SOLUTIONS

SOLUTIONS
SYNOPSIS  If alcohol is solvent, then they are alcoholic
solutions.
 Homogeneous mixture of two or more  If Ether is solvent, then they are ethereal
substances whose composition vary within solutions.
certain limits is known as True Solution. Eg:  If liq. Ammonia is solvent, then they are
Salt in water, sugar in water. Ammonical solutions.
In a homogeneous mixture composition is same  In Amalgams - mercury is one of the components
through out the mixture. The commonly used Solvents in non-aqueous
Solutions are
 A binary solution contains only two components
solute and solvent. CCl4, CS2, CHCl3, C6 H 6, liq. SO2
Solute: The component present in lesser liq. NH3 , acetic acid.
proportion (or) the component loses its physical Classification of Solutions
state (not always) (or) present in dissolved state
(Based on Physical States of Matter)
(or) dispersed phase.
I. Solid Solutions
Solvent: The component present in greater Solid in Solid Eg: - Alloys like Brass
proportion (or) the component that retains its Liquid in solid Eg: - Amalgam
physical state (or) dispersion medium (or)
Gas in Solid Eg: - occlusion of H 2 over Pd
dissolving medium.
II. Liquid Solutions
Characteristics of Solution:
Solid in Liquid Eg: - Sucrose in water
 It is a homogeneous mixture. Liquid in Liquid Eg: - Alcohol + Water
 Formation of solution is a physical change but Gas in Liquid Eg: - Soda water
not a chemical change. III. Gaseous Solutions
 Solute cannot be separated from solution by
Solid in Gas Eg: - camphor in air
filtration.
Liquid in Gas Eg: - Moisture in air
 Solute can be separated from solution by
Gas in Gas Eg: - Mixture of any 2 gases or
distillation, absorption (or) crystallization. If the
atmospheric air.
solute is non volatile and solvent is volatile then
 Gases on intermixing produce true solution.
they are separated by evaporation (or)
distillation. Methods of Expressing Concentrations
 The properties of a solution like density, vapour The quantity of solute present in definite
pressure, boiling point depend on relative quantity of the solution relative to the solvent is
amount of solute and solvent. known as concentration of solution or strength
 Variables like pressure, temperature and of solution.
composition may affect the properties of the  Standard Solutions: The solution whose
solutions. concentration is known.
 The effect of pressure on solid solutions is  Dilute Solution: The solution containing
negligible. relatively smaller quantity of solute compared
Types of Solution to that of solvent.
(Based on nature of Solvent )  Concentrated Solution: The solution which
 Aqueous Solutions (Solvent is water) contain relatively large solute, in a definite
 Non-Aqueous Solutions (Solvent is other than quantity of the solution.
Weight of Solution = Volume of the solution
H 2O )
 density of solution (W = V  d).
 The weight of 1 milli litre of a solution in grams  Molarity decreases with increase in temperature.
is known as density of the solution.
n
 The density of solution depends on the  M 
temperature. VLit (n = number of moles of solute)
 The Units of density are g/ml or g/lit. n=VM (V= Volume of Solution in litres)
 The ratio between density of solution and
Wt 1 W 1000
density of water (both measured at the same M   M  
temperature) is known as relative density or M .Wt Vlit ; M .Wt Vml
specific gravity of solution. M  M .wt  Vml x 10
w ;M  d  1
density of Solution 1000 MW
Specific gravity =
density of water
x  d  10 x  Sp.gr  10
Specific gravity has no units. M ; M
MW MW
Physical Methods
 Weight Fraction: It is amount of solute in Where x is W / V  % of solute
grams present in 100g solution
 Dilution: A solution of molarity M1 and
w
Weight Fraction = volume V1 is diluted to V2 and of molarity
w W
 w  M 2 ,then . V1 M1  V2 M 2
Weight % =    100
 w W  Volume of H 2 O required to dilute a solution of
w = weight of solute, W = weight of solvent volume V and molarity M1 to concentration M 2 ,
v Higher C  Lower C
 Volume Fraction = VH2O  Vsol
v V Lower C

 v   When two solutions of different substances

Volume % =    100
 v V  V1 M1 V2 M 2
react: =
v = volume of solute , V = volume of solvent n1 n2
 Mass/Volume Perentage ( W/V): It is mass
Molarity of Mixture (Same solutes)
of solute dissolved in 100 ml of solution.
w VM  V1 M1  V2 M 2     
mass volume %   100
v V1 M1  V2 M 2     
M 
 Strength: Weight of solute (in grams) dissolved V
in per litre of solution . (g/litre)
V1M1  V2 M 2
Strength = Equivalent weight x Normality M= (for two solutions)
V
 PPM (Parts per Million): It is the mass of
Molarity of Mixture of Acid and Base
the solute present in million 10  parts by mass
6

V1M 1  V2 M 2
M  V1M 1  V2 M 2 
Massof solute10 6
V
of the solution. ppm 
Mass of solution  Molar Solution ----- 1M
Semi molar Solution ----- 0.5M
Chemical Methods
Deci molar Solution ----- 0.1M
Molarity (M): It is number of gram moles of
Centi molar Solution ----- 0.01M
solute dissolved per litre of solution.
Unit = Moles/litre Milli molar Solution ----- 0.001M
 SOLUTIONS
 Normality: It is number of gram equivalents Equivalent Weight: It is the number of parts
of solute dissolved per litre of solution. by weight of a substance that combine or
Unit = gm. equivalents / litre displace 1.008 parts by weight of hydrogen or
 Normality decreases as temperature increases. 35.5 parts by weight of chlorine or 8 parts by
N
No. of gm equivalents of solute weight of oxygen.
volume of solution in litres  It is represented by E.
W 1  It is a relative value, no units.
N   Equivalent weight expressed in grams is known
E.W Vlits
as gram equivalent weight or gram equivalent.
W 1000 N  E.W  V  Number of gram equivalents =
N  ; W
E.W Vml 1000 Weight of the substance in gms
 When a solution is diluted or two solutions of Gram equivalent weight
different substances react, then V1 N1  V2 N 2
Equivalent weight of Acids:
 Volume of water required for diluting a solution
of volume V and concentration N1 to N 2 , then M Wt
 E acid 
basicity
higher C  lower C
VH 2O   Vsol  Basicity is the number of replaceable hydrogen
lower C
atoms by metal ions in a molecule of an acid.
x  10
N  d  1 EHCl 
36.5
EHNO3 
63
EW 1 1
x  d  10 x  Sp.g  10
N N 98 90
EW EW EH 2 SO4  EH 2C2O4 ( Anhydrous ) 
2 2
Where x is weight-volume percentage of Solute
(w/v )%
Mixture: (same solute ) 126
E H 2 C 2 O4 .2 H 2 O 
V1 N1  V2 N 2 2
N
V 98 82
EH 3PO4  EH 3PO3 
In Acid-Base Reactions 3 2
N aVa  N bVb 66 60
(i) Va N a  Vb Nb - acidic, N  Va  Vb
EH 3PO2  ECH
3COOH

1 1
NbVb  N aVa M .wt
(ii) Va N a  Vb Nb - basic, N  Va  Vb Equivalent weight of Base: Ebase  acidity

(iii) Va N a  Vb Nb - neutral, N  107 at 250 C  Acidity is the number of hydroxyl groups

replaceable in a molecule of the base.
W
 Number of gm eq. =  N Vlit 40 56
EW ENaOH  EKOH 
1 1
 Number of gm Eq. of acid = Number of gm Eq.
of base 74 171
ECa (OH )2  EBa (OH )2 
W 2 2
Wa
 b Equivalent weight of Salts:
EWa EWb
Wb N aVa (in ml) Formula Weight
Wa N V (in ml) ; EW  1000 Esalt 
 b b b Total charge on cations or anions
Ewa 1000
 58.5  Molality (m): It is the number of gram moles
E NaCl  of solute dissolved per Kg of solvent.
1
Unit is Moles / Kg of solvent.
111 It is independent of temperature.Hence It is a
ECaCl2   55.5
2 standard method of expressing concentration
while molarity is a convenient method of
106
ENa2CO3   53 expressing concentration.
2 n
Equivalent weight of Oxidising agent / m
WSolvent  in Kg 
Reducing agent
w 1
M.wt m 
EO.A(or)R.A  M .wt Wsolvent in Kg
Change in oxidation state per mole
W 1000
158 m 
( MnO4  Mn 2 )
E KMnO4  acid   M .W WSolvent in Gm
5
Change in oxidation state from +7 to +2 is 5 m  M .W  WSolvent in Gm
W
248 1000
E Na 2S2O3 .5H 2O   2Na 2S2O3  I2  Na 2S4O6  2NaI
1 x 1000
m 
MW (100  x)
152  Fe2+  Fe3+  Where x= wt % (w / w)
E FeSO 
4 1   Solubility  10
m=
294  M. Wt of Solute
EK 2Cr2O7  Cr2O72  2Cr 3 
6   Relation between Molality and
 FeC2O4 (Ferrous oxalate ) as a reducing agent Molarity
1000  M
Fe2  Fe3  e  m
 3e
1000  d    M  MWsolute 
C2O42  2CO2  2e  Mole Fraction(x): It is the ratio between
number of moles of one particular component
Mw 144 to the total number of moles of all the
FeC 2O4  
3 3 components of solution.
Fe2  C2O4 3 (Ferric oxalate ) as a reducing
It has no Units.
It is independent of temperature.
2
agent 3C2O4  6CO2  6e No. of moles of solute(n2 )
x2 
Total no. of moles in solution(n1  n2 )
Mw 376
EFe  C O    n
n2
6 6
 xi  1
2 2 4 3
x2 
Relation between Molarity and n1  n2 i 1
Normality: n1
x1  x1  x2  1
 M  M .wt.  N  E.W n1  n2
 Relationship between molality(m) of the
 Gram molecular wt=n  Gram equivalent wt
solution and mole fraction ( x2 )of the solute.
Where n = valency (or) Basicity (or) acidity
(or) mM1
x2 
number of electrons transferred. 1  mM1
 SOLUTIONS
 Where M1 =Moleculur mass of solvent. W.E-3: Calculate the mole fraction of C3 H 5  OH 3
Relationship between mole fraction of the in a solution of 36 g of water and 46 g of
solute( x2 ) and molarity of the solution. glycerine

MM1 36
Sol: nH 2O  2
x2  18
M ( M1  M 2 )  d
46
 Where M 2 =molar mass of the solute in ngr   0.5
92
kg mol 1 0.5
xgr   0.20
Where M 2 =molar mass of the solvent in 2.5
Solubility of Solid in Liquid: The amount
kg mol 1
of solute dissolved in100g of a solvent to form
d=density of the solution in kg L 1 a saturated solution at a given temperature is
termed as the solubility of solute.
Formality (F): This is the concentration unit
 Unsaturated Solution: A solution in which
for ionic- compounds which dissolve in a polar
more solute can be dissolved without raising
solvent to give pair of ions. This represents
temperature is called an unsaturated solution.
number of gramformula - weight of the
substance dissolved per litre of the solution. It  Saturated Solution:A solution in which no
is almost the same as molarity. It describes the solute can be dissolved further at a given
solute that is mixed in a liquid rather than the temperature is called a saturated solution.The
solute present in solution after the dissolution maximum amount of a solute that can be
process. dissolved in a given amount of solvent
(generally 100g) at a given temperature is termed
molesof substance addedtosolution as its “solubility” at that temperature.
Formality = volumeof solution inlitres  In a saturated solution there exists a dynamic
equilibrium between the undissolved and
W.E-1: Calculate the amount of oxalic acid (eq. dissolved ions or molecules in solution.
wt.63) required to prepare 500ml of its 0.10N At equilibrium
solution Rate of dissolution Rate of crystallization
W 1000 Vml  A supersaturated solution is metastable
Sol: N  GEW  V ; W  N  GEW   Soluble Substances: Have solubility greater
ml 1000
than 1 g per 100 mL.
500  Sparingly Soluble Substances: Have
W  0.10  63   3.15 gr
1000 solubility less than 1g and more than 0.001g per
100mL.
W.E-2: Calculate the normality of orthophosphoric  Insoluble Substance: Have solubility less
acid having purity of 70% by weight than 0.0019 g per 100mL.
(sp.gr.1.54) Factors influencing solubility of solids:
x%  sp.gr  10
 (a) Temperature: If the dissolution is
N endothermic the solubility increases with
GEW temperature.
Sol: 70  1.54  10  3
  33 e.g. NaNO2 , KNO3 , NaCl
98
 If the dissolution process is exothermic 
 HSol  0  , solubility decreases with increase
in temperature.
 (b) Pressure: It has no significant effect on
solubility because solids and liquids are highly 
incompressible.
(b) Nature of Solute / Solvent solubilities
of Ionic solids  The mass of a gas dissolved per unit volume of
 The smaller the value of lattice energy and more
the value of heat of hydration more is the
solubility of ionic compounds. Lattice energy 
depends upon force of attraction (F) between 
qq1
oppositely charged ions and given by F 
r2D
q, q1 are charges, r distance between charges,
D is the dielectric constant of medium.
Dielectric constant of water is 82, methanol
Nature of Solvent: Gases capable of forming
ions in aqueous solution are more soluble in
water than in other solvents.
eg.HCl, NH 3 etc.
Temperature:Solubility decreases with rise of
temperature at constant pressure.
Pressure of the Gas (or) Henry’s law
solvent is proportional to the pressure of the gas
at constant temperature.
m  p or m = kp where k is Henry’s constant
The most commonly used form of Henry’s law
states that the partial pressure of the gas in
vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” and is
expressed as p  K H x Here K H is the Henry’ s
law constant.
Partial pressure of HCl/torr

33.5, Benzene 2.3. Ionic solids dissolve more 1000

in a solvent having high dielectric constant.
Solubilities of Molecular Solids 500
(Non-Ionic Solids )
 Molecular solids containing polar groups (e.g.
OH) are soluble in polar solvents like water,
methanol etc. Others are soluble in non polar
solvents. 0 0.010 0.020
 Solubility of Gases in Liquids: It is generally Mole fraction of HCl in its
Solution in cyclohexane
expressed in terms of absorption coefficient
which is defined as the volume of the gas in ml Higher the value of K H at a given pressure, the
that can be dissolved by 1ml of a liquid solvent lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
at the temperature of the experiment at
1atmospheric pressure. Gas Temperature KH/kbar Gas Temperature K /kbar
H
/K /K
Absorption coefficient of some gases at 200 C He 293 144.97 Argon 298 40.3
H2 293 69.16 CO2 298 1.67
Solvent Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon N2 293 76.48 Formaldehyde 298 1.83×10
-5

dioxide
N2 303 88.84 Methane 298 0.413
Water 0.017 0.015 0.028 0.88 Vinyl
O2 293 34.86 298 0.611
Chloride
Ethanol 0.080 0.130 0.143 3.00
Benzene 0.060 0.104 0.165 Limitations of Henry’s Law
Factors Influencing the Solubility of a Gas (i) pressure is not very high
(ii) temperature is not very low
 Nature of the Gas: Easily liquiefiable gases (iii) gas not highly soluble
are more soluble. e.g. CO2 is more soluble than (iv) gas do not form any compound with solvent
O and H (v) gas does not undergo dissociation
2 2

Application of Henry’s law
 To increase solubility of CO 2 in soft drinks and
soda water the bottle is sealed under high prssure 
 Sea divers use air diluted with He(11.7% He,
5 6 .
SOLUTIONS
 The molecules with higher K.E overcome the
inter molecular forces of attraction and escape
into the Atmosphere.
The molecules with lower K.E remain in the
bulk, so K.E when compared to earlier state is

2
2and 32.1% O2) to avoid a condition
% N

less therefore Temperature decreases during

known as ‘bends’ to cope up with high ‘P’ under
water.
 At high altitudes, when partial pressure of O2 is
less, it leads to a condition known as ‘Anoxia’.
W.E-4: The henry law constant for the solubility
of N 2 gas in water at 298K
1.0 105 atm.Then calculate number of moles
of N 2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of water
at 298K and 5atm pressure
Sol: PN 2  K H xN 2
PN 2 = mole fraction of N 2 in air  Total pressure
of air
=0.8  5atm=4 atm
 4 atm= 105 atm  xN 2 or xN 2 = 4  105
This means that in one mole of water, no.of
moles of N 2 dissolved = 4 105
 In 10 moles of water, no.of moles of N 2 is
dissolved= 4 104
Concept of Vapour Pressure: In an open
vessel (or) lakes (or) ponds, level of water
decreases in summer due to phenomenon of
vaporization (or) Evaporation.
 Vaporization (or) Evaporation: The
transformation of liquid to vapour form is
vapourisation. Evaporation of a liquid is
endothermic process.
 It is explained on the basis of Kinetic molecular
theory.
 The molecules of liquid are held together by
inter molecular forces of attractions.
 The K.E of liquid molecules is different but their
average K.E is same.
The molecules at the surface will have more
kinetic energy than the molecules in the bulk.
vaporization.
 This principle is employed in attaining low
temperature
eg: liquification of air (or) real gases, cooling
of water in mud pot .
 The number of molecules escaping from the
is liquid surface in unit time (or one second) is
known as rate of evaporation.
 Rate of evaporation depends on,
(i) Nature of Liquid (ii) Surface Area
(iii) Temperature (iv) Flow of air current over
the surface
 The transformation of vapour molecules with
lower K.E back to the liquid state is known as
“ Condensation”.
The number of molecules condensing on the
liquid surface in unit time is known as rate of
condensation.
 At any temperature both vaporization and
condensation take place Simultaneously, but still
volume of liquid decreases because some of
vapour molecules escape into atmosphere.
 In a closed vessel after certain period of time,
the rate of vaporization becomes equal to rate
of condensation i. e., it attains liquid-vapour
equilibrium.
 Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by
vapour over a liquid when they are in
equilibrium with each other.
 Vaporization increases with surface area and
temperature.
 Vapour pressure is independent of surface area.
Vapour pressure varies exponentially with
temperature.
 Clausius and Clapeyron theoretically derived
a relationship between the vapour pressure and
the temperature of the liquid.
 When temperature is increased KE of molecules
increases, more number of molecules convert
to vapour form and more will be the
vapour pressure.
 The vapour pressure of a liquid is called 
saturated vapour pressure, because the
atmosphere over liquid is saturated with vapour
of the liquid, exerts pressure on the liquid.
 The vapour pressure of water is known as 
aqueous tension.
 Clapeyron -Clausius Equation is given by
P H v  1 1 
log 2    
P1 2.303R  T1 T2 
H v = Enthalpy of vapourisation of liquid ;
R= gas constant;
P2 = vapour pressure at T2 and P1 = vapour
pressure at T1
The number of molecules of solvent present on
surface are relatively less in solution than that
of pure solvent as some solvent molecules on
the surface are displaced by solute molecules.
The number of molecules converting to Vapour
form are less (vaporization is less). Therefore
vapour pressure is less.
 The vapour pressure of liquid is directly
proportional to rate of vaporization.
 The difference between vapour pressure of pure
solvent  P0  and vapour pressure of solution
 P is known as lowering of vapour
pressure(LVP).
P 0 P is lowering of vapour pressure and

1 P0  P
 A graph is plotted between log p vs gives is relative lowering of vapour pressure.
T P0
straight line with negative slope.  The ratio between the lowering of Vapour
pressure in solution and the vapour pressure of
pure liquid is known as relative lowering of
vapour pressure (RLVP).
 At any given temperature the vapour pressure
of the solution decreases with increase in the
lo g P concentration of solution.
 Vonbabo showed that RLVP is independent of
temperature for dilute solutions even though
both the vapour pressure of solvent and solution
l / T change with temperature.
Raoult’s Law: Raoult’s law general form can
Boiling Point:
be stated as, for any solution the partial vapour
 It is the temperature at which vapour pressure pressure of each volatile component in the
of a liquid becomes equal to its Atmospheric solution is directly proportional to its mole
pressure. fraction.
 Volatile liquids have high Vapour Pressure and  The relative lowering of vapour pressure of a
low Boiling Point. dilute solution containing a non-volatile solute
Eg: - Ether, Methyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, is equal to mole fraction of solute.
Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon disulphide
 Non volatile liquids have low vapour pressure P0  P P0  P n2
 x2 0

and .high boiling point. P0 P n1  n2
Eg: - H 2 O , Aniline, Nitrobenzene for very dilute solutions ( n2  n1 )
Lowering of Vapour Pressure:  n1  n2  n1
 When a non volatile solute is added to a solvent,
the vapour pressure decreases. P0  P n2 P0  P w M
0
   
 In a solution the surface is not only occupied by P n1 P 0 m W
solvent molecules but also by solute molecules.
 SOLUTIONS
Where P 0 = V.P of pure solvent Where PA = partial pressure of component A,
PA0 = vapoure pressure of component A in pure
P = V.P of pure solution
form, X A = mole fraction of component A in
n1  moles of solvent
solution
n2  moles of solute Remember PA = p. A , where p = Total
w = wt. of solute
m = M.Wt of solute pressure and  A = Mole fraction of component
W = Wt. of solvent A in vapour phase
M = M.Wt of solvent An Ideal Solution
Limitations: (I) The solution which obey Raoult’s law at all
 It is applicable for very dilute solutions only. temperatures and concentrations
 It is applicable for dilute solutions containing (II) H mix  0 i.e. no heat is evolved or absorbed
non-volatile solute only.
 It is applicable for solutions containing solutes, when components are mixed to form the
solution.
which neither associate nor dissociate.
 It is applicable for ideal solutions only.(Solutions (III) Vmix  0 i.e. no change in volume.In ideal
in which solute and solvent do not have solution the A -B intermolecular interactions
Interaction). are the same as A -A and B -B inter molecular
 Particle concentration in Solution: Molar interactions
concentration of solution  number of ions
formed from one molecule of Solute
Eg: - (a) In 0.01M Aqueous solution of Al2 (SO 4 )3
 Al3+   0.02M ; SO 24   0.03M
   
Total particle concentration =0.05M
(b) Particle concentration of 0.01M glucose
solution is 0.01M
 L V P  number of particles.
1
 VP 
particle concentration
In an ideal solution of two components say A2
 BP particle concentration
and B2 , all cohesive forces (A-A, B-B and A-B)
 Variables like pressure, temperature and
must be identical. Two liquids on mixing will
composition may effect the properties of the
form an ideal solution if following conditions
solutions
be satisfied:
 The effect of pressure on solid solutions is
i) Both have similar structures
negligible
ii) Both have similar molecular sizes
Vapour Pressure of liquid- liquid solutions iii) Both have identical intermolecular forces
Raoult’s Law & Dalton’s Law strictly there is no attraction and repulsions
 (1) The partial pressure of a volatile component The following pairs almost behave as ideal
of a solution is directly proportional to its mole solutions
fraction in very dilute solution at any (a) Benzene and toluene
temperature. (b) ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride
(c) n - Heptane and n- hexane
PA X A and PB X B and (d) Chlorobenzene and bromobezene
PA  PA0 . X A , PB  PB0 . X B (e) ethylene chloride and ethylene bromide.
 Non Ideal Solutions Examples:
 (I) Solutions which do not obey Raoults law Chloroform + Acetone
Chloroform + Benzene
(II) H mix  0 III) Vmix  0
Chloroform + Diethyl ether
 Types of non ideal solutions : They are of two Acetone + Aniline
types HCl + Water
(I) : Showing Positive Deviations For such HNO3 + Water
solutions (a) A- B inter - molecular interactions
 Azeotropic mixture or constant Boiling
are weaker than A-A and B-B intermolecular
interactions mixture: mixture of two or more components
which like a pure chemical compound boils and
(b) H mi x is  ve (c) Vmix is  ve distills over completely at the same temperature
Vapour pressure without change in composition is called an
of solution azeotrope . Non ideal solutions form azeotropes.
 Azeotropic mixture with minimum
Boiling point: Formed by liquids showing
Vapour pressure

positive deviation. An intermediate composition

of liquids having highest vapour pressure, hence
P2 lowest boiling point gives this azeotrope . Such
P1
azeotropes have boiling points lower than either
of the pure component. eg. Rectified spirit
x Mole fraction x (ethanol 95.5% + H 2O 4.50%) bpt 351.5 K.
x x x  Azeotropic mixture with maximum
x
boiling point: Formed by liquids showing
Examples:
negative deviation. An intermediate composition
Carbon tetrachloride +benzene
of liquids having minimum vapour pressure,
Carbon tetrachloride + chloroform
hence highest boiling point gives this azeotrope.
Carbon tetrachloride + Toluene Such azeotropes have boiling points higher than
Acetone + Carbon disulphide either of the pure components.
Acetone +Ethyl alcohol
Acetone + Benzene e.g. Water & HNO3  HNO3 68%  H 2O32% 
Methyl alcohol + Water bpt 393.5K
Ethyl alcohol + Water Colligative Properties: The properties of
(II) Showing Negative Deviations: For such dilute solutions which depend on the number
solutions (a) A -B intermolecular interactions of particles (ions or molecules) of the solute
are stronger than A-A and B-B intermolecular dissolved in the solution are called colligative
interactions H mi x is  ve (c) Vmix is  ve properties.
1
Vapour pressure  Colligative properties  G.M .W
of solution ( solute )

 They are
i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure (RLVP)
Vapour pressure

of solution
P2 P1 ii) Elevation in the boiling point of the solution
 Tb 
iii)Depression in the freezing point of the
x Mole fraction x solution  T f 
x x x
x iv)Osmotic pressure of the solution  
 SOLUTIONS
1. Relative lowering of Vapour Pressure  Boiling point of solution (T) is greater than the
(RLVP) boiling point of solvent To 
 Ostwald’s dynamic method is based on the
measurement of RLVP of a solution due to T  To   Tb  elevation of Boiling point.
addition of a non volatile solute solvent
 RLVP as per Raoult’s law, is equal to the mole C solution 1
fraction of solute solution 2
B F L
Po  P 1 Atm
 xs
Po E

Where xs  mole fraction of solute P0 A K

Po  P ns D
 a b P1
; ns  : no 
Po no  ns M W P2 H

For dilute solutions ns  no T0 T1 T2

The principal of elevation of
Po  P a W a W Po
  M   Boiling Point
Po M b or b  Po  P 
According to the principle of elevation in boiling
BE BF
W.E-5: The relative lowering of the vapour point 
BK BL
pressure of an aqueous solution containing a
Po  P1 To  T1
non-volatile solute is 0.0125. Calculate the
or P  P  T  T  or  P T
molality of the solution o 2 o 2

Po  Ps w M w M  As per Raoult’s law, P X s  Tb X s

Sol:   : RLVP  
Po m W m W
or Tb  K b X s
w 1000 w 1
m  , 0.0125    M Kb  proportionality constant
m W m W
X s  Mole Fraction of solute.
 w 1000 
0.0125  1000    M  From thermodynamic laws
m W 
RTo2
M  m  125 (M=18) Kb 
Hvap ,
125
m  0.6944  0.70 Hvap  molar heat of vapourisation of liquid
18
To  boiling point of pure solvent
2. Elevation of Boiling point
R = gas constant.
 The temperature at which the vapour pressure
of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric RTo2
Tb   Xs
pressure (i.e., one atmosphere) is known as the H vap

boiling point of the liquid.

ns a W
 The vapour pressure (P) of a dilute solution of  For dilute solutions, X s  n  M  b
the non-volatile solute is less than the vapour o

pressure of the pure solvent  Po  in which the Tb 

RTo2  a W 
  
non-volatile solute is dissolved. Hvap  M b 
 But Hvap  W  lv ( l v =latent heat of 3. Depression of Freezing point
vapourization)  Freezing point is the temperature at which the
solid form of liquid begins to separate out from
RTo2 a 1 the liquid. At this temperature solid and liquid
Tb   
lv M b will be in equilibrium.
 for 1 molal solution,  When non volatile solute is dissolved in a
solvent the freezing point decreases.
RTo2 1  a   For dilute solutions the curves are considered
Tb   1   1, b  1000 gr 
lv 1000  M  almost linear.

RTo2
Kb 
lv  1000

 Tb and K b are related by the equation

P1
Tb  Kb  m
P2
or
a 1000 T2 T1
Tb  K b  
M b
 From OBC, OEF,
 The elevation in boiling point observed in one
OC BC
molal solution of a non-volatile solute is called 
OF EF
molal elevation constant  Kb  (or)
or
Ebullioscopic constant.
Po  P1 To  T1
 The molal elevation constant of a solvent does   or  P  T
not change with the change in the nature of Po  P2 To  T2
solute dissolved in it.
 As per Raoult’s law, P X s  T f  X s
 Cottrell’s method is used for determination of
molar mass of solute using elevation of boiling or
point. T f  K f X s
W.E-6:The molal boiling-point constant for
water is 0.513Km 1 .When 0.1 mole of sugar K f  proportionality constant or molal
is dissolved in 200.0g of water.Then Calculate depression constant or cryoscopic constant
the boiling point of solution under a pressure X s  Mole Fraction of solute.
of 1.0 atm.
 From thermodynamic laws
w 1000
Sol: b  K b   RTo2
mw w Kf  H f  molar heat of freezing
H f
1000
b  0.513  0.1  0.256
200 To  freezing point of pure solvent
TS  T0  0.256 R = gas constant.
TS  T0  0.256 RTo2
T f   Xs
TS = 100  0.256  100.256.0 C H f
 SOLUTIONS
ns a W W.E-7: Calculate the molecular weight of a
 For dilute solutions, X s  n  M  b substance if the freezing point of a solution
o
containing 100g of benzene and 0.2g of the
RTo2  a w  substance is 0.17K below that of benzene. The
T f     cryoscope constant of benzerne is 5.16K
H f  M b 
kgmol 1
But H f  W  l f ( l f = latent heat of fusion)
w  1000  K f w  1000  k f
RT 2 a 1
T f  o   Sol: T f  , MW  T f  W
MW  W
lf M b
 for 1 molal solution, 1000  5.16  0.2
MW   60.70
100  0.17
RTo2 1  a 
T f   1   1, b  1000 gr 
lf 1000  M  4. Osmosis & Osmotic Pressure
 The spontaneous flow of the solvent through
RTo2
Kf  semipermeable membrane from pure solvent to
l f  1000 solution (or) from a dilute solution to
concentrated solution is known as osmosis.
 T f and K f are related by the equation
 The membranes which allow to pass only
T f  K f  m solvent molecules through it but not solute
molecules is called semipermeable membrane.
or  Ex. Animal membranes like pig’s bladder,
a 1000 membrane round the red blood corpuscle, cell
T f  K f   membrane, parchment paper, cellophane paper,
M b
inorganic precipitate membranes like cupric
 The depression of freezing point observed in 1
molal solution of a non volatile solute is known ferrocyanide Cu2  Fe  CN 6  ,

as K f Calcium phosphate Ca3  PO4 2

 K f depends on chemical nature of solvent but
not solute in the solution.
 Rast method is used for determination of molar 
mass of solute. Using depression in freezing
point.
 Rast method is used for solid solutions.
1
 Colligative property 
Molar mass of solute
 Boiling point of solution  no. of ions present
in solute
 Freezing point of solution 
1
no.of ions present in a solute
Osmotic Pressure  
The hydrostatic pressure developed on the
aqueous dilute solution at equilibrium state due
to inflow of water when the solution is separated
from the water by a semipermeable membrane.
(or)
 The pressure required to be applied on the
solution to just stop the inflow of solvent into
the solution, when the solution is separated from
the solvent by a semipermeable membrane.
Van’t Hoff’s theory of dilute Solutions
 According to van’t Hoff’s, dilute solutions
behave as gases. Hence the laws that applicable
to gases are also applicable to dilute solutions.
 Van’t Hoff’s Boyle’s Law Reverse Osmosis
At constant temperature the osmotic pressure
  of a dilute solution is directly proportional
to its concentration (C)
 C C = mole / litre
1  1
 C  
V  V
V  K ............(1)
When a pressure greater than that of osmotic
Van’t Hoff’s Charle’s Law pressure   is applied on solution side, then
 The osmotic pressure   of a solution of the solvent from the solution flows into pure
constant concentration (C) is directly solvent this process is called reverse osmosis.
proportional to the temperature in Kelvin Scale It used in desalination of sea water
(T)  Isotonic solutions: At a given temperature
solutions of same osmotic pressure are called
 T isotonic solutions:
  KT ............ (2) eg: Blood is isotonic with saline (0.9% w/v NaCl
solution)
T  Hypotonic solutions: Solutions having lower
from (1) and (2)  
V osmotic pressure
T  Hypertonic Solutions: Solutions having
 S higher osmotic pressure
V
 Plasmolysis: The flow of the liquid from the
 1  plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution
  CST   C  is called plasmolysis. The plant cell undergoes
 V 
shrinkage. It is an example to exo-osmosis
here S = solution constant
 Haemolysis : When a plant cell is placed in
The value of ‘S’ is similar to the value of ‘R’ hypotonic solution then the solvent flows into
(gas constant) plant cell. This is known as Haemolysis. The
Hence  V  RT for 1 mole plant cell finally bursts. It is an example to endo-
osmosis.
for ‘n’ mole  V  nRT  Plants taken up water from soil through the
phenomenon of osmosis through root hairs
If ‘a’ is weight of the solute and ‘M’ is its
 A raw mango placed in salt solution loses water
molecular weight then via osmosis. This takes place in the preparation
a of a pickle.
n  Osmotic pressure of solutions have high values
M
and are of the order of about 20-200 atm.
a Ordinary membranes can’t withstand pressure.
for ‘n’ moles  V  RT
M Hence Berkely - Hartley measured osmotic
pressure using cupric ferrocyanide as
aRT aRTC semipermeable membrane.
(a) M  (b) M 
V   the osmotic pressure of a solution containing 1
 osmotic pressure is determined by Berkely - mole of solute particles per litre (1M) at 0o C is
Hartely method 22.4 atm.
 SOLUTIONS
Formulae W.E-8: The osmotic pressure of a solution at 300K
1.  V  nST Hence is 0.821 atm. Its concentration will be
  Osmotic pressure Sol:   CRT
w  w C   / RT
V  ST  n   S=Solution constant
m  m
0.821
C  0.033M
wST 0.0821 300
m T=absolute temperature
V
Abnormal Molar mass
2.  V  nST W=Weight of solute
 Colligative properties are shown by dilute
n solutions.
  ST  MST
V  Solutions which obey Raoult’s law are called
m=molecular wt of solute ideal solutions.
V=volume of the solution  Deviations in Raoult’s law are observed due to
n=no. moles of solute increase in concentration of solutions.
M=Molarity of the solution  Solutions which deviate from Raoult’s law are
3. Consider two solutions I and II having n1 and known as non-ideal solutions.
 In ideal solutions intermolecular forces in the
n2 moles of the solute in V1 and V2 litres of the solutions are negligible.
solution respectively let P1 and P2 be their  But in non ideal solutions intermolecular forces
osmotic pressures at the same temperature (T) are considerable.
If P1  P2 i.e., isotonic solutions  Non ideal solutions show deviations in
colligative properties.
n1 n2 W1 W2  Electrolytes undergo ionisation in aqueous
then V  V (a) M V  M V solutions as a result number of particle in the
1 2 1 1 2 2
solution increases hence magnitude of
Osmotic pressure of mixture of two colligative properties increases.
Solutions:  Colligative property and molar mass of solute
Case(I): Let two solutions of same substance are inversely proportional to each other.
having different osmotic pressures 1 and  2  So molar mass of electrolytic solutes determined
are mixed then osmotic pressure of the resultant experimentally is less than true value.
solution can be calculated as  Some solutes when dissolved in solvents may
undergo association i.e, solute molecules
 1V1   2V2   r V1  V2  combine to form dimers or trimers etc.
Here  r =osmotic pressure of resulting solution  Due to association number particles in the
solution decreases, as a result magnitude of
Case (II): Let n1 and n2 are the number of colligative properties decreases. So molar mass
moles of two different solutes present in V1 and of such solute will be higher than true value.
 Van’t Hoff introduced a factor ‘i’ in the equations
V2 volumes respectively. Osmotic pressure of
to equalise the experimental value and
the mixture can be calculated as
calculated value.
n1i1ST n i ST
  1   2   22  For example, osmotic pressure   equation is
V1  V2  V1  V2 
 V  RT (calculated)

 n1i1  n2i2  ST  V  iRT (experimental )
V1  V2 
 exp t
here i1 and i2 are vant Hoff’s factors for the  i
 cal
two solutes.
 experimental value of colligative property 
i  Total particles after association  1   
Calculated value of colligative property n
observed osmotic pressure 
i 1 
Calculated osmotic pressure n
i 
 For solutes which undergo dissociation let a 1
solute on ionisation gives ‘n’ ions (particles) and
' ' is degree of ionisation at the given  1
1   1  
 n
concentration, we will have 1   n  1   i
1
particles (ions) after ionisation
An  nA i 1 1 i
   association 
association
1 1
1 0  1 or 1
n n
1  n
Total no of particles after dissociation =
1    n  1   n  1   W.E-9: An electrolyte XY2 is 40% ionized.
Calculate van’t Hoff factor
no.of particles after dissociation
i Sol: XY2  X 2  2Y 
no.of particles before dissociation
n3
1   n  1  
i  i  1   (n  1)
1
i  1  0.4(3  1)
i 1 i  1.8
 
n 1
' ' is degree of dissociation or ionisation. W.E-10:If potassium ferrocyanide is 80% ionized,
calculate van’t Hoff factor .
4
Sol: K 4  Fe  CN 6   4 K   Fe  CN 6 

n5
i  1   (n  1)
 1  0.8(5  1)
 4.2

W.E-11:A substance forms dimers in solution to

 For solutes which undergo association the extent of 75%. Calculate van’t Hoff Factor.
If ‘n’ molecules of ‘A’ combine to give An , we
1
have Sol: n   0.75
2
nA  An
1 O 1 
(  =degree of association at i  1     1
 n 
1
n
 1  0.75  1
the given concentration)
 1.75
 SOLUTIONS
W.E-12:What is the degree of dissociation for HENRY’S LAW
Ca  NO3 2 solution if van’t Hoff factor = 2.4? 7. The partial pressure of the gas in vapour
phase is proportional to the mole fraction of
Sol: Ca  NO3 2  Ca 2  2 NO3 the gas in the solution is given by
1) Raoult’s law 2) Ostwald’s law
n3
3) Distribution law 4) Henry’s law
i  1 2.4  1 1.4
    0.7 8. Four gases like H 2 , He, CH 4 and CO2 h a v e
n 1 3 1 2
Henry’s constant values  KH  are 69.16,
C.U.Q 144.97, 0.413 and 1.67. The gas which is more
soluble in liquid is
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS 1) He 2) CH 4 3) H 2 4) CO2
1. Number of phases present in a true solution
9. The solubility of gas in a liquid increases with
is
1) Increase of temperature
1) 1 2) 2
2) Amount of liquid taken
3) Depends on number of solutes
4) Innumerable 3) Decrease in temperature
2. Which one of the following is not a true 4) Reduction of gas pressure
solution? COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
1) Amalgam 2) Ornamental gold
RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR
3) Salt water 4) Milk
PRESSUR AND RAOULT’S LAW
EXPRESSION OF CONCENTRATION OF 10. Which of the following is a colligative
SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS property?
3. A solution of known concentration is known 1) Boiling point 2) Osmotic pressure
as 3) Vapour pressure 4) Freezing point
1) Molar Solution 2) Normal Solution 11. An aqueous solution of methanol in water has
3) Mole Solution 4) Standard Solution vapour pressure
4. Which of the following methods of expressing 1) Equal to that of water
concentration is independent of temperature? 2) Equal to that of methanol
1) Molarity 2) Molality
3) More than that of water
3) Formality 4) Normality
4) Less than that of water
IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS
5. The pair of solutions which shows DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
positive deviation in non ideal solution 12. Which of the following solutions have lowest
freezing point ?
1) CCl4  C6 H 6 2) CHCl3  C6 H 6
1) 0.1 M NaCl 2) 0.01 M NaCl
3) CCl4  CHCl3 4)Both 1 and 3 3) 1M NaCl 4) 0.001 M NaCl
6. The pair of solutions which shows 13. The freezing point of equimolal aqueous
negative deviation in non-ideal solution solution will be highest for
1) CHCl3  CH 3COCH 3 1) C6 H 5 NH 3Cl (aniline hydrochloride)
2) CH 3COCH 3  C6 H 5 NH 2 2) Ca  NO3 2
3) CHCl3  C6 H 6
3) La  NO3 3 4) C6 H12O6 (glucose)
4)All the above
14. The use of common salts, e.g., NaCl or 22. The Osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is
given by
CaCl2 anhydrous, is made to clear snow on
the roads. This causes: 1) P0  P0  N1 2)  V  nRT
1) A lowering in the freezing point of water. P P 0  PS
2) A lowering in the melting point of ice. 3) 0  4) P  P0 N 2
3) Ice melts at the temperature of atmosphere P P 0

present at that time. VAN’T HOFF FACTOR

4) All the above 23. For a non-electrolyte solution, the Van’t Hoff
15. The freezing point of 1% aqueous solution factor is equal to
of calcium nitrate will be 1) Zero 2) 1 3) 2 4) Between 0, 1
1) 0 0 C 2) Above 0 0 C 24. The ratio of the value of any colligative
3) 1 C
0 4) Below 0 C0 property for KCl solution to that for sugar
solution is nearly
ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT 1) 1.0 2) 0.5 3) 2.0 4) 2.5
16. Which of the following solutions has largest 25. Van’t Hoff factor (i) for an aqueous solution
boiling point? of an electrolyte is
1) 0.1 M glucose 2) 0.1 M NaCl 1) Zero 2) Greater than 1
3) 0.1 M BaCl2 4) 0.1 M urea 3) Equal to one 4)  0
26. Assuming each salt to be 90% dissociated
OSMOSIS
which of the following will have the highest
17. Osmotic pressure is measured by
osmotic pressure ?
1) Ostwald’s method
2) Berkeley and Hartley method 1) Decinormal Al2  SO4 3
3) Preffer’s method
4) Beckmann’s method 2) Decinormal BaCl2
18. Blood cells retain their normal shape in 3) Decinormal Na2 SO4
solution which are
1) isotonic to blood 2) hypotonic to blood 4) A solution obtained by mixing equal volumes
3) hypertonic to blood 4) equinormal to blood of (2) and (3) and filtering
19. The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is 27. Which salt shows maximum osmotic pressure
directly proportional to the in its 1m solution.
1) Diffusion rate of the solute 1) AgNO3 2) Na2 SO4
2) Ionic concentration
3) Boiling point 3)  NH 4 3 PO4 4) MgCl2
4) Flow of solvent from a concentrated solution 28. Which solution will show maximum elevation
20. A perfectly semi-permeable membrane when in boiling point?
used to separate a solution from its solvent
permits through it the passage of 1) 0.1 M KCl 2) 0.1 M BaCl2
4) 0.1 M Fe2  SO4 3
1) Solute only 2) Solvent only
3) 0.1 M FeCl3
3) Both (a) and (b) 4) None
21. Which statement is incorrect about osmotic 29. The correct relationship between the boiling
pressure   , volume(V) & temperature(T)? points of very dilute solutions of AlCl3  t1 
1 and CaCl2  t2  , having the same molar
1)   , if T is constant.
V concentration, is
2)   T, if V is constant
1) t1  t2 2) t1  t2 3) t2  t1 4) t2  t1
3)   V, if T is constant
4)  V is constant, if T is constant
 SOLUTIONS
30. If  is the digree of dissocition of Na2 SO4 , 4. In a normal solution of BaCl2, normalities
of Ba+2 and Cl - are in the ratio
the Vant Hoff factor (i) used for calculating
the molecular mass is 1) 2:1 2)1:2 3) 1:1 4) 2:3
1) 1   2) 1   3) 1  2 4) 1  2 EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS
31. Which aqueous solution has minimum
freezing point ? 5. When an oxide M 2 O3 is oxidised to M 2 O5
its equivalent is
1) 0.01 M NaCl 2) 0.005 M C2 H 5OH
1) M. w/1 2) M. w/2 3) M. w/4 4) M. w/8
3) 0.005 M MgCl2 4) 0.005 M MgSO4 6. The equivalent weight of Mohr’s salt
32. For the given electrolyte Ax By the degree of  FeSO .  NH 
4 4 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O  during redox
dissociation  can be given as reaction is equal to its
i 1 1) Molecular weight / 2 2) Atomic weight / 2
1 )    x  y  1 2) i  1     x  y
3) Molecular weight / 3 4) Molecular weight
7. Equivalent weight of ammonia as a base is
i 1
3)   4) All of these 1) 17 2) 17/3 3)1.7 4)17/2
x  y 1
8. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, MnO 4
C.U.Q - KEY ion is converted to Mn 2 . What is the number
1) 1 2) 4 3) 4 4) 2 5) 4 6) 4
of equivalents of KMnO4 (mol. wt = 158)
7) 4 8) 2 9) 3 10) 2 11) 3 12) 3
present in 250 ml of 0.04 M KMnO4 solution?
13) 4 14) 4 15) 4 16) 3 17) 2 18) 1
19) 2 20) 2 21) 3 22) 2 23) 2 24) 3 1) 0.02 2) 0.05 3) 0.04 4) 0.07
25) 2 26) 1 27) 3 28) 4 29) 2 30) 3 MOLALITY
31) 1 32) 4 9. Number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g.
of the solvent is called
1) Molarity 2) Molality
LEVEL-I (C.W)
3) Formality 4) Normality
MOLARITY MOLE FRACTION
1. When the volume of the solution is doubled, 10. Which of the following is correct?
the following becomes exactly half
1) For a binary solution sum of the mole
1) Molality 2) Mole-fraction
fractions of all components is equal to one
3) Molarity 4) Weight percent
Mole fraction of I moles of I
NORMALITY 2) 
2. 1 kg of NaOH is added to 10 ml of 0.1N Mole fraction of II moles of II
HCl, the resulting solution will (for binary solution)
1) turn blue litmus red 3) Mole fraction of solute
2) turn phenolphthalein solution pink
moles of solute
3) turn methyl orange red =
4) will have no effect on red or blue litmus paper moles of solute + moles of solvent
3. The solution having lowest molar 4) All
concentration is 11 Which of the following has no units?
1) 1.0N HCl 2) 0.4N H 2SO 4 1) Molarity 2) Normality
3) Molality 4) Mole fraction
3) 0.1N Na 2 CO3 4) 1N NaOH
 HENRY’S LAW
12. How many grams of CO2 gas is dissolved in
a 1 lt bottle of carbonated water if the
manufacturer uses a pressure of 2.4
atmosphere in the bottling process at
25 C Given K H of CO2 water =
0
17. Which one of the following represents the
graph between log P on Y-axis and 1/T on X-
axis? (P= vapour pressure of a liquid, T=
absolute temperature)
1) y 2) y

29.76atm / mole / l at 250 C

1) 3.52 2) 4.2 3) 3.1 4) 2.5

VAPOUR PRESSURE O x O x
13. The boiling point of 3) y 4) y
C6 H 6 , CH3 OH, C6 H5 NH 2 and C6 H5 NO 2 aree
80C, 65C, 184C and 212C respectively..
Which will show highest vapour pressure at
room temperature?
O x O x
1) C6 H 6 2) CH3 OH

3) C6 H5 NH 2 4) C6 H5 NO 2
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
14. 12g of urea is present in 1litre of solution and 18 The molecular weight of NaCl determined by
68.4 g of sucrose is separately dissolved in osmotic pressure method will be
1litre of another sample of solution. The 1) Same as theoritical value
lowering of vapour pressure of first solution 2) Higher than theoritical value
is 3) Lower than theoritical value
1) Equal to second 4) Negative
2) Greater than second 19. Which among the following will show
3) Less than second maximum osmotic pressure?
4) Double that of second 1) 1M NaCl 2) 1M MgCl2
3) 1M (NH4)3PO4 4) 1M Na2SO4
15. Lowering of vapour pressures of equimolar
solution of glucose, sodium chloride and
barium nitrate are in the order. LEVEL-I (C.W) - KEY
1) Glucose >NaCl>Ba (NO3)2 1) 3 2)1 3)4 4) 3 5) 3 6) 4 7) 1
2) Glucose =NaCl = Ba (NO3)2 8) 2 9) 2 10) 4 11 ) 4 12) 1 13) 2 14) 1
3) Ba(NO3)2 > NaCl > Glucose 15) 3 16) 3 17) 3 18) 3 19) 3
4) NaCl > Ba(NO3)2 > Glucose
LