ( NH 4 )2 PO4 .12MoO3 4) NH 4 PO4 .MoO3 24. NO2+ −1800 ; NO2− −1150 ; NO2 −1320
44. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with iodine
to give 25. P4 + 10 N 2O → P4O10 + 10 N 2
1) HI 2) HOI 3) HOIO2 4) HOIO3 28. In CCl4 , carbon atom does not have d-orbitals
45. Three reactions involving H 2 PO4− are given to accommodate a lone pair of electrons and
below hence is not a Lewis acid. In PCl3 , SbCl3 and
(i) H 3 PO2 + H 2O → H 3O ( − ) + H 2 PO4(−) BiCl3 central atom has empty d-orbitals in each
(ii) H 2 PO4(−) + H 2O → H 3O(+ ) + HPO42− case but electronegativity of P is maximum,
(iii) H 2 PO4− + OH (−) → O 2− + H 3 PO4 hence PCl3 is strongest acid.
3
In which of the following does H 2 PO4− act as 29. Hybridisation of P is Sp d
an acid [AIEEE-2010] 42. Phosphorus has vacant d-orbitals
1) (i) only 2) (ii) only 43. Ammonium phosphomolybdute test
3) (iii) only 4) (i) and (ii) only
JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II
15th GROUP ELEMENTS
LEVEL-IV
PREVIOUS MAINS QUESTIONS
1. Which one of the following pairs is obtained 1. White phosphorus ( P4 ) has
on heating ammonium dichromate? 1. Six P-P single bonds
1) N 2 and H 2O 2) N 2O and H 2O 2. Four lone pairs of electrons
3. P-P-P angle of 600 4) All the above
3) NO2 and H 2O 4) NO and NO2
2. A lightning flash through air may result in
2. The hybridization of atomic orbitals of the formation of
nitrogen in NO2+ , NO3− and NH 4+ are: 1. NO 2. HNO2 3. HNO3 4. NH 3
1) sp, sp 3 and sp 2 respectively 3. Pyrophosphorous acid, H 4 P2 O5
1. It is dibasic acid
2) sp, sp 2 and sp 3 respectively
2. It is strongly reducing in nature
3) sp 2 , sp and sp 3 respectively 3. It contains one P-O-P bond
4. ‘P’ is sp3 hybridised
4) sp 2 , sp 3 and sp respectively 4. Nitrogen can combine directly at higher
3. A metal X on heating in nitrogen gas gives Y. temperature to give nitrides with
1. Mg 2. Al 3. 1 & 2 4. Fe
Y on treatment with H 2O gives a colourless
5. White phosphorus can be removed from red
gas which when passed through CuSO4 phosphorus by
solution gives a blue colour.Y is : 1. sublimation
2. heating with alkali solution
1) Mg ( NO3 )2 2) Mg3 N 2 3. distillation 4. both 1 & 2
6. The molecules having pyramidal shape are
3) NH 3 4) MgO
1. PH 3 2. NH3 3. NCl 3 4. PCl5
4. Extra pure nitrogen can be obtained by
7. Which of the following are correct statements
heating :
1. Solid PCl 5 exists as tetrahedral [PCl 4 ] and
+
1) NH 3 with CuO 2) NH 4 NO3
octahedral [PCl 6 ] ions
−
3) ( NH 4 )2 Cr2O7 4) Ba ( N3 )2
2. Solid PBr5 exists as [PBr4 ] Br −
+
5. The reaction of white phosphours with
aqueous NaOH gives phosphine and another
3. Solid N 2 O5 exists as NO +2 NO3−
phosphorus containing compound. The
reaction type, the oxidation states of 4. All the above
phosphorus in phosphine and other products 8. The nitrogen oxide(s) that contains N − N
are respectively: bond(s) is (are)
1) redox reaction, −3 and − 5 1) N 2O 2) N 2O3 3) N 2O4 4) All

2) redox reaction, +3 and + 5 COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

(P-1)Vth A group hydrides
3) disproportionation reaction −3 and + 1
The hydrides of V th A group elements are
4) disproportionation reaction −3 and + 3 good reducing agents, their reducing ability
6. The molecule having smallest bond angle is: increases from NH 3 to BiH 3 and basic nature
1) AsCl3 2) SbCl3 3) PCl3 4) NCl3 decreases from NH 3 to BiH 3 , thermal
stability and bond angles decreases from
PREVIOUS MAINS - KEY NH 3 to BiH 3
1) 1 2) 2 3) 2 4) 4 5) 3 6) 2
15th GROUP ELEMENTS SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II
9. Which of the following hydrides is Thermally
stable
1) PH 3 2) AsH 3 3) NH 3 4) BiH 3
10. Which of the following is more basic hyrides
1) NH 3 2) BiH 3 3) PH 3 4) AsH 3
11. The strong reducing agent is
1) NH 3 2) BiH 3 3) PH 3 4) AsH 3

(P-2)Regarding H 3 PO2 , its structure is as follows

O
||
HO − P − H
|
H
Its basicity is one. Its salts are known as
hyphophosphites
12. In the above structure the no. of
Pπ − d π bonds
1) 1 2) 2 3)zero 4) 3
13. In the above oxyanion the hybridisation of P
atoms is
1) Sp 2) Sp 2 3) Sp 3 4) Sp 3d
14. In the above structure the number
replaceable H- atoms
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) zero
15. The above acid is
1) Reducing agent 2) Dehydrating agent
3) Drying agent 4) Pickling agent

Matrix Matching
16. List-1 List-II
A) Anhydride of HNO2 P) N 2O3
B) Anhydride of HNO3 Q) NO
C) Neutral oxides R) N 2O5
D) Paramagnetic S) T) N 2O

LEVEL-IV - KEY
1) 1,3,4 2)1,2,3 3)2,3,4, 4)1,2,3
5) 1,2,4 6) 1,2,3 7) 1,2,3,4 8) 1,2,3,4
9) 3 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 13) 3 14) 1 15) 4
16) A-P; B-R; C-Q,T; D-Q,S