General Principles and Process of Isolating Elements

GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS

OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
SYNOPSIS Zinc (Zn)
Zinc blende or Sphalerite : ZnS
OCCURRENCE OF METALS: Zincite or Red zinc
Ø Minerals: The naturally occurring chemical (philosopher’s wool) : ZnO
substances in which metals occur either in native
state or in combined state are called minerals. Calamine or Zinc spar : ZnCO3
Ø Ores: The minerals from which metal can be Franklinite : ZnO.Fe2O3
conveniently and economically extracted are
Willemite : Zn2 SiO4
called ores.
Ø All ores are minerals but all minerals are not Aluminium (Al)
ores. Bauxite : Al2O3 .2 H 2O
Ø For example aluminium occurs in the earth’s Kaolinite ( a form of clay) :  Al2 (OH )4 Si2O5 
crust in the form of minerals like bauxite and
Cryolite : Na3 AlF6
clay ( Al2O3 .2SiO2 .2 H 2O )
Ø Out of these two aluminium can be conveniently Feldspar : KAlSi3O8
and economically extracted from bauxite,while Corundum : Al2O3
it has not been possible to extract aluminium
from clay by some easy and cheap Diaspore : Al2O3 .H 2O
method.Therefore the ore of aluminium is Mica : K 2O.3 Al2O3 .6 SiO2 .2 H 2O
bauxite. Manganese (Mn)
SOME COMMON ELEMENTS WITH Pyrolusite : MnO2
THEIR NATURE OF OCCURRENCE: Calcium ( Ca )
Iron (Fe) Limestone (calcite) : CaCO3
Haematite : Fe2 O3 Gypsum : CaSO4 .2 H 2O
Magnetite : Fe3O4 Fluorspar : CaF2
Limonite : Fe2 O3 .3 H 2 O Dolomite : CaCO3 .MgCO3
Iron pyrites or Fool’s gold : FeS2 Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesite : MgCO3
Spathic iron or Siderite : FeCO3
Copper (Cu) Carnallite : KCl.MgCl2 .6 H 2O
Cuprite (Ruby copper) : Cu2O Epsom salt : MgSO4 .7 H 2O

Lead (Pb)
Copper glance (Chalcocite) : Cu2 S
Galena : PbS
Malachite : CuCO3 .Cu (OH )2 Anglesite : PbSO4
Azurite : 2CuCO3.Cu (OH )2 Cerrusite : PbCO3
Mercury (Hg)
Copper pyrites (Chalco pyrites) : CuFeS 2
Cinnabar : HgS
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JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
Silver (Ag) 2. Concentration of the Ore:

