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(ii) Aluminio thermic process - (Goldschmidt thermite process) - A mixture of metal oxide and
aluminium powder (thermite) is ignited in a closed crucible by means of a lighted magnesium ribbon
having ignition mixtures (Mg + BaO2) at one end. This is an exothermic reaction. The temperature
of the crucible reaches to 3000°C. At this temperature metal oxide is reduced to metal by aluminium.
Cr2O3 + 2Al 2Cr + Al2O3
3Mn3O4 + 8 Al 9Mn + 4Al2O3
(iii) Precipitation method- More reactive element (more electropositive) replaces the less reactive
(less electropositive) element from its salt solution. For e.g. iron can precipitate Cu from copper
sulphate solution while copper can not precipitate iron from iron sulphate solution. This principle is
used in the precipitation method. Silver can be extracted from its ores by using this theory.
If zinc is added to a solution of silver complex, silver precipitates out.
Ag2S + 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S
Silver glance Sodium argentocyanide
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn 2Ag + Na2 [Zn(CN)4] Silver
(iv) Electrolytic method - If metal oxides, chlorides or hydroxides in fused state are electrolyzed, the
metals deposit at cathode. The reduction of active elements such as alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals and the oxides of Al with carbon is difficult because these form carbides with carbon at high
temperature.
2. PURIFICATION
Metals can be purified by following methods
(i) Distillation - The metals with low boiling points can be purified by distillation.
Examples - Zn, Cd, Hg etc.
(ii) Liquation - This process is used when the impurity is less fusible than the metal itself. The impure
metal is placed on the slopping hearth of the furnace and heated. The metal melts and drains away
leaving behind the impurities. For e.g. tin.
(iii) Oxidation method - This method is employed when the impurities have greater affinity with oxygen
as compared to metal. The impurities are oxidized to form scum. The scum is skimmed off. Some
times metal oxides are used as oxidizing agents. For e.g. copper oxide is added to impure copper.
(iv) Electrolysis - Most of the metals are purified electrolytically. The metal salt is taken as electrolyte,
impure metal rod as anode and thin pure metal rod or strip as cathode. On electrolysis pure metal
is deposited at cathode. Cu, Ag, AI, Zn, Cr etc. metals are purified by this method.
3. EXTRACTION OF COPPER, Cu
(a) Copper was named as cuprous by Romans because they obtained it from Cyprus island.
(b) It is also found in small quantity in pea, peacock feather and animal blood.
(c) Occurrence - It is found in nature in both free and combined state.
The Important ores of copper are
(i) Cuprite or ruby copper or cuprite red Cu2O
(ii) Copper pyrite (Chalcopyrites) CuFeS2 or Cu2S.Fe2S3
(iii) Copper glance Cu2S
(iv) Malachite Cu(OH)2.CuCO3
(v) Azurite Cu(OH)2.2CuCO3 76% of the copper is extracted from the ore copper pyrites.
(d) Indian Sources - Bihar (Singhbhum), Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka (Mysore), Sikkim, Orissa,
Rajasthan (Khetri and Dariba). In India Copper is extracted by Hindustan Copper Ltd.
[4] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
5. ALLOYS OF COPPER
(a) Brass - Cu, 60-80% and Zn, 40-20%
(b) Bronze - Cu, 75-90% and Sn, 25-10%
(c) Aluminium bronze– Cu 90% and Al 10%
(d) Monel Metal– Cu 30%, Ni, 67% and Fe + Mn, 3%
(e) Bell Metal – Cu, 80% Sn, 20%
(f) Gun metal– Cu, 87%: Sn, 10%; Zn, 3%
(g) German Silver – Cu, 50%, Zn 25%; Ni 25%
(h) Phosphorus bronze– Cu 85%, Sn 13%, P 2%
6. EXTRACTION OF SILVER
(a) Occurrence – Silver is found in free and combined state both. In free state it is generally found in
Mexico, Canada, and USA. In alluvial sand, it is found with gold and copper. Its important ores are
(i) Argentite or silver glance- Ag2S
(ii) Pyrargyrite or ruby silver- Ag2S. Sb2S3
(iii)Horn silver- AgCl,
(iv) Copper silver glance – Cu2S.Ag2S
(v) Stiphenite - Ag5SbS4
(vi) Argentiferrous galena (PbS) - It contains about 0.01 to 0.1% silver.
