GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS

OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
SYNOPSIS Zinc (Zn)
Zinc blende or Sphalerite : ZnS
OCCURRENCE OF METALS: Zincite or Red zinc
 Minerals: The naturally occurring chemical (philosopher’s wool) : ZnO
substances in which metals occur either in native
state or in combined state are called minerals. Calamine or Zinc spar : ZnCO3
 Ores: The minerals from which metal can be Franklinite : ZnO.Fe2O3
conveniently and economically extracted are
Willemite : Zn2 SiO4
called ores.
 All ores are minerals but all minerals are not Aluminium (Al)
ores. Bauxite : Al2O3 .2 H 2O
 For example aluminium occurs in the earth’s Kaolinite ( a form of clay) :  Al2  OH 4 Si2O5 
crust in the form of minerals like bauxite and
Cryolite : Na3 AlF6
clay ( Al2O3 .2SiO2 .2 H 2O )
 Out of these two aluminium can be conveniently Feldspar : KAlSi3O8
and economically extracted from bauxite,while Corundum : Al2O3
it has not been possible to extract aluminium
from clay by some easy and cheap Diaspore : Al2O3 .H 2O
method.Therefore the ore of aluminium is Mica : K 2O.3 Al2O3 .6SiO2 .2 H 2O
bauxite. Manganese (Mn)
SOME COMMON ELEMENTS WITH Pyrolusite : MnO2
THEIR NATURE OF OCCURRENCE: Calcium ( Ca )
Iron (Fe) Limestone (calcite) : CaCO3
Haematite : Fe2 O3 Gypsum : CaSO4 .2 H 2O
Magnetite : Fe3O4 Fluorspar : CaF2
Limonite : Fe2 O3 .3 H 2 O Dolomite : CaCO3 .MgCO3
Iron pyrites or Fool’s gold : FeS2 Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesite : MgCO3
Spathic iron or Siderite : FeCO3
Copper (Cu) Carnallite : KCl.MgCl2 .6 H 2O

Cuprite (Ruby copper) : Cu2O Epsom salt : MgSO4 .7 H 2O

Lead (Pb)
Copper glance (Chalcocite) : Cu2 S
Galena : PbS
Malachite : CuCO3 .Cu  OH 2 Anglesite : PbSO4
Azurite : 2CuCO3.Cu  OH 2 Cerrusite : PbCO3
Mercury (Hg)
Copper pyrites (Chalco pyrites) : CuFeS 2
Cinnabar : HgS
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
Silver (Ag)
Argentite (Silver glance) : Ag 2 S
Hornsilver : AgCl
Tin (Sn)
Cassiterite : SnO2
 Gem stones:Many gem stones are impure 
forms of alumina( Al2O3 ) and contain traces of
metal ions as impurities such as Cr 3 (in ruby),
Co3 (sapphire).
W.E-1:In general which metal do you expect to
occur in the native state in nature? Give
examples.
Sol. The metals which are below hydrogen in the 
electrochemical series, i.e., which are less
electropositive metals can occur in native state 
in nature. These metals are not readily attacked
by oxygen, moisture, carbondioxide etc.,
examples are: Ag, Au, Pt , Pd etc.,
W.E-2:Why do metal sulphides occur mainly in
rocks and metal halides in lakes and seas?
Sol. Metal sulphides are insoluble in water while
metal halides are soluble in water. Thus
chlorides get dissolved in rain water and washed
away to lakes and seas.
METALLURGY: The process of extraction
of pure metal from its ore is called metallurgy.
Some common steps involved in the
metallurgical operations are
1. Crushing and grinding of the ore
2. Concentration of the ore
3. Extraction of crude metal from concentrated 
ore
4. Purification or refining of the metal.
1. Crushing and Grinding of the Ore:
 Big lumps of ore obtained from earth’s crust
are crushed into smaller pieces with the help of
jaw crushers and grinders.
 These pieces are then reduced to fine powder
with the help of a ball mill or stamp mill. This
process is called pulverisation.
2. Concentration of the Ore:
The process of removal of impurities (gangue
or matrix) from the crushed ore is known as
concentration or dressing of ore. It is carried
out by the following methods.
 Hand picking: Sand and small stones are
removed by hand picking method.
Haematite ore occurs as lumps. So it can be very
easily separated from the impurities like sand,
stone pieces present along with it by hand
picking.
 Levigation or (Gravity separation): This
method is based on the difference in the
specific gravities of the ore and gangue particles.
This method is frequently used when the ore
particles are heavier than the gangue particles.
The crushed ore is washed in a stream of
water.The lighter impurities are swept away
while heavier ore particles settle down.
For example haematite, tin stone and native ores
of Au,Ag etc .,which are heavier are usually
concentrated by this method.
 The process is carried out in specially designed
tables called wilfley tables. It is generally used
for oxide ores and carbonate ores
 Magnetic separation: If either ore or the
gangue ( one of these two ) is attracted by a
magnet then ore can be separated from the
impurities with the help of magnetic separation
method .
 In this method the powdered ore is placed over
a leather belt which moves over two rollers one
of which is magnetic.
 As the mass passes over the magnetic roller,the
magnetic particles are attracted by it and fall
nearer to it while non magnetic particles fall
away from the magnetic roller.
For example, cassiterite ( SnO2 ,Tin stone) an ore
of tin( non-magnetic) is separated from
impurities of ferrous tungstate
( FeWO4 Wolframite) (magnetic).
 Similarly chromite( FeCr2O4 ),an ore of
chromium,magnetite( Fe3O4 ) an ore of iron and
pyrolusite( MnO2 )an ore of manganese all being
magnetic are separated from non-magnetic
gangue by this process.
 Rutile TiO2 (magnetic) and chlorapatite 
3Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 .CaCl2 (non magnetic) are also
separated by this method.
 Froth floatation process: This process is
commonly used for the concentration of
sulphide ores.
 It is based upon the principle of difference in
the wetting properties of the ore and gangue
particles with water and oil.
 Finely powdered ore is mixed with water, pine
oil (frother) and sodium ethyl xanthate or
potassium ethyl xanthate (collector) in a big
tank.
 The whole mixture is agitated with air. The ore
particles wetted with oil come in the froth and
are taken off, while impurities wetted with water
settle at the bottom.
 Thus adsorption phenomenon is involved in this
method.
 Here, foaming agent is pine oil and froth
stabilizers are cresol and aniline.
 Collectors used are sodium ethyl xanthate and
potassium ethyl xanthate (to make the ore
water repellant)
 Activator used is CuSO4 or Na2S while
depressant used is KCN or NaCN
 For example, Sodium cyanide can be used as a
depressant in the separation of ores of ZnS and
PbS.
 NaCN forms a layer of zinc complex,
Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ] on the surface of ZnS and
therefore prevents it from forming the froth. 
 However,NaCN doesnot prevent PbS from
forming the froth.
 Thus the two ores can be separated by the use
of a depressant.
Chemical method (leaching): This is a
chemical method of concentration. In this 
method,the powdered ore is treated with a
suitable reagent in which the ore is soluble but 
the impurities are not soluble. The impurities
left undissolved are removed by filtration.
a) Leaching of alumina from bauxite ore: 
 The principal ore of aluminium usually contains
SiO2, iron oxides and TiO2 as impurities.
In the process, the powdered ore is digested with
a concentrated solution of NaOH at 473-523 K
and 35-36 bar pressure.
 Al2O3 is leached out as sodium aluminate, and
SiO2 as sodium silicate.
Al2O3.2H2O  2NaOH  H2O  2Na[ Al (OH )4 ]
Sodium aluminate (soluble)
 This alkaline aluminate is neutralised by passing
CO2 gas and hydrated Al2O3 is precipitated.
 2 Na[ Al (OH ) 4 ]  2CO2  Al2O3 .xH 2O  2 NaHCO3
 The sodium silicate remains in the solution and
the insoluble hydrated alumina is filtered, dried
and heated to get pure Al2O3.
1470 K
Al2O3 .xH 2O   Al2O3  xH 2O
b) Leaching of Ag and Au:
 Gold and silver are extracted from their native
ores or silver from argentite ore by leaching .This
is also known as Mac-ArthurForest cyanide
process.
 In this process the finely powdered argentite ore
or the native Ag or Au particles are treated with
a dilute solution of NaCN or KCN in the
presence of air.
 Au,Ag dissolve by forming respective complex
cyanides.
 The impurities remain unaffected, these are
filtered off.
4 M ( s )  8CN (aq )  2 H 2 O( aq )  O2( g )  4[ M (CN ) 2 ](aq )  4OH (aq )
[M  Ag or Au ]
 Ag or Au is recovered from the solution by the
addition of electropositive metal like Zn.
2[ M (CN ) 2 ](aq )  Zn( s )  [ Zn(CN ) 4 ](2aq )  2 M ( s )
Electrostatic concentration: It is based on
the principle that when an electrostatic field is
applied,the particles which are good conductors
of electricity become electrically charged and
are consequently repelled by electrode of same
charge and are thrown away.
This method is used for the concentration of
PbS and ZnS ores occuring together in nature.
The powdered ore is fed up on a roller in a thin
layer and subjected to the influence of an
electrostatic field.
Lead sulphide being a good conductor,gets
charged immediately and is thrown away from
the roller .
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
 ZnS being a poor conductor falls vertically from  The ore becomes porous .
the roller. S8  8O2  8SO2
3. Extraction of crude metals:
P4  5O2  P4O10
 Metals are usually extracted by
reduction.Oxides are easier to reduce . 4 As  3O2  2 As2O3
 The extraction of metals involves the following  Sulphide ores are converted in to metallic
two major steps. oxides.
1) Conversion of the ore in to metallic oxide: 2 ZnS  3O2  2 ZnO  2 SO2
The concentrated ore is either a hydrated oxide,
a carbonate or a sulphide. It can be converted in 2 PbS  3O2  2 PbO  2 SO2
to its oxide form by the following two methods. 2Cu2 S  3O2  2Cu2O  2 SO2
a) Calcination:
 The SO2 produced is utilised for the manufacture
 Calcination is the process in which the ore is
heated strongly , below its melting point, either of H 2 SO4 .
in absence of air or in a limited supply of air.  When roasting is done at moderate temperature,
 This process is used for the conversion of the the sulphide ore is partially oxidised in to oxide
carbonates and hydrated oxide ores to their and partially in to sulphate.
respective oxides. For example
 During calcination , the following changes takes (a) 2 PbS  3O2  2 PbO  2 SO2
place
PbS  2O2  PbSO4
i. Moisture is removed .
ii. The volatile impurities of P, As and S are (b) 2 ZnS  3O2  2 ZnO  2 SO2
removed ZnS  2O2  ZnSO4
iii. The ore becomes porous.
 In some cases chlorinating roasting is down as
iν. Water from hydrated oxides is removed. metal is obtained by reduction of metal chloride.
ν. Carbonates decompose to oxides.  In this roasting the sulphide ore is converted in
For example to a chloride. For example silver ores are heated
Heat
ZnCO3   ZnO  CO2 with NaCl.
Heat
Ag 2 S  2 NaCl  2O2  2 AgCl  Na2 SO4
CaCO3   CaO  CO2
 Both calcination and roasting are generally
CaCO3 .MgCO3  Heat
  CaO  MgO  2CO 2 carried out in a reverberatory furnace.
Dolomite
 In case of roasting, the air holes are kept open
Heat
CuCO3.Cu(OH )2 
 2CuO  H2O  CO2 while in case of calcination, the air holes are
Malachite partially or completely closed.
Heat Note:
Al2O3 .2 H 2O   Al2O3  2 H 2O
Bauxite
 If the calcined or roasted ore still contains non-
fusible impurities (Gangue) of earthly matter,
b) Roasting:
then during reduction, an additional substance
 Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated
called the flux is also added to the ore.
strongly, below its melting point, in presence of
 It combines with impurities to form easily
excess of air.
fusible product known as slag.
 Sulphide ores are generally subjected to
roasting. Gangue  Flux  Fusible product
( present in the ore ) ( slag )
 During this process moisture is removed,  Slag is not soluble in molten metal. Being
impurities of non metals (P, As, S) are removed lighter, it can be easily skimmed off from the
as their volatile oxides. surface of the molten metal.
 The choice of flux depends upon the nature of  Reduction by hydrogen: Certain metal
impurities present in the ore. For example, oxides are reduced by hydrogen.
 (a) If the ore contains acidic impurities such as  For example, molybdenum oxide, tungsten
SiO2 , P2O5 , etc., then the basic fluxes like lime oxide etc., are reduced with hydrogen at higher
temperature.
(CaO ) , limestone (CaCO3 ), magnesite
MoO  3H 2  Mo  3H 2O
( MgCO3 ) haematite ( Fe2O3 ), etc, are used. Molybdenum
3

trioxide
SiO  CaO  CaSiO
WO  3H 2  W  3H 2O
2 3
Acidic impurity Basic flux Calcium silicate ( slag ) 3
Tungsten
SiO 2  CaCO3  CaSiO3  CO2 trioxide
Acidic impurity Basic flux Calcium silicate ( slag )
NiO  H 2  Ni  H 2O
SiO2  MgCO3  MgSiO3  CO2 Nickel oxide
Acidic impurity Basic flux 
Magnesium silicate ( slag ) Reduction by Na or Mg or Ca: Certain metal
 (b) If basic impurities are present in the ore such halides are reduced to pure metal by reduction
as CaO, FeO, MgCO3, etc., then acidic fluxes with Na, Mg or Ca in a closed vessel on heating.
like sand (SiO2) or borax  For example Ti, Zr or Vanadium metals are
( Na2 B4O7 .10 H 2O ) are used. obtained by reduction of their halides with Na
or Mg at higher temperature.
FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3
Ferrous silicate TiCl4  4 Na  Ti  4 NaCl
CaO  SiO2  CaSiO 3 VCl4  2 Mg  V  2 MgCl2
Basic impurity Acidic flux Calcium silicate ( slag )