The process of removal of impurities (gangue
Argentite (Silver glance) : Ag 2 S
or matrix) from the crushed ore is known as
Hornsilver : AgCl concentration or dressing of ore. It is carried
Tin (Sn) out by the following methods.
Ø Hand picking: Sand and small stones are
Cassiterite : SnO2 removed by hand picking method.
Ø Gem stones:Many gem stones are impure Ø Haematite ore occurs as lumps. So it can be very
forms of alumina( Al2O3 ) and contain traces of easily separated from the impurities like sand,
stone pieces present along with it by hand
metal ions as impurities such as Cr 3+ (in ruby), picking.
Co3+ (sapphire). Ø Levigation or (Gravity separation): This
method is based on the difference in the
W.E-1:In general which metal do you expect to specific gravities of the ore and gangue particles.
occur in the native state in nature? Give This method is frequently used when the ore
examples. particles are heavier than the gangue particles.
Sol. The metals which are below hydrogen in the Ø The crushed ore is washed in a stream of
water.The lighter impurities are swept away
electrochemical series, i.e., which are less
while heavier ore particles settle down.
electropositive metals can occur in native state Ø For example haematite, tin stone and native ores
in nature. These metals are not readily attacked of Au,Ag etc .,which are heavier are usually
by oxygen, moisture, carbondioxide etc., concentrated by this method.
examples are: Ag, Au, Pt , Pd etc., Ø The process is carried out in specially designed
tables called wilfley tables. It is generally used
W.E-2:Why do metal sulphides occur mainly in for oxide ores and carbonate ores
rocks and metal halides in lakes and seas? Ø Magnetic separation: If either ore or the
Sol. Metal sulphides are insoluble in water while gangue ( one of these two ) is attracted by a
metal halides are soluble in water. Thus magnet then ore can be separated from the
impurities with the help of magnetic separation
chlorides get dissolved in rain water and washed
method .
away to lakes and seas.
Ø In this method the powdered ore is placed over
METALLURGY: The process of extraction a leather belt which moves over two rollers one
of which is magnetic.
of pure metal from its ore is called metallurgy.
Ø As the mass passes over the magnetic roller,the
Some common steps involved in the
magnetic particles are attracted by it and fall
metallurgical operations are
nearer to it while non magnetic particles fall
1. Crushing and grinding of the ore
away from the magnetic roller.
2. Concentration of the ore
3. Extraction of crude metal from concentrated Ø For example, cassiterite ( SnO2 ,Tin stone) an ore
ore of tin( non-magnetic) is separated from
4. Purification or refining of the metal. impurities of ferrous tungstate
1. Crushing and Grinding of the Ore: ( FeWO4 Wolframite) (magnetic).
Ø Big lumps of ore obtained from earth’s crust Ø Similarly chromite( FeCr2O4 ),an ore of
are crushed into smaller pieces with the help of
jaw crushers and grinders. chromium,magnetite( Fe3O4 ) an ore of iron and
Ø These pieces are then reduced to fine powder pyrolusite( MnO2 )an ore of manganese all being
with the help of a ball mill or stamp mill. This magnetic are separated from non-magnetic
process is called pulverisation. gangue by this process.
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Ø Rutile TiO2 (magnetic) and chlorapatite Ø In the process, the powdered ore is digested with
a concentrated solution of NaOH at 473-523 K
3Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 .CaCl2 (non magnetic) are also and 35-36 bar pressure.
separated by this method. Ø Al2O3 is leached out as sodium aluminate, and
Ø Froth floatation process: This process is SiO2 as sodium silicate.
commonly used for the concentration of Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH + H2O → 2Na[ Al (OH )4 ]
Sodium aluminate (soluble)
sulphide ores.
Ø It is based upon the principle of difference in Ø This alkaline aluminate is neutralised by passing
the wetting properties of the ore and gangue CO2 gas and hydrated Al2O3 is precipitated.
particles with water and oil. Ø 2 Na[ Al (OH ) 4 ] + 2CO2 → Al2 O3 .xH 2 O + 2 NaHCO3
Ø Finely powdered ore is mixed with water, pine Ø The sodium silicate remains in the solution and
oil (frother) and sodium ethyl xanthate or the insoluble hydrated alumina is filtered, dried
potassium ethyl xanthate (collector) in a big and heated to get pure Al2O3.
tank. Al2O3 .xH 2O 
1470 K
→ Al2O3 + xH 2O
Ø The whole mixture is agitated with air. The ore
particles wetted with oil come in the froth and b) Leaching of Ag and Au:
are taken off, while impurities wetted with water Ø Gold and silver are extracted from their native
settle at the bottom. ores or silver from argentite ore by leaching .This
Ø Thus adsorption phenomenon is involved in this is also known as Mac-ArthurForest cyanide
method. process.
Ø Here, foaming agent is pine oil and froth Ø In this process the finely powdered argentite ore
stabilizers are cresol and aniline. or the native Ag or Au particles are treated with
Ø Collectors used are sodium ethyl xanthate and a dilute solution of NaCN or KCN in the
potassium ethyl xanthate (to make the ore presence of air.
water repellant) Ø Au,Ag dissolve by forming respective complex
cyanides.
Ø Activator used is CuSO4 or Na2S while
Ø The impurities remain unaffected, these are
depressant used is KCN or NaCN filtered off.
Ø For example, Sodium cyanide can be used as a 4 M ( s ) + 8CN (−aq ) + 2 H 2 O( aq ) + O2( g ) → 4[ M (CN ) 2 ](−aq ) + 4OH (−aq )
depressant in the separation of ores of ZnS and [M = Ag or Au ]
PbS. Ø Ag or Au is recovered from the solution by the
Ø NaCN forms a layer of zinc complex, addition of electropositive metal like Zn.
Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ] on the surface of ZnS and 2[ M (CN ) 2 ](−aq ) + Zn( s ) → [ Zn(CN ) 4 ](2aq− ) + 2 M ( s )
therefore prevents it from forming the froth. Ø Electrostatic concentration: It is based on
Ø However,NaCN doesnot prevent PbS from the principle that when an electrostatic field is
forming the froth. applied,the particles which are good conductors
Ø Thus the two ores can be separated by the use of electricity become electrically charged and
of a depressant. are consequently repelled by electrode of same
Chemical method (leaching): This is a charge and are thrown away.
chemical method of concentration. In this Ø This method is used for the concentration of
method,the powdered ore is treated with a PbS and ZnS ores occuring together in nature.
suitable reagent in which the ore is soluble but Ø The powdered ore is fed up on a roller in a thin
the impurities are not soluble. The impurities layer and subjected to the influence of an
left undissolved are removed by filtration. electrostatic field.
a) Leaching of alumina from bauxite ore: Ø Lead sulphide being a good conductor,gets
Ø The principal ore of aluminium usually contains charged immediately and is thrown away from
SiO2, iron oxides and TiO2 as impurities. the roller .
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Ø ZnS being a poor conductor falls vertically from Ø The ore becomes porous .
the roller. S + 8O → 8SO
8 2 2
3. Extraction of crude metals:
P4 + 5O2 → P4O10
Ø Metals are usually extracted by
reduction.Oxides are easier to reduce . 4 As + 3O2 → 2 As2O3
Ø The extraction of metals involves the following Ø Sulphide ores are converted in to metallic
two major steps. oxides.
1) Conversion of the ore in to metallic oxide: 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
The concentrated ore is either a hydrated oxide,
a carbonate or a sulphide. It can be converted in 2 PbS + 3O2 → 2 PbO + 2 SO2
to its oxide form by the following two methods. 2Cu2 S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2 SO2
a) Calcination:
Ø The SO2 produced is utilised for the manufacture
Ø Calcination is the process in which the ore is
heated strongly , below its melting point, either of H 2 SO4 .
in absence of air or in a limited supply of air. Ø When roasting is done at moderate temperature,
Ø This process is used for the conversion of the the sulphide ore is partially oxidised in to oxide
carbonates and hydrated oxide ores to their and partially in to sulphate.
respective oxides. For example
Ø During calcination , the following changes takes (a) 2 PbS + 3O2 → 2 PbO + 2 SO2
place
PbS + 2O2 → PbSO4
i. Moisture is removed .
ii. The volatile impurities of P, As and S are (b) 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
removed ZnS + 2O2 → ZnSO4
iii. The ore becomes porous.
Ø In some cases chlorinating roasting is down as
ií. Water from hydrated oxides is removed. metal is obtained by reduction of metal chloride.
í. Carbonates decompose to oxides. Ø In this roasting the sulphide ore is converted in
For example to a chloride. For example silver ores are heated
ZnCO3 
Heat
→ ZnO + CO2 with NaCl.
Ag 2 S + 2 NaCl + 2O2 → 2 AgCl + Na2 SO4
CaCO3 
Heat
→ CaO + CO2
Ø Both calcination and roasting are generally
CaCO3 .MgCO3  
→ CaO + MgO + 2 CO 2
Heat
carried out in a reverberatory furnace.
Dolomite
Ø In case of roasting, the air holes are kept open
CuCO3.Cu(OH )2 
Heat
→ 2CuO + H2O + CO2 while in case of calcination, the air holes are
Malachite partially or completely closed.
Note:
Al2O3 .2 H 2O 
Heat
→ Al2O3 + 2 H 2O Ø If the calcined or roasted ore still contains non-
Bauxite
fusible impurities (Gangue) of earthly matter,
b) Roasting:
then during reduction, an additional substance
Ø Roasting is the process in which the ore is heated
called the flux is also added to the ore.
strongly, below its melting point, in presence of
Ø It combines with impurities to form easily
excess of air.
fusible product known as slag.
Ø Sulphide ores are generally subjected to
roasting. Gangue + Flux → Fusible product
( present in the ore ) ( slag )
Ø During this process moisture is removed, Ø Slag is not soluble in molten metal. Being
impurities of non metals (P, As, S) are removed lighter, it can be easily skimmed off from the
as their volatile oxides. surface of the molten metal.
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The choice of flux depends upon the nature of Ø Reduction by hydrogen: Certain metal
impurities present in the ore. For example, oxides are reduced by hydrogen.
Ø (a) If the ore contains acidic impurities such as Ø For example, molybdenum oxide, tungsten
SiO2 , P2O5 , etc., then the basic fluxes like lime oxide etc., are reduced with hydrogen at higher
temperature.
(CaO ) , limestone (CaCO3 ), magnesite
MoO + 3H 2 → Mo + 3H 2O
3
( MgCO3 ) haematite ( Fe2O3 ), etc, are used. Molybdenum
trioxide
SiO 2 + CaO → CaSiO 3
Acidic impurity Basic flux Calcium silicate ( slag ) WO + 3H 2 → W + 3H 2O
3
Tungsten
SiO 2 + CaCO3 → CaSiO3 + CO2 trioxide
Acidic impurity Basic flux Calcium silicate ( slag )
NiO + H 2 → Ni + H 2O
SiO2 + MgCO3 → MgSiO3 + CO2 Nickel oxide
Acidic impurity Basic flux Magnesium silicate ( slag ) Ø Reduction by Na or Mg or Ca: Certain metal
Ø (b) If basic impurities are present in the ore such halides are reduced to pure metal by reduction
as CaO, FeO, MgCO3, etc., then acidic fluxes with Na, Mg or Ca in a closed vessel on heating.
like sand (SiO2) or borax Ø For example Ti, Zr or Vanadium metals are
( Na2 B4O7 .10 H 2O) are used. obtained by reduction of their halides with Na
or Mg at higher temperature.
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3
Ferrous silicate TiCl4 + 4 Na → Ti + 4 NaCl
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO 3 VCl4 + 2 Mg → V + 2 MgCl2
Basic impurity Acidic flux Calcium silicate ( slag )
2) Reduction of the metallic oxide to the free TiCl4 + 2Mg → Ti + 2 MgCl2 (Kroll’s process)
metal: Oxides of less electro positive metals Ø Reduction with water gas: NiO is reduced
such as Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Sn, Mn, Cr etc., can be to nickel by heating with water gas ( CO + H 2 )
reduced by number of reducing agents such as
carbon(coke), CO or even another metal. 2 NiO + CO + H 2 → 2 Ni + CO2 + H 2O
Ø The process of extracting the metal by heating Ø In this case both CO and H 2 present in water
the metal oxide with a suitable reducing agent
gas act as reducing agents.
is called pyro metallurgy.
Some of the methods commonly used to get the Reduction by aluminium (Gold Schmidt
free metal from the roasted or calcinated ore are: alumino thermic process)
Reduction by carbon-(Smelting): Ø Many oxides like Cr2O3 , Mn3O4 , Fe2O3 etc., are
Ø The process of extraction of metal by reduction not reduced easily by carbon or CO.These metal
of its oxide with carbon (in the form of charcoal, oxides are reduced by strongly electro positive
coke or CO) is called smelting. metals such as aluminium.
Ø Generally smelting is carried out in a blast Ø The process of reduction of a metal oxide to the
furnace. metal with the help of aluminium powder is
M x Oy + yC → xM + yCO called alumino thermic process.
For example: Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr + heat
PbO + C → Pb + CO 3Mn3O4 + 8 Al → 4 Al2O3 + 9 Mn + heat
PbO + CO → Pb + CO2
Fe2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2 Fe + heat
Fe2O3 + 3C → 2 Fe + 3CO
Ø The mixture of metallic oxide such as Fe2O3
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2 Fe + 3CO2
and Al powder in the ratio of 3:1 is known as
SnO2 + 2C → Sn + 2CO thermite.
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Ø A magnesium ribbon( which acts as a fuse) is Ø Electrolytic reduction: The process of
embedded in a mixture of Mg powder and extraction of metals by electrolysis is called
BaO2 ( called ignition mixture). electro metallurgy.
Ø The thermite is ignited with Mg ribbon. Iron Ø Highly electro positive metals like alkali and
oxide is reduced to iron. alkaline earth metals ,aluminium etc., are
Ø Large amount of heat energy is released during commonly extracted by the electrolysis of their
reduction , as a result the iron metal is obtained fused salts.
in the molten state. Ø Some times a small amount of some other salt
Ø The molten iron thus produced is useful for the is added to lower the fusion temperature or to
welding of the broken iron, the process is called increase the conductivity or both.
thermite welding. Ø The metal is obtained at cathode.
Ø Self reduction or Auto reduction: The Na is obtained by the electrolysis of fused
sulphide ores of less electro positive metals like mixture of NaCl and CaCl2 (Down’s process)
Hg, Cu, Pb, Sb etc., are heated in air as to convert or by electrolysis of fused NaOH(castner’s
part of the sulphide ore in to oxide which then process).
reacts with the remaining sulphide ore to give
the metal and sulphur dioxide. W.E-3:Why is Zn but not copper used for the
Ø No external reducing agent is used in this recovery of Ag from its cyanide complex
process. [ Ag (CN ) ]− ? 2
2 HgS + 3O2 → 2 HgO + 2 SO2 Sol. Zn is more powerful reducing agent (more
Cinnabar Mercury ( II )
oxide
electropositive) in comparison to Cu. Zn is also
2 HgO + HgS → 3Hg + SO2 cheaper than Cu.
Mercury (II)
sulphide
W.E-4:Why Al cannot be reduced by carbon?
2 PbS + 3O2 → 2 PbO + 2 SO2 Sol. Al is stronger reducing agent than carbon and
Lead Lead oxide
sulphide
therefore, cannot be reduced by it.
2 PbO + PbS → 3Pb + SO2
Lead Lead
sulphide 3) Refining or Purification of Metals: The
Ø Reduction by precipitation(Hydro metals obtained after reduction may still contain
metallurgy): The process of extraction of some objectionable impurities which are
metals by dissolving the ore in a suitable removed by refining using following methods:
chemical reagent and the precipitation of the
Liquation: This method is used for refining
metal by more electro positive metal is called
the metals such as Sn, Pb, Bi, Hg etc) having
hydro metallurgy.
low melting points as compared to impurities
Ø Metals like Ag, Au,Cu etc., are extracted by this
(less fusible).
method.
Ø The impure metal is placed on the sloping hearth
Ø For example concentrated Ag 2 S is treated with
of a furnace and gently heated.
a dilute solution of NaCN to form the soluble Ø The metal melts and flows down leaving behind
complex sodium dicyano argentate(I). the less fusible impurities on the hearth.
Ø Ag is precipitated from this by adding metal like
Zn. Distillation : Distillation is used for the
Ag 2 S + 4 NaCN → 2 Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ] + Na2 S refining of metals which have low boiling points
Sodium dicyano arg entate ( I )
(soluble)
such as Zn, Cd, Hg etc.,. i.e., volatile metals.
Ø The impure metal is heated in a retort and its
Ø Na2 S is largely oxidised to Na2 SO4
vapours are separately condensed in a receiver.
4 Na2 S + 2 H 2O + 5O2 → 2 Na2 SO4 + 4 NaOH + 2 S Ø The non-volatile impurities are left behind in
2 Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ] + Zn → Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ] + 2 Ag the retort.
173
Zone refining (fractional crystallization): Ø Mond’s process: Nickel is purified by this
This method is based on the difference in method.
solubility of impurities in molten and solid state Ø Impure Ni is heated with carbon monoxide,
of the metal. forming a volatile nickel tetra carbonyl.
Ø Elements such as Si, Ge, Ga etc., which are used Ø The carbonyl is subjected to higher temperature
as semi conductors, are refined by this method. so that it is decomposed giving the pure metal.
Ø Boron and Indium are also refined by this 330 −350 K
Ni + 4CO  → Ni (CO) 4
method. impure
Ø Highly pure metals are obtained in this process. 450 − 470 K
Ni (CO) 4  → Ni + 4CO
Ø A movable heater is fitted around a rod of the Pure metal
impure metal.
Electrolytic refining: Metals like Cu, Ag, Au,
Ø The heater is slowly moved across the rod. The
Zn, Al, Pb etc., are purified by this method.
metal melts at the point of heating and as the
Ø The impure metal is made anode while a thin
heater moves on from one end of the rod to the
sheet of pure metal acts as a cathode.
other end, the pure metal crystallises while the
Ø The electrolytic solution consists of a soluble
impurities pass on the adjacent melted zone.
salt of the same metal.
Poling: This method is employed when the Ø On passing the current, the pure metal is
impure metal contains impurities of its own deposited on the cathode and equivalent amount
oxide. of the metal gets dissolved from the anode.
Ø For example. Cu2O in a blister copper and Ø The metal is transferred from anode to cathode
through solution.
SnO2 in impure Sn .
Ø The insoluble impurities settle down below the
Ø The molten impure metal is stirred with green anode as anode mud or anode sludge.
wood poles. The green poles of wood release
Parke’s process: (exclusive for JEE MAINS)
the hydro carbon gases such as CH 4 which Ø This process is used for extraction of Ag from
reduces the oxide impurity present in the metal. Pb.
Cupellation: It is useful when the metal Ø Zn is added to the molten mixture of Pb and
possesses, easily oxidisable impurities of other Ag.
metals. Ø Zn and Pb are not miscible
Ø For example: The impurity of lead present in Ø Ag is more miscible with Zn than Pb.
silver is removed by Cupellation process. Ø Zn - Ag alloy is lighter than molten lead and
Ø The impure silver is fused in a Cupel or Oval have a higher melting point.
shaped Crucible made of bone ash and a blast Ø Zn - Ag alloy forms the upper layer and Zn - Ag
of air is passed over the molten mass. Lead is alloy solidifies earlier than molten Pb.
oxidised to PbO and blown away. Ø Zn being volatile can be separated from Ag by
distillation. Ag is purified by Cupellation.
Vapour phase refining:
Van Arkel method: This method is generally Types of Furnaces: Furnace is a device in
applied for obtaining ultra pure metals. which high temperature is produced either by
Ø The impure metal is converted into a volatile burning a fuel (or) by using electricity.
stable compound while the impurities are not Ø Furnaces are lined with refractory bricks or fire
affected. bricks.
Ø The volatile compound is then decomposed Ø The important parts in a furnace are
electrically to get the pure metal. i) Hearth
Ø Ti and Zr are purified by this method. ii) Fire place (fire box) iii) Chimney
Ti + 2 I 2  500 K
→ TiI 4 Ø In a furnace the ore is placed on the hearth.
Impure metal Volatile Compound Ø In a furnace the fuel burns in the fire place
Ø In a furnace the blue gases escape through the
TiI 4  1700 K
→ Ti + 2 I 2 chimney.
Pure metal
174
Ø The fire place and the hearth are seperated by a Ø Blast Furnace is frequently used for the
partition known as fire bridge. extraction of Fe and Cu from their ores.
Ø The different types of furnaces used are Ø Slag formation plays an important role in the
i) Reverberatory furnace ii) Retort furnace blast furnace as it covers the melted metal and
iii) Blast furnace iv) Shaft furnace thus protects the metal from being reoxidised.
v) Open hearth furnace vi) Muffle furnace Thermodynamic Principles of
vii) Electrical furnace viii) Arc furnace
ix) Bessemer converter.
metallurgy: Gibbs energy concept of
thermodynamics help us in understanding the
Ø The ore along with the substances added to it
theory of metallurgical transformations
(if any) is known as charge.
Ø The charge is placed on the hearth of a furnace. Ø The change in Gibbs energy, ∆G for any process
at any specified temperature, is described by the
Reverberatory Furnace: The principle
equation ∆G = ∆H − T ∆S --------- (1)
involved in reverberatory furnace is indirect
heating. ∆H = enthalpy change
Ø The hot gases and flames produced by the ∆S = entropy change for the process.
burning of fuel in the fire box, reach the top of Ø For any reaction, this change could also be
the furnace and then reflected on to the hearth. explained through the equation.
The charge gets heated. ∆G 0 = − RT ln K --------- (2)
Ø Both roasting and calcination are performed in Where K = Equilibrium constant for “reactant -
a reverberatory furnace. product" system at T.
Ø The efficiency of the furnace is less because the Ø If ∆G is negative the equilibrium constant K is
heat content of waste gases cannot be used positive in equation (1) this happens only when
repeatedly. the reaction proceeds towards products.
Ø This furnace is used in the metallurgy of Cu,
Conclusions: The reaction proceeds forward
Pb, steel etc.,
if the ∆G value is negative.
Blast Furnace: It is a huge Chimney like Ø If
∆S and ∆H are positive, on increasing the
structure which can be between 25 to 60 metres
temperature (T), the value of T ∆S exceeds ∆H
in height and 5 to 10 metres in diameter.
Ø The principle involved in blast furnace is direct and ∆G becomes negative ( ∆H < T ∆S )
heating. Ø If two reactions are occuring together in a system
Ø A conveyor belt called skiphoist carries the and if the sum of ∆G of the two reactions is
charge to the top of the furnace. negative the overall reaction will occur
Ø The charge is introduced into the furnace from spontaneously.
the top by a special arrangement known as Ø The net reaction is called coupled reaction.
double cup and cone arrangement. Ø Such coupling is easily understood through
Ø Hot air is blown through a series of pipes called
Gibbs energy ( ∆G ) Vs T plots for formation
0
tuyeres to heat the charge.