(vii) Silver can also be prepared from the anode mud obtained in the extraction of copper.
(b) Indian sources - Colar and Hatti (Karnataka) and Jawar mines (Rajasthan)
(c) Extraction of silver from its ores –
(i) Cyanide process or Mac Arthur forest process
(1) Concentration - Froth flotation process.
(2) Concentrated ore is reacted with dilute solution of sodium cyanide and the mixture is
agitated with air. Silver forms a soluble complex,
4Ag + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 4Na[Ag(CN)2] + 4NaOH
Free siIver Sodium argentocyanide
AgCl (Horn silver) + 2NaCN Na[Ag(CN)2] + NaCI
Ag2S (Silver glance) + 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S
The solution is filtered. Filtrate contains sodium argentocyanide.
(3) On addition of zinc powder, in sodium argentocyanide solution, silver precipitates out.
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn 2Ag + Na2[Zn(CN)4]
(4) Silver precipitate is filtered and dried. It is then fused with borax or potassium nitrate for
purification.
[6] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
(ii) Amalgamation process - Silver ore + Salt + roasted pyrites mixture is finely powdered. Salt +
roasted pyrite form ferric chloride which reacts with silver ore.
Ag2S (Silver glance) + FeCI3 2AgCl + 2FeCI2 + S
2AgCI + 2Hg Hg2Cl2 + 2Ag
Silver chloride thus formed reacts with mercury to give silver which forms silver amalgam in the
excess of mercury. On distillation of amalgam mercury distills out and silver remains in the
container.
(iii)From Argentiferrous lead – The concentration of silver in argentiferrous lead can be increased
by the following methods.
(1) Parkes process - In the molten argentiferrous lead, a small amount of molten zinc is
added. The mixture is shaken well. Silver forms an alloy with zinc which on cooling solidifies
and is skimmed off while the lead still remains in the molten state. On distillation of this
alloy, zinc distills out and silver remains in the container. This silver contains the
impurity of lead.
(2) Pattinson’s process - This method is based on phase rule. When molten argentiferrous
lead is allowed to cool slowly, lead crystals separate out. This process is repeated many
times until the concentration of silver in the mixture rises to 2.5% when entire mass
solidifies.
From the concentrated lead silver mixture, silver is removed by cupellation.
Cupellation - The impure silver is heated in a small bone-ash crucible (cupel) in a blast of
air in a small reverberatory furnace. Lead gets oxidised to litharge (PbO) which is blown
away.
Purification - Silver so obtained is further purified by electrolytic method.
Anode - Impure silver
Cathode - Pure silver
Electrolyte - AgNO3 soln. + 1 %HNO3 On passing the current -
At anode - Ag Ag+ + e
At cathode - Ag+ + e– Ag
8. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
(a) Wholler prepared aluminium by the reaction of potassium metal with anhy. AlCI3 Bunsen and Deville
prepared it from the reaction of NaAlCl4 with sodium and also from the electrolysis of NaAlCl4
Charles M. Hall prepared aluminium from fused cryolite.
(b) Occurrence-Aluminium is. found in nature only in combined state. Its important ores are
(i) Felspar - KAISi3O8
(ii) Mica (Abhrak) - KH2Al2(SiO3)4
(iii) Kaolin - Al2O3.2SiO3.2H2O
(iv) Corundum - Al2O3
(v) Diaspore - Al2O3.H2O
(vi) Bauxite - Al2O3 . 2H2O
(vii) Cryolite-Na3AIF6
(viii) Alunite or alumstone – K2SO4. Al2(SO4)34Al(OH)3
(ix) Thrquoise - AlPO4.Al(OH)3- H2O
(x) Gibbsite-Al2O3.3H2O
(xi) Beryl - 3BeO. Al2O3. 6SiO2.