2) Reduction of the metallic oxide to the free
metal: Oxides of less electro positive metals 
such as Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Sn, Mn, Cr etc., can be
reduced by number of reducing agents such as
carbon(coke), CO or even another metal.
 The process of extracting the metal by heating 
the metal oxide with a suitable reducing agent
is called pyro metallurgy.
Some of the methods commonly used to get the
free metal from the roasted or calcinated ore are:
Reduction by carbon-(Smelting):
 The process of extraction of metal by reduction
of its oxide with carbon (in the form of charcoal,
coke or CO) is called smelting.
 Generally smelting is carried out in a blast 
furnace.
M x Oy  yC  xM  yCO
For example:
PbO  C  Pb  CO
PbO  CO  Pb  CO2
Fe2O3  3C  2 Fe  3CO
Fe2O3  3CO  2 Fe  3CO2
SnO2  2C  Sn  2CO
TiCl4  2Mg  Ti  2MgCl2 (Kroll’s process)
Reduction with water gas: NiO is reduced
to nickel by heating with water gas ( CO  H 2 )
2 NiO  CO  H 2  2 Ni  CO2  H 2O
In this case both CO and H 2 present in water
gas act as reducing agents.
Reduction by aluminium (Gold Schmidt
alumino thermic process)
 Many oxides like Cr2O3 , Mn3O4 , Fe2O3 etc., are
not reduced easily by carbon or CO.These metal
oxides are reduced by strongly electro positive
metals such as aluminium.
The process of reduction of a metal oxide to the
metal with the help of aluminium powder is
called alumino thermic process.
Cr2O3  2 Al  Al2O3  2Cr  heat
3Mn3O4  8 Al  4 Al2O3  9 Mn  heat
Fe2O3  2 Al  Al2O3  2 Fe  heat
 The mixture of metallic oxide such as Fe2O3
and Al powder in the ratio of 3:1 is known as
thermite.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
 A magnesium ribbon( which acts as a fuse) is
embedded in a mixture of Mg powder and
BaO2 ( called ignition mixture).
 The thermite is ignited with Mg ribbon. Iron
oxide is reduced to iron.
 Large amount of heat energy is released during
reduction , as a result the iron metal is obtained
in the molten state.
 The molten iron thus produced is useful for the
welding of the broken iron, the process is called
thermite welding.
 Self reduction or Auto reduction: The
sulphide ores of less electro positive metals like
Hg, Cu, Pb, Sb etc., are heated in air as to convert
part of the sulphide ore in to oxide which then
reacts with the remaining sulphide ore to give
the metal and sulphur dioxide.
 No external reducing agent is used in this
process.
2 HgS  3O2  2 HgO  2 SO2
Cinnabar Mercury ( II )
oxide
2 HgO  HgS  3Hg  SO2
Mercury (II)
sulphide
2 PbS  3O2  2 PbO  2 SO2
Lead Lead oxide
sulphide
2 PbO  PbS  3Pb SO2
Lead Lead
sulphide
 Reduction by precipitation(Hydro
metallurgy): The process of extraction of
metals by dissolving the ore in a suitable
chemical reagent and the precipitation of the
metal by more electro positive metal is called
hydro metallurgy.
 Metals like Ag, Au,Cu etc., are extracted by this
method.
 The impure metal is placed on the sloping hearth
 For example concentrated Ag 2 S is treated with
a dilute solution of NaCN to form the soluble 
complex sodium dicyano argentate(I).
 Ag is precipitated from this by adding metal like
Zn.
Ag 2 S  4 NaCN  2 Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ]  Na2 S
Sodium dicyano arg entate ( I )
(soluble)
 Na2 S is largely oxidised to Na2 SO4
4 Na2 S  2 H 2O  5O2  2 Na2 SO4  4 NaOH  2S
2 Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ]  Zn  Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ]  2 Ag
 Electrolytic reduction: The process of
extraction of metals by electrolysis is called
electro metallurgy.
 Highly electro positive metals like alkali and
alkaline earth metals ,aluminium etc., are
commonly extracted by the electrolysis of their
fused salts.
 Some times a small amount of some other salt
is added to lower the fusion temperature or to
increase the conductivity or both.
 The metal is obtained at cathode.
Na is obtained by the electrolysis of fused
mixture of NaCl and CaCl2 (Down’s process)
or by electrolysis of fused NaOH(castner’s
process).
W.E-3:Why is Zn but not copper used for the
recovery of Ag from its cyanide complex
[ Ag (CN ) 2 ] ?
Sol. Zn is more powerful reducing agent (more
electropositive) in comparison to Cu. Zn is also
cheaper than Cu.
W.E-4:Why Al cannot be reduced by carbon?
Sol. Al is stronger reducing agent than carbon and
therefore, cannot be reduced by it.
3) Refining or Purification of Metals: The
metals obtained after reduction may still contain
some objectionable impurities which are
removed by refining using following methods:
Liquation: This method is used for refining
the metals such as Sn, Pb, Bi, Hg etc) having
low melting points as compared to impurities
(less fusible).
of a furnace and gently heated.
The metal melts and flows down leaving behind
the less fusible impurities on the hearth.
Distillation : Distillation is used for the
refining of metals which have low boiling points
such as Zn, Cd, Hg etc.,. i.e., volatile metals.
 The impure metal is heated in a retort and its
vapours are separately condensed in a receiver.
 The non-volatile impurities are left behind in
the retort.
 Zone refining (fractional crystallization): 
This method is based on the difference in
solubility of impurities in molten and solid state
of the metal.
 Elements such as Si, Ge, Ga etc., which are used
as semi conductors, are refined by this method.
 Boron and Indium are also refined by this
method.
 Highly pure metals are obtained in this process.
 A movable heater is fitted around a rod of the
impure metal.
 The heater is slowly moved across the rod. The
metal melts at the point of heating and as the
heater moves on from one end of the rod to the
other end, the pure metal crystallises while the
impurities pass on the adjacent melted zone.
Poling: This method is employed when the
impure metal contains impurities of its own
oxide.
 For example. Cu2O in a blister copper and
SnO2 in impure Sn .
 The molten impure metal is stirred with green
wood poles. The green poles of wood release
the hydro carbon gases such as CH 4 which
reduces the oxide impurity present in the metal.
Cupellation: It is useful when the metal
possesses, easily oxidisable impurities of other
metals.
 For example: The impurity of lead present in
silver is removed by Cupellation process.
 The impure silver is fused in a Cupel or Oval
shaped Crucible made of bone ash and a blast
of air is passed over the molten mass. Lead is
oxidised to PbO and blown away.
Vapour phase refining:
Van Arkel method: This method is generally
applied for obtaining ultra pure metals.
 The impure metal is converted into a volatile
stable compound while the impurities are not 
affected.
 The volatile compound is then decomposed 
electrically to get the pure metal.
 Ti and Zr are purified by this method.
Ti  2 I 2  500 K
 TiI 4  In a furnace the ore is placed on the hearth.
Impure metal Volatile Compound 
1700 K  In a furnace the blue gases escape through the
TiI 4   Ti  2 I 2
Pure metal
Mond’s process: Nickel is purified by this
method.
 Impure Ni is heated with carbon monoxide,
forming a volatile nickel tetra carbonyl.
 The carbonyl is subjected to higher temperature
so that it is decomposed giving the pure metal.
330 350 K
Ni  4CO   Ni (CO ) 4
impure
450  470 K
Ni (CO) 4   Ni  4CO
Pure metal
Electrolytic refining: Metals like Cu, Ag, Au,
Zn, Al, Pb etc., are purified by this method.
 The impure metal is made anode while a thin
sheet of pure metal acts as a cathode.
 The electrolytic solution consists of a soluble
salt of the same metal.
 On passing the current, the pure metal is
deposited on the cathode and equivalent amount
of the metal gets dissolved from the anode.
 The metal is transferred from anode to cathode
through solution.
 The insoluble impurities settle down below the
anode as anode mud or anode sludge.
Parke’s process: (exclusive for JEE MAINS)
 This process is used for extraction of Ag from
Pb.
 Zn is added to the molten mixture of Pb and
Ag.
 Zn and Pb are not miscible
 Ag is more miscible with Zn than Pb.
 Zn - Ag alloy is lighter than molten lead and
have a higher melting point.
 Zn - Ag alloy forms the upper layer and Zn - Ag
alloy solidifies earlier than molten Pb.
 Zn being volatile can be separated from Ag by
distillation. Ag is purified by Cupellation.
Types of Furnaces: Furnace is a device in
which high temperature is produced either by
burning a fuel (or) by using electricity.
Furnaces are lined with refractory bricks or fire
bricks.
The important parts in a furnace are
i) Hearth
ii) Fire place (fire box) iii) Chimney
In a furnace the fuel burns in the fire place
chimney.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
 The fire place and the hearth are seperated by a 
partition known as fire bridge.
 The different types of furnaces used are  Slag formation plays an important role in the
i) Reverberatory furnace ii) Retort furnace
iii) Blast furnace iv) Shaft furnace
v) Open hearth furnace vi) Muffle furnace
vii) Electrical furnace viii) Arc furnace
ix) Bessemer converter.
 The ore along with the substances added to it
(if any) is known as charge.
 The charge is placed on the hearth of a furnace. 
Reverberatory Furnace: The principle
involved in reverberatory furnace is indirect
heating.
 The hot gases and flames produced by the
burning of fuel in the fire box, reach the top of 
the furnace and then reflected on to the hearth.
The charge gets heated.
 Both roasting and calcination are performed in
a reverberatory furnace.
 The efficiency of the furnace is less because the 
heat content of waste gases cannot be used
repeatedly.
 This furnace is used in the metallurgy of Cu,
Pb, steel etc.,
Blast Furnace: It is a huge Chimney like 
structure which can be between 25 to 60 metres
in height and 5 to 10 metres in diameter.
 The principle involved in blast furnace is direct
heating.
 A conveyor belt called skiphoist carries the
charge to the top of the furnace.
 The charge is introduced into the furnace from
the top by a special arrangement known as
double cup and cone arrangement.
 Hot air is blown through a series of pipes called
tuyeres to heat the charge.
 Smelting process is preferd in blast furnace.
 Molten mass (products) which collects at the
bottom of the furnace (i.e. hearth) is called
smelt.
 It is provided with two tapholes. Molten metal
is tapped from the lower one and molten slag
from the other.
 The temperature of furnace at the top (near cup
and cone) is 300 - 500°C and at tuyere's region
is  1500°C.
Blast Furnace is frequently used for the
extraction of Fe and Cu from their ores.
blast furnace as it covers the melted metal and
thus protects the metal from being reoxidised.
Thermodynamic Principles of
metallurgy:  Gibbs energy concept of
thermodynamics help us in understanding the
theory of metallurgical transformations
The change in Gibbs energy, G for any process
at any specified temperature, is described by the
equation G  H  T S --------- (1)
H  enthalpy change
S  entropy change for the process.
For any reaction, this change could also be
explained through the equation.
G 0   RT ln K --------- (2)
Where K = Equilibrium constant for “reactant -
product" system at T.
If G is negative the equilibrium constant K is
positive in equation (1) this happens only when
the reaction proceeds towards products.
Conclusions: The reaction proceeds forward
if the G value is negative.
If S and H are positive, on increasing the
temperature (T), the value of T S exceeds H
and G becomes negative (H  T S )
 If two reactions are occuring together in a system
and if the sum of G of the two reactions is
negative the overall reaction will occur
spontaneously.
 The net reaction is called coupled reaction.
 Such coupling is easily understood through
Gibbs energy  G  Vs T plots for formation
0
of the oxides.
Gibbs energy ( ΔG 0 ) vs temperature(T)
plots (Ellingham diagram)
 The graphical representation of variation of
Gibbs energy change with temperature is called
Ellingham diagram as it was first used by H.J.T
Ellingham.
 The diagram provides the choice of reducing
agent in the reduction of oxides.
 The diagram helps us in predicting the For example Cr2O3 can be reduced by Al metal
feasibility of thermal reduction of an ore. but Al2O3 can’t be reduced by Cr.
 If G is  Ve the thermal reduction of an ore is Cr2O3  2 Al  Al2O3  2Cr .
feasible Ellingham Diagram :
 Ellingham Diagram normally consists of plots
of G  Vs T for formation of oxides of
Elements i.e, for the reaction.
2 xM ( S )  O2 g   2M xO( S )
In the above reaction S  Ve . Thus if
temperature is increased T S becomes more

in
negative  G 0 becomes less negative, this
results in positive slope of the curve, for most
l 2O 3
of the reactions for formation of M X O( S ) . 2/3 A

