LAND MAPPING UNIT IN RICE AREA IN MANGATAREM

JAY CARLO PRIMERO GOROSPE

BRAYAN ROY PALOMO QUINTOS

Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2022

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PRELIMINARIES Page
Title page i
Table of Content ii
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 4
Definition of Terms 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature 6
Related Studies 14
METHODOLOGY
Location/Map of the Study Area 15
Data Gathering Procedure 16
Data Analysis 16
Selection of sites and Laboratory Analysis 16
Gathering of Secondary Data 16
Delineation of Land Mapping Units (Lmus) 16
Field Validation And Soil Sampling 17

Land Evaluation 17

Land Suitability Mapping 17

Land Utilization Planning 18

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INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Agriculture is considered as the backbone of Philippine economy. With a growing

population on the world, land productivity is getting pressured to increase, especially with

respect to agriculture and forestry land cover. ArcGIS (Geographical Information System) is a

potential tool for handling voluminous data and has the capability to support spatial statistical

analysis, thus there is a great scope to improve the accuracy of soil survey through the

application of ArcGIS technologies.

According to the website of ArcGIS this system that creates, manages, analyzes, and

maps all types of data and soil teksture. ArcGIS connects the data to a map, integrating location

data (where things are) with all types of descriptive information (what things are like there). This

provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in science and almost every industry.

ArcGIS helps users understand patterns, relationships, and geographic context. The benefits

include improved communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision

making. ArcGIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and

collaboration. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types

of data. (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/about-arcgis/overview)

In addition, a ArcGIS (geographic or geospatial information system) allows you to record

a base map with a geospatial referencing system such as longitude or latitude and then to add

additional layers of other information. Importantly that information is identified using the same

geospatial referencing. The ArcGIS then allows the individual layers, or themes as they are
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called to be linked. Analysis of the information can then be undertaken using the statistical and

analytical tools that are provided as part of the ArcGIS. By providing spatial analysis of suitably

coded data it is possible to provide striking, visual representations of data. These representations

can often reveal patterns and trends that might otherwise have gone unnoticed without the use of

ArcGIS techniques.

Also, ArcGIS can be used by agricultural agencies to support pesticide and food safety

regulations, show economic impacts of policy, reveal environmental health issues, depict animal

health and welfare issues, record data about an area, and arbitrate land use conflicts. GIS is an

effective, proven technology in government. Also, ArcGIS can help a farmer adapt to these

different variables, monitor the health of individual crops, estimate yields from a given field, and

maximize crop production.

Thus, the researchers are encouraged to conduct a study to the land area in town of

Mangatarem, Pangasinan by assessing the soil fertility and land use mapping which will help to

better understand the soil in relation to crop production in the said provinces.

Statement of the Problem

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The Municipality of Mangatarem has a land area of 317.50 square kilometers or 122.59

square miles which constitutes 5.83% of Pangasinan's total area. Its population as determined by

the 2020 Census was 79,323. This represented 2.51% of the total population of Pangasinan

province, or 1.50% of the overall population of the Ilocos Region. Based on these figures, the

population density is computed at 250 inhabitants per square kilometer or 647 inhabitants per

square mile.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the soil texture in the Municipality of Mangatarem, Pangasinan?

2. What are the grouping of soils according to their potential to transport pesticides?

3. What are the assessed value of the land in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in terms of

agricultural and residential land?

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study will aim to assess soil fertility and land use mapping in the town of

Mangatarem, Pangasinan.

Specifically,this study will be conducted with the following objectives:

1. To determine the different soil texture. N,P,K and pH of the soils located Mangatarem

Pangasinan and map them using ArCGIS application.

2. To delineate map units and provide geographic location of field area.

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3. To determine the land suitability for the aforementioned barangays.

4. To determine the efficiency of decision making and planning. And provide efficient means for

data distribution and handling. Elimination of redundant database-minimize duplication.

Scope and Delimitation

The study will be focused in soil fertility and land use mapping using ArcGIS in the town of

Mangatarem, Pangasinan.

to present a spatial variability of soil classification in study area. The researchers will choose this

site to conduct soil survey mapping because it is mostly dominant agricultural land area.