Indian sources - Mainly bauxite ore is found in India. It is found in U .P., M.P. Gujrat, Tamilnadu,
Orissa, Bihar and J & K. The production of aluminium is carried out by Indian Aluminium Company
Alvai, Madras Aluminium Co. Madras and Hindustan Aluminium U.P.
(i) Extraction of aluminium from bauxite Purification of bauxite
(1) Baeyer’ process - Finely powdered bauxite is digested with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide in an autoclave at 150° C and 80 atmospheric pressure. Alumina present in
bauxite dissolves as sodium meta aluminate. The’ other impurities remain insoluble and
are filtered out.
Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O
The filtrate containing sodium metaaluminate is agitated with. freshly precipitated Al(OH) 3
for 36 hrs. Sodium meta aluminate hydrolyses to Al(OH)3, NaAIO2 + 2H2O NaOH +
Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 thus obtained is filtered, washed, dried and heated at about 1500°C. Alumina
is obtained.
2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O
(2) Hall’s method - Bauxite ore is. fused with Na2CO3 and the sodium meta aluminate’ formed
is extracted with water.
Al2O3.2H2O + Na2CO3 2NaAIO2 + 2H2O + CO2
CO2 gas is passed through the sodium meta aluminate solution at 50-60°C Al(OH) 3 gets
precipitated. .
2NaAIO2 + CO2 + 3H2O 2AI(OH)3 + Na2CO3
Al(OH)3 thus obtained is filtered, dried and heated in a furnace at about 1500°C to obtain
Al2O3
(3) Serpek’s process - This process is used when bauxite contains relatively a large amount
of silica as impurity. Bauxite is heated with carbon at 1800°C in the current of N 2, AlN is
formed.
Al2O3.2H2O + 3C + N2 2AlN + 3CO + 2H2O
Aluminium nitride on hydrolysis gives Al(OH)3 which on heating at 1500°C gives Al2O3
2AIN + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 2NH3
2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O
[8] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
(ii) Electrolytic reduction of alumina- Pure. Al2O3 on electrolytic reduction gives aluminium.
The melting point of Al2O3 is about 2000°C. This is reduced by mixing fused cryolite (Na3AlF6) +
fluorspar (CaF2) to it. The melting point of this mixture is about 900°C. This mixture. is good
conductor of electricity. The inner carbon lining of the cell is used as cathode and the carbon
rods as anode.
The fused mixture of alumina + Cryolite + Fluorspar is taken in the cell whose temperature is
maintained at about 900 to 1000°C. This mixture is covered by carbon powder which maintains
the temperature of the cell. The carbon anodes are dipped in the mixture. Aluminium gets free at
cathode while oxygen at anode. Aluminium thus obtained is about 99.8% pure.
PURIFICATION OF ALUMINIUM
Hoope’s method - Aluminium is refined electrolytically. The refining cell consists of three fused layers
- (i) The bottom anode layer of impure AI + Cu + Si, (ii) The middle electrolyte layer of cryolite (Na3AlF6)
+ BaF2 and (iii) The top cathode layer of pure aluminium and forms cathode. On passing the electric
current, pure Al from the bottom layer rises to the upper layer.
ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM
(i) Magnelium - Al 95%, Mg 5%
(ii) Duralium - Al 95%, Cu 4%, Mg 0.5%, Mn 0.5%
(iii) Y-alloy - AI 93%, Cu 4%, Ni 2%, Mg 1%
9. EXTRACTION OF IRON
(a) The important ores of iron are
(i) Haematite-Fe2O3
(ii) Magnetite-Fe3O4
(iii) Limonite-Fe2O3. 3H2O
(iv) Siderite - FeCO3
(v) Iron pyrites - FeS2
(vi) Copper pyrites - CuFeS2
(vii) Arsenickle pyrites - FeAsS
(viii) Vivianite- Fe3(PO)4)2. 8H2O
(b) Indian sources
The main ore of iron is hematite in india. It is found in Singhbhum, Mysore, Durg” Chand, Mayurbhanj.
Steel plants are located at Jamshedpur, Asansol, Bhadravati, Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro and Rourkela.
(c) Various forms of iron
(1) Cast iron or pig iron- It is least pure form of iron containing about 2.2 to 4.4% carbon. It is
brittle and can not be hammered.