i.e., G 0 is likely to increase with rise in

temperature.
 Each plot is a straight line except when some
change in phase (solid  liq (or) liq  Gas)
taken place.
The temperature at which such change occurs,
is indicated by an increase in the slope on
positive side.
Eg: In the Zn, ZnO plot, the melting is indicated
by an abrupt change in the curve.
 There is a point in a curve below which G is
negative, so MxO is stable. Above this point,
MxO will decompose on its own.
 In the case of less reactive metals like Ag and
Hg, G 0 becomes positive at high
temperatures.
It indicates that both Ag 2 O and HgO aree
unstable and decompose at high temperature. 
Heat
2 Ag 2 O   4 Ag  O2
Heat
2 HgO   2 Hg  O2
 In the reaction of formation of CO2 from C
S 0  0  G 0 remains nearly the same with
rise in temperature. i.e., G 0 is independent of
temperature.
 In the curve of CO, G 0 decreases as S 0
increases. This is indicated by the downward
trend.
 The metal oxide placed higher in the diagram
can be reduced by the metal involved in the
formation of the oxide placed lower in the
diagram.
Limitations of Ellingham Diagram
 The graph simply indicates whether a reaction
is possible or not. It does not say about the
kinetics of the reduction process.
 The interpretation of G 0 is always based on
equilibrium constant K (G0  RTlnK ) , thus it
is presumed that the reactants and products are
in equilibrium. But this is not always true
because the reactant or product may be solid.
Alumina can be reduced by magnesium by the
following conditions The two equations are
a)
2
Al2 O3  2Mg  2MgO  Al
4
3 3
b) 2Mg + O2  2MgO
 At the point of intersection of the Al2O3 and
MgO curves, the G 0 becomes ZERO for the
reaction:
2 4
Al2 O3  2Mg  2MgO  Al
3 3
Below that point magnesium can reduce
alumina.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
 At temperatures below the point of intersection W.E-6: Under certain conditions magnesium can
of Al2O3 and MgO curves, magnesium can reduce SiO2 and silicon can reduce MgO. What
reduce alumina. But the process will be are those conditions?
uneconomical, since magnesium is costlier than Sol. Below the melting point of silicon (1693 K) the
Aluminium.
G 0 curve for the formation of SiO2 lies above
 The reduction of a metal oxide easier if the metal
the G 0 curve for MgO. Therefore below
formed is in the liquid state at the temperature
of reduction because the entropy is higher if the 1693K, Mg can reduce SiO2 to Si. However
metal is in liquid state than in solid state. above 1693 K, the G 0 curve for MgO lies
above the G 0 curve for SiO2 and therefore, at
Electrochemical principles of metallurgy:
temperatures above 1693 K, Si can reduce MgO
In the reduction of a molten metal salt,
to Mg.
electrolysis is done. Such methods are based on
electrochemical principles which could be METALLURGY OF IRON
understood through the equation G 0   nFE 0 Haematite ore  Fe2O3 
n = no. of electrons
E 0 = electrode potential of the redox couple
Concentration of ore by gravity process followed
formed in the system
by electromagnetic separation
 More reactive metal have large - ve values of
E 0 , then G 0 becomes +ve, so their
Roasting
reduction is difficult.
 If the difference of two E 0 values corresponds Ore+air 
heat
 Moisture, CO2 , SO2 , As2O3 are
removed and FeO is oxidized into ferric
to a positive E 0 and consequently G 0
oxide
becomes negative, then less reactive metal will
come out of the solution and the more reactive S  O2  SO2
metal will go to the solution 4 As  3O2  2 As2O3
2
Eg:- Cu  Fe  Cu  Fe 2
 aq  s s  aq 
Calcination
Fe2 O3 .3 H 2 O  Fe2 O3  3 H 2 O
W.E-5:The value of  f G 0 for the formation of FeCO3  FeO  CO2
Cr2O3 is -540 KJ mol-1 and that of Al2O3 is -
827 KJ mol-1. Is reduction of Cr2O3 possible Smelting
with Al? Smelting is done in a blast furnace
Sol. The two equations are (ore+coke + limestone) (8 : 4 : 1 ratio)
Reactions taking place in the blast furnace:
3
1) 2 Al  O2  Al2O3  f G  827 Kj mol
0 1 1. Combustion Zone: This is the lowest part of
2 the furnace above hearth where the temperature
3 is about 15000-16000C C  O2  CO2
2) 2Cr  O2  Cr2O3  f G 0  540 KJ mol 1
2  CO2 rises upwards.
Subtracting equation (2) from (1) we get 2. Reduction Zone:
 This is the upper most part of the furnace. The
Cr2O3  2 Al  Al2O3  2Cr  r G 0  287 KJ mol 1
temperature varies from 2500-7000C
This combined reaction is feasible since G 0  The oxide ore is reduced to iron in this zone.
has negative value. i.e., 300400 C
3Fe2O3  CO  2Fe3O4  CO2
0

reduction of Cr2O3 by Al is possible

 500  600 C  Wrought Iron (Malleable iron): It is the
Fe3O4  CO   3FeO  CO2
0

purest form of iron.

7000 C
FeO  CO  Fe  CO2  It contains the lowest percentage of carbon from
The oxide ore which escapes reduction, gets 0.1 to 0.25% and 0.3% other impurities.
completely reduced by carbon above 8500C  It is manufactured from cast iron by puddling
 In the reduction reactions, heat is also evolved process.
which decomposes part of carbon monoxide into  Puddling furnace is a special type of
carbon. 2CO   CO2  C . reverberatory furnace in which wrought iron is
manufactured.
3. Slag formation Zone (Heat absorption  The hearth of the furnace is lined with haematite
zone): This is the central zone where the (Fe2O3).
temperature varies from 800-10000C
 The cast iron is melted on the hearth of the
CO2 is reduced to CO furnace by the hot gases and stirred with long
CO2  C  2CO iron rods.
 Oxides of carbon and sulphur being volatile
1000 C
CaCO3   CaO  CO2
0
escape while those of Mn, P and Si form slag.
CaO  SiO2 
 CaSiO3 3C  Fe2O3  2 Fe  3CO
( flux ) ( gangue ) ( slag )

 Silicates, phosphates and manganates present as 3Si  2 Fe2O3  3SiO2  4 Fe

impurities in ore are reduced to Si, P and Mn
respectively.
P4O10  10C 
 4 P  10CO
SiO2  2C 
 Si  2CO
MnO2  2C   Mn  2CO
These are partly absorbed by iron (spongy) and
partly by slag.
4. Zone of fusion: This is a zone just above the
zone of combustion. The temperature ranges
between 1200-15000C.
 The spongy iron which has absorbed already C,
Si, P, Mn etc. melts at 13000C and collects at
the bottom of the hearth.
 The slag which being lighter, floats over the
molten iron and prevents the oxidation of molten
metal.
Molten metal on solidification gives Pig iron
(Remelted and cooled)
Cast iron (Fe = 93%, C = 4% and impurities
of Mn, P, Si etc = 3%)
Iron and Its Forms
 White Cast Iron: When the molten pig iron
is suddenly cooled, the iron is called white cast
iron. It has carbon in the form of cementite
 Fe3C 
 Grey Cast Iron: When molten pig iron is
cooled down slowly the iron is called grey cast
iron. It has carbon in the form of graphite.
3Mn  Fe2O3  3MnO  2 Fe
MnO  SiO2  MnSiO3 ( slag )
6 P  5 Fe2O3  3P2O5  10 Fe
P2O5  Fe2O3  2 FePO4 ( slag )
 With the removal of impurities, the melting point
of the metal rises and it becomes a semi-solid
mass from this almost pure iron (wrought iron)
is produced.
 Steel: It is the most important industrial form
of iron. The percentage of carbon in it is
0.25%-2%.
 Types of steel: Steel is of following types
depending upon the amount of carbon.
 Mild steel: Such steel has a low percentage of
carbon and show elasticity, hardness and some
other properties of the wrought iron.
 Hard steel: Such steel is hard and brittle and
has a high percentage of carbon.
 Alloy steel: When steel is mixed with small
amount of Ni, Co, Cr, W, Mo, Mn it acquires
some special properties.This kind of steel is
called alloy steel. It can be manufactured by
following processes:
1. Bessemer’s process
2. Siemens Martin process (open hearth process)
3. Electric process
4. Duplex process
5. LD process
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

The Bessemer’s Process: The process is 
based on the fact that impurities of pig iron are
completely oxidised in presence of hot air blast. 
i.e., virtually wrought iron is obtained.
 This is then mixed with a known amount of 1.
spiegeleisen, an alloy of iron, manganese and
carbon to obtain steel. 2.
 Bessemer converter lined with silica bricks, if
the impurities are manganese, silicon.
Chemical reactions are: 3.
Si  O2  SiO2 ; 2 Mn  O2  2 MnO
MnO  SiO2  MnSiO3
( slag )
Spiegeleisen (an alloy of Fe, Mn and Carbon) is
added to the molten mass to obtain desired steel.
The open hearth process has following
advantage over the Bessemer’s process:
The temperature can be controlled as the heating
is done externally.
As it is a slow process, it can be controlled in
better way, the composition and quality can be
well controlled
The loss of iron in this process is only 4% while
the loss is about 15% in Bessemer’s process.
4. In this process scrap iron is reused.
5. Steel manufactured is of better quality

 Some iron is also oxidised which converts the Types of iron

carbon into carbon monoxide (CO burns with
blue flame at the mouth of the converter)
4 Fe  3O2  2 Fe2O3 ; Fe2O3  3C  2 Fe  3CO
 When cast iron or pig iron contains phosphorus
as an impurity, a basic lining of CaO or MgO is
used in the Bessemer converter.
 Phosphorus is oxidised to P4O10 which combines
with CaO to form calcium phosphate as slag.
4 P  5O2  P4O10
6CaO  P4O10  2Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2
 This slag is used as a fertilizer and known as
Thomas slag.
Siemens Martin process (open hearth
process):This is the modern process and the
furnace used consists of an open hearth.
 Silica lining is used if the impurities are
manganese, silicon etc. and Calcined dolomite Heat treatment of steels: [Exclusive for
(CaO.MgO) lining is used if much of JEE-MAIN]
phosphorus is present.
a. Annealing: It is a process of heating steel to
 A high temperature of about 15000C is generated
by burning producer gas which works on bright redness and then cooling it very slowly.
regenerative system of heat economy.  This treatment makes the steel soft and ductile.
 The charge consists of pig or cast iron, iron This type of steel is used in fabrication process.
scrap, iron ore (haematite) and lime. b. Quenching: It is a process of heating steel to
 The charge is heated on the hearth of the furnace. bright redness and then cooling it suddenly by
The impurities are oxidised by iron ore. plunging it in water or oil.
MnO  SiO2  MnSiO3  Such a steel is extremely hard and brittle. It has
( slag )
very low elasticity.
6CaO  P4O10  2Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 c. Tempering: It is a process of heating the
( slag )
quenched steel to a temperature much below
CaO  SiO2  CaSiO3
( slag ) redness and then cooling it slowly.
 Such steel is neither so hard nor so brittle.
 In the process of tempering, a thin film of the
oxide is formed on the surface of steel.
d. Case Hardening: The process of producing a
thin coating of hardened steel on the surface of
the mild steel is called case hardening.
 This is done by heating the mild steel with
charcoal and then plunging into oil.
 Such a steel becomes resistant to wear and tear.
e. Nitriding: The process of producing a hard
coating of iron nitride on the surface of steel is
called nitriding.
 Steel is headed in the atmosphere of dry
ammonia at 500-6000C
 A hard coating of iron nitride is produced on
the surface.
METALLURGY OF COPPER
Copper pyrites  CuFeS2 
crushed and sieved the ore
Concentrated by froth floatation method
Powdered ore + water + pine oil +
air  sulphide ore in the froth.
Roasting in reverberatory furnace in
presence of air
S  O2  SO2
4As+3O 2  2As2O3
2CuFeS 2  O2  Cu 2 S  2 FeS  SO2
The sulphides of copper and iron are partially
oxidised
2Cu2 S  3O2  2Cu2O  2SO2
2 FeS  3O2  2 FeO  2 SO2
Smelting
Silica, Coke, roasted ore are smelted in blast
furnace in presence of air to get matte
Most of the iron sulphide is oxidised to ferrous
oxide
2 FeS  3O2  2 FeO  2SO2
FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3 ,  slag 
 
Matte  Cu2 S  FeS 
 
( more quantity ) ( Small quantity )
Bessemerisation
Bessemerisation in bessemer converter in
presence of air.
Remaining ferrous sulphide gets oxidised.
2 FeS  3O2  2 FeO  2SO2
FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3  slag 
Part of cuprous sulphide is oxidised which
combines with remaining cuprous sulphide to
form copper metal.
2Cu2 S  3O2  2Cu2O  2 SO2
2Cu2O  Cu2 S   6Cu  SO2
Autoreduction
Blister Copper (98%Cu+2% Impurities)
Electrolytic refining
Anode : Impure copper plates,
Cathode: pure copper plates
Electrolyte: CuSO4 solution + H 2 SO4
Pure copper deposits at cathode
(99.6%-99.9% pure)
The more electropositive impurities like Fe, Zn,
Ni, Co etc dissolve in the solution and less
electropositive impurities such as Ag, Au and
Pt collect below the anode in the form of anodic
mud.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

METALLURGY OF SILVER Reduction: ZnO  C  Zn  CO (Belgian process)