Generally, the results of the study will help and guide of the farmers to determine a

particular soil type and to determine the soil nutrient that suited for crops and to identify soil

management that might be required to improve their production income also for essential crop

planning, to optimize crop production and to manage the reduce of land degradation.

Moreover, the study will be conducted from September- November 2022.

Definition of Terms

In order to have a better understanding of this study, the following are hereby defined:
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Soil/ Land Mapping. It is refer to the process of delineating natural bodies of soils,

classifying and grouping the delineated soils into map units, and capturing soil property

information for interpreting and depicting soil spatial distribution on a map.

ArcGIS Technique. It is refering to covering ArcGIS data creation and manipulation,

geoprocessing, mapping and spatial analysis.

Municipality. It refers to a city or town that has corporate status and local government

which the study will be conducted.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related studies and literature which has connections to

the present study. Studies were reviewed by a group of researchers from the internet and other
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references such as books, journals, articles and research studies undertaken by previous writers

which provide the researcher a broader insight into the conceptualization of the study.

ArcGIS as a tool for land use. The process of interpolation of soil textural characteristic

and soil types digitization helped for continuous textural information generation at precise level.

The superimposing of soil samples over soil types clearly visualized the relationship between

soil types and texture. ArcGIS techniques hence after referred as ArcGIS is found to be best

suited for the quantification of the soils textural characteristic and its modeling in the study area.

Hence, both the study of soil textural characteristics and its interpolation at higher precision will

helpful for the textural management concerns all operations, practices and treatments used to

protect soil and enhance its performance.

How ArcGIS works? The power of a ArcGIS comes from the ability to relate different

information in a spatial context and to reach a conclusion about this relationship. Most of the

information we have about our world contains a location reference, placing that information at

some point on the globe. This is done by using a location reference system, such as longitude and

latitude, and perhaps elevation. A ArcGIS can reveal important new information that leads to

better decision-making. Many computer databases and different kinds of data in map form can be

entered into a ArcGIS. A ArcGIS can also convert existing digital information, which may not

yet be in map form, into forms it can recognize and use. For example, digital satellite images can

be analyzed to produce a map of digital information about land use and land cover. Likewise,

census or hydrologic tabular data can be converted to a maplike form and serve as layers of

thematic information in a ArcGIS.

The more common and basic uses of ArcGIS are mapping data, proximity analysis,

buffering, find clusters, find nearest, what’s an area and location analysis. Mapping Data
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defined as the central function of a geographic information system is to provide a visual

representation of data. It is estimated that 80% of the data we consider has a geospatial element

of some form. ArcGIS provides a means for that data to be stored in a database and then

represented visually in a mapped format. Simply understanding where things are is a first step in

understanding spatial patterns and relationships. In the example below, simply mapping out the

geographic features helps the viewer to understand where the wells are around a lake.

Figure 1. Mapping Data

A proximity analysis is an analytical technique that is used to define the relationship

between a specific location and other locations or points that are linked in some way. It is used

by many commercial organizations to identify sites suitable for business outlets. The technique

will consider different factors such as social and economic demographics and the presence of

competitor outlets. For an accurate proximity analysis the various themes to be used must all use

the same referencing system otherwise accuracy may suffer. Proximity analysis can be used to

answer several types of questions that include:

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1. How far is it between point a and point b? The simplest type of proximity analysis

calculates distances between two vector points.

2. On average how far is one point from a set of other points or conditions.

3. What is the closest point in terms of time or cost taken to reach that point?

4. What is the straight line distance between a single point and other selected points in

that layer?

5. How far are the points or edges of the nearest polygon?

A technique called buffering is commonly used with proximity analysis to indicate the

sphere of influence of a given point. Buffering involves creating a zone around a given point,

line, or polygon (area) of a specified distance. Buffering is useful for creating a zone around a

given geographic feature for further analysis using the overlay method. For example, a 1000′

buffer could be generated around a school to then use overlay analysis to find out how many

libraries are within 1000′ of that school.

Figure 2. Buffering
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A cluster could include members where distance between them is less than a specific

amount or areas where there is density of points greater than a specific level. Typically a

ArcGIS will require multiple levels of iteration before the correct algorithms are identified.

Typical clustering models include:

1. Connectivity models as the simplest that depend upon simple distance based

relationships.

2. Centroid models where inclusion in a cluster is determined by identifying the mean

value of the cluster that is most appropriate to the point being considered.

3. Distribution models where inclusion is determined by the application of a statistical

distribution theory such as the normal probability.

4. Density models by using techniques specially identified for GIS work that link areas

with specific densities of an event or population such as racial profiles in a given area. 5.

Subspace models that this technique allows the element to be included into a cluster by

considering specific attributes of that element. And, 6. Group models where an algorithm cannot

be established to demonstrate a shared link where they are in effect linked manually

A find nearest technique that can be used to measure the distances between a point and

the edge of a specific element that has been defined as a polygon using vector points. Nearest

neighbour algorithms have been the subject of intense research since the 1980s and new

approaches were defined by academics such as Benezecri and Juan in 1982. The algorithm

defined focuses on identifying points that are either maximal, minimal or median members of the

data set.
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What’s in an Area is a basic analysis that allows a given area from one later to be

overlaid onto data from other themes. A good example would be – what type of soil do we find

in the school grounds or what type of industrial uses has this area been put to in the past 50

years. There are two methods of performing this type of analysis:

1. Feature overlay defined as a simple technique to drop single or multiple points into an

area.

2. Raster overlay define as the best used when characteristics of multiple themes are

required to be examined because each area is referenced and combined on a grid basis.

The location analysis technique best used to identify a location for a new retail outlet.

The technique has been developed from theoretical methods used to explain observed conditions

to an algorithm for identifying optimal locations. The algorithms used tend to focus on either

maximal, minimal or median members of a given dataset.

On the other hand, soil fertility assessment is effective in increasing productivity (Darby,

2013) hence considered as the first step to managing soil fertility (McKenzie, 1998). It is a

process by which elements present in soil are measured for their "plant available" content within

the sample. The quantity of available nutrients in the sample determines recommended fertilizer

application for the optimum crop growth and production. Soil testing is essential in order to

determine the soil’s nutrient content and determine deficiencies that need to be remedied, so that

growth and yield may be maximized (Rafique and Rashid, 1998). Applying fertilizer without

fertilizer recommendation may give harmful effects as the nutrients present in the soil may

exceed than the nutrients required. This will actually lead to depletion of soil fertility that is one
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of the major problems in lessfavored areas (Scherr, 1999), alongside with high plausibility of

nutrient leaching.

However, on land suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a defined use. The

process of land suitability classification is the appraisal and grouping of specific areas of land in

terms of their suitability for defined uses. A Land having no significant limitations to sustained

application of a given use or land having only minor limitations that will not significantly reduce

productivity or benefits and will not raise inputs above an acceptable level is classified as highly

suitable. A land having limitations which are moderately severe for sustained 23 application of a

given use is classified as moderately suitable. A Land having limitations that are severe for

sustained application of a given use and will so reduce productivity or benefits or increase

required inputs will be only marginally justified is classified as marginally suitable. In addition, a

land may be classed as not suitable (N) for a given use for a number of reasons. It may be that

the proposed use is technically impracticable, such as the irrigation of rocky steep land, or that it

would cause severe environmental degradation, such as the cultivation of steep slopes.

Frequently, however, the reason is economic: that the value of the expected benefits does not

justify the expected costs of the inputs that would be required.

The soil texture is the degree of fineness or coarseness of the soil. It is an expression of

the relative amounts or percentages of sand, silt and clay. Rubbing soil between the thumb and

forefinger is a simple field test that can be used to estimate soil texture. A soil with a significant

amount of sand, silt and clay is called loam (Harpstead et al., 2001). According to Brady and

Weil (1996), sand particles range from 2-0.05mm, silt range from 0.05 to 0.002 mm and clay

measures less than 0.002 mm. Donahue et al. (1977) stated that coarse sandy soil is easy to till,

has plenty of aeration for good growth, and easily wetted but also dries rapidly and easily losses
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plant nutrients which are drained in the rapid loss of water. Thompson and Troeh (1993) reported

that loam silt soils are likely desirable for plant use. They have enough clay to store adequate

amounts of water and plant nutrients for optimum plant growth. According to PCARRD (1988),

fine-textured soils are fertile than coarse texture soils because of their ability to hold and supply

nutrients. On the other hand, IRRI (1985) stated that coarse textured soils have high percolation

rates, poor water economy and high suitable nutrient losses. In general, fine-textured soils are

more fertile than coarse-textured soils primarily because of the influence of high clay and

organic matter content related to nutrient supply

Following are some Soil Chemical Properties namely soil pH, nitrogen and phosporus.

The Soil pH, according to Foth (1990), a total chemical analysis of a soil may reveal little

that is useful in predicting the ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. One of the most

important chemical properties of a soil is its acidity or alkalinity, often stated as the pH of the

soil. The pH of the soil ranges from about 3 to 8. Below 5.5 the soil is quite acid. Above pH 7 the

soil is alkaline.On the other hand, soil with a pH in the range of 5.5 to 7 tends to be the most

flexible and a wide range of plants can thrive within this pH range. Once the pH drops below 5.5,

firmly into the acidic range, there is only a limited range of plants that like this level of acidity

and can tolerate these acidic conditions. Once the pH is above 7.0, the soil tends to be colonised

by a limited range of lime-loving plants (Soil-net, 2017).

The atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen by volume, as inert N2 gas. Even if the large

quantity of nitrogen exists in the atmosphere, it is still the nutrient that is absorbed from the soil

in the greatest quantity and is the most limiting nutrient for food production. (Foth, 1990).

Bishop (1983) stated that nitrogen is usually taken up by plants in the form of ammonium cation
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and nitrate anion. Nitrogen is the key nutrient in plant growth. It is the most commonly deficient

and 18 is often the controlling factor in plant growth. Plants need nitrogen for amino acid and

protein formation (Foth, 1990). Nitrogen is taken up by plants in large amounts, whereas its

concentration in soils is frequently very small. Nitrogen concentration in soils increase with

increased organic matter (Tan, 2000). According to Jones (1991), nitrogen exist in the soil either

as nitrate (NO3) anion or the ammonium (NH4) cation.

Phosphorus, an essential major element is a component of certain enzymes and proteins,

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ribonucleic acids (RNA), 19 deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and

phytin. ATP is involved in various energy transfer reactions. RNA and DNA are components of

genetic information (Benton, 1998).Thompson and Troeh (1993) phosphorus has been called the

key of life because it is directly involved in most life processes. Phosphorus is absorbed by

plants as phosphate ions. Gardiner and Miller (2008) stated that phosphorus is the second key

plant nutrient. It is the second-most-often deficient nutrient. Plants differ in their ability to

compete for soil phosphorus. Young plants absorb phosphorus rapidly, if it is available. Soil

phosphorus availability is low in many sandy low-humus soils. Potassium According to McLaren

and Cameron (1990), potassium is the seventh most abundant element.Brady and Weil (1996)

stated that potassium does not form any gas that could be lost in the atmosphere. Its behaviour in

the soil is influenced primarily by soil cation exchange properties and mineral weathering rather

than by microbial processes.Foth (1990) there is a wide range in the potassium content of soils

and availability of potassium for plant growth. Some soils are very deficient in available

potassium whereas others are very sufficient. Potassium in soils is found in minerals that weather

and release potassium ions. These ions are absorbed into the cation exchange sites. These ions

are absorbed into the cation exchange.

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METHODOLOGY

The following discussion in this chapter deal on the general research plan which include the

Location/Map of the Study Area, Data gathering procedure, Materials and Data Analysis. The

materials used in sampling will be shovel for digging the designated area and clean cloth for

collecting samples.

Location/Map of the Study Area

The study area is the municipality of Mangatarem, Pangasinan.

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Figure 3. Soil Map of Mangatarem, Pangasinan

Data Gathering Procedure

A ArcGIS will be used in this study. ArcGIS is a geographical information system

(GIS) software that allows handling and analyzing geographic information by visualizing

geographical statistics through layer building maps like climate data or trade flows. And

followed by the Geographic Positioning System (GPS) was also used in locating the GIS

generated sampling points.

Data Analysis
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All gathered data and information will be first encoded in excel worksheet in order to

analyze the data through tabulation and graphing.

Selection of sites and Laboratory Analysis

Soil samples will be collected from the agricultural land area of Mangatarem,

Pangasinan.And the Soil texture will determine through feel and roll method, while pH, nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium levels were analyzed using a Soil Test Kit developed by BSWM.

Gathering of Secondary Data

Climate data of the study area will be gathered from the nearest PAG-ASA Station. Base

maps (slope, soil type, land utilization type) will be obtained from BSWM/NAMRIA.

Delineation of Land Mapping Units (Lmus)

Soil type, land utilization and slope map to be obtained from BSWM/NAMRIA will be

overlayed using ArcGIS software to generate the LMUs.

Field Validation And Soil Sampling

Ocular inspection will be conducted to validate the physical characteristics of each LMU.

Soil samples will then be collected randomly for the analysis of nutrient availability, retention

and toxicity. Historical background and farming practices currently employed in the area will

likewise be gathered through an interview with farmer/s and concerned Local Government Units.

Land Evaluation

A profile of climate, rooting condition, soil fertility, toxicity and terrain of each LMU

shall be generated. The said profiles will then be matched with the crop requirement of selected
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major crops to evaluate land suitability. The Land Evaluation system formulated by UN-FAO

shall be employed in this study.

Land Suitability Mapping

Suitability ratings will be assigned for every major crop selected for evaluation. Then the

ratings will be attributed to the LMUs using ArcGIS software to generate land suitability maps.

Land Utilization Planning

Based on the result of the land evaluation, a sustainable land utilization scheme will be

formulated.
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LITERATURE CITED

Adetayo & A.O. Oke | Manuel Tejada Moral (Reviewing Editor) (2017) Assessment of spatial

variability and mapping of soil properties for sustainable agricultural production

using geographic information system techniques (GIS), Cogent Food & Agriculture,

3:1, DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2017.1279366

Ali and Kotb (2010) Use of Satellite Data and GIS for Soil Mapping and Capability

Assessment

Business Mirror (2021) Support the Backbone of the Philippine Economy

Cabrera and Lee (2019), Flood-Prone Area Assessment Using GIS-Based Multi-Criteria

Analysis: A Case Study in Davao Oriental, Philippines

John et.al (2019) Predictive Mapping of Soil Properties for Precision Agriculture Using

Geographic Information System (GIS) Based Geostatistics Models

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Mazareh et. Al (2018) GIS approach for assessment of land suitability for different land

use alternatives in semi arid environment in Jordan: Case study (Al Gadeer

Alabyad-Mafraq)

Modejar and Tongco (2019) Estimating topsoil texture fractions by digital soil

mapping - a response to the long outdated soil map in the Philippines

Mojtaba Zeraatpisheh (2017) Digital soil mapping, downscaling and updating

conventional soil maps using GIS, RS, Statistics and auxiliary data

Nofal, Justin (2012) Basic Uses of GIS

Nunes et.al (2016) Using GIS towards the Characterization and Soil Mapping of the Caia

Irrigation Perimeter

Safari et.al (2012) Mapping of the soil texture using geostatistical method (a case study of

the Shahrekord plain, central Iran)

Salvacion, Arnold (2019) Mapping land limitations for agricultural land use planning using

fuzzy logic approach: a case study for Marinduque Island, Philippines

Sandoval and Tiburan, Jr (2019) Identification of potential artificial groundwater

recharge sites in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines using GIS and

Analytical Hierarchy Process