(2) Wrought or malleable iron - It is the purest form of iron containing about 0.1 to 0.25%
carbon. It is malleable.
(3) Steel- It comes in between cast iron and wrought iron and contains about 0.25 to 2.0% carbon.
It is malleable. Its properties depend upon the quantity of carbon present.
(ii) Hematite and magnetite after concentration can be used directly. Sulphide ore is first roasted and
carbonate ore is calcined.
(iii) Smelting- In calcined or roasted ore, coke (reductant) and lime stone (Flux) is mixed in appropriate
proportion. This mixture is smelted in a blast furnace. The following reactions take place
C + O2 CO2 , H = - 97 kcal
1500°C
CO2 + C 2CO , H = 58 kcal
(iv) At 400-700°C in the reduction region, the following reactions occur –
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
This reaction takes place in the following steps
3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2
Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
Iron thus obtained is in solid state and becomes porous. It is known as spongy iron.
(v) At 1000°C, silica present in ore combines with CaO obtained from lime stone to give slag CaSiO 3.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 CasiO3 (Slag)
(vi) At 1300°C, spongy iron melts and absorb. C, P, SiO2 etc. Slag also melts at this temperature. Both
fall at the bottom of the furnace. The molten metal obtained from the furnace is called pig iron. It
contains 2.6-4.3% of carbon and varying amounts of Mn, Si, Sand P.
White cast iron - If the molten iron obtained from blast furnace is suddenly cooled, the carbon is
present in the form of cementite (Fe3C) and the white coloured cast iron is obtained.
Grey cast iron - If the molten iron obtained from blast furnace is cooled slowly, the most part of
carbon is present in the form of graphite and the grey coloured cast iron is obtained.
Cast iron is not rusted. Its melting point is about 250ºC less than the pure iron.
WROUGHT IRON
It is obtained by purifying cast iron by the process known as pudding. The cast iron is. heated on the
hearth of a reverberatory furnace lined with hematite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4). The impurities of C,
Si, P, Mn, etc. are oxidised.
3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO
3Si + 2Fe2O3 4Fe + 3SiO2
3Mn + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3MnO
6P + 5Fe2O3 10Fe + 3P2O5
P2O5 forms slag ferric phosphate with hematite.
P2O5 + Fe2O3 2FePO4
After separation of slag, the iron is taken out in the form of balls and the slag squeezed out by hammering.
Wrought iron thus obtained retains about 0.2% C and traces of P and Si etc. in the form of slag. The
presence of slag gives strength and toughness to metal and make it resistant towards rusting.
10. STEEL
It can be made as follows
(a) By reducing the amount of carbon in cast iron.
(b) By adding some carbon to wrought iron.
[10] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
(c) By mixing the required amounts of cast iron and wrought iron.
(d) Directly from ore.
Generally steel is prepared from cast iron.
CO and SO2 come out and other oxides form slag as follows which are separated.
MnO + SiO2 MnSiO3
slag
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
slag
3CaO + P2O5 Ca3(PO4)2
slag
Alloys Composition
1. Chrome steel 2-4%Cr, 98-96% Fe
2. Tungsten steel 10-20% W, 90-80% Fe
3. Stainless steel 12-14% Cr, 88-86% Fe or
2-4% Ni + 86-82% Fe
4. Manganese steel 10-18% Mn, 90-82% Fe
5. Nickel steel 3-5% Ni, 97-95% Fe
6. Vanadium steel 0.2-1% V
7. Invar 36% Ni, 64% Fe
Calcium
(a) Limestone - CaCO3
(b) Gypsum-CaSO4.2H2O
(c) Fluorspar - CaF2
(d) Phosphorite - Ca3(PO4)2
Magnesium
(a) dolomite ~ MgCO3.CaCO3
(b) Magnesite-MgCO3
(c) Epsomite-MgSO4.7H2O
(d) Carnallite - KCI.MgCl2.6H2O
(e) Kieserite-MgSO4.H2O
(f) Asbestos- CaMg3(SiO3)4
Lead
(a) Galena - PbS
(b) Anglesite - PbSO4
(c) Cerussite - PbCO3
Tin- Cassiterite (Tin stone)-SnO2
1
(25) Plaster of Paris-CaSO4. HO
2 2
(26) Lithopone-BaSO4 + ZnS
(27) Microcosmic salt-Na(NH4)HPO4. 4H2O
(28) Hydrolith - CaH2
(29) Pink salt - (NH4)2SnCI6
(30) Laughing gas-N2O
(31) Spodumene - LiAI(SiO3)2
(32) Nitrolium - CaCN2
(33) Ferric alum-NH4Fe(SO4)2.12H2O
IMPORTANT ORES
Oxide Ore ZnO Zincite
MnO2 Pyrolusite
SnO2 Cassiterite
Cu2O Cuprite
Fe2O3 Hematite
AI2O3.2H2O Bauxite
FeO.Cr2O3 Chromite
Fe3O4 Magnetite
Fe2O3.3H2O Lymonite
3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2 Beryl
Sulphide Ore ZnS Zinc Blende
HgS Cinabar
PbS Galena
Ag2S Argentite or Silver glance
FeS2 Iron pyrites
CuFeS2.CuS.FeS Copper pyrites
Cu2S. Ag2S Copper silver glance
Ag2S.Sb2S3 Pyrargyrites, Rubi silver
Ag5,SbS4 Stifenite
FeAsS Arsenickel Pyrites
Halide Ore NaCI Rock Salt
AgCI Horn Silver
CaF2 Flour Spar
AIF3.3NaF Cryolite
KCI MgCl2.6H2O Camelite
Carbonate Ore MgCO3 Magnesite
CaCO3 Lime stone
[14] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
MgCO3.CaCO3 Dolomite
ZnCO3 Calamine
PbCO3 Cerusite
FeCO3 Siderite
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Malachite
2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Azurite
SrCO3 Strontianite
Sulphate Ore BaSO4 Barytes
PbSO4 Anglisite
CaSO4.2H2O Gypsum
MgSO4.7H2O Eypsomite
SrSO4 Celestine
K2SO4.AI2(SO4)3.24H2O Alum
K2SO4.AI2(SO4)3.4AI (OH)3 Alunite or Alumstone
Silicate Ore LiAI(SiO3)2 Spodumene
KAI Si3O8 Felsper
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O Caolin
(or China-Clay)
3BeO.AI2O3.6SiO2 Beryl
CaO.3MgO.4SiO2 Asbestus
K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO22H2O Mica
KH2.Al3.(SiO3)4
Nitrate Ore NaNO3 Chili-Salt Peter
KNO3 Salt peter or Indian salt peter
Phosphate Ore Ca3(PO4)2 Rock Phosphate
Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O Vivianite
AIPO4.AI(OH)3.H2O Terguoise
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
(a) The series of elements obtained by arranging them in an decreasing order of reduction potential is
known as electrochemical seres. (M+n + ne– M)
Table – 1 standard electrode potential (reduction potentail) at 25ºC
1
14. H+ + e H or H - 0.00 (Reference)
2 2
15. Cu+2 + 2e Cu + 0.34
16. Hg++ + 2e Hg + 0.79
17. Ag+ + e Ag + 0.80
18. Pt+4 + 4e Pt + 0.86
19. Au+ + e Au + 1.69
[16] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
Name % of C
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. Ignite mixture in thermite process is
(1) Fe + Al powder (2) BaO2 + Mg powder
(3) Cr + AI powder (4) Fe2O3 + Mg powder
2. Froth flotation process is used in the concentration of following type of ore –
(1) Carbonate ore (2) Oxide ore
(3) Sulphide ore (4) Phosphate ore
3. The purpose of smelting of an ore is
(1) to oxidise it (2) to reduce it
(3) To remove volatile impurities from it (4) to obtain an alloy
4. If steel is heated to redness and is suddenly quenched by plunging into water or oil, it becomes -
(1) Hard and ductile (2) Soft and ductile
(3) Soft and brittle (4) Hard and brittle
5. Steel is heated to redness and then allowed to cool slowly. This process is called
(1) Hardening (2) Temperine
(3) Annealing (4) Brittleness
6. Gun metal is an alloy of -
(1) Cr and Al (2) Cu, Sn and Zn
(3) Cu, Zn and Ni (4) Cu and Sn
7. Bauxite is purified by
(1) Hall’s method (2) Baeyer’s method
(3) Both of the above (4) None of these
8. If the impurity of silica in bauxite is comparatively more, then it is purified by
(1) Hall’s method (2) Baeyer’s method
(3) Serpek’s process (4) Pattinson’s process
9. Mercury is purified -
(1) By converting into solid state (2) By vacuum distillation
(3) By the reaction with dil HNO3 (4) By electrolysis
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [21]
14. Which of the following ores is concentrated .by froth flotation method -
(1) Bauxite ore (2) Haematite ore
(3) Cryolite ore (4) Sulphide ore
18. The following process is necessary to obtain purest form of copper metal
(1) Carbon reduction (2) Hydrogen reduction
(3) Electrolytic process (4) Thermite process
20. The substance mixed for the removal of . impurities from ores is called
(1) Slag (2) Gangue
(3) Flux (4) Catalyst
[22] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
29. In the electrorefining of metal its aqueous salt solution is electrolysed. Impure metal is taken as anode
and pure metal as cathode. This method can not be used for refining of -
(1) Silver (2) Copper
(3) Aluminium (4) Zinc
32. The substance which forms fusible matter by reacting with gangue, is called
(1) Flux (2) Catalyst
(3) Ore (4) Glassy slag
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [23]
LEVEL - II
1. Titanium containing mineral found in our country is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Bauxite (2) Dolomite
(3) Chalcopyrites (4) Elmanite
2. Ore pitch blende is main source of [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Ra (2) Ce
(3) Th (4) Mg
3. Main ore of aluminium is [CPMT 1989, 91, 2001; Rajasthan PMT 1997; Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Bauxite (2) Corundum
(3) Cryolite (4) Magnetite
4. Which ore is used for the manufacture of iron [CPMT 1973; 79; Rajasthan PET 2000]
(1) Cryolite (2) Bauxite
(3) Haematite (4) Chalcopyrites
5. Galvanisation is the [CPMT 1980,86,91,99; MP PET/PMT 1988; Pb. PET 1999]
(1) Deposition of Zn on Fe (2) Deposition of Al on Fe
(3) Deposition of Sn of Fe (4) Deposition of Cu on Fe
6. Blister copper is [CPMT 1976, 85, 2002;MP PET 1995]
(1) Pure copper (2) Ore of copper
(3) Alloy of copper (4) 1% impure copper
7. In the electrolytic purification of copper some gold is found in the
[CPMT 1972; AFMC 1995; RPET 2003]
(1) Cathode (2) Cathode mud
(3) Anode mud (4) Electrolyte
8. The slag obtained during the extraction of copper from copper pyrites is composed mainly of
[MNR 1993; MP PMT 1997; UPSEAT 2000, 01; IIT Screening 2001]
(1) CaSiO3 (2) FeSiO3
(3) CuSiO3 (4) SiO2
9. If excess of NH4OH is added to CuSO4 solution, it forms blue coloured complex which is
[MP PMT 1971, 79; Bihar CEE 1995; RPET 1999; AFMC 2001]
(1) Cu(NH3)4SO4 (2) Cu(NH3)2SO4
(3) Cu(NH4)4SO4 (4) Cu(NH4)2SO4
10. In the metallurgy of aluminium, cryolite is mixed in the molten state because it [Roorkee 1995]
(1) Increases the melting point of alumina
(2) Oxidises alumina
(3) Reduces alumina
(4) Decreases the melting point of alumina
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [25]
11. In the commercial electrochemical process for aluminium extraction, the electrolyte used is [IIT 1999]
(1) Al(OH)3 in NaOH solution
(2) An aqueous solution of Al2(SO4)3
(3) A molten mixture of Al2O3 and Na3AlF6
(4) A molten mixture of AlO(OH) and Al(OH)3
12. Among the following statements, the incorrect one is [IIT 1997]
(1) Calamine and siderite are carbonates
(2) Argentite and cuprite are oxides
(3) Zinc blende and pyrites are sulphides
(4) Malachite and azurite are ores of copper
13. The only cations present in a slightly acidic solution are Fe3+, Zn2+ and Cu2+, The reagent that when
added in excess to this solution would identify and separate Fe3+ in one step is [lIT 1997]
(1) 2M HCl (2) 6M NH3
(3) 6M NaOH (4) H2S gas
14. Addition of high proportions of manganese makes steel us eful in making rails of rail-roads because
manganese [IIT 1998]
(1) Gives hardness to steel
(2) Can show highest oxidation state of + 7
(3) Can remove oxygen and sulphur
(4) None of these
15. Highly pure dilute solution of sodium in liquid ammonia [IIT 1998]
(1) Shows blue colour
(2) Produces hydrogen gas
(3) Produces sodium amide
(4) None of these
16. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct with reference to the ferrous and ferric ions [lIT1998]
(1) Fe3+ gives brown colour with potassium fer ricyanide
(2) Fe2+ gives blue precipitate with potassium ferricyanide
(3) Fe3+ gives black colour with potassium thiocyanate
(4) Fe2+ gives brown colour with ammonium thiocyanate
17. Assertion: Al(OH)3 is amphoteric in nature
Reason: Al - O and O - H bonds can be broken with equal ease in Al(OH)3 [IIT 1998]
(1) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(2) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(3) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
(4) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct
18. FeS2 is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Artificial silver (2) Fool’s gold
(3) Mohr’s salt (4) Cast iron
[26] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
SELF ASSESSMENT
1. Iron can be extracted by the following process
(1) Smelting process
(2) Roasting
(3) Aluminothermite process
(4) Electrolytic reduction of fused iron oxide
2. Limonite is an ore of
(1) Copper (2) Silver
(3) Aluminium (4) Iron
3. Powdered silver ore is mixed with NaCN solution, the product formed on passing air to this mixture is -
(1) AgCN (2) Ag
(3) Ag(CN)2 (4) Na[Ag(CN)2]
4. An alloy is an example of
(1) Gel (2) Aerosol
(3) Solid sol (4) Emulsion
7. Duralium is in alloy of
(1) Cu and Mg (2) Cu, Mg and Mn
(3) Cu and Mn (4) Mg and Mn
11. In the cyanide method of extraction of silver, silver ore is heated with
(1) Sodium cyanide solution (2) Silver cyanide solution
(3) Salt and roasted pyrite (4) None of these
[28] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII
12. In the Parkes process for the extraction of silver, molten zinc is mixed with molten argentiferous lead
because
(1) Molten lead and zinc are insoluble in each other
(2) Silver is more soluble, in molten zinc as compared to lead
(3) Silver and zinc alloy solidifies readily on cooling
(4) All of the above
14. The process of calcination is carried out in case of following types of ores
(1) Hydroxide ores (2) Carbonate ores
(3) Hydroxide and Carbonate ores (4) Hydroxide and sulphide ores
16. Which of the following ores is used in the industrial production of iron?
(1) Cryolite (2) Bauxite
(3) Hematite (4) Chalcopyrite
17. Which of the following metal contains maximum number of metallic bonds?
(1) V (2) Ti
(3) Sc (4) Ca
18. The total number of atoms present in a body central cubic unit cell is
(1) 2 (2) 8
(3) 1 (4) 12
20. Refractory materials are used for the construction of furnaces because
(1) They are light in weight
(2) They can withstand high temperature
(3) They are leak proof
(4) They do not require to be replaced
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [29]
21. The substance used in the reduction of metal ores in thermite process is
(1) Aluminium (2) Thorium
(3) Hot platinum (4) Carbon
ANSWERS
EXERCISE
LEVEL - I
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (3)
6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (3)
11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (3)
21. (3) 22. (4) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (1)
26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (4) 29. (3) 30. (1)
31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (1) 34. (1) 35. (3)
36. (3) 37. (3) 38. (2) 39. (2)
LEVEL - II
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (1)
6. (4) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (4)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (1) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (4)
21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (3)
SELF ASSESSMENT
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2)
6. (1) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (4)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (1)
16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (2)