(exclusive for JEE MAINS) Heating is done by producer gas
Argentite  Ag 2 S 
Zn (spelter) (impurities Pb, Fe, Cd, As etc)
Concentration by froth floatation process
powdered ore + water + pine oil + air  Froth Purification by distillation 9500 C  10000 C .
carrying sulphide ore particles
Only zinc (boiling point 9070C) and Cd (boling
point 7670C) distil over. From this sample Cd is
Cyanidation removed at 8000C
Concentrated ore + aq. NaCN solution (0.4% - or
0.6%) + air Electrolytic refining
2 Na  Ag  CN 2   Na2 S
Anode: Impure metal, Cathode: Pure Al. sheet,
Ag 2 S  4 NaCN 
 

Sodium arg ento cyanide
Electrolyte: Solution of zinc sulphate.
Pure Zn deposits on cathode
4 Na2 S  5O2  2 H 2O  2 Na2 SO4  4 NaOH  2 S
Extraction of Aluminium: Aluminium is
(filtrate) the third most abundant element found in nature
next to oxygen and Silicon.
Precipitation of silver with zinc
 Baeyer's Process: Red bauxite (main impurity
2 N a  Ag  C N  2   Zn  2 Ag  N a 2  Zn  C N  4 
( black ppt ) is Fe2O3) is purified by this process.
 Powdered Bauxite is first roasted to convert
Black precipitate of Ag  KNO3 Fuse
 ferrous oxide impurity present in it into ferric
Compact mass (silver metal) oxide
 The roasted bauxite ore is dissolved in Conc.
Electrolytic refining NaOH solution at 423 K giving sodium meta
Anode: Impure silver aluminate ( NaAlO2 )
Cathode: Pure silver plate  The clear aqueous solution of NaAlO 2 is
Electrolyte: AgNO3 solution + HNO3
diluted with water and pinch of Al  OH 3 is
Pure silver deposits on the cathode.
added to it. The solution is agitated well.
METALLURGY OF ZINC
Zinc Blende (ZnS) Al  OH 3 added act as seeding agent. NaAlO 2

undergoes hydrolysis giving Al  OH 3

Concentration by froth floatation process
Powdered ore + water + pine oil + air  froth  The Al  OH 3 is ignited at 12000 C gives pure
carrying sulphide ore particles Al2O3 .
 The pure Al2O3 is known as Alumina.
Roasting in reverberatory furnace
Al2 O3 2H 2 O s   2NaOH  aq  
2 ZnS  3O2  2 ZnO  2 SO2
2NaAlO 2 aq   3H 2 O l 
ZnS  2O2  ZnSO4
2ZnSO4  2ZnO  2SO2  O2 NaAlO2 aq   2H 2O l   NaOH aq   Al  OH 3 

12000 C
2Al  OH 3 
 Al2O3  3H 2O
 Hall's Process: Bauxite is fused with  Cryolite increases the conductivity and CaF2
Na 2CO3 to get NaAlO 2 , the fused mass is
extracted with water where Fe 2O3 and SiO2 
remain insoluble in the residue. These are
removed by filteration.
 Electrolysis is carried out in an iron tank
 CO 2 gas is passed into the aqueous solution of
NaAlO 2 at 50 to 600C to get Al  OH 3 .
 The Al  OH 3 on strong heating at 1200 C
gives alumina.
Al2 O3  Na 2 CO3  2NaAlO 2  CO 2 
2NaAlO 2  3H 2O  CO 2 
2Al  OH 3   Na 2CO3
12000 C
2Al  OH 3 
 Al2O3  3H 2O
Serpeck's Process: white bauxite (main
impurity is silica) is purified by this process.
 Powdered Bauxite and Coke is heated in N 2 at
1800o C .
 Silica is reduced to silicon which volatalises off
at this temperature, alumina is converted to
aluminium nitride.
18000 C
Al2O3  3C  N 2 
 2AlN  3CO 
SiO 2  2C  Si  2CO 
 AlN on hydrolysis gives Al  OH 3 and NH 3
gas( by product)
AlN  3H 2O  Al (OH )3  NH 3
 Al  OH 3 on ignition gives Al2O3
12000 C
2Al  OH 3 
 Al2O3  3H 2O
 Pure Al2O3 is a bad conductor of electricity and
its fusion temperature is very high
(about 20000C) hence it can’t be electrolysed. 
Hall-Heroult Process: Al metal is obtained
by the electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten
 Cathode: Pure Aluminium layer in which
cryolite.
 Electrolyte: Al2O3 dissolved in molten 
cryolite to which a small quantity of CaF2 is
also added.
reduces the fusion temperature of Al2O3 .
The fusion temperature is reduced to 9000C and
it becomes a good conductor of electricity.
lined inside with carbon which acts as
cathode.
 Anode consists of a number of carbon rods
suspended in the electrolyte from the top of
the cell.
 The fused electrolyte (a mixture containing
alumina, cryolite and fluorspar) is covered with
a layer of coke.
 The temperature is maintained at 900 - 9500C
at which the following reactions take place at
the electodes.
Dissociation of cryolite
Na3 AlF6  3 NaF  AlF3
Ionisation of aluminium fluoride
AlF3 
  Al 3  3F 

 Aluminium ions move towards the cathode and
discharge as aluminium metal. Fluoride ions
move towards the anode and discharge as
fluorine.
At cathode (reduction) : Al 3  3 e  Al
At anode (oxidation) : 2 F   F2  2 e
The liberated fluorine reacts with alumina to
form AlF3 and O2 . The oxygen attacks the
carbon anode to form CO and CO2. Anodes are
replaced frequently.
2 Al2O3  6 F2  4 AlF3  3O2
2C  O2  2CO ; C  O2  CO2
Aluminium obtained in this process is 99% pure.
Hoope's Process
Electrolyte: Fused mixture of Fluorides of
sodium, Barium and Aluminium saturated with
Al2O3
graphite rods are suspended.
Anode: Impure Aluminium layer having
contact with carbon plate fixed at the bottom of
the electrolytic cell.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
 On electrolysis, aluminium is deposited at W.E-7: Why magnesium oxide is used for the lining
cathode from the middle layer and an equivalent in steel making furnace?
amount of aluminium is taken up by the middle Sol. Magnesium oxide acts as a flux to remove
layer from the bottom layer. impurities of Si, P and S through slag formation
 Aluminium is transferred from bottom to the top
layer through middle layer, while the impurities MgO  SiO2  MgSiO3
are left behind 3MgO  P2O5  Mg3 ( PO4 ) 2
 The aluminium metal obtained in Hoope's
process is 99.98% pure. MgO  SO2  MgSO3

Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and

Iron LEVEL-I (C.W)
Aluminium
 Aluminium foils are used as wrappers for INTRODUCTION
chocolates. 1. Which of the following metal occurs in native
 The fine dust of Al metal is used in paints and state
lacquers 1) Ca 2) Au 3) Zn 4) Al
 Aluminium is also used in the extraction of 2. Which of the following metal cannot occur
chromium and manganese from their oxides. in native state?
 Aluminium wires are used as electricity 1) Cu 2) Zn 3) Ag 4) Fe
conductors. 3. The least electropositive metal among the
 Alloys of aluminium, being light, are very useful following is
in aircraft industry. 1) Au 2) Mg 3) Al 4) Zn
Copper 4. The weakest reducing agent among the
 Copper is used for making electrical wires following is
 Used in water and steam pipes. 1) Hydrogen gas 2) Coke
 Used in several alloys (brass, bronze, coinage 3) Carbon monoxide gas 4) Aluminium metal
alloy) 5. The magnetic oxide of iron is
Zinc 1) Haematite 2) Magnetite
 Zinc is used for galvanising iron 3) Siderite 4) Limonite
 Used in batteries. 6. The formula of calamine ore is
 In alloys Brass (Copper 60% + Zinc 40%) 1) ZnS 2) FeCO3 3) ZnCO3 4) Cu2 S
german silver (Copper 50-60% Zinc 25-30%, 7. Bauxite is an oxide mineral of
Ni 20-30%) 1) Barium 2) Boron 3) Bismuth 4) Aluminium
 Zinc dust is used as a reducing agent in the 8. The chief ore of aluminium is
manufacture of dye-stuffs paints, etc 1) Alunite 2) Bauxite 3) Cryolite 4) Feldspar
Cast iron 9. Which is not a mineral of aluminium
 Cast iron is used for casting stoves, railway 1) Anhydrite 2) Bauxite
sleepers, gutter pipes, toys etc. 3) Corundum 4) Diaspore
 Used in the manufacture of wrought iron and 10. Pyrolusite is the oxide mineral of
steel 1) Iron 2) Selenium
Nickel steel 3) Manganese 4) Magnesium
 Nickel steel for making cables, automobiles and 11. Which one of the following doesnot occur as
aeroplane parts. Chrome steel for cutting tools sulphide ore
and crushing machines. 1) Zn 2) Cr 3) Ag 4) Fe
Stainless steel 12. The most abundant element in the earth crust
 Stainless steel for cycles, automobiles, utensils, is
pens, etc. 1) O 2) Si 3) gold 4) iron
13. Which of the following is the heaviest metal 25. The olive oil used in froth floatation process
1) U 2) Ra 3) Pb 4) Hg is called
14. Essential constituent of amalgam is 1) Frothing agent 2) Lubricating agent
1) Alkali metal 2) Silver 3) Conditioning agent 4) Both 1 and 2
3) Mercury 4) Iron 26. Which one of the following is used as
15. Malachite is an ore of conditioner in froth floatation process
1) Silver 2) Mercury 1) Pine oil 2) Sodium ethyl xanthate
3) Magnesium 4) Copper 3) Sodium carbonate 4) Olive oil
16. Composition of Azurite mineral is 27. The collecting agent in froth floatation
1) CuCO3 .CuO process is
1) Sodium ethyl xanthate 2) CuSO4
2) Cu  HCO3 2 .Cu  OH 2
3) Lime 4) Water
3) 2CuCO3 .Cu  OH 2 28. Leaching is a process of
1) Reduction 2) Concentration
4) CuCO3 .2Cu  OH 2 3) Refining 4) Oxidation
17. The ore having two metal atoms is 29. Which of the following metal is leached by
1) Haematite 2) Galena Cyanide process
3) Magnatite 4) Copper pyrites 1) Ag 2) Na 3) Al 4) Cu
18. Formula of ruby copper is .
1) Cu2O 2) Cu2 S EXTRACTION OF METALS

3) CuCO3 .Cu  OH 2
30. The extraction of metal from the ore is
4) CuFeS2
1) an oxidation process 2) a reduction process
CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE 3) a hydration process
19. Hand picking method is used for the 4) a neutralisation process
concentration of following ore 31. Carbon cannot be used to reduce
1) Cassiterite 2) Haematite 1) ZnO 2) SnO2 3) Fe2O3 4) Al2O3
3) Calamine 4) Galena
32. Hydro metallurgy is used in the extraction
20. The earthy impurities present in the mineral
of
are called
1) Cu 2) Au 3) Ag 4) All
1) flux 2) slag 3) gangue
33. Silver is displaced when zinc is added to
4) refractory material
aqueous sodium argento cyanide This
21. Method used for the concentration of tinstone
method of extracting silver is an example for
ore is
1) Leaching 2) Hydro metallurgy
1) Hand picking 2) Froth floatation
3) Pyrometallurgy 4) Liquation
3) Magnetic separation 4) Leaching
34. Aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of
22. The magnetic impurity present in cassiterite
ore is pure Al2O3 dissolved in
1) Silica 2) Wolframite 3) SnO 4) Clay
2
1) Alumina 2) Bauxite 3) Cryolite 4) Felspar
23. Generally sulphide ores are concentrated by 35. In the metallurgy of Fe, when CaCO3 is
following process [EAMCET (Med) 2014] added to blast furnace, calcium ion appears
1) Hand picking 2) Washing with water as
3) Leaching 4) Froth floatation 1) CaO 2) metallic Ca 3) gangue 4) slag
24. The ore that is concentrated by froth 36. Electrochemical process (electrolysis of fused
floatation process is salt) is employed to extract
1) Chalcopyrites 2) Cryolite 1) Iron 2) Mg 3) Na 4) Both Na and Mg
3) Cuprite 4) Calamine
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
37. A mixture of haematite, coke and limestone 50. When Bauxite is heated with NaOH solution,
on heating in blast furnace gives molten iron the water soluble compound formed is
metal. This is known as 1) NaAlO 2 2) Na 3AlO3 3) Al  OH 3 4) Al2O3
1) Smelting 2) Calcination
3) Roasting 4) Liquation 51. The first step involved in the purification of
38. In the extraction of iron from haematite, the white bauxite by Serpeck's method is
charge used is haematite, coke and lime stone 1) Treatment of bauxite with concentrated
in the following weight ratio solution of caustic soda under pressure at 423K
1) 1 : 1 : 1 2) 8 : 4 : 1 3) 8 : 1 : 4 4) 1 : 4 : 8 2) Fusion of powdered bauxite with sodium
39. The slag formed in the blast furnace during carbonate.
the extraction of iron from haematite is 3) Heating of powdered bauxite with coke in a
current of nitrogen.
1) Ca3  PO4 2 2) CaSiO3 4) None of the above.
3) FeSiO3 4) MnSiO3 REFINING
40. The iron formed in blast furnace is called 52. Which of the following metal is refined by
1) Pig iron 2) Wrought iron distillation method
3) Steel 4) Cast iron 1) Zinc 2) Iron 3) Tin 4) Copper
41. The most impure form of iron is 53. Zone refining method is used for refining
1) Wrought iron 2) mild steel 1) Al 2) Ge 3) Cu 4) Fe
3) hard steel 4) cast iron 54. Zone refining is a method to obtain
42. The copper metal is extracted from its 1) very high temperature 2) ultra pure Al
1) Carbonate ore 2) Sulphide ore 3) ultra pure metals 4) ultra pure oxides
3) Sulphate ore 4) Chloride ore 55. A metal contains, metal oxide as impurity.
43. In the extraction of copper, the slag formed The method used to refine this metal is
in the blast furnace is 1) Poling 2) Liquation
1) CaSiO3 2) FeSiO3 3) Ca3  PO4 2 4) MnSiO3 3) Cupellation 4) Distillation
44. In the extraction of Cu from its sulphide ore, 56. Metal refined by cupellation process is
1) Ag 2) Fe 3) Zn 4) Sn
the metal is formed by reduction of Cu2O
57. Which of the following pair of metals is
with purified by Van Arkel method
1) FeS 2) CO 3) Cu2 S 4) SO2 1) Ga and In 2) Zr and Ti
45. Blister Cu is about 3) Ag and Au 4) Ni and Fe
1) 60% cu 2) 90% Cu 3) 98% Cu 4) 100% Cu 58. 100% copper is obtained from crude copper
46. The impurity present in Blister copper is by
1) FeS 2) Cu2O 3) Cu2 S 4) FeO 1) Zone refining 2) electrorefining
47. Belgian process is used for the extraction of 3) liquation 4) poling
1) Cu 2) Ag 3) Zn 4) Fe
48. Which of the following method is not used LEVEL-I (C.W) - KEY
for the concentration of bauxite ore 1) 2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1 5) 2 6) 3 7) 4
1) Serpeck's method 2) Baeyer's method 8) 2 9) 1 10) 3 11) 2 12) 1 13) 1 14) 3
3) Hoope's method 4) Hall's method 15) 4 16) 3 17) 4 18) 1 19) 2 20) 3 21) 3
49. Name the method used for the purification
of red bauxite where the following reaction 22) 2 23) 4 24) 1 25) 1 26) 3 27) 1 28) 2
is involved 29) 1 30) 2 31) 4 32) 4 33) 2 34) 3 35) 4
Al2O3.2 H 2O  Na2CO3  36) 4 37) 1 38) 2 39) 2 40) 1 41) 4 42) 2
2 NaAlO2  CO2  2 H 2O 43) 2 44) 3 45) 3 46) 2 47) 3 48) 3 49) 2
1) Baeyer's method 2) Hall's method 50) 1 51) 3 52) 1 53) 2 54) 3 55) 1 56) 1
3) Serpeck's method 4) Hoope's method 57) 2 58) 2
 LEVEL-I (C.W) - HINTS 50. NaAlO 2 is formed
1. Au occurs in native state 51. Heating of powdered bauxite with coke in a
2. Zn - cannot occur in native state current of nitrogen to form AlN.
3. Least electropositive metal is Au. 52. Zn has low M.P. & B.P.
4. H 2 among H 2 , CO,C,Al is weakest reducing 53. Ge - refined by zone refining
agent 55. Poling is used to refine metals having oxide
impurity
5. Magnetite - Fe3O4
56. Ag is refined by cupellation
6. Calamine - ZnCO3 58. Electrorefining - purification of crude Cu
7. Bauxite- Al2O3.2H 2O
8. Bauxite - Chief ore of Al LEVEL-I (H.W)
10. Pyrolusite - MnO2.
17. Copper pyrites contain copper and iron metal INTRODUCTION
atoms. 1. The chief constituent and impurity of the
19. Haematite is concentrated by hand picking gemstone ‘Ruby’ respectively are
20. Earthy impurities in minerals are called gangue 1) Al2O3 and Cu 2) Al2O3 and Cr
22. Wolframite is the magnetic impurity 3) CrO3 and Cu 4) Cr2O3 and Al
23. Sulphide ores are concentrated by froth 2. The most abundant ore of iron is
floatation process 1) haematite 2) limonite
25. Olive oil is frothing agent 3) magnetite 4) siderite
26. Na2CO3 is used as conditioner. 3. Malachite and azurite are __ ores of copper
27. Sodium ethyl xanthate acts as collecting agent 1) carbonate 2) oxide 3) sulphide 4) silicate
30. Extraction of metal from its ore is a reduction 4. Which of the following is a sulphide ore?
process 1) Magnetite 2) Haematite
31. Al2O3 cannot be reduced by carbon 3) Calamine 4) Ironpyrites
5. Commercially important ore of lead is
2Na  Ag  CN 2   Zn  1) Siderite 2) Galena
33. 3) Sphalerite 4) Haematite
Na 2  Zn  CN 4   2Ag 6. Which of the following differs from others?
(Hydrometallurgy) 1) Chalcopyrites 2) Fool’s gold
3) Calamine 4) Sphalerite
34. Na 3AlF6 is used along with Al2O3 7. Which of the following is not a hydrated oxide
36. Both Na and Mg are extracted by electrolysis mineral?
process. 1) Bauxite 2) Corundum
39. CaO  SiO 2  CaSiO3 3) Diaspore 4) Gibsite
40. Pig iron is formed in Blast furnace 8. The salt which is least likely to be found in
41. Cast iron contains 4% carbon as impurity mineral is
1) Chloride 2) Sulphate
42. Cu 2S & CuFeS2
3) Nitrate 4) Sulphide
43. FeO  SiO 2  FeSiO3 CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE
45. Blister copper is 98% pure copper 9. Identify the correct match
46. Cu 2O is the impurity in blister Cu 1) Leaching : Ag and Au
47. Zn is extracted by Belgian process 2) Hydraulic Washing : Sulphide ores
48. Hoope’s process- refining of Al 3) Froth floatation : Oxide and Carbonate
49. Hall's method ores
4) Magnetic separation: Silicates
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
10. Identify the non-magnetic mineral from the 21. Roasting of copper ore is carried out in which
following. of the following furnace?
1) SnO2 2) TiO2 3) FeWO4 4) FeO.Cr2O3 1) Reverberatory furnace
11. Which of the following is used for the 2) Blast furnace
separation of ZnS and PbS during the froth 3) Either reverberatory furnace or blast furnace
floatation process? 4) Neither 1 nor 2
1) KCl 2) KCN 22. Smelting is usually carried out in
3) NH4NO3 4) None of these 1) Open hearth furnace 2) Blast furnace
12. Mac Arthur process is used for 3) Electric furnace 4) Muffle furnace
1) Ag 2) O2 3) Fe 4) Cl 23. In oxidising roasting of ZnS, products are
13. Identify the incorrect statement from the 1) ZnO + ZnSO4 + SO2 2) ZnCl2
following in froth floatation method 3) ZnO + SO2 4) Zn + SO2
1) Froth carries the mineral particles 24. Ag2S ore is mixed with NaCl and heated in
2) Froth carries the gangue particles the presence of air then products formed are
3) Froth collectors enhance the non-wettability 1) AgCl + Na2SO4 2) AgCl + Na2S
of the mineral particles with water 3) AgCl + SO2 4) Ag + SO2
4) The mineral particles become wet by oils 25. At the point of intersection for any two
while gangue particles become wet by water. reactions in Ellingham diagram, the Gibbs
14. Which of the following is a froth stabilizer in energy ( G ) change becomes
the froth floatation process? 1) > 1 2) 1 3) < 0 4) 0
1) Fatty acids 2) Aniline 26. Which of the following statements is correct?
3) Pine oil 4) Xanthates 1) The rate of reaction cannot be understood
15. Which of the following acts as “activator” in from Ellingham diagram
the froth floatation process? 2) During the formation of metal oxide
1) KCN 2) NaCN
S becomes negative and G becomes positive
3) Sodium ethyl Xanthate 4) Copper sulphate
resulting in positive slope
16. Bauxite ore is made up of Al2O3 + SiO2 + TiO2
3) There is an abrupt change in the slope of
+ Fe2O3. This ore is treated with conc.NaOH
solution at 500 K and 35 bar pressure for few Ellingham line when change in phase ( s  l ) or
hours and filtered hot. In the filtrate, the (l  g ) takes place.
species present are 4) All the above.
1) NaAl(OH)4 only 2) Na2Ti(OH)6 only 27. During the manufacture of cast iron, the slag
3) NaAl(OH)4 and Na2SiO3 both (CaSiO3 ) is formed in. [EAM(Med)2013]
4) Na2SiO3 only
1) Zone of heat absorption
EXTRACTION OF METALS 2) Zone of reduction only
17. To which of the following ores,calcination 3) Zone of fusion only
process is not applicable. 4) Zone of reduction and Zone of fusion
1) ZnS 2) Al2O32H2O 28. Which one of the following forms of iron is
3) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 4) CaCO3 called Malleable iron?
18. Roasting is carried out in case of 1) Wrought iron 2) Cast iron
1) Iron pyrites 2) Galena 3) Pig iron 4) Spiegel
3) Copper glance 4) All 29. In the metallurgy of copper, blister copper is
19. Which among the following is a basic flux obtained from
1) Borax 2) CaO 3) SiO2 4) P2O5 1) Bessemer converter
20. Which among the following is a acidic flux 2) Reverberatory furnace
1) SiO2 2) MgCO3 3) CaCO3 4) Fe2O3 3) Blast furnace 4) Electrolytic tank
30. When the sample of copper with Zn impurity REFINING
is to be purified by electrolysis, the 37. Tin and lead can be refined by
appropriate electrode are 1) Liquation 2) Cupellation
Cathode Anode 3) Poling 4) Bessemerisation
1) Pure copper Impure sample 38. Silver containing lead as an impurity is
2) Pure Zinc Pure copper purified by
3) Impure sample Pure copper 1) Poling 2) Distillation
4) Impure Zinc Impure sample 3) Cupellation 4) Levigation
31. In Belgian process, for reduction of ZnO to 39. The process used in the refining of aluminium
Zn reductant is
and Zn metals are respectively. [EAM(Med)2010]
1)Water gas 2) Coal or Coke
1) Hoope’s process and fractional distillation
3) Al 4) H2
2) Poling and fractional distillation
32. Which of the following statements with
3) Hoope’s process and Cupellation
respect to electrochemical principles of
4) Cupellation and fractional distillation
metallurgy are not correct?
40. Which of the following methods is useful for
1) In simple electrolysis, the M n  ions are
separating pure forms of low melting metals?
discharged at positive electrodes 1) Liquation 2) Distillation
2) More reactive metals have large negative 3) Poling 4) Vapour phase refining
values of the electrode potential, thus their
41. The metal that is purified by ‘poling’ method
reduction is difficult
is
3) Positive E 0, results in negative G , the 1) Copper 2) Silver 3) Aluminium 4) Iron
reaction would be spontaneous, thus less 42. Van Arkel method of purification of metals
reactive metal will come out of the solution and involves converting the metal to a
more reactive metal will go into the solution. 1) Volatile stable compound
4) If, for a cell, E0 is negative, the value of 2) Non-volatile stable compound
G for the cell reaction would be +ve and the 3) Volatile unstable compound
reaction would not be feasible. 4) None of the above
33. Which of the following products is not 43. The metal for which, its property of
formed at the anode in the Hall - Heroult formation of volatile complex is taken into
electrolysis process? account for its extraction is
1) CO2 2) O2 3) Cl2 4) F2 1) Nickel 2) Iron 3) Cobalt 4) Vanadium
34. In the extraction of iron in the blast furnace, 44. Zone refining is based on the principle of
the reducing agent for the ore is
1) fractional distillation
1) Carbon monoxide 2) Carbon dioxide
2) fractional crystallisation
3) Carbon 4) Silica
3) partition coefficient
35. The chemical reaction that involves roasting
4) chromatographic separation
process is:
[EAMCET(Eng)2010] LEVEL-I (H.W) - KEY
1) Fe2 O3  3CO  2 Fe  3CO2 1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 4 5) 2 6) 3 7) 2
2) 2 Al  Fe2 O3  2 Fe  Al2 O3 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 13) 2 14) 2
3) 2 ZnS  3O2  2 ZnO  3SO2 15) 4 16) 3 17) 1 18) 4 19) 2 20) 1 21) 1
4) FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3 22) 2 23) 3 24) 1 25) 4 26) 4 27) 1 28) 1
36. The common method of extraction of metal 29) 1 30) 1 31) 2 32) 1 33) 3 34) 1 35) 3
from oxide ore is
1) reduction with carbon 2) reduction with Al 36) 1 37) 1 38) 3 39) 1 40) 1 41) 1 42) 1
3) reduction with H2 4) electrolytic method 43) 1 44) 2
3. Malachite: CuCO3 .Cu  OH  2
Azurite : 2CuCO3.Cu  OH 2
(these are carbonate ores)
4. Iron pyrites: FeS2
6. Calamine is a carbonate ore but others are
sulphide ores
7. Corundum : Al2O3
10. SnO2 is a non magnetic mineral
11. KCN can be used as a depressant in the
separation of ores of ZnS and PbS
14. Aniline is a froth stabilizer
15. CuSO4 is an activator in the froth floatation
process
16. Al2O3.2H2O  2NaOH  H2O  Sodium
2Na[ Al (OH )4 ]
aluminate (soluble)

SiO2  2 NaOH  Na2 SiO3  H 2O

17. ZnS undergoes roasting
19. CaO is a basic flux, while others are acidic flux
20. SiO2 is acidic flux
23. 2 ZnS  3O2  2 ZnO  2 SO2
24. Ag 2 S  2 NaCl  2O2  2 AgCl  Na2 SO4
27. Slag formation zone is a zone of heat absorption
28. Wrought iron is a malleable iron
30. In electrolytic refining, the impure metal is made
anode while a thin sheet of pure metal acts as a
cathode
31. ZnO  C  Zn  CO
33. Cl2 is not formed in the Hall-Heroult electrolysis
process
500 970 K
34. Fe2O3  3CO   2 Fe  3CO2
( Spongyiron )

37. Sn and Pb are refined by liquation

38. Cupellation is useful when the metal
possesses,easily oxidisable impurities of other
metals .Pb is easily oxidisable impurity
40. Liquation is used for refining the metals having
low melting points
41. Cu2O impurity in a blister copper is removed
by poling
330 350 K
43. Ni  4CO   Ni (CO ) 4
impure

450  470 K
Ni (CO) 4   Ni  4CO
Pure metal
 6.METALLURGY
8. Which one of the following metals can be
LEVEL-II (C.W) obtained directly during the roasting of its
sulphide ore
INTRODUCTION 1) Cu 2) Zn 3) Fe 4) Ca
1. Which one of the following is the mineral for 9. Which of the following metal is obtained by
Tin? [EAMCET (Eng) 2010] the reduction of metal oxide with Hydrogen
1) Galena 2) Cerussite gas
3) Cassiterite 4) Anglesite 1) Cu 2) Al 3) Mg 4) Fe
2. Which of the following set of elements mostly
10. Galena (PbS) on heating in limited supply of
occur as sulphide ores.
air gives lead metal. This is known as
1) Zn, Cu, Na 2) Zn, Cu, Pb
3) Fe, Al, Ti 4) Cu, Ag, Au 1) Smelting 2) Calcination
3. Which of the following statement is not 3) Self reduction 4) Sulphatizing roasting
correct 11. Which one of the following oxides is reduced
1) Silver glance mainly contains silver sulphide by water gas to obtain the metal during its
2) Gold is found in native state extraction? [EAMCET (MED)-2011]
3) Zinc blende mainly contains ZnCl2 1) Fe2O3 2) NiO 3) ZnO 4) WO3
12. For which one of the following reaction, the
4) Copper pyrites also contains Fe2O3 graph of ∆G against T is almost horizontal
CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE to temperature axis
4. Leaching can be used for the extraction of 1) C(s ) + O2( g ) → CO2( g ) 2) 2C(s ) + O2( g ) → 2CO( g )
which metals?
(i) Pb (ii) Al ( iii ) Ag (iv) Au 3) 2 CO( s ) + O2( g ) → 2CO2( g )
1) ( ii ) ( iii ) and (iv) 2) ( i ) ( ii ) and ( iii ) 4) 2Mg( s ) + O2( g ) → 2MgO( s )
3) ( ii) and (iv) 4) ( iii ) and (iv)
5. Sulphide ores of metals are usually 13. At which one of the following condition, a
concentrated by froth floation process. reducing agent is suitable for reducing a
metal oxide
Which one of the following sulphide ores
offers an exception and is concentrated by 1) Sum of the ∆ G values for oxidation of metal
chemical leaching and oxidation of reductant should be negative
1) sphalerite 2) argentite 2) Sum of the ∆ G values for oxidation of metal
3) galena 4) copper pyrites and oxidation of reductant should be positive
6. The froth floatation process is used for the 3) Sum of the ∆ G values for reduction of metal
concentration of
1) ore having low density oxide and oxidation of reductant should be
2) ore having magnetic nature negative
3) ore having high density 4) Sum of the ∆ G values for oxidation of metal
4) ore having water soluble gangue and reduction of reductant should be negative.
EXTRACTION OF METALS 14. Some statements about Ellingham diagram
7. Mark the wrong statement among the a) Increase in the slope of the line on +ve side
following. The iron ore after washing is indicates the phase transformation
roasted with a little coal in excess of air. b) Metal oxide decomposes on its own at the
During roasting temperature when the ∆G 0 becomes positive
1) Moisture is removed c) Oxide of the upper line can be reduced by
2) As and S are removed in the form of their the element whose oxidation is represented
volatile oxides by the lower line. The correct statement is/
3) Any ferrous oxide is oxidised to ferric oxide.
are
4) The mass becomes compact and thus makes
1) Only a 2) Only a and b
it suitable for ready reduction to metallic iron.
3) Only b and c 4) a, b and c
15. Consider the following reactions at 10000C 21. Puddling process is used in the manufacture
1 of
−
A) Zn( s ) + O2( g ) → ZnO( s ) ; ∆G = −360kJ mol
0
1) Wrought iron 2) Pig iron
2
3) Steel 4) Cast iron
1 − 22. The calcium phosphate slag is commercially
B) C( s ) + O2( g ) → CO(s ) ; ∆G = −460kJ mol
0

2 known as
Choose the correct statement at 1000 C 0 1) Thomas slag 2) Baeyer's slag
1) Zinc can be oxidized by CO 3) Wohler's slag 4) Matte
2) Zinc oxide can be reduced by C 23. In the extraction of copper the smelt formed
3) Both statements 1 and 2 are true in the blast furnace contains
4) Both statements 1 and 2 are false 1) Cu2 S + little FeS 2) Cu2 S + little FeO
16. Carbon cannot reduce Fe 2O 3 to Fe at a
temperature below 983 K because: 3) Cu2O + little FeS 4) Cu2O + little FeO
1) Free energy change for the formation of CO24. In Bessemer converter Cu2 S is converted in
is more negative than that of Fe2O3 to blister copper by
2) CO is thermodynamically more stable than 1) self reduction 2) reduction with coke
Fe2O3 3) reduction with coal gas
3) Carbon has higher affinity towards oxygen
4) reduction with H 2 gas
than iron
4) Iron has higher affinity towards oxygen than25. The fuel used in Belgian process is
carbon 1) Water gas 2) Producer gas
17. In the blast furnace the reaction that occurs 3) Coke 4) Coal
in the zone of heat absorption is 26. Spelter is impure form of
1) Zn 2) Ag 3) Cu 4) Fe
1) CO2 + C → 2CO 27. Observe the following statements regarding
2) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 purification of bauxite:
I. During Hall's process, silica, is removed as
3) C + O2 → CO2
Si(vapour)
4) FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 II. Bauxite ore contaminated with Fe2O3 is
18. The flux used in the extraction of iron from purified in Baeyer's process.
Haematite in the blast furnace is [EAM(Eng) 2014] III. During Serpeck's process, AlN is formed
1) Lime stone 2) Silica 3) Coke 4) CO
The correct answer is:
19. Cast iron contains phosphorus as impurity.
1) I , II and III are correct
In Bessemerisation of this cast iron, the slag
2) Only I and II are correct
formed is
3) Only I and III are correct
1) FePO4 2) Ca3( PO4 )2 4) Only II and III are correct
28. A mixture of White Bauxite powder and coke
3) MnPO4 4) Zn3 ( PO4 )2 is heated in nitrogen gas very strongly. The
20. Which of the following is not a correct products are
statement
1) Al2O3 , C 2 N 2 2) Al ( NO3 )3 , CO
1) White cast iron contains carbon in the form
of Fe3C 3) A l N, CO,Si vapour 4) Al2 (CO3 )3 , N 2O
2) Grey cast iron contains carbon in the form29. Which of the following technique is used in
of graphite. the manufacture of aluminium from bauxite
3) The quality of steel produced in Bessemer 1) Reduction with magnesium
converter is very high 2) Reduction with coke
4) The quality of steel produced in open hearth 3) Electrolytic reduction
process can be checked from time to time. 4) Reduction with iron
30. In the electrolysis of alumina, cryolite is 37. (A) Au , Pt , Ag etc are found in free state
added to
1) Lower the melting point of alumina
2) Increase the electrical conductivity
3) Minimise the anode effect
4) Remove impurities from alumina
31. The cathode used in the electrolytic cell
during aluminium extraction is made of
1) Aluminium 2) Carbon lining
3) Iron 4) Steel
32. In the electrolysis of alumina using cryolite,
the reaction that takes place at cathode is
[EAMCET(Med) 2012]
− −
1) 12 F → 6 F2 + 12e
− −
2) 4 H 2 O + 4e → 2 H 2 + 4OH
3) 6 F2 + 2 Al2 O3 → 4 AlF3 + 3O2
(R) The metals which are noble and
chemically less reactive are found in free state
38. (A) Roasting is a process in which the ore is
heated in presence of air
(R) Concentration of sulphide ore is done by
calcination
39. (A) Auto reduction of ore is used for the
extraction of copper
(R) The sulphide ore of copper reacts with
its oxide to give the metal
40. (A): Reduction of Cr2O3 with Aluminium is
possible
R: ∆G( f ) of Cr2O3 is -540 kj/mole and
0

4) 4 Al 3+ + 12e − → 4 Al
∆G(0f ) of Al2O3 is -827 kj/mole.
REFINING
33. Which method of purification is represented 41. (A): The reduction reaction,
by the following equations ? [AIEEE 2012]
Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr , ∆G 0 = −421KJ
Ti + 2 I 2 
523 K
→ TiI 4 → Ti + 2 I 2
1700 K
is not possible at room temperature
1) Cupellation 2) Poling
(R): Certain amount of activation energy is
3) Van Arkel 4) Zone refining
essential for the reaction to make it
34. In the electrolytic refining of copper, Ag and
thermodynamically feasible.
Au are found:
1) on cathode 2) on anode 42. (A): At 1200K iron can reduce cuprous oxide
3) in the anodic mud 4) in the cathodic mud
35. Ultrapure elements are obtained in the (R): At 1200K, Fe + Cu2O → FeO + 2Cu
following method of metal refining
∆ G = −300 kj / mole
1) Electrolysis 2) Poling
3) Liquation 4) Distillation 43. (A) Alumina has high conductivity
ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS (R) The mixture of alumina and cryolite is
used for electrolytic reduction in order to
The questions given below consist of an
extract aluminium
assertion (A) and reason (R) use the following
key to choose the correct answer 44. (A) Lead,tin and bismuth are purified by
1) If both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the liquation method.
correct explanation of (A) (R) Lead,tin and bismuth have low m.p. as
2)If both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not compared to impurities.
the correct explanation of (A)
3)If (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect 45. (A) Van Arkel method is used to prepare pure
4) If (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct sample of titanium
36. (A) All minerals are ores (R) Mond’s process is used to prepare pure
(R) Ores are minerals from which metal can sample nickel
be extracted conveniently and economically
46. Match the following:[EAMCET(Eng)2009] 26. Spelter - Impure Zn
List I List II 27. Baeyer's process is used for red bauxite and
Serpeck's process for white bauxite.
(A) Feldspar (I) [ Ag3 SbS3 ] 28. A l N, CO,Si vapours are formed
(B) Asbestos (II) Al2O3 .H 2O 29. Electrolytic reduction as Al is highly
(C) Pyrargyrite (III) MgSO4 .H 2O electropositive
30. Cryolite-Increases electrolytic conductivity
(D) Diaspore (IV) KAlSi3O8 31. Carbon lining is cathode
(V) CaMg3 ( SiO3 ) 4 32. The reaction at cathode is Al +3 + 3e − → Al
The correct answer is: 35. Distillation method is used to obtain ultrapure
A B C D A B C D element.
(1) IV V II I (2) IV V I II
(3) IV I III II (4) II V IV I LEVEL-II (H.W)
LEVEL -II (C.W) - KEY
INTRODUCTION
1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1 5) 2 6) 1 7) 4
1. The most electropositive metal among the
8) 1 9) 1 10) 3 11) 2 12) 1 13) 3 14) 4 following is
15) 2 16) 4 17) 1 18) 1 19) 2 20) 3 21) 1 1) Zn 2) Fe 3) Ca 4) Na
22) 1 23) 1 24) 1 25) 2 26) 1 27) 4 28) 3 2. Lodstone used by ancient mariners to find
the direction is
29) 3 30) 2 31) 2 32) 4 33) 3 34) 3 35) 4
1) Fe2O3 2) Fe3O4 3) Fe 4) FeS2
36) 4 37) 1 38) 3 39) 1 40) 1 41) 1 42) 1
3. Which of the following is called philosopher’s
43) 4 44) 1 45) 2 46) 2
wool?
LEVEL -II (C.W) - HINTS 1) CuFeS2 2) ZnO 3) ZnS 4) ZnCO3
1. Cassiterite ( SnO2) CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE
2. Zn, Cu, Pb occures in ZnS,CuS,PbS forms 4. When ZnS and PbS minerals are present
4. Extraction of Al, Ag and Au involves leaching together, NaCN is added to separate them in
6. Ore has lower density in froth floatation process froth floatation process because:
7. The mass becomes porous
1) Pb(CN ) 2 is precipitated while there is no
8. Cu 2S + 2Cu 2O → 6Cu + SO 2
effect on ZnS
9. Cu lies below hydrogen in electrochemical
2) ZnS forms soluble complex, Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ]
series
10. PbS + 2PbO → 3Pb + SO 2 3) PbS forms soluble complex, Na2 [ Pb(CN ) 4 ]
4) both ( 1 ) and ( 2 )
18. CaO is flux 5. Chemical leaching is useful in the
19. Slag - Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 concentration of
20. Quality is low for steel produced in Bessemer's 1) copper pyrites 2) bauxite
converter 3) galena 4) cassiterite
21. Wrought Iron is obtained by puddling process 6. Name the metal M which is extracted on the
22. Thomas slag - C a 3 ( P O 4 )2 basis of following reactions:
23. Cu S + little FeS → Matte 4 M + 8 NaCN + 2H 2O + O2 →
2
24. Blister Cu is produced by selfreduction in 4 NaM (CN ) 2 + 4 NaOH
Bessemer converter
2 NaM (CN ) 2 + Zn → Na2 Zn(CN ) 4 + 2 M
25. In Belgian Process Producer gas is used as fuel
1) Au or Ag 2) Hg 3) Ni 4) Fe
7. Native silver metal forms a water soluble 15. The process of converting hydrated alumina
complex with a dilute aqueous solution of in to anhydrous alumina is called:
NaCN in the presence of : 1) Roasting 2) Smelting 3) Dressing 4) Calcination
1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen 16. Which of the following processes involves
3) Carbon dioxide 4) Argon smelting ?
EXTRACTION OF METALS 1) ZnCO3  
Heat
→ ZnO + CO2
8. Out of Cu2S, HgS, Ag2S and ZnS roasting

2) 2 PbS + 3O2 Heat → 2 PbO + 2 SO2
will convert the minerals in to metal in case
of 3) Al2O3 .2H 2O  
Heat
→ Al2O3 + 2H 2O
1) Cu2S, ZnS 2) HgS, ZnS
4) Fe2O3 + 3C Heat
 → 2 Fe + 3CO
3) Cu2S, Ag2S 4) HgS
9. Which of the following metallurgical 17. In Thermite process,the reducing agent is:
processes does not involve heating? 1) C 2) Zn 3) Na 4) Al
[EAM-2011] 18. To obtain chromium from chromic oxide
1) smelting 2) calcination (Cr2O3 ) , the method used is:
3) roasting 4) levigation 1) Carbon reduction
10. Ellingham Diagram is useful 2) Carbon monoxide reduction
1) To know the temperature where phase 3) Alumino thermic 4) Electrolytic reduction
transformation occurs 19. Near the top of the blast furnace, iron oxides
2) To know the temperature where metal oxide are reduced to spongy iron by
decompose on its own 1) C 2) CO 3) CO2 4) CaCO3
3) To select suitable reducing agent for reduction 20. Which of the following has lowest percentage
of metal oxide of carbon?
4) All of these 1) cast iron 2) wrought iron
11. The metal which can not be extracted by 3) steel 4) all have same percentage
smelting process 21. Which one of the following elements is
1) Zn 2) Al 3) Pb 4) Fe present as a major impurity in pig iron?
12. ∆G vs T plot in Ellingham diagram slopes
0 1) graphite 2) oxygen 3) sulphur 4) silicon
downward for the reaction? 22. Spiegeleisen is an alloy of
1) Fe,Mn,C 2) Fe,Mg,C 3) Mn,C,Zn 4) Fe,Mn,Mg
1 1
1) Mg + O2 → MgO 2) 2 Ag + O2 → Ag 2O 23. Incorrect statement about the manufacture
2 2
of steel from pig iron is
1 1 1) The quality of steel manufactured in open
3) C + O2 → CO 4) CO + O2 → CO2
2 2 hearth process is very high
13. According to Ellingham diagram, the 2) The composition of steel can be controlled
oxidation reaction of carbon and carbon in Bessemer process
monoxide may be used to reduce which one 3) Iron ore, scrap iron and low grade pig iron
of the following oxides at the lowest can not be used in Bessemer process
temperatures? 4) Loss of iron due to slag formation is
1) Al2O3 2) Cu2O 3) MgO 4) ZnO minimised in open hearth process
14. The function of flux during the smelting of 24. Roasting of copper pyrites is done:
the ore is 1) to remove moisture and volatile impurities
1) to make the ore porous 2) to oxidise free sulphur
2) to facilitate reduction 3) to decompose pyrites in to Cu 2 S and FeS
3) to remove gangue 4) for all of the above
4) to facilitate oxidation 25. Heating mixture of Cu2O and Cu2S will give:
1) Cu + SO2 2) Cu + SO3 3) CuO + CuS 4) Cu2SO3
26. The final step for the extraction of copper LEVEL-II (H.W) - HINTS
from copper pyrites in Bessemer converter 1. Na is most electropositive metal
involves the reaction 3. ZnO is philosopher’s wool
1) Cu2 S + 2 FeO → 2Cu + 2 Fe + SO2 5. Bauxite ore contains ferric oxide, silica etc
impurities. When the powdered ore is digested
2) Cu2 S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2 with an aqueous solution of NaOH the alumina
3) 4Cu2O + FeS → 8Cu + 2 FeSO4 dissolves while impurities are insoluble in
NaOH.
4) 2Cu2O + FeS → 4Cu + Fe + SO2 6. Au and Ag are extracted by this method.
27. Bessemerisation is carried out for 7. 4 Ag + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 → 4Na[ Ag(CN)2 ] + 4NaOH
I) Fe II) Cu III) Al IV) Ag 8. The HgS undergoes oxidation with evolution of
1) I, II 2) II ,III 3) III , IV 4) I, III SO 2 . The HgO thus formed decomposes
28. Extraction of zinc from zinc blende is immediately at (3000C) to give mecury vapours
achieved by
2 HgS + 3O2 → 2 HgO + 2 SO2
1) electrolytic reduction
2) roasting followed by reduction with carbon 2 HgO → 2Hg + O2
3) roasting followed by reduction with another metal 15. During calcination water is removed from
4) roasting followed by self reduction hydrated oxide
29. Impurities in the Zinc spelter are 16. Reduction of ore to the molten metal
1) Ag and Au 2) Cd and Pd
3) Cd and Pb 4) Cd ,As and Au 18. Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr + heat energy
30. The chief impurity present in red bauxite is (it is alumino thermic process)
1) SiO2 2) Fe2O3 3) K2SO4 4) NaF 19. CO reduce iron oxide to iron
REFINING 25. 2Cu2O + Cu2 S → 6Cu + SO2 (auto reduction)
31. Silver is refined by cupellation process . the 26. Self reduction takes place
process removes the impurity of: 29. Lead, iron , cadmium, arsenic etc are present as
1) Cu 2) Au 3) Pb 4) Pt impurities in Zinc spelter
32. Which method of purification is represented 31. The impurity of lead present in Ag is removed
by the following equation? by Cupellation process.
0 0
N i + 4 C O  7
0 C
→ N i ( C O ) 4  1 → N i + 4 C O
80 C

LEVEL-III
1) Van Arkel 2) Zone refining
3) Mond 4) Cupellation CONCENTRATION
33. Which one of the following is true in
1. An ore of tin containing FeCrO4 is
electrolytic refining?
concentrated by
1) impure metal is made cathode
1) Magnetic separation
2) impure metal is made anode
2) Froth floatation process
3) impure metal is made cathode and pure metal
3) Electrostatic method 4) Gravity separation
as anode
2. The method used for the enrichment of
4) both electrodes must be of pure metal
sulphide ores of copper is
LEVEL-II (H.W) - KEY 1) Magnetic separation
2) Froth floatation process
1) 4 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2 5) 2 6) 1 7) 2
3) Electro refining 4)Smelting
8) 4 9) 4 10) 4 11) 2 12) 3 13) 2 14) 3 3. Froth floatation process for the concentration
15) 4 16) 4 17) 4 18) 3 19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 of sulphide ore is an illustration of the
22) 1 23) 2 24) 4 25) 1 26) 2 27) 1 28) 2 practical application of
1) adsorption 2) absorption
29) 3 30) 2 31) 3 32) 3 33) 2
3) sedimentation 4) coagulation
4. Froth floatation process used for the 10. The metal X is prepared by the electrolysis
concentration of sulphide ore. Which of the of fused chloride. It reacts with hydrogen to
following statements are correct. form a colourless solid from which hydrogen
a) It is based on the difference in wettability gas is released on treatment with water. The
of different minerals metal is
b) Sodium ethyl xanthate, C2 H 5OCS2 Na is 1) Al 2) Ca 3) Cu 4) Zn
used as collector 11. From Ellingham diagram the correct
c) NaCN is used as depressant in the statements
separation of mixture of ZnS and PbS a) 4Cu + O2 → 2Cu2O
1) (a), (b) only correct 2) (b), (c) only correct
b) 2C + O2 → 2CO c) 2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO
3) (a), (c) only correct 4) (a), (b), (c) are correct
EXTRACTION OF METALS
5. Which one of the following statements is
false?
1) During roasting moisture is removed from
the ore
2) The ore is freed from almost all non-metallic
impurities
3) Calcination of ore is carried out in absence
of any blast of air
4) The concentrated zinc blende is subjected to
calcination during its extraction by
pyrometallurgy 1) At temperature above t10C “Carbon” can
6. The most electropositive metals are isolated
from their ores by reduce Cu2O
1) High temperature reduction with carbon 2) At temperature below t30C “Carbon” can
2) Self reduction reduce ZnO
3) Thermal decomposition
4) Electrolysis of fused ionic salts 3) Reduction of Cu2O with carbon requires high
7. The oxide of a metal (R). can be reduced by temperature when compared with the reduction
the metal (P) and metal (R) can reduce the of ZnO by carbon
oxide of metal (Q). Then the decreasing order 4) All
of the reactivity of metal (P), (Q) and (R) with 12. Ellingham diagram is given below for the
oxygen is formation of some oxides. Then select the
1) P>Q>R 2) P>R>Q 3) R>P>Q 4) Q>P>R correct combination
8. Following reaction is not involved in
Thermite process
1) 3Mn3O4 + 8 Al → 9Mn + 4 Al2O3
2) Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr
3) 2 Fe + Al2O3 → 2 Al + Fe2O3
4) B2O3 + 2 Al → 2 B + Al2O3
9. The mass ratio of Fe2O3 and Al in thermite
is
1) 1 : 3 2)1 : 2 3) 3 : 1 4) 2 : 1
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II 15. Correct statement(s) regarding the graph
1)Below T2 , Al2O3 +3Mg ® 3MgO + 2 Al , DG = - ve
2) Below T3 , MgO +CO ® CO2 + Mg, DG = - ve
3) Above T4 , Al2O3 +3CO ® 2 Al +3CO2 , DG = - ve
4) Below T1, MgO is in liquid state
13. Correct statement(s) regarding the graph

1) Curves involving the formation of ZnO and

CO cross each other at about 1270 K
2) Zinc begins to boil at 1180K, hence sudden
increase in the value of ∆G 0
3) Above 1270 K, ‘C’ can reduce ZnO 4) All
16. Correct statements from the graph

I) Above 983K, Carbon can reduce any metal

oxide at high temperature and itself oxidised to
CO
II) In the first reaction (Formation of CO2 from
‘C’) ∆ S 0 = 0 & ∆ G 0 remains nearly same, i.e
it is independent of temperature
III) In the second reaction, (formation of CO) ,
there is increase in entropy & ∆ S 0 = + ve & ∆ G 0 I) Above 1073K, ∆G 0 for the formation of
becomes more –ve with increase in temperature Fe 2 O 3 is less negative than ∆G 0 for the
IV) In third reaction (formation of CO2 from formation of CO from carbon
CO), there is a decrease in entropy II) Above 1073K, Carbon can reduce Fe2O3
III) Below 1073K, CO can reduce Fe2O3
∆S 0 = −ve & ∆G0 becomes less –ve with IV) In blast furnace, reduction of Fe2O3 occurs
increase in temperature in different temperature ranges with below
1) Only I 2) I, II only 3) I, II, III Only 4) All 1073K by CO (or) above 1073K by carbon
14. From the graph, which is the best reducing 1) Only I 2) I, II only 3) I, II, III Only 4) All
agent to reduce Cu2O at high temperature 17. Refractory metals are used in construction
of furnaces because
1) they can withstand high temperature
2) they are chemically inert
3) their melting point is high
4) their melting point is low.
18. Which series of reactions correctly represents
chemical reactions related to iron and its
compounds? [JEE MAIN 2014]
1) Fe Cl 
2 , Heat
→FeCl3 Heat
 
, air
→Fe
→FeCl2 Zn
0 0
2) Fe  
O , Heat
2
→ Fe3O4 CO,
600 C
→ FeO CO,700
C → Fe
3) Fe 
dil .H SO
→ FeSO4 
2 4 H SO .O
2 4
→ Fe2 (SO4 )3 
2 heat
→Fe

4) Fe  → FeO    → FeSO4 heat

 → Fe
O .heat2 dil . H SO 2 4

1) Coke 2) CO 3) CO2 4) 1 & 2

19. In the Bessemer Converter process, Bessemer 29. Which of the following reaction does not
Converter is lined with ‘X’ when pig iron occur in Bessemer’s converter?
contains phosphorus, while it is lined with 1) 2Cu2 S + 5O2 → 2CuSO4 + 2CuO
‘Y’ when pig iron contains manganese as
impurity. Here substances X and Y are 2) 2Cu2 S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2 SO2 ↑
1) SiO2 and SiO2 2) CaO and CaO 3) 2CuFeS2 + O2 → Cu2 S + 2 FeS + SO2
3) SiO2 and CaO 4) CaO and SiO2 4) FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3
20. Pig iron has more or less same composition
as that of 30. The most suitable method for extraction of
1) cast iron 2) steel 3) wrought iron 4) all copper from low grade sulphide ore is
21. Wrought iron is resistant to rusting and 1) Smelting process
corrosion due to the presence of 2) Hydrometallurgical process
1) Cementite (Fe3C) 2) Low percentage of carbon 3) Leaching process 4) Electrolytic process
3) CaSiO3 & FePO4 slages 31. Ag 2 S + NaCN → [ A] ; [ A] + Zn → [ B ]
4) MnSiO3 & FePO4 slages [ B ] is a metal.Hence,[A] and [B] are
22. Which form of iron is least ductile?
1) Hard steel 2) Cast iron 1) Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ], Zn 2) Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ], Ag
3) Mild steel 4) Wrought iron 3) Na2 [ Ag (CN ) 4 ], Ag 4) Na3 [ Ag (CN ) 4 ], Ag
23. If red hot steel is suddenly immersed in 32. In the cyanide extraction process of silver
water, the steel becomes: from argentite ore , the oxidising and
1) soft and malleable 2) hard and brittle reducing agents used are:
3) tough and ductile 4) fibrous 1) O2 and CO respectively
24. Nitriding is a process of heating steel in 2) O2 and Zn dust respectively
atmosphere of 3) HNO and Zn dust respectively
3
1) ammonia 2) oxygen 3) carbon dioxide 4) air 4) HNO3 and CO respectively
25. Annealing process is 33. Which of the following is not added during the
1) heating the steel bright red and then cooling suddenly extraction of silver by cyanide process? [E-2013]
2) heating the steel bright red and then cooling slowly
1) NaCN 2) Air 3) Zn 4) Na2S2O3
3) heating the rods of iron embedded in charcoal
34. Tarnishing of silver is due to the formation of
4) heating the rods of iron in ammonia
26. Stainless steel does not rust because 1) Ag 2 S 2) Ag 2 O 3) AgCl 4) Ag 2 SO4
1) Chromium and nickel combine with iron 35. Zinc dust is obtained by
2) Chromium forms an oxide layer and protects 1) Crushing zinc metal
iron from rusting 2) Burning zinc metal in air
3) Nickel present in it, does not rust 3) Melting zinc and then atomising it with a blast
4) Iron forms a hard chemical compound with of air 4) Roasting zinc sulphide.
chromium present in it. 36. Galvanization is the
27. Railway wagon axles are made by heating 1) deposition of zinc on Fe 2) deposition of Al on Fe
rods of Iron embeded in charcoal powder. 3) deposition of tin on Fe 4) deposition of Cu on Fe
The process is known as 37. Which one of the following metals has no
1) case hardening 2) sheradising action with dil.H2SO4?
3) annealing 4) tempering 1) Mg 2) Fe 3) Zn 4) Cu
28. When copper pyrites is roasted in excess of 38. In the Bayer's process of purification of red
air, a mixture of CuO + FeO is formed, FeO bauxite leaching agent is
is present as impurity. This can be removed 1) NaOH 2) Na2CO3 3) NaCN 4) KCN
as slag during reduction of CuO. The flux
added to form slag is REFINING
1) SiO2, which is an acidic flux 39. The method of zone refining of metals is
2) Limestone, which is a basic flux based on the principle of
3) SiO2, which is a basic flux 1) Greater mobility of the pure metal than that
4) CaO, which is a basic flux of impurity
 2) Higher melting point of the impurity than that
of the pure metal
3) Greater noble character of the solid metal than
that of the impurity
4) Greater solubility of the impurity in the
molten state than in the solid
40. Blister copper is refined by stirring molten
impure metal with green logs of wood because
such a wood liberates hydrocarbon gases (like
CH 4 ). The process X is called ……… and the
metal contains impurities of Y is…….
1) X=cupellation, Y= CuO2 2) X=poling, Y= Cu2O
3) X=poling, Y=CuO 4) X=cupellation, Y=CuO
21. Due to the presence of MnSiO3 and FePO4 as
impurities (slag) wrought iron is resistant to
rusting and corrosion.
22. Cast iron is extremely hard but brittle and thus
is least ductile.
26. In stainless steel, Cr forms an oxide layer and
protects Fe from rusting.
27. Heating rods of iron or steel embedded in
charcoal powder is known as case hardening.
28. FeO (being basic) combines with silica( SiO2)
an acidic flux to give FeSiO3 slag.
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3
( Slag )

41. If a metal has low oxygen affinity then the 30. Leaching with H 2SO 4 converts low grade
purification of metal may be carried out by sulphide ore in to CuSO4.
1) liquation 2) distillation
3) zone refining 4) cupellation CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu ↓
42. The silver is extracted by Parke’s process.The XXV
31. Ag 2 S + 4 NaCN WXX 2 Na[ Ag ( C N ) 2 ] + N a 2 S
basis of this method is 2 Na [ A g ( CN ) 2 ] + Zn → Na 2 [ Z n ( CN ) 4 ] + 2 A g
1) Ag is immiscible in molten Zn
2) Ag is miscible in NaCN 32. Ag 2 S + 4 NaCN → 2Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ] + Na2 S
3) Ag is more miscible in molten Zn than in Na2 S is oxidised by O2
molten Pb
4 Na2 S + 2H 2 O + 5O2 → 2 Na2 SO4 + 4 NaOH + 2 S
4) Ag is more miscible in molten Pb in
comparison to molten Zn 2Na[Ag(CN )2 ] + Zn → Na2[Zn(CN )4 ] + 2Ag
( reducing agent )

43. The method not used in metallurgy to refine 37. Cu doesnot react with dil.H2SO4,but Mg,Fe,Zn
the impure metal is reacts with dil.H2SO4 , by evolving H2 gas.
1) Mond’s process 2) Van-Arkel process Al2O3 + 2NaOH → NaAlO2 + H 2O
3) Amalgamation process 4) Liquation ↓
38.
LEVEL -III - KEY leaching agent
1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4 5) 4 6) 4 7) 2 43. Amalgamation method is used for the extraction
8) 3 9) 3 10) 2 11) 1 12) 1 13) 4 14) 1 of noble metals like Au, Ag from ores.
15) 4 16) 4 17) 1 18) 2 19) 4 20) 1 21) 4
22) 2 23) 2 24) 1 25) 2 26) 2 27) 1 28) 1 LEVEL-IV
29) 3 30) 2 31) 2 32) 2 33) 4 34) 1 35) 3
36) 1 37) 4 38) 1 39) 4 40) 2 41) 4 42) 3 MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS
43) 3 1. Match the ores of List-I with their
composition in List - II
LEVEL-III - HINTS
List-I List - II
5. Concentrated ZnS is roasted.
6. They have low SRP values. A) Malachite p) Sulphide of copper
10. Ca is obtained by the electrolysis of CaCl2 fused B) Azurite q) Sulphide of Iron
CaH2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2H2 C) Chalcopyrites r) Oxide of copper
18. In equation (1) FeCl3 cannot be reduced when D) Cuprite s) Ore containing
heated in air. carbonate of copper
In equation (3) Fe2(SO4)3 can not converted to 2. Match list -I with List - II
Fe on heating, instead oxide(s) will be formed. A) Magnesite p) Ore of magnesium
In equation (4) FeSO4 cannot be converted to B) Dolamite q) Ore of Aluminium
Fe on heating, instead oxide(s) will be formed. C) Corundum r) Oxide ore
Hence equation (2) is correct. D) Bauxite s) Carbonate ore
3. Match list -I with List - II
A) PbS → PbO p) roasting
B) CaCO3 → CaO q) calcination
C) ZnS → Zn r) carbon reduction
D) Cu2 S → Cu s) self reduction
4. Match List -I with List - II
List -I List - II
A) Chromium p) Chloroplast
B) Iron q) Haemoglobin
C) Zinc r) Eyes of cats and cows
D) Calcium s) Prown
t) Bones
PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS
Copper is the most noble of the first row
transition metals and occurs in small deposits
in several countries. Ores of copper include
chalcanthite (CuSO 4 ,5H 2 O), atacamite
(Cu2Cl(OH)3), cuprite (Cu2O), copper glance
(Cu 2 S) and malachite (Cu 2(OH) 2CO 3 ).
However, 80% of the world copper
production comes from the ore of
chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). The extraction of
copper from chalcopyrite involves partial
roasting, removal of iron and self-reduction.
5. Partial roasting of chalcopyrite produces
1) Cu2S and FeO 2) Cu2O and FeO
3) CuS and Fe2O3 4) Cu2O and Fe2O3
6. Iron is removed from chalcopyrite as
1) FeO 2) FeS 3) Fe2O3 4) FeSiO3
7. In self-reduction, the reducing species is
1) S 2) O2- 3) S2- 4) SO2
LEVEL-IV - KEY
1) (A) → (s); (B) → (s); (C) → (p,q) (D) → (r)
2) (A) → (p,s); (B) → (p,s) ; (C) → (q,r) (D) → (q,r)
3) (A) → (p); (B) → (q) ; (C) → (p,r) (D) → (p,s)
4) (A) → (s); (B) → (p,q) ; (C) → (r) (D) → (t)
5) 2 6) 4 7) 3
LEVEL-IV - HINTS
5. 2CuFeS2 + O2 → Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2. ↑
2Cu2S+3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2 ↑
2FeS + 3O2 → 2FeO + 2SO2 ↑
6. FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3
(slag)
7. Cu2S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2 ↑
(blister copper)
S2- → S4+ is oxidation, i.e., S2- is reducing agent
 8. The bond energies (in KJ mole −1 ) of
7. P-BLOCK ELEMENTS P -H , As-H and N-H respectively ?
1) 247 , 318 and 389 2) 247 , 389 and 318
GROUP 15TH ELEMENTS 3) 318 , 389 and 247 4) 318 , 247 and 389
9. What is the order of basic nature of hy-
LEVEL-II (C.W) drides of VA group elements ?
1) AsH 3 > SbH 3 > PH 3 > NH 3
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 2) NH 3 > SbH 3 > PH 3 > AsH 3
1. The number of covalent bonds made by 3) NH 3 > PH 3 > AsH 3 > SbH 3
phosphorus atom never exceeds
1) 3 2) 6 3) 2 4) 12. 4) PH 3 > NH 3 > SbH 3 > AsH 3
2. Ionic radius ( in A o ) of As3+ ,Sb3+ and Bi3+ 10. White phosphorous reacts with caustic soda
to give phosphine and sodium hypophosphite.
follow the order ...
In this reaction phosphorous undergoes
1) As3+ >Sb 3+ >Bi 3+ 2) Sb3+ >Bi3+ >As 3+ 1) Oxidation 2) Reduction
3) Bi3+ >As 3+ >Sb3+ 4) Bi3+ >Sb 3+ >As 3+ 3) Both 4) None of these
3. The shape and bond angle of white OXIDES
Phosphorous molecule is \ 11. The hybridization of phosphorous atom in
1) Linear and 1800 P4O6 and P4O10 is
2) Trigonal planar and 1200 1) sp 2) sp2 3) sp3 4) sp3d
12. The bonds present in P4O10 are
3) Tetrahedral and 1090 281
1) Ionic and covalent 2) Ionic and dative
4) Tetrahedral and 600 3) Covalent and dative 4) Only covalent bonds
DINITROGEN 13. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen
4. Nitrogen liberated by the thermal is the anhydride of nitrous acid ?
decomposition of only 1) NO 2) N 2O3 3) N 2O4 4) N 2O5
1. NH 4 NO2 2. NaN3 14. The number of oxygen atoms bonded to one
3. ( NH 4 )2 Cr2O7 4.all the three phosphorous atom in P4O10 is
1) 4 2) 3 3) 6 4) 5
5. The CN − ion and N 2 are isoelectronic. But 15. The arrangement of oxygen atoms around
in contrast to CN − , N 2 is chemically inert each phosphorous in P4O10
because of 1) Pyramidal 2) Octahedral
1) low bond energy 3) Tetrahedral 4) Square planar
2) absence of bond polarity 16. When NH 4 NO3 is gently heated, an oxide of
3) unsymmetrical electron distribution
Nitrogen is formed. What is the oxidation
4) presence of more number of electrons in
state of Nitrogen in this oxide ?
bonding orbitals
1) + 4 2) + 2 3) + 3 4) + 1
HYDRIDES 17. The following are some statements about
6. Which of the following has maximum oxides of VA group elements
complex forming ability with a given metal I) N 2O molecule is linear
ion
II) NO2 molecule is angular
1) PH3 2) BiH3 3) NH3 4) SbH3
7. The oxidation number of N in N3H is III) N 2O5 molecule is angular
1) + 1/3 2) 0 3) - 1/3 4) 1 The correct combination is
1) All are correct 2) I & III are correct
3) II & III are correct 4) I & II are correct