Ø Smelting process is preferd in blast furnace. of the oxides.
Ø Molten mass (products) which collects at the Gibbs energy ( ÄG 0 ) vs temperature(T)
bottom of the furnace (i.e. hearth) is called plots (Ellingham diagram)
smelt. Ø The graphical representation of variation of
Ø It is provided with two tapholes. Molten metal Gibbs energy change with temperature is called
is tapped from the lower one and molten slag Ellingham diagram as it was first used by H.J.T
from the other. Ellingham.
Ø The temperature of furnace at the top (near cup Ø The diagram provides the choice of reducing
and cone) is 300 - 500°C and at tuyere's region agent in the reduction of oxides.
is ≈ 1500°C.
175
Ø The diagram helps us in predicting the For example Cr2O3 can be reduced by Al metal
feasibility of thermal reduction of an ore. but Al2O3 can’t be reduced by Cr.
Ø If ∆G is − Ve the thermal reduction of an ore is Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr .
feasible Ellingham Diagram :
Ø Ellingham Diagram normally consists of plots
of ∆G 0 Vs T for formation of oxides of
Elements i.e, for the reaction.
2 xM ( S ) + O2( g ) → 2M x O( S )
In the above reaction ∆S = −Ve . Thus if
temperature is increased T ∆S becomes more
negative ∴ ∆G 0 becomes less negative, this
results in positive slope of the curve, for most
of the reactions for formation of M X O( S ) .
i.e., ∆G 0 is likely to increase with rise in
temperature.
Ø Each plot is a straight line except when some
change in phase (solid → liq (or) liq → Gas)
taken place.
The temperature at which such change occurs,
is indicated by an increase in the slope on
positive side. Limitations of Ellingham Diagram
Eg: In the Zn, ZnO plot, the melting is indicated
by an abrupt change in the curve. Ø The graph simply indicates whether a reaction
Ø There is a point in a curve below which ∆G is is possible or not. It does not say about the
kinetics of the reduction process.
negative, so MxO is stable. Above this point,
MxO will decompose on its own. Ø The interpretation of ∆G 0 is always based on
Ø In the case of less reactive metals like Ag and equilibrium constant K (∆G0 = −RTlnK ) , thus it
Hg, ∆G 0 becomes positive at high
is presumed that the reactants and products are
temperatures. in equilibrium. But this is not always true
It indicates that both Ag 2 O and HgO are because the reactant or product may be solid.
unstable and decompose at high temperature. Ø Alumina can be reduced by magnesium by the
2 Ag 2 O 
Heat
→ 4 Ag + O2 following conditions The two equations are
2 HgO  Heat

→ 2 Hg + O2 2 4
a) Al2 O3 + 2Mg → 2MgO + Al
Ø In the reaction of formation of CO2 from C 3 3
∆S 0 ≈ 0 ∴ ∆G 0 remains nearly the same with b) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Ø At the point of intersection of the Al2O3 and
rise in temperature. i.e., ∆G 0 is independent of
temperature. MgO curves, the ∆G 0 becomes ZERO for the
Ø In the curve of CO, ∆G 0 decreases as ∆S 0 reaction:
increases. This is indicated by the downward 2 4
trend. Al2 O3 + 2Mg → 2MgO + Al
3 3
Ø The metal oxide placed higher in the diagram
can be reduced by the metal involved in the Below that point magnesium can reduce
formation of the oxide placed lower in the alumina.
diagram.
176
Ø At temperatures below the point of intersection W.E-6: Under certain conditions magnesium can
of Al2O3 and MgO curves, magnesium can reduce SiO2 and silicon can reduce MgO. What
reduce alumina. But the process will be are those conditions?
uneconomical, since magnesium is costlier than Sol. Below the melting point of silicon (1693 K) the
Aluminium.
∆G 0 curve for the formation of SiO2 lies above
Ø The reduction of a metal oxide easier if the metal
the ∆G 0 curve for MgO. Therefore below
formed is in the liquid state at the temperature
of reduction because the entropy is higher if the 1693K, Mg can reduce SiO2 to Si. However
metal is in liquid state than in solid state. above 1693 K, the ∆G 0 curve for MgO lies
above the ∆G 0 curve for SiO2 and therefore, at
Electrochemical principles of metallurgy:
temperatures above 1693 K, Si can reduce MgO
In the reduction of a molten metal salt,
to Mg.
electrolysis is done. Such methods are based on
electrochemical principles which could be METALLURGY OF IRON
understood through the equation ∆G = − nFE Haematite ore ( Fe2O3 )
0 0
n = no. of electrons
E 0 = electrode potential of the redox couple
Concentration of ore by gravity process followed
formed in the system
by electromagnetic separation
Ø More reactive metal have large - ve values of
E 0 , then ∆G becomes +ve, so their
0
Roasting
reduction is difficult.
Ø If the difference of two E 0 values corresponds Ore+air  → Moisture, CO2 , SO2 , As2O3 are
heat
removed and FeO is oxidized into ferric

to a positive E 0 and consequently ∆G 0
oxide
becomes negative, then less reactive metal will
come out of the solution and the more reactive S + O2 → SO2
metal will go to the solution 4 As + 3O2 → 2 As2O3
+2
Eg:- Cu + Fe → Cu + Fe +2
( aq ) (s ) (s ) ( aq )
Calcination
Fe2 O3 .3 H 2 O → Fe2 O3 + 3 H 2 O
W.E-5:The value of ∆ f G 0 for the formation of FeCO3 → FeO + CO2
Cr2O3 is -540 KJ mol-1 and that of Al2O3 is -
827 KJ mol-1. Is reduction of Cr2O3 possible Smelting
with Al? Smelting is done in a blast furnace
Sol. The two equations are (ore+coke + limestone) (8 : 4 : 1 ratio)
Reactions taking place in the blast furnace:
3
1) 2 Al + O2 → Al2O3 ∆ f G = −827 Kj mol
0 −1 1. Combustion Zone: This is the lowest part of
2 the furnace above hearth where the temperature
3 is about 15000-16000C C + O2 → CO2
2) 2Cr + O2 → Cr2O3 ∆ f G 0 = −540 KJ mol −1
2 Ø CO2 rises upwards.
Subtracting equation (2) from (1) we get 2. Reduction Zone:
Ø This is the upper most part of the furnace. The
Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr ∆ r G 0 = −287 KJ mol −1
temperature varies from 2500-7000C
This combined reaction is feasible since ∆G 0 Ø The oxide ore is reduced to iron in this zone.
has negative value. i.e., 300−400 C0
reduction of Cr2O3 by Al is possible

3Fe2O3 + CO  →2Fe3O4 + CO2
177
500 − 600 C 0 Ø Wrought Iron (Malleable iron): It is the
Fe3O4 + CO  → 3FeO + CO2
purest form of iron.
Ø
0
FeO + CO  700 C
→ Fe + CO2 It contains the lowest percentage of carbon from
The oxide ore which escapes reduction, gets 0.1 to 0.25% and 0.3% other impurities.
completely reduced by carbon above 8500C Ø It is manufactured from cast iron by puddling
Ø In the reduction reactions, heat is also evolved process.
which decomposes part of carbon monoxide into Ø Puddling furnace is a special type of
carbon. 2CO  → CO2 + C . reverberatory furnace in which wrought iron is
manufactured.
3. Slag formation Zone (Heat absorption Ø The hearth of the furnace is lined with haematite
zone): This is the central zone where the (Fe2O3).
temperature varies from 800-10000C
Ø The cast iron is melted on the hearth of the
CO2 is reduced to CO furnace by the hot gases and stirred with long
CO2 + C → 2CO iron rods.
0
Ø Oxides of carbon and sulphur being volatile
CaCO3 
1000 C
→ CaO + CO2 escape while those of Mn, P and Si form slag.
CaO + SiO2 
→ CaSiO3 3C + Fe2O3 → 2 Fe + 3CO
( flux ) ( gangue ) ( slag )
Ø Silicates, phosphates and manganates present as 3Si + 2 Fe2O3 → 3SiO2 + 4 Fe

impurities in ore are reduced to Si, P and Mn 3Mn + Fe2O3 → 3MnO + 2 Fe
respectively.
MnO + SiO2 → MnSiO3 ( slag )
P4O10 + 10C 
→ 4 P + 10CO
6 P + 5 Fe2O3 → 3P2O5 + 10 Fe
SiO2 + 2C 
→ Si + 2CO
MnO2 + 2C  → Mn + 2CO P2O5 + Fe2O3 → 2 FePO4 ( slag )
These are partly absorbed by iron (spongy) and Ø With the removal of impurities, the melting point
partly by slag. of the metal rises and it becomes a semi-solid
4. Zone of fusion: This is a zone just above the mass from this almost pure iron (wrought iron)
zone of combustion. The temperature ranges is produced.
between 1200-15000C. Ø Steel: It is the most important industrial form
Ø The spongy iron which has absorbed already C, of iron. The percentage of carbon in it is
Si, P, Mn etc. melts at 13000C and collects at 0.25%-2%.
the bottom of the hearth. Ø Types of steel: Steel is of following types
Ø The slag which being lighter, floats over the depending upon the amount of carbon.
molten iron and prevents the oxidation of molten Ø Mild steel: Such steel has a low percentage of
metal. carbon and show elasticity, hardness and some
Molten metal on solidification gives Pig iron other properties of the wrought iron.
(Remelted and cooled) Ø Hard steel: Such steel is hard and brittle and
Cast iron (Fe = 93%, C = 4% and impurities has a high percentage of carbon.
of Mn, P, Si etc = 3%) Ø Alloy steel: When steel is mixed with small
Iron and Its Forms amount of Ni, Co, Cr, W, Mo, Mn it acquires
some special properties.This kind of steel is
Ø White Cast Iron: When the molten pig iron
called alloy steel. It can be manufactured by
is suddenly cooled, the iron is called white cast
following processes:
iron. It has carbon in the form of cementite
1. Bessemer’s process
( Fe3C ) 2. Siemens Martin process (open hearth process)
Ø Grey Cast Iron: When molten pig iron is 3. Electric process
cooled down slowly the iron is called grey cast 4. Duplex process
iron. It has carbon in the form of graphite. 5. LD process
178
The Bessemer’s Process: The process is Ø Spiegeleisen (an alloy of Fe, Mn and Carbon) is
based on the fact that impurities of pig iron are added to the molten mass to obtain desired steel.
completely oxidised in presence of hot air blast. Ø The open hearth process has following
i.e., virtually wrought iron is obtained. advantage over the Bessemer’s process:
Ø This is then mixed with a known amount of 1. The temperature can be controlled as the heating
spiegeleisen, an alloy of iron, manganese and is done externally.
carbon to obtain steel. 2. As it is a slow process, it can be controlled in
Ø Bessemer converter lined with silica bricks, if better way, the composition and quality can be
the impurities are manganese, silicon. well controlled
Chemical reactions are: 3. The loss of iron in this process is only 4% while
Si + O2 → SiO2 ; 2 Mn + O2 → 2 MnO the loss is about 15% in Bessemer’s process.
4. In this process scrap iron is reused.
MnO + SiO2 → MnSiO3 5. Steel manufactured is of better quality
( slag )
Ø Some iron is also oxidised which converts the Types of iron

carbon into carbon monoxide (CO burns with
blue flame at the mouth of the converter)
4 Fe + 3O2 → 2 Fe2O3 ; Fe2O3 + 3C → 2 Fe + 3CO
Ø When cast iron or pig iron contains phosphorus
as an impurity, a basic lining of CaO or MgO is
used in the Bessemer converter.
Ø Phosphorus is oxidised to P4O10 which combines
with CaO to form calcium phosphate as slag.
4 P + 5O2 → P4O10
6CaO + P4O10 → 2Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2
Ø This slag is used as a fertilizer and known as
Thomas slag.
Siemens Martin process (open hearth
process): This is the modern process and the
furnace used consists of an open hearth.
Ø Silica lining is used if the impurities are
manganese, silicon etc. and Calcined dolomite Heat treatment of steels: [Exclusive for
(CaO.MgO) lining is used if much of JEE-MAIN]
phosphorus is present.
a. Annealing: It is a process of heating steel to
Ø A high temperature of about 15000C is generated
by burning producer gas which works on bright redness and then cooling it very slowly.
regenerative system of heat economy. Ø This treatment makes the steel soft and ductile.
Ø The charge consists of pig or cast iron, iron This type of steel is used in fabrication process.
scrap, iron ore (haematite) and lime. b. Quenching: It is a process of heating steel to
Ø The charge is heated on the hearth of the furnace. bright redness and then cooling it suddenly by
The impurities are oxidised by iron ore. plunging it in water or oil.
MnO + SiO2 → MnSiO3 Ø Such a steel is extremely hard and brittle. It has
( slag )
very low elasticity.
6CaO + P4O10 → 2Ca3 ( PO4 )2 c. Tempering: It is a process of heating the
( slag )
quenched steel to a temperature much below
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
( slag ) redness and then cooling it slowly.
179
Ø Such steel is neither so hard nor so brittle. Silica, Coke, roasted ore are smelted in blast
Ø In the process of tempering, a thin film of the furnace in presence of air to get matte
oxide is formed on the surface of steel.
Most of the iron sulphide is oxidised to ferrous
d. Case Hardening: The process of producing a oxide
thin coating of hardened steel on the surface of
2 FeS + 3O2 → 2 FeO + 2SO2
the mild steel is called case hardening.
Ø This is done by heating the mild steel with FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 , ( slag )
charcoal and then plunging into oil.
Ø Such a steel becomes resistant to wear and tear.
e. Nitriding: The process of producing a hard  
coating of iron nitride on the surface of steel is Matte  Cu2 S + FeS 
 
( more quantity ) ( Small quantity )
called nitriding.
Ø Steel is headed in the atmosphere of dry
ammonia at 500-6000C Bessemerisation
Ø A hard coating of iron nitride is produced on Bessemerisation in bessemer converter in
the surface. presence of air.
Remaining ferrous sulphide gets oxidised.
METALLURGY OF COPPER
2 FeS + 3O2 → 2 FeO + 2SO2
Copper pyrites (CuFeS2 )
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 ( slag )
Part of cuprous sulphide is oxidised which
crushed and sieved the ore combines with remaining cuprous sulphide to
form copper metal.
Concentrated by froth floatation method 2Cu2 S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2 SO2

Powdered ore + water + pine oil +
2Cu2O + Cu2 S  → 6Cu + SO2
air → sulphide ore in the froth. Autoreduction
Roasting in reverberatory furnace in Blister Copper (98%Cu+2% Impurities)

presence of air
S + O2 → SO2 Electrolytic refining
4As+3O 2 → 2As2O3 Anode : Impure copper plates,
Cathode: pure copper plates
2CuFeS 2 + O2 → Cu2 S + 2 FeS + SO2
Electrolyte: CuSO4 solution + H 2 SO4
The sulphides of copper and iron are partially
oxidised Pure copper deposits at cathode
(99.6%-99.9% pure)
2Cu2 S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
The more electropositive impurities like Fe, Zn,
2 FeS + 3O2 → 2 FeO + 2 SO2 Ni, Co etc dissolve in the solution and less
electropositive impurities such as Ag, Au and
Pt collect below the anode in the form of anodic
Smelting mud.
180
METALLURGY OF SILVER Reduction: ZnO + C → Zn + CO (Belgian process)

(exclusive for JEE MAINS) Heating is done by producer gas
Argentite ( Ag 2 S )
Zn (spelter) (impurities Pb, Fe, Cd, As etc)
Concentration by froth floatation process
powdered ore + water + pine oil + air → Froth Purification by distillation 9500 C − 10000 C .
carrying sulphide ore particles
Only zinc (boiling point 9070C) and Cd (boling
point 7670C) distil over. From this sample Cd is
Cyanidation removed at 8000C
Concentrated ore + aq. NaCN solution (0.4% - or
0.6%) + air Electrolytic refining
XXV 2 Na  Ag (CN )  + Na2 S Anode: Impure metal, Cathode: Pure Al. sheet,
Ag 2 S + 4 NaCN WXX  2
Sodium arg ento cyanide
Electrolyte: Solution of zinc sulphate.
Pure Zn deposits on cathode
4 Na2 S + 5O2 + 2 H 2O → 2 Na2 SO4 + 4 NaOH + 2 S
Extraction of Aluminium: Aluminium is
(filtrate) the third most abundant element found in nature
next to oxygen and Silicon.
Precipitation of silver with zinc
Ø Baeyer's Process: Red bauxite (main impurity
2 N a  A g (C N )2  + Z n → 2 A g + N a 2  Z n (C N )4 
( black ppt ) is Fe2O3) is purified by this process.
Ø Powdered Bauxite is first roasted to convert
Black precipitate of Ag + KNO3 Fuse
→ ferrous oxide impurity present in it into ferric
Compact mass (silver metal) oxide
Ø The roasted bauxite ore is dissolved in Conc.
Electrolytic refining NaOH solution at 423 K giving sodium meta
Anode: Impure silver aluminate ( NaAlO2 )
Cathode: Pure silver plate
Ø The clear aqueous solution of NaAlO 2 is
Electrolyte: AgNO3 solution + HNO3
diluted with water and pinch of Al (OH )3 is
Pure silver deposits on the cathode.
added to it. The solution is agitated well.
METALLURGY OF ZINC
Zinc Blende (ZnS) Al (OH )3 added act as seeding agent. NaAlO 2
undergoes hydrolysis giving Al (OH )3

Concentration by froth floatation process
Powdered ore + water + pine oil + air → froth Ø The Al (OH )3 is ignited at 12000 C gives pure
carrying sulphide ore particles Al2O3 .
Ø The pure Al2O3 is known as Alumina.
Roasting in reverberatory furnace
Al2O3 2H 2O(s ) + 2NaOH (aq ) →
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
2NaAlO 2(aq ) + 3H 2O(l )
ZnS + 2O2 → ZnSO4
2ZnSO4 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 + O2 NaAlO2(aq ) + 2H 2O(l ) → NaOH(aq ) + Al (OH )3 ↓
12000 C
2Al (OH )3 
→ Al2O3 + 3H 2O
181
Hall's Process: Bauxite is fused with Ø Cryolite increases the conductivity and CaF2
Na 2CO3 to get NaAlO 2 , the fused mass is reduces the fusion temperature of Al2O3 .
extracted with water where Fe2O3 and SiO2
Ø The fusion temperature is reduced to 9000C and
remain insoluble in the residue. These are
it becomes a good conductor of electricity.
removed by filteration.
Ø Electrolysis is carried out in an iron tank
Ø CO 2 gas is passed into the aqueous solution of lined inside with carbon which acts as
NaAlO 2 at 50 to 600C to get Al (OH )3 .
cathode.
Ø Anode consists of a number of carbon rods
Ø The Al (OH )3 on strong heating at 12000 C suspended in the electrolyte from the top of
gives alumina. the cell.
Ø The fused electrolyte (a mixture containing
Al2O3 + Na 2CO3 → 2NaAlO 2 + CO 2 ↑ alumina, cryolite and fluorspar) is covered with
2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2O + CO 2 → a layer of coke.
Ø The temperature is maintained at 900 - 9500C
2Al (OH )3 ↓ + Na 2CO3 at which the following reactions take place at
12000 C
the electodes.
2Al (OH )3 
→ Al2O3 + 3H 2O Dissociation of cryolite
Serpeck's Process: white bauxite (main Na3 AlF6 → 3 NaF + AlF3
impurity is silica) is purified by this process. Ionisation of aluminium fluoride
Ø Powdered Bauxite and Coke is heated in N 2 at XXV Al 3+ + 3F −
AlF3 WXX
1800o C . Ø Aluminium ions move towards the cathode and
Ø Silica is reduced to silicon which volatalises off discharge as aluminium metal. Fluoride ions
at this temperature, alumina is converted to move towards the anode and discharge as
aluminium nitride. fluorine.
18000 C At cathode (reduction) : Al +3 + 3 e → Al
Al2O3 + 3C + N 2 
→ 2AlN + 3CO ↑
SiO 2 + 2C → Si ↑ +2CO ↑ At anode (oxidation) : 2 F − → F2 + 2 e
The liberated fluorine reacts with alumina to
Ø AlN on hydrolysis gives Al (OH )3 and NH3
form AlF3 and O2 . The oxygen attacks the
gas( by product)
carbon anode to form CO and CO2. Anodes are
AlN + 3H 2O → Al (OH )3 + NH 3 replaced frequently.
Ø Al (OH )3 on ignition gives Al2O3 2 Al2O3 + 6 F2 → 4 AlF3 + 3O2
12000 C 2C + O2 → 2CO ; C + O2 → CO2
2Al (OH )3 
→ Al2O3 + 3H 2O
Aluminium obtained in this process is 99% pure.
Ø Pure Al2O3 is a bad conductor of electricity and
Hoope's Process
its fusion temperature is very high
(about 20000C) hence it can’t be electrolysed. Ø Electrolyte: Fused mixture of Fluorides of
sodium, Barium and Aluminium saturated with
Hall-Heroult Process: Al metal is obtained
Al2O3
by the electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten
Ø Cathode: Pure Aluminium layer in which
cryolite.
graphite rods are suspended.
Ø Electrolyte: Al2O3 dissolved in molten Ø Anode: Impure Aluminium layer having
cryolite to which a small quantity of CaF2 is contact with carbon plate fixed at the bottom of
also added. the electrolytic cell.
182
Ø On electrolysis, aluminium is deposited at W.E-7: Why magnesium oxide is used for the lining
cathode from the middle layer and an equivalent in steel making furnace?
amount of aluminium is taken up by the middle Sol. Magnesium oxide acts as a flux to remove
layer from the bottom layer. impurities of Si, P and S through slag formation
Ø Aluminium is transferred from bottom to the top
layer through middle layer, while the impurities MgO + SiO2 → MgSiO3
are left behind 3MgO + P2O5 → Mg3 ( PO4 ) 2
Ø The aluminium metal obtained in Hoope's
process is 99.98% pure. MgO + SO2 → MgSO3
Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and
Iron LEVEL-I (C.W)
Aluminium
Ø Aluminium foils are used as wrappers for INTRODUCTION
chocolates. 1. Which of the following metal occurs in native
Ø The fine dust of Al metal is used in paints and state
lacquers 1) Ca 2) Au 3) Zn 4) Al
Ø Aluminium is also used in the extraction of 2. Which of the following metal cannot occur
chromium and manganese from their oxides. in native state?
Ø Aluminium wires are used as electricity 1) Cu 2) Zn 3) Ag 4) Fe
conductors. 3. The least electropositive metal among the
Ø Alloys of aluminium, being light, are very useful following is
in aircraft industry. 1) Au 2) Mg 3) Al 4) Zn
Copper 4. The weakest reducing agent among the
Ø Copper is used for making electrical wires following is
Ø Used in water and steam pipes. 1) Hydrogen gas 2) Coke
Ø Used in several alloys (brass, bronze, coinage 3) Carbon monoxide gas 4) Aluminium metal
alloy) 5. The magnetic oxide of iron is
Zinc 1) Haematite 2) Magnetite
Ø Zinc is used for galvanising iron 3) Siderite 4) Limonite
Ø Used in batteries. 6. The formula of calamine ore is
Ø In alloys Brass (Copper 60% + Zinc 40%) 1) ZnS 2) FeCO3 3) ZnCO3 4) Cu2 S
german silver (Copper 50-60% Zinc 25-30%, 7. Bauxite is an oxide mineral of
Ni 20-30%) 1) Barium 2) Boron 3) Bismuth 4) Aluminium
Ø Zinc dust is used as a reducing agent in the 8. The chief ore of aluminium is
manufacture of dye-stuffs paints, etc 1) Alunite 2) Bauxite 3) Cryolite 4) Feldspar
Cast iron 9. Which is not a mineral of aluminium
Ø Cast iron is used for casting stoves, railway 1) Anhydrite 2) Bauxite
sleepers, gutter pipes, toys etc. 3) Corundum 4) Diaspore
Ø Used in the manufacture of wrought iron and 10. Pyrolusite is the oxide mineral of
steel 1) Iron 2) Selenium
Nickel steel 3) Manganese 4) Magnesium
Ø Nickel steel for making cables, automobiles and 11. Which one of the following doesnot occur as
aeroplane parts. Chrome steel for cutting tools sulphide ore
and crushing machines. 1) Zn 2) Cr 3) Ag 4) Fe
Stainless steel 12. The most abundant element in the earth crust
Ø Stainless steel for cycles, automobiles, utensils, is
pens, etc. 1) O 2) Si 3) gold 4) iron
183
13. Which of the following is the heaviest metal 25. The olive oil used in froth floatation process
1) U 2) Ra 3) Pb 4) Hg is called
14. Essential constituent of amalgam is 1) Frothing agent 2) Lubricating agent
1) Alkali metal 2) Silver 3) Conditioning agent 4) Both 1 and 2
3) Mercury 4) Iron 26. Which one of the following is used as
15. Malachite is an ore of conditioner in froth floatation process
1) Silver 2) Mercury 1) Pine oil 2) Sodium ethyl xanthate
3) Magnesium 4) Copper 3) Sodium carbonate 4) Olive oil
16. Composition of Azurite mineral is 27. The collecting agent in froth floatation
1) CuCO3 .CuO process is
1) Sodium ethyl xanthate 2) CuSO4
2) Cu ( HCO3 )2 .Cu (OH )2
3) Lime 4) Water
3) 2CuCO3 .Cu (OH )2 28. Leaching is a process of
1) Reduction 2) Concentration
4) CuCO3 .2Cu (OH )2 3) Refining 4) Oxidation
17. The ore having two metal atoms is 29. Which of the following metal is leached by
1) Haematite 2) Galena Cyanide process
3) Magnatite 4) Copper pyrites 1) Ag 2) Na 3) Al 4) Cu
18. Formula of ruby copper is .
1) Cu2O 2) Cu2 S EXTRACTION OF METALS
30. The extraction of metal from the ore is
3) CuCO3 .Cu (OH )2 4) CuFeS2
1) an oxidation process 2) a reduction process
CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE 3) a hydration process
19. Hand picking method is used for the 4) a neutralisation process
concentration of following ore 31. Carbon cannot be used to reduce
1) Cassiterite 2) Haematite 1) ZnO 2) SnO2 3) Fe2O3 4) Al2O3
3) Calamine 4) Galena
32. Hydro metallurgy is used in the extraction
20. The earthy impurities present in the mineral
of
are called
1) Cu 2) Au 3) Ag 4) All
1) flux 2) slag 3) gangue
33. Silver is displaced when zinc is added to
4) refractory material
aqueous sodium argento cyanide This
21. Method used for the concentration of tinstone
method of extracting silver is an example for
ore is
1) Leaching 2) Hydro metallurgy
1) Hand picking 2) Froth floatation
3) Pyrometallurgy 4) Liquation
3) Magnetic separation 4) Leaching
34. Aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of
22. The magnetic impurity present in cassiterite
ore is pure Al2O3 dissolved in
1) Silica 2) Wolframite 3) SnO 4) Clay 1) Alumina 2) Bauxite 3) Cryolite 4) Felspar
2
23. Generally sulphide ores are concentrated by 35. In the metallurgy of Fe, when CaCO3 is
following process [EAMCET (Med) 2014] added to blast furnace, calcium ion appears
1) Hand picking 2) Washing with water as
3) Leaching 4) Froth floatation 1) CaO 2) metallic Ca 3) gangue 4) slag
24. The ore that is concentrated by froth 36. Electrochemical process (electrolysis of fused
floatation process is salt) is employed to extract
1) Chalcopyrites 2) Cryolite 1) Iron 2) Mg 3) Na 4) Both Na and Mg
3) Cuprite 4) Calamine
184
37. A mixture of haematite, coke and limestone 50. When Bauxite is heated with NaOH solution,
on heating in blast furnace gives molten iron the water soluble compound formed is
metal. This is known as 1) NaAlO 2 2) Na 3AlO3 3) Al (OH )3 4) Al2O3
1) Smelting 2) Calcination
3) Roasting 4) Liquation 51. The first step involved in the purification of
38. In the extraction of iron from haematite, the white bauxite by Serpeck's method is
charge used is haematite, coke and lime stone 1) Treatment of bauxite with concentrated
in the following weight ratio solution of caustic soda under pressure at 423K
1) 1 : 1 : 1 2) 8 : 4 : 1 3) 8 : 1 : 4 4) 1 : 4 : 8 2) Fusion of powdered bauxite with sodium
39. The slag formed in the blast furnace during carbonate.
the extraction of iron from haematite is 3) Heating of powdered bauxite with coke in a
current of nitrogen.
1) Ca3 ( PO4 )2 2) CaSiO3 4) None of the above.
3) FeSiO3 4) MnSiO3 REFINING
40. The iron formed in blast furnace is called 52. Which of the following metal is refined by
1) Pig iron 2) Wrought iron distillation method
3) Steel 4) Cast iron 1) Zinc 2) Iron 3) Tin 4) Copper
41. The most impure form of iron is 53. Zone refining method is used for refining
1) Wrought iron 2) mild steel 1) Al 2) Ge 3) Cu 4) Fe
3) hard steel 4) cast iron 54. Zone refining is a method to obtain
42. The copper metal is extracted from its 1) very high temperature 2) ultra pure Al
1) Carbonate ore 2) Sulphide ore 3) ultra pure metals 4) ultra pure oxides
3) Sulphate ore 4) Chloride ore 55. A metal contains, metal oxide as impurity.
43. In the extraction of copper, the slag formed The method used to refine this metal is
in the blast furnace is 1) Poling 2) Liquation
1) CaSiO3 2) FeSiO3 3) Ca3 ( PO4 )2 4) MnSiO3 3) Cupellation 4) Distillation
44. In the extraction of Cu from its sulphide ore, 56. Metal refined by cupellation process is
1) Ag 2) Fe 3) Zn 4) Sn
the metal is formed by reduction of Cu2O
57. Which of the following pair of metals is
with purified by Van Arkel method
1) FeS 2) CO 3) Cu2 S 4) SO2 1) Ga and In 2) Zr and Ti
45. Blister Cu is about 3) Ag and Au 4) Ni and Fe
1) 60% cu 2) 90% Cu 3) 98% Cu 4) 100% Cu 58. 100% copper is obtained from crude copper
46. The impurity present in Blister copper is by
1) FeS 2) Cu2O 3) Cu2 S 4) FeO 1) Zone refining 2) electrorefining
47. Belgian process is used for the extraction of 3) liquation 4) poling
1) Cu 2) Ag 3) Zn 4) Fe
48. Which of the following method is not used LEVEL-I (C.W) - KEY
for the concentration of bauxite ore 1) 2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1 5) 2 6) 3 7) 4
1) Serpeck's method 2) Baeyer's method 8) 2 9) 1 10) 3 11) 2 12) 1 13) 1 14) 3
3) Hoope's method 4) Hall's method 15) 4 16) 3 17) 4 18) 1 19) 2 20) 3 21) 3
49. Name the method used for the purification
of red bauxite where the following reaction 22) 2 23) 4 24) 1 25) 1 26) 3 27) 1 28) 2
is involved 29) 1 30) 2 31) 4 32) 4 33) 2 34) 3 35) 4
Al2O3.2 H 2O + Na2CO3 → 36) 4 37) 1 38) 2 39) 2 40) 1 41) 4 42) 2
2 NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2 H 2O 43) 2 44) 3 45) 3 46) 2 47) 3 48) 3 49) 2
1) Baeyer's method 2) Hall's method 50) 1 51) 3 52) 1 53) 2 54) 3 55) 1 56) 1
3) Serpeck's method 4) Hoope's method 57) 2 58) 2
185
LEVEL-I (C.W) - HINTS 50. NaAlO 2 is formed
1. Au occurs in native state 51. Heating of powdered bauxite with coke in a
2. Zn - cannot occur in native state current of nitrogen to form AlN.
3. Least electropositive metal is Au. 52. Zn has low M.P. & B.P.
4. H 2 among H 2 , CO,C,Al is weakest reducing 53. Ge - refined by zone refining
agent 55. Poling is used to refine metals having oxide
impurity
5. Magnetite - Fe3O4
56. Ag is refined by cupellation
6. Calamine - ZnCO3 58. Electrorefining - purification of crude Cu
7. Bauxite- Al2O3.2H 2O
8. Bauxite - Chief ore of Al LEVEL-I (H.W)
10. Pyrolusite - MnO2.
17. Copper pyrites contain copper and iron metal INTRODUCTION
atoms. 1. The chief constituent and impurity of the
19. Haematite is concentrated by hand picking gemstone ‘Ruby’ respectively are
20. Earthy impurities in minerals are called gangue 1) Al2O3 and Cu 2) Al2O3 and Cr
22. Wolframite is the magnetic impurity 3) CrO 3
and Cu 4) Cr2O3 and Al
23. Sulphide ores are concentrated by froth 2. The most abundant ore of iron is
floatation process 1) haematite 2) limonite
25. Olive oil is frothing agent 3) magnetite 4) siderite
26. Na2CO3 is used as conditioner. 3. Malachite and azurite are __ ores of copper
27. Sodium ethyl xanthate acts as collecting agent 1) carbonate 2) oxide 3) sulphide 4) silicate
30. Extraction of metal from its ore is a reduction 4. Which of the following is a sulphide ore?
process 1) Magnetite 2) Haematite
31. Al2O3 cannot be reduced by carbon 3) Calamine 4) Ironpyrites
5. Commercially important ore of lead is
2Na  Ag (CN )2  + Zn →
  1) Siderite 2) Galena
33. 3) Sphalerite 4) Haematite
Na 2  Zn (CN )4  + 2Ag 6. Which of the following differs from others?
(Hydrometallurgy) 1) Chalcopyrites 2) Fool’s gold
3) Calamine 4) Sphalerite
34. Na 3AlF6 is used along with Al2O3 7. Which of the following is not a hydrated oxide
36. Both Na and Mg are extracted by electrolysis mineral?
process. 1) Bauxite 2) Corundum
39. CaO + SiO 2 → CaSiO3 3) Diaspore 4) Gibsite
40. Pig iron is formed in Blast furnace 8. The salt which is least likely to be found in
41. Cast iron contains 4% carbon as impurity mineral is
1) Chloride 2) Sulphate
42. Cu 2S & CuFeS2
3) Nitrate 4) Sulphide
43. FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE
45. Blister copper is 98% pure copper 9. Identify the correct match
46. Cu 2O is the impurity in blister Cu 1) Leaching : Ag and Au
47. Zn is extracted by Belgian process 2) Hydraulic Washing : Sulphide ores
48. Hoope’s process- refining of Al 3) Froth floatation : Oxide and Carbonate
49. Hall's method ores
4) Magnetic separation: Silicates
186
10. Identify the non-magnetic mineral from the 21. Roasting of copper ore is carried out in which
following. of the following furnace?
1) SnO2 2) TiO2 3) FeWO4 4) FeO.Cr2O3 1) Reverberatory furnace
11. Which of the following is used for the 2) Blast furnace
separation of ZnS and PbS during the froth 3) Either reverberatory furnace or blast furnace
floatation process? 4) Neither 1 nor 2
1) KCl 2) KCN 22. Smelting is usually carried out in
3) NH4NO3 4) None of these 1) Open hearth furnace 2) Blast furnace
12. Mac Arthur process is used for 3) Electric furnace 4) Muffle furnace
1) Ag 2) O2 3) Fe 4) Cl 23. In oxidising roasting of ZnS, products are
13. Identify the incorrect statement from the 1) ZnO + ZnSO4 + SO2 2) ZnCl2
following in froth floatation method 3) ZnO + SO2 4) Zn + SO2
1) Froth carries the mineral particles 24. Ag2S ore is mixed with NaCl and heated in
2) Froth carries the gangue particles the presence of air then products formed are
3) Froth collectors enhance the non-wettability 1) AgCl + Na2SO4 2) AgCl + Na2S
of the mineral particles with water 3) AgCl + SO2 4) Ag + SO2
4) The mineral particles become wet by oils 25. At the point of intersection for any two
while gangue particles become wet by water. reactions in Ellingham diagram, the Gibbs
14. Which of the following is a froth stabilizer in energy ( ∆G ) change becomes
the froth floatation process? 1) > 1 2) 1 3) < 0 4) 0
1) Fatty acids 2) Aniline 26. Which of the following statements is correct?
3) Pine oil 4) Xanthates 1) The rate of reaction cannot be understood
15. Which of the following acts as “activator” in from Ellingham diagram
the froth floatation process? 2) During the formation of metal oxide
1) KCN 2) NaCN
∆S becomes negative and ∆G becomes positive
3) Sodium ethyl Xanthate 4) Copper sulphate
resulting in positive slope
16. Bauxite ore is made up of Al2O3 + SiO2 + TiO2
3) There is an abrupt change in the slope of
+ Fe2O3. This ore is treated with conc.NaOH
solution at 500 K and 35 bar pressure for few Ellingham line when change in phase ( s → l ) or
hours and filtered hot. In the filtrate, the (l → g ) takes place.
species present are 4) All the above.
1) NaAl(OH)4 only 2) Na2Ti(OH)6 only 27. During the manufacture of cast iron, the slag
3) NaAl(OH)4 and Na2SiO3 both (CaSiO3 ) is formed in. [EAM(Med)2013]
4) Na2SiO3 only
1) Zone of heat absorption
EXTRACTION OF METALS 2) Zone of reduction only
17. To which of the following ores,calcination 3) Zone of fusion only
process is not applicable. 4) Zone of reduction and Zone of fusion
1) ZnS 2) Al2O32H2O 28. Which one of the following forms of iron is
3) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 4) CaCO3 called Malleable iron?
18. Roasting is carried out in case of 1) Wrought iron 2) Cast iron
1) Iron pyrites 2) Galena 3) Pig iron 4) Spiegel
3) Copper glance 4) All 29. In the metallurgy of copper, blister copper is
19. Which among the following is a basic flux obtained from
1) Borax 2) CaO 3) SiO2 4) P2O5 1) Bessemer converter
20. Which among the following is a acidic flux 2) Reverberatory furnace
1) SiO2 2) MgCO3 3) CaCO3 4) Fe2O3 3) Blast furnace 4) Electrolytic tank
187
30. When the sample of copper with Zn impurity REFINING
is to be purified by electrolysis, the 37. Tin and lead can be refined by
appropriate electrode are 1) Liquation 2) Cupellation
Cathode Anode 3) Poling 4) Bessemerisation
1) Pure copper Impure sample 38. Silver containing lead as an impurity is
2) Pure Zinc Pure copper purified by
3) Impure sample Pure copper 1) Poling 2) Distillation
4) Impure Zinc Impure sample 3) Cupellation 4) Levigation
31. In Belgian process, for reduction of ZnO to 39. The process used in the refining of aluminium
Zn reductant is
and Zn metals are respectively. [EAM(Med)2010]
1)Water gas 2) Coal or Coke
1) Hoope’s process and fractional distillation
3) Al 4) H2
2) Poling and fractional distillation
32. Which of the following statements with
3) Hoope’s process and Cupellation
respect to electrochemical principles of
4) Cupellation and fractional distillation
metallurgy are not correct?
40. Which of the following methods is useful for
1) In simple electrolysis, the M n + ions are
separating pure forms of low melting metals?
discharged at positive electrodes 1) Liquation 2) Distillation
2) More reactive metals have large negative 3) Poling 4) Vapour phase refining
values of the electrode potential, thus their
41. The metal that is purified by ‘poling’ method
reduction is difficult
is
3) Positive E0, results in negative ∆G , the 1) Copper 2) Silver 3) Aluminium 4) Iron
reaction would be spontaneous, thus less 42. Van Arkel method of purification of metals
reactive metal will come out of the solution and involves converting the metal to a
more reactive metal will go into the solution. 1) Volatile stable compound
4) If, for a cell, E0 is negative, the value of 2) Non-volatile stable compound
∆G for the cell reaction would be +ve and the 3) Volatile unstable compound
reaction would not be feasible. 4) None of the above
33. Which of the following products is not 43. The metal for which, its property of
formed at the anode in the Hall - Heroult formation of volatile complex is taken into
electrolysis process? account for its extraction is
1) CO2 2) O2 3) Cl2 4) F2 1) Nickel 2) Iron 3) Cobalt 4) Vanadium
34. In the extraction of iron in the blast furnace,
44. Zone refining is based on the principle of
the reducing agent for the ore is
1) fractional distillation
1) Carbon monoxide 2) Carbon dioxide
2) fractional crystallisation
3) Carbon 4) Silica
3) partition coefficient
35. The chemical reaction that involves roasting
4) chromatographic separation
process is:
[EAMCET(Eng)2010] LEVEL-I (H.W) - KEY
1) Fe2 O3 + 3CO → 2 Fe + 3CO2 1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 4 5) 2 6) 3 7) 2
2) 2 Al + Fe2 O3 → 2 Fe + Al2 O3 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 13) 2 14) 2
3) 2 ZnS + 3O2 → 2 ZnO + 3SO2 15) 4 16) 3 17) 1 18) 4 19) 2 20) 1 21) 1
4) FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 22) 2 23) 3 24) 1 25) 4 26) 4 27) 1 28) 1
36. The common method of extraction of metal 29) 1 30) 1 31) 2 32) 1 33) 3 34) 1 35) 3
from oxide ore is
1) reduction with carbon 2) reduction with Al 36) 1 37) 1 38) 3 39) 1 40) 1 41) 1 42) 1
3) reduction with H2 4) electrolytic method 43) 1 44) 2
188
LEVEL-I (H.W) - HINTS

LEVEL-II (C.W)
3. Malachite: CuCO3 .Cu (OH )2
Azurite : 2CuCO3.Cu (OH )2 INTRODUCTION
(these are carbonate ores) 1. Which one of the following is the mineral for
Tin? [EAMCET (Eng) 2010]
4. Iron pyrites: FeS2 1) Galena 2) Cerussite
6. Calamine is a carbonate ore but others are 3) Cassiterite 4) Anglesite
sulphide ores 2. Which of the following set of elements mostly
7. Corundum : Al2O3 occur as sulphide ores.
1) Zn, Cu, Na 2) Zn, Cu, Pb
10. SnO2 is a non magnetic mineral 3) Fe, Al, Ti 4) Cu, Ag, Au
11. KCN can be used as a depressant in the 3. Which of the following statement is not
separation of ores of ZnS and PbS correct
14. Aniline is a froth stabilizer 1) Silver glance mainly contains silver sulphide
2) Gold is found in native state
15. CuSO4 is an activator in the froth floatation
process 3) Zinc blende mainly contains ZnCl2
16. Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH + H2O → Sodium

2Na[ Al (OH )4 ] 4) Copper pyrites also contains Fe2O3
aluminate (soluble)
CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE
SiO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2 SiO3 + H 2O
4. Leaching can be used for the extraction of
17. ZnS undergoes roasting which metals?
19. CaO is a basic flux, while others are acidic flux (i) Pb (ii) Al ( iii ) Ag (iv) Au
20. SiO2 is acidic flux 1) ( ii ) ( iii ) and (iv) 2) ( i ) ( ii ) and ( iii )
23. 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 3) ( ii) and (iv) 4) ( iii ) and (iv)
24. Ag 2 S + 2 NaCl + 2O2 → 2 AgCl + Na2 SO4 5. Sulphide ores of metals are usually
concentrated by froth floation process.
27. Slag formation zone is a zone of heat absorption
Which one of the following sulphide ores
28. Wrought iron is a malleable iron
offers an exception and is concentrated by
30. In electrolytic refining, the impure metal is made
chemical leaching
anode while a thin sheet of pure metal acts as a
1) sphalerite 2) argentite
cathode
3) galena 4) copper pyrites
31. ZnO + C → Zn + CO 6. The froth floatation process is used for the
33. Cl2 is not formed in the Hall-Heroult electrolysis concentration of
process 1) ore having low density
500 − 970 K 2) ore having magnetic nature
34. Fe2O3 + 3CO  → 2 Fe + 3CO2
( Spongyiron ) 3) ore having high density
37. Sn and Pb are refined by liquation 4) ore having water soluble gangue
38. Cupellation is useful when the metal EXTRACTION OF METALS
possesses,easily oxidisable impurities of other 7. Mark the wrong statement among the
metals .Pb is easily oxidisable impurity following. The iron ore after washing is
40. Liquation is used for refining the metals having roasted with a little coal in excess of air.
low melting points During roasting
41. Cu2O impurity in a blister copper is removed 1) Moisture is removed
by poling 2) As and S are removed in the form of their
330 −350 K
Ni + 4CO  → Ni (CO) 4 volatile oxides
43. impure 3) Any ferrous oxide is oxidised to ferric oxide.
450 − 470 K 4) The mass becomes compact and thus makes
Ni (CO) 4  → Ni + 4CO it suitable for ready reduction to metallic iron.
Pure metal
189
8. Which one of the following metals can be 15. Consider the following reactions at 10000C
obtained directly during the roasting of its 1 −1
A) Zn( s ) + O2( g ) → ZnO( s ) ; ∆G = −360kJ mol
0
sulphide ore
2
1) Cu 2) Zn 3) Fe 4) Ca
9. Which of the following metal is obtained by 1 −1
B) C( s ) + O2( g ) → CO(s ) ; ∆G = −460kJ mol
0
the reduction of metal oxide with Hydrogen 2

gas Choose the correct statement at 10000C
1) Cu 2) Al 3) Mg 4) Fe 1) Zinc can be oxidized by CO
10. Galena (PbS) on heating in limited supply of 2) Zinc oxide can be reduced by C
air gives lead metal. This is known as 3) Both statements 1 and 2 are true
1) Smelting 2) Calcination 4) Both statements 1 and 2 are false
3) Self reduction 4) Sulphatizing roasting 16. Carbon cannot reduce Fe 2O 3 to Fe at a
11. Which one of the following oxides is reduced temperature below 983 K because:
by water gas to obtain the metal during its 1) Free energy change for the formation of CO
extraction? [EAMCET (MED)-2011] is more negative than that of Fe2O3
1) Fe2O3 2) NiO 3) ZnO 4) WO3 2) CO is thermodynamically more stable than
12. For which one of the following reaction, the Fe2O3
graph of ∆G against T is almost horizontal 3) Carbon has higher affinity towards oxygen
to temperature axis than iron
4) Iron has higher affinity towards oxygen than
1) C( s ) + O2( g ) → CO2( g ) 2) 2C(s ) + O2( g ) → 2CO( g ) carbon
3) 2 CO( s ) + O2( g ) → 2CO2( g ) 17. In the blast furnace the reaction that occurs
in the zone of heat absorption is
4) 2Mg( s ) + O2( g ) → 2MgO( s ) 1) CO2 + C → 2CO
13. At which one of the following condition, a 2) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2 Fe + 3CO2
reducing agent is suitable for reducing a
metal oxide 3) C + O2 → CO2
1) Sum of the ∆ G values for oxidation of metal 4) FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3
and oxidation of reductant should be negative 18. The flux used in the extraction of iron from
2) Sum of the ∆ G values for oxidation of metal Haematite in the blast furnace is [EAM(Eng) 2014]
and oxidation of reductant should be positive 1) Lime stone 2) Silica 3) Coke 4) CO
3) Sum of the ∆ G values for reduction of metal 19. Cast iron contains phosphorus as impurity.
In Bessemerisation of this cast iron, the slag
oxide and oxidation of reductant should be
formed is
negative
4) Sum of the ∆ G values for oxidation of metal 1) FePO4 2) Ca3 ( PO4 )2
and reduction of reductant should be negative. 3) MnPO4 4) Zn3 ( PO4 )2
14. Some statements about Ellingham diagram
20. Which of the following is not a correct
a) Increase in the slope of the line on +ve side
statement
indicates the phase transformation
1) White cast iron contains carbon in the form
b) Metal oxide decomposes on its own at the
temperature when the ∆G 0 becomes positive of Fe3C
c) Oxide of the upper line can be reduced by 2) Grey cast iron contains carbon in the form
the element whose oxidation is represented of graphite.
by the lower line. The correct statement is/ 3) The quality of steel produced in Bessemer
are converter is very high
1) Only a 2) Only a and b 4) The quality of steel produced in open hearth
3) Only b and c 4) a, b and c process can be checked from time to time.
190
21. Puddling process is used in the manufacture 30. In the electrolysis of alumina, cryolite is
of added to
1) Wrought iron 2) Pig iron 1) Lower the melting point of alumina
3) Steel 4) Cast iron 2) Increase the electrical conductivity
22. The calcium phosphate slag is commercially 3) Minimise the anode effect
known as 4) Remove impurities from alumina
1) Thomas slag 2) Baeyer's slag 31. The cathode used in the electrolytic cell
3) Wohler's slag 4) Matte during aluminium extraction is made of
23. In the extraction of copper the smelt formed 1) Aluminium 2) Carbon lining
in the blast furnace contains 3) Iron 4) Steel
1) Cu2 S + little FeS 2) Cu2 S + little FeO 32. In the electrolysis of alumina using cryolite,
the reaction that takes place at cathode is
3) Cu2O + little FeS 4) Cu2O + little FeO
[EAMCET(Med) 2012]
24. In Bessemer converter Cu2 S is converted in
1) 12 F − → 6 F2 + 12e −
to blister copper by
1) self reduction 2) reduction with coke 2) 4 H 2 O + 4e − → 2 H 2 + 4OH −
3) reduction with coal gas
3) 6 F2 + 2 Al2 O3 → 4 AlF3 + 3O2
4) reduction with H 2 gas
4) 4 Al 3+ + 12e − → 4 Al
25. The fuel used in Belgian process is
1) Water gas 2) Producer gas REFINING
3) Coke 4) Coal 33. Which method of purification is represented
26. Spelter is impure form of by the following equations ? [AIEEE 2012]
1) Zn 2) Ag 3) Cu 4) Fe
27. Observe the following statements regarding Ti + 2 I 2 
523 K
→ TiI 4 
1700 K
→ Ti + 2 I 2
purification of bauxite: 1) Cupellation 2) Poling
I. During Hall's process, silica, is removed as 3) Van Arkel 4) Zone refining
Si(vapour) 34. In the electrolytic refining of copper, Ag and
II. Bauxite ore contaminated with Fe2O3 is Au are found:
purified in Baeyer's process. 1) on cathode 2) on anode
3) in the anodic mud 4) in the cathodic mud
III. During Serpeck's process, AlN is formed
35. Ultrapure elements are obtained in the
The correct answer is:
following method of metal refining
1) I , II and III are correct
1) Electrolysis 2) Poling
2) Only I and II are correct
3) Liquation 4) Distillation
3) Only I and III are correct
4) Only II and III are correct ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS
28. A mixture of White Bauxite powder and coke
The questions given below consist of an
is heated in nitrogen gas very strongly. The
assertion (A) and reason (R) use the following
products are
key to choose the correct answer
1) Al2O3 , C 2 N 2 2) Al ( NO3 )3 , CO 1) If both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A)
3) A l N, CO,Si vapour 4) Al2 (CO3 )3 , N 2O 2)If both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not
29. Which of the following technique is used in the correct explanation of (A)
the manufacture of aluminium from bauxite 3)If (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect
1) Reduction with magnesium 4) If (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct
2) Reduction with coke 36. (A) All minerals are ores
3) Electrolytic reduction (R) Ores are minerals from which metal can
4) Reduction with iron be extracted conveniently and economically
191
37. (A) Au , Pt , Ag etc are found in free state 46. Match the following:[EAMCET(Eng)2009]
(R) The metals which are noble and List I List II
chemically less reactive are found in free state (A) Feldspar (I) [ Ag3 SbS3 ]
38. (A) Roasting is a process in which the ore is (B) Asbestos (II) Al2O3 .H 2O
heated in presence of air
(C) Pyrargyrite (III) MgSO4 .H 2O
(R) Concentration of sulphide ore is done by
calcination (D) Diaspore (IV) KAlSi3O8
39. (A) Auto reduction of ore is used for the (V) CaMg3 ( SiO3 ) 4
extraction of copper The correct answer is:
(R) The sulphide ore of copper reacts with A B C D A B C D
(1) IV V II I (2) IV V I II
its oxide to give the metal
(3) IV I III II (4) II V IV I
40. (A): Reduction of Cr2O3 with Aluminium is
LEVEL -II (C.W) - KEY
possible
1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1 5) 2 6) 1 7) 4
R: ∆G
0
(f) of Cr2O3 is -540 kj/mole and 8) 1 9) 1 10) 3 11) 2 12) 1 13) 3 14) 4
15) 2 16) 4 17) 1 18) 1 19) 2 20) 3 21) 1
∆G(0f ) of Al2O3 is -827 kj/mole.
22) 1 23) 1 24) 1 25) 2 26) 1 27) 4 28) 3
41. (A): The reduction reaction, 29) 3 30) 2 31) 2 32) 4 33) 3 34) 3 35) 4
Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr , ∆G 0 = −421KJ 36) 4 37) 1 38) 3 39) 1 40) 1 41) 1 42) 1
is not possible at room temperature 43) 4 44) 1 45) 2 46) 2
(R): Certain amount of activation energy is LEVEL -II (C.W) - HINTS
essential for the reaction to make it 1. Cassiterite ( SnO2)
thermodynamically feasible. 2. Zn, Cu, Pb occures in ZnS,CuS,PbS forms
42. (A): At 1200K iron can reduce cuprous oxide 4. Extraction of Al, Ag and Au involves leaching
6. Ore has lower density in froth floatation process
(R): At 1200K, Fe + Cu2O → FeO + 2Cu 7. The mass becomes porous
∆ G = − 300 kj / mole 8. Cu 2S + 2Cu 2O → 6Cu + SO 2

9. Cu lies below hydrogen in electrochemical
43. (A) Alumina has high conductivity
series
(R) The mixture of alumina and cryolite is 10. PbS + 2PbO → 3Pb + SO
2
used for electrolytic reduction in order to
extract aluminium 18. CaO is flux
44. (A) Lead,tin and bismuth are purified by 19. Slag - Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
liquation method. 20. Quality is low for steel produced in Bessemer's
converter
(R) Lead,tin and bismuth have low m.p. as
21. Wrought Iron is obtained by puddling process
compared to impurities.
22. Thomas slag - C a 3 ( P O 4 )2
45. (A) Van Arkel method is used to prepare pure
sample of titanium 23. Cu 2S + little FeS → Matte
24. Blister Cu is produced by selfreduction in
(R) Mond’s process is used to prepare pure
Bessemer converter
sample nickel 25. In Belgian Process Producer gas is used as fuel
192
26. Spelter - Impure Zn 7. Native silver metal forms a water soluble
27. Baeyer's process is used for red bauxite and complex with a dilute aqueous solution of
Serpeck's process for white bauxite. NaCN in the presence of :
28. A l N, CO,Si vapours are formed 1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen
29. Electrolytic reduction as Al is highly 3) Carbon dioxide 4) Argon
electropositive EXTRACTION OF METALS
30. Cryolite-Increases electrolytic conductivity 8. Out of Cu2S, HgS, Ag2S and ZnS roasting
31. Carbon lining is cathode will convert the minerals in to metal in case
+ −
32. The reaction at cathode is Al + 3e → Al
3 of
35. Distillation method is used to obtain ultrapure 1) Cu2S, ZnS 2) HgS, ZnS
element. 3) Cu2S, Ag2S 4) HgS
9. Which of the following metallurgical
LEVEL-II (H.W) processes does not involve heating?
[EAM-2011]
1) smelting 2) calcination
INTRODUCTION
3) roasting 4) levigation
1. The most electropositive metal among the
10. Ellingham Diagram is useful
following is
1) To know the temperature where phase
1) Zn 2) Fe 3) Ca 4) Na
transformation occurs
2. Lodstone used by ancient mariners to find
2) To know the temperature where metal oxide
the direction is
decompose on its own
1) Fe2O3 2) Fe3O4 3) Fe 4) FeS2 3) To select suitable reducing agent for reduction
3. Which of the following is called philosopher’s of metal oxide
wool? 4) All of these
1) CuFeS2 2) ZnO 3) ZnS 4) ZnCO3 11. The metal which can not be extracted by
smelting process
CONCENTRATION OF THE ORE 1) Zn 2) Al 3) Pb 4) Fe
4. When ZnS and PbS minerals are present
12. ∆G 0 vs T plot in Ellingham diagram slopes
together, NaCN is added to separate them in
froth floatation process because: downward for the reaction?
1 1
1) Pb(CN ) 2 is precipitated while there is no 1) Mg + O2 → MgO 2) 2 Ag + O2 → Ag 2O
2 2
effect on ZnS
1 1
2) ZnS forms soluble complex, Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ] 3) C + O2 → CO 4) CO + O2 → CO2
2 2
3) PbS forms soluble complex, Na2 [ Pb(CN ) 4 ] 13. According to Ellingham diagram, the
4) both ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) oxidation reaction of carbon and carbon
5. Chemical leaching is useful in the monoxide may be used to reduce which one
concentration of of the following oxides at the lowest
1) copper pyrites 2) bauxite temperatures?
3) galena 4) cassiterite 1) Al2O3 2) Cu2O 3) MgO 4) ZnO
6. Name the metal M which is extracted on the 14. The function of flux during the smelting of
basis of following reactions: the ore is
4 M + 8 NaCN + 2 H 2O + O2 → 1) to make the ore porous
2) to facilitate reduction
4 NaM (CN ) 2 + 4 NaOH
3) to remove gangue
2 NaM (CN ) 2 + Zn → Na2 Zn(CN ) 4 + 2 M 4) to facilitate oxidation
1) Au or Ag 2) Hg 3) Ni 4) Fe
193
15. The process of converting hydrated alumina 26. The final step for the extraction of copper
in to anhydrous alumina is called: from copper pyrites in Bessemer converter
1) Roasting 2) Smelting 3) Dressing 4) Calcination involves the reaction
16. Which of the following processes involves 1) Cu2 S + 2 FeO → 2Cu + 2 Fe + SO2
smelting ?
2) Cu2 S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2
1) ZnCO3  Heat
→ ZnO + CO2
3) 4Cu2O + FeS → 8Cu + 2 FeSO4
2) 2 PbS + 3O2  Heat
→ 2 PbO + 2 SO2
4) 2Cu2O + FeS → 4Cu + Fe + SO2
3) Al2O3 .2 H 2O  Heat
→ Al2O3 + 2 H 2O
27. Bessemerisation is carried out for
4) Fe2O3 + 3C  Heat
→ 2 Fe + 3CO I) Fe II) Cu III) Al IV) Ag
17. In Thermite process,the reducing agent is: 1) I, II 2) II ,III 3) III , IV 4) I, III
1) C 2) Zn 3) Na 4) Al 28. Extraction of zinc from zinc blende is
18. To obtain chromium from chromic oxide achieved by
(Cr2O3 ) , the method used is: 1) electrolytic reduction
2) roasting followed by reduction with carbon
1) Carbon reduction
3) roasting followed by reduction with another metal
2) Carbon monoxide reduction
4) roasting followed by self reduction
3) Alumino thermic 4) Electrolytic reduction
29. Impurities in the Zinc spelter are
19. Near the top of the blast furnace, iron oxides
1) Ag and Au 2) Cd and Pd
are reduced to spongy iron by
3) Cd and Pb 4) Cd ,As and Au
1) C 2) CO 3) CO2 4) CaCO3
30. The chief impurity present in red bauxite is
20. Which of the following has lowest percentage
1) SiO2 2) Fe2O3 3) K2SO4 4) NaF
of carbon?
1) cast iron 2) wrought iron REFINING
3) steel 4) all have same percentage 31. Silver is refined by cupellation process . the
21. Which one of the following elements is process removes the impurity of:
present as a major impurity in pig iron? 1) Cu 2) Au 3) Pb 4) Pt
1) graphite 2) oxygen 3) sulphur 4) silicon 32. Which method of purification is represented
22. Spiegeleisen is an alloy of by the following equation?
0 0
1) Fe,Mn,C 2) Fe,Mg,C 3) Mn,C,Zn 4) Fe,Mn,Mg N i + 4 C O  7
0 C
→ N i ( C O ) 4  1 → N i + 4 C O
80 C
23. Incorrect statement about the manufacture 1) Van Arkel 2) Zone refining
of steel from pig iron is 3) Mond 4) Cupellation
1) The quality of steel manufactured in open 33. Which one of the following is true in
hearth process is very high electrolytic refining?
2) The composition of steel can be controlled 1) impure metal is made cathode
in Bessemer process 2) impure metal is made anode
3) Iron ore, scrap iron and low grade pig iron 3) impure metal is made cathode and pure metal
can not be used in Bessemer process as anode
4) Loss of iron due to slag formation is 4) both electrodes must be of pure metal
minimised in open hearth process
24. Roasting of copper pyrites is done: LEVEL-II (H.W) - KEY
1) to remove moisture and volatile impurities 1) 4 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2 5) 2 6) 1 7) 2
2) to oxidise free sulphur 8) 4 9) 4 10) 4 11) 2 12) 3 13) 2 14) 3
3) to decompose pyrites in to Cu 2 S and FeS 15) 4 16) 4 17) 4 18) 3 19) 2 20) 2 21) 1
4) for all of the above 22) 1 23) 2 24) 4 25) 1 26) 2 27) 1 28) 2
25. Heating mixture of Cu2O and Cu2S will give:
1) Cu + SO 2) Cu + SO 3) CuO + CuS 4) Cu SO 29) 3 30) 2 31) 3 32) 3 33) 2
2 3 2 3
194
LEVEL-II (H.W) - HINTS 4. Froth floatation process used for the

1. Na is most electropositive metal concentration of sulphide ore. Which of the
3. ZnO is philosopher’s wool following statements are correct.
5. Bauxite ore contains ferric oxide, silica etc a) It is based on the difference in wettability
impurities. When the powdered ore is digested of different minerals
with an aqueous solution of NaOH the alumina b) Sodium ethyl xanthate, C2 H 5OCS2 Na is
dissolves while impurities are insoluble in
NaOH. used as collector
6. Au and Ag are extracted by this method. c) NaCN is used as depressant in the
7. 4 Ag + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 → 4Na[ Ag(CN )2 ] + 4NaOH
separation of mixture of ZnS and PbS
1) (a), (b) only correct 2) (b), (c) only correct
8. The HgS undergoes oxidation with evolution of
SO 2 . The HgO thus formed decomposes 3) (a), (c) only correct 4) (a), (b), (c) are correct
immediately at (3000C) to give mecury vapours EXTRACTION OF METALS
2 HgS + 3O2 → 2 HgO + 2 SO2 5. Which one of the following statements is
2 HgO → 2 Hg + O2 false?
1) During roasting moisture is removed from
15. During calcination water is removed from
the ore
hydrated oxide
2) The ore is freed from almost all non-metallic
16. Reduction of ore to the molten metal impurities
18. Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr + heat energy 3) Calcination of ore is carried out in absence
(it is alumino thermic process) of any blast of air
19. CO reduce iron oxide to iron 4) The concentrated zinc blende is subjected to
25. 2Cu2O + Cu2 S → 6Cu + SO2 (auto reduction) calcination during its extraction by
pyrometallurgy
26. Self reduction takes place
6. The most electropositive metals are isolated
29. Lead, iron , cadmium, arsenic etc are present as
impurities in Zinc spelter from their ores by
31. The impurity of lead present in Ag is removed 1) High temperature reduction with carbon
by Cupellation process. 2) Self reduction
3) Thermal decomposition
LEVEL-III 4) Electrolysis of fused ionic salts
7. The oxide of a metal (R). can be reduced by
CONCENTRATION the metal (P) and metal (R) can reduce the
1. An ore of tin containing FeCrO4 is oxide of metal (Q). Then the decreasing order
concentrated by of the reactivity of metal (P), (Q) and (R) with
1) Magnetic separation oxygen is
2) Froth floatation process 1) P>Q>R 2) P>R>Q 3) R>P>Q 4) Q>P>R
3) Electrostatic method 4) Gravity separation 8. Following reaction is not involved in
2. The method used for the enrichment of Thermite process
sulphide ores of copper is 1) 3Mn3O4 + 8 Al → 9Mn + 4 Al2O3
1) Magnetic separation
2) Froth floatation process 2) Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr
3) Electro refining 4)Smelting 3) 2 Fe + Al2O3 → 2 Al + Fe2O3
3. Froth floatation process for the concentration
of sulphide ore is an illustration of the 4) B2O3 + 2 Al → 2 B + Al2O3
practical application of 9. The mass ratio of Fe2O3 and Al in thermite
1) adsorption 2) absorption is
3) sedimentation 4) coagulation 1) 1 : 3 2)1 : 2 3) 3 : 1 4) 2 : 1
195
10. The metal X is prepared by the electrolysis 1)Below T2 , Al2O3 +3Mg ® 3MgO + 2 Al , DG = - ve
of fused chloride. It reacts with hydrogen to
2) Below T3 , MgO +CO ® CO2 + Mg, DG = - ve
form a colourless solid from which hydrogen
gas is released on treatment with water. The 3) Above T4 , Al2O3 +3CO ® 2 Al +3CO2 , DG = - ve
metal is 4) Below T1, MgO is in liquid state
1) Al 2) Ca 3) Cu 4) Zn 13. Correct statement(s) regarding the graph
11. From Ellingham diagram the correct
statements
a) 4Cu + O2 → 2Cu2O
b) 2C + O2 → 2CO c) 2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO
I) Above 983K, Carbon can reduce any metal

oxide at high temperature and itself oxidised to
CO
II) In the first reaction (Formation of CO2 from
‘C’) ∆ S 0 = 0 & ∆ G 0 remains nearly same, i.e
1) At temperature above t10C “Carbon” can it is independent of temperature
III) In the second reaction, (formation of CO) ,
reduce Cu2O there is increase in entropy & ∆ S 0 = + ve & ∆ G 0
2) At temperature below t30C “Carbon” can becomes more –ve with increase in temperature
IV) In third reaction (formation of CO2 from
reduce ZnO
CO), there is a decrease in entropy
3) Reduction of Cu2O with carbon requires high
∆S 0 = −ve & ∆G0 becomes less –ve with
temperature when compared with the reduction
of ZnO by carbon increase in temperature
4) All 1) Only I 2) I, II only 3) I, II, III Only 4) All
12. Ellingham diagram is given below for the 14. From the graph, which is the best reducing
formation of some oxides. Then select the agent to reduce Cu2O at high temperature
correct combination
1) Coke 2) CO 3) CO2 4) 1 & 2

196
15. Correct statement(s) regarding the graph 19. In the Bessemer Converter process, Bessemer
Converter is lined with ‘X’ when pig iron
contains phosphorus, while it is lined with
‘Y’ when pig iron contains manganese as
impurity. Here substances X and Y are
1) SiO2 and SiO2 2) CaO and CaO
3) SiO2 and CaO 4) CaO and SiO2
20. Pig iron has more or less same composition
as that of
1) cast iron 2) steel 3) wrought iron 4) all
21. Wrought iron is resistant to rusting and
1) Curves involving the formation of ZnO and corrosion due to the presence of
CO cross each other at about 1270 K 1) Cementite (Fe3C) 2) Low percentage of carbon
2) Zinc begins to boil at 1180K, hence sudden 3) CaSiO3 & FePO4 slages
increase in the value of ∆G 0 4) MnSiO3 & FePO4 slages
3) Above 1270 K, ‘C’ can reduce ZnO 4) All 22. Which form of iron is least ductile?
16. Correct statements from the graph 1) Hard steel 2) Cast iron
3) Mild steel 4) Wrought iron
23. If red hot steel is suddenly immersed in
water, the steel becomes:
1) soft and malleable 2) hard and brittle
3) tough and ductile 4) fibrous
24. Nitriding is a process of heating steel in
atmosphere of
1) ammonia 2) oxygen 3) carbon dioxide 4) air
25. Annealing process is
1) heating the steel bright red and then cooling suddenly
I) Above 1073K, ∆G 0 for the formation of 2) heating the steel bright red and then cooling slowly
Fe 2 O 3 is less negative than ∆G for the 0
3) heating the rods of iron embedded in charcoal
formation of CO from carbon 4) heating the rods of iron in ammonia
II) Above 1073K, Carbon can reduce Fe2O3 26. Stainless steel does not rust because
III) Below 1073K, CO can reduce Fe2O3 1) Chromium and nickel combine with iron
IV) In blast furnace, reduction of Fe2O3 occurs 2) Chromium forms an oxide layer and protects
in different temperature ranges with below iron from rusting
1073K by CO (or) above 1073K by carbon 3) Nickel present in it, does not rust
1) Only I 2) I, II only 3) I, II, III Only 4) All 4) Iron forms a hard chemical compound with
17. Refractory metals are used in construction chromium present in it.
of furnaces because 27. Railway wagon axles are made by heating
1) they can withstand high temperature rods of Iron embeded in charcoal powder.
2) they are chemically inert The process is known as
3) their melting point is high 1) case hardening 2) sheradising
4) their melting point is low. 3) annealing 4) tempering
18. Which series of reactions correctly represents 28. When copper pyrites is roasted in excess of
chemical reactions related to iron and its air, a mixture of CuO + FeO is formed, FeO
compounds? [JEE MAIN 2014] is present as impurity. This can be removed
1) Fe Cl2 , Heat
→FeCl3  Heat , air
→FeCl2 →Fe Zn as slag during reduction of CuO. The flux
0 0
added to form slag is
2) Fe 
O , Heat
2
→ Fe3O4 
CO , 600 C
→ FeO CO ,700 C
→ Fe 1) SiO2, which is an acidic flux
3) Fe 
dil .H SO
→ FeSO4 
2 4 H SO .O
2 4 2
→ Fe2 (SO4 )3  heat
→ Fe 2) Limestone, which is a basic flux
3) SiO2, which is a basic flux
4) Fe → FeO  → FeSO4  → Fe
O .heat
2 dil . H SO
2 4 heat
4) CaO, which is a basic flux

197
29. Which of the following reaction does not 2) Higher melting point of the impurity than that
occur in Bessemer’s converter? of the pure metal
1) 2Cu2 S + 5O2 → 2CuSO4 + 2CuO 3) Greater noble character of the solid metal than
that of the impurity
2) 2Cu2 S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2 SO2 ↑ 4) Greater solubility of the impurity in the
molten state than in the solid
3) 2CuFeS2 + O2 → Cu2 S + 2 FeS + SO2
40. Blister copper is refined by stirring molten
4) FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 impure metal with green logs of wood because
30. The most suitable method for extraction of such a wood liberates hydrocarbon gases (like
copper from low grade sulphide ore is CH 4 ). The process X is called ……… and the
1) Smelting process metal contains impurities of Y is…….
2) Hydrometallurgical process 1) X=cupellation, Y= CuO2 2) X=poling, Y= Cu2O
3) Leaching process 4) Electrolytic process 3) X=poling, Y=CuO 4) X=cupellation, Y=CuO
31. Ag 2 S + NaCN → [ A] ; [ A] + Zn → [ B ] 41. If a metal has low oxygen affinity then the
[ B ] is a metal.Hence,[A] and [B] are purification of metal may be carried out by
1) liquation 2) distillation
1) Na2 [ Zn(CN ) 4 ], Zn 2) Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ], Ag 3) zone refining 4) cupellation
3) Na2 [ Ag (CN ) 4 ], Ag 4) Na3 [ Ag (CN ) 4 ], Ag 42. The silver is extracted by Parke’s process.The
32. In the cyanide extraction process of silver basis of this method is
from argentite ore , the oxidising and 1) Ag is immiscible in molten Zn
reducing agents used are: 2) Ag is miscible in NaCN
1) O2 and CO respectively 3) Ag is more miscible in molten Zn than in
2) O2 and Zn dust respectively molten Pb
3) HNO3 and Zn dust respectively 4) Ag is more miscible in molten Pb in
4) HNO3 and CO respectively comparison to molten Zn
33. Which of the following is not added during the 43. The method not used in metallurgy to refine
extraction of silver by cyanide process? [E-2013] the impure metal is
1) NaCN 2) Air 3) Zn 4) Na2S2O3 1) Mond’s process 2) Van-Arkel process
34. Tarnishing of silver is due to the formation of 3) Amalgamation process 4) Liquation
1) Ag 2 S 2) Ag 2 O 3) AgCl 4) Ag 2 SO4 LEVEL -III - KEY
35. Zinc dust is obtained by 1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4 5) 4 6) 4 7) 2
1) Crushing zinc metal 8) 3 9) 3 10) 2 11) 1 12) 1 13) 4 14) 1
2) Burning zinc metal in air 15) 4 16) 4 17) 1 18) 2 19) 4 20) 1 21) 4
3) Melting zinc and then atomising it with a blast 22) 2 23) 2 24) 1 25) 2 26) 2 27) 1 28) 1
of air 4) Roasting zinc sulphide. 29) 3 30) 2 31) 2 32) 2 33) 4 34) 1 35) 3
36. Galvanization is the
36) 1 37) 4 38) 1 39) 4 40) 2 41) 4 42) 3
1) deposition of zinc on Fe 2) deposition of Al on Fe
3) deposition of tin on Fe 4) deposition of Cu on Fe
43) 3
37. Which one of the following metals has no LEVEL-III - HINTS
action with dil.H2SO4? 5. Concentrated ZnS is roasted.
1) Mg 2) Fe 3) Zn 4) Cu 6. They have low SRP values.
38. In the Bayer's process of purification of red 10. Ca is obtained by the electrolysis of CaCl2 fused
bauxite leaching agent is CaH2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2H2
1) NaOH 2) Na2CO3 3) NaCN 4) KCN 18. In equation (1) FeCl3 cannot be reduced when
heated in air.
REFINING In equation (3) Fe2(SO4)3 can not converted to
39. The method of zone refining of metals is Fe on heating, instead oxide(s) will be formed.
based on the principle of In equation (4) FeSO4 cannot be converted to
1) Greater mobility of the pure metal than that Fe on heating, instead oxide(s) will be formed.
of impurity Hence equation (2) is correct.
198
21. Due to the presence of MnSiO3 and FePO4 as 3. Match list -I with List - II
impurities (slag) wrought iron is resistant to A) PbS → PbO p) roasting
rusting and corrosion. B) CaCO3 → CaO q) calcination
22. Cast iron is extremely hard but brittle and thus
is least ductile. C) ZnS → Zn r) carbon reduction
26. In stainless steel, Cr forms an oxide layer and D) Cu2 S → Cu s) self reduction
protects Fe from rusting. 4. Match List -I with List - II
27. Heating rods of iron or steel embedded in List -I List - II
charcoal powder is known as case hardening. A) Chromium p) Chloroplast
28. FeO (being basic) combines with silica( SiO2) B) Iron q) Haemoglobin
an acidic flux to give FeSiO3 slag. C) Zinc r) Eyes of cats and cows
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 D) Calcium s) Prown
( Slag ) t) Bones
30. Leaching with H 2SO 4 converts low grade
PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS
sulphide ore in to CuSO4.
Copper is the most noble of the first row
CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu ↓ transition metals and occurs in small deposits
31. Ag 2 S + 4 NaCN WXX XXV 2 Na[ Ag ( CN ) 2 ] + Na 2 S in several countries. Ores of copper include
chalcanthite (CuSO 4 ,5H 2 O), atacamite
2 Na [ Ag ( CN ) 2 ] + Zn → Na 2 [ Zn ( CN ) 4 ] + 2 Ag (Cu2Cl(OH)3), cuprite (Cu2O), copper glance
32. Ag 2 S + 4 NaCN → 2 Na[ Ag (CN ) 2 ] + Na2 S (Cu 2 S) and malachite (Cu 2(OH) 2CO 3 ).
However, 80% of the world copper
Na2 S is oxidised by O2 production comes from the ore of
4 Na2 S + 2 H 2 O + 5O2 → 2 Na2 SO4 + 4 NaOH + 2 S
chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). The extraction of
copper from chalcopyrite involves partial
2Na[ Ag(CN )2 ] + Zn → Na2[Zn(CN )4 ] + 2 Ag
( reducing agent ) roasting, removal of iron and self-reduction.
37. Cu doesnot react with dil.H2SO4,but Mg,Fe,Zn 5. Partial roasting of chalcopyrite produces
reacts with dil.H2SO4 , by evolving H2 gas. 1) Cu2S and FeO 2) Cu2O and FeO
Al2O3 + 2 NaOH → NaAlO2 + H 2O 3) CuS and Fe O
2 3
4) Cu2O and Fe2O3
6. Iron is removed from chalcopyrite as
38. ↓
1) FeO 2) FeS 3) Fe2O3 4) FeSiO3
leaching agent
7. In self-reduction, the reducing species is
43. Amalgamation method is used for the extraction 1) S 2) O2- 3) S2- 4) SO2
of noble metals like Au, Ag from ores.
LEVEL-IV - KEY
LEVEL-IV 1) (A) → (s); (B) → (s); (C) → (p,q) (D) → (r)
2) (A) → (p,s); (B) → (p,s) ; (C) → (q,r) (D) → (q,r)
MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS 3) (A) → (p); (B) → (q) ; (C) → (p,r) (D) → (p,s)
1. Match the ores of List-I with their 4) (A) → (s); (B) → (p,q) ; (C) → (r) (D) → (t)
composition in List - II 5) 2 6) 4 7) 3
List-I List - II
A) Malachite p) Sulphide of copper LEVEL-IV - HINTS
B) Azurite q) Sulphide of Iron 5. 2CuFeS2 + O2 → Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2. ↑
C) Chalcopyrites r) Oxide of copper 2Cu2S+3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2 ↑
D) Cuprite s) Ore containing
2FeS + 3O2 → 2FeO + 2SO2 ↑
carbonate of copper
2. Match list -I with List - II 6. FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3
A) Magnesite p) Ore of magnesium (slag)
B) Dolamite q) Ore of Aluminium 7. Cu2S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2 ↑
C) Corundum r) Oxide ore (blister copper)
D) Bauxite s) Carbonate ore S2- → S4+ is oxidation, i.e., S2- is reducing agent
199

General Principles and Process of Isolating Elements

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General Principles and Process of Isolating Elements

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-II

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS

Cuprite (Ruby copper) : Cu2O Epsom salt : MgSO4 .7 H 2O

Silver (Ag) 2. Concentration of the Ore:

tuyeres to heat the charge.

2 HgO  Heat

removed and FeO is oxidized into ferric

reduction of Cr2O3 by Al is possible

Ø Silicates, phosphates and manganates present as 3Si + 2 Fe2O3 → 3SiO2 + 4 Fe

Ø Some iron is also oxidised which converts the Types of iron

Concentrated by froth floatation method 2Cu2 S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2 SO2

Roasting in reverberatory furnace in Blister Copper (98%Cu+2% Impurities)

METALLURGY OF SILVER Reduction: ZnO + C → Zn + CO (Belgian process)

undergoes hydrolysis giving Al (OH )3

LEVEL-I (H.W) - HINTS

16. Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH + H2O → Sodium

the reduction of metal oxide with Hydrogen 2

∆ G = − 300 kj / mole 8. Cu 2S + 2Cu 2O → 6Cu + SO 2

LEVEL-II (H.W) - HINTS 4. Froth floatation process used for the

I) Above 983K, Carbon can reduce any metal

1) Coke 2) CO 3) CO2 4) 1 & 2

4) CaO, which is a basic flux

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