CLASS-X

CHAPTER -3
METALS AND NON-METALS (NOTES PART-2)
METALLURGY: EXTRACTION OF METALS
OCCURRENCE OF METALS: The main source of metals is earth crust.
Some metals are also present in sea water in the form of their salts.
MINERALS: The materials in which metal occur in the form of their
compounds are called minerals.
ORES: They are minerals from which metals are extracted profitably.
from their ores and refining them for use, is called metallurgy.
GANGUE: The unwanted material such as soil, sand, etc. present in the ores
mined from the earth is called gangue.

STEPS INVOLVED IN THE EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM THEIR

ORES:
• CONCENTRATION OF ORE/ORE DRESSING/ENRICHMENT OF
ORE: The process of removing unwanted substances from the ore.

• CONVERSION OF METALS ORES INTO OXIDES: It is easy to obtain

metals from their oxides. So, ores found in the form of sulphide and
carbonates are first converted to their oxides by the process of roasting
and calcination.

• REDUCTION OF METAL OXIDE TO METAL - Oxides of metals so

obtained are converted into metals by the process of reduction

• PURIFICATION OR REFINING OF THE METAL

FLOW CHART
.

• EXTRACTION OF METALS LOW IN THE REACTIVITY SERIES:

• By heating compounds of metals in air:
E.g. (i) 2HgS + 3O2 ------ > 2HgO + 2SO2
(Cinnabar)
2HgO ---> 2Hg +O2
(ii) 2 Cu2S + 3O2 ---> 2Cu2O + 2SO2
(Copper Glance)
2Cu2O + Cu2S -- > 6 Cu + SO2
 • EXTRACTION OF METALS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE REACTIVITY
SERIES:
• ROASTING: Sulphide Ore is heated in the presence of air to obtain
metal oxide
2 ZnS + 3O2 ===> 2 ZnO + 2SO2
• CALCINATION: Carbonate Ore is heated in the absence of air so
as to remove moisture and volatile impurities and to convert
carbonate ore into oxide.
ZnCO3 ===> ZnO + CO2

Calcination Roasting

(i) It is done for carbonate ores. (i) It is done for sulphide ores.

(ii) Carbonates ores heated in the (ii) Sulphide ores are heated in the

absence of oxygen. Presence of oxygen.

(iii) SO2 gas is released and Metal oxide is

(iii) The CO2 gas is released and Metal
obtained.
oxide is obtained.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) heat−→− 2ZnO(s) +
ZnCO3(s) heat−→− ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
2SO2(g)

• REDUCTION: By heating metal oxide with reducing agent.

a. By Carbon
ZnO + C ===> Zn + CO
b. By displacement with more reactive metal
 e.g. (i) 3MnO2 + 4 Al -- > 2Al2O3 + 3 Mn + Heat
(ii) Thermit Process (Aluminothermy) - Ferric oxide when heated with
aluminium, is reduced to iron metal. In this reaction, a lot of heat is
produced. The thermite reaction is used in the welding of electric
conductors, iron joints, etc. such as joints in railway tracks. This is also
known as Thermite Welding (TW).
Fe2O3 + 2Al ------> Al2O3 + 2 Fe + Heat
• EXTRACTION OF METALS ON THE TOP OF THE REACTIVITY
SERIES:
(Electrolytic Reduction) Electric current is passed through the molten
state of metal ores. Metal being positively charged is deposited over the
cathode.
Example: When an electric current is passed through molten state or
solution of sodium chloride, sodium metal gets deposited over the
cathode.

ELECTROLYTIC REFINING Metals extracted from various methods contains

some impurities, thus, they are required to be refined. Most of the metals are refined
using electrolytic refining. In the process of electrolytic refining, a thick block of
impure metal and a thin strip of pure metal are dipped in the salt solution of metal to
be refined. When an electric current is passed through the solution, pure metal is
deposited over a thin strip of pure metal from a thick block of impure metal. In this,
impure metal is used as anode and pure metal is used as a cathode
Electrolytic Refining of Copper
1) The electrolytic tank containing acidified copper sulphate solution as electrolyte.
2) A thick block of impure copper metal is made anode.
3) A thin strip of pure copper metal is made cathode.
On passing electric current, impure copper from the anode dissolves and goes into
copper sulphate solution and pure copper from copper sulphate deposits on cathode.
Thus pure copper metal is produced on the cathode. The soluble impurities go into
the solution whereas insoluble impurities collect below the anode as anode mud.
At cathode: Cu2+ + 2 e– —> Cu
At anode: Cu – 2 e– —–> Cu2+

Difference between electrolytic reduction and electrolytic refining

Corrosion: Most of the metals keep on reacting with the atmospheric air. This leads
to the formation of a layer over the metal. In the long run, the underlying layer of
metal keeps on getting lost due to conversion into oxides or sulphides or carbonate,
etc. As a result, the metal gets eaten up. The process is called Corrosion.

This eating up of metals by the action of air, moisture or a chemical on their surface
is called corrosion. For example:
• The copper objects lose their shine after sometime due to the formation of
copper oxide on them. When a copper object reacts with moist carbon
dioxide, it loses its shiny brown surface and gains a green coat(basic copper
oxide which is a mixture of copper carbonate and copper hydroxide)
• Silver articles became black after sometime when exposed to air because it
react with sulphur in air to form a coating of silver sulphide.
• The corrosion of iron is called rusting. When an iron object is left in damp
air for a considerable time, it gets covered with a red brown flaky substance
called rust.
Rust is hydrated iron(III) oxide. The formula of rust is Fe2O3.nH2O.
 The two conditions necessary for rusting of iron is presence of air and water.
Rusting of iron gives a huge loss every year.

Prevention of Rusting: For rusting, iron must come in contact with oxygen and
water. Rusting is prevented by preventing the reaction between atmospheric
moisture and the iron article. This can be done by:

• Painting
• Greasing
• Galvanization
• Electroplating
• Alloying

Alloys: The homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-
metal is called Alloy.

Properties of an Alloy

• Alloys are stronger than the metal from which they are obtained.
• It is harder than the constituent metals.
• More resistance to corrosion.
• The melting point of alloys is lower than the constituent metals.
Example: Solder [Sn(80%) + Pb(50%)] has lower m. p. than Pb and Sn.
• The electrical conductivity of alloys is lower than the constituent metals.

Some examples of Alloys:

• Brass: [80% Cu + 20% Zn ]

• Bronze: [90% Cu + 20% Sn]
• Solder: [50% Pb + 50% Sn]
• Steel: [99.95% Fe + 0.05% C]
• Stainless steel: [74% Fe + 18% Cr + 8% Ni]
• Alloys of Gold: Pure gold is said to be of 24 carats. Gold is alloyed with
a small amount of silver or copper to make it hard.
• Amalgams: An alloy in which mercury (Hg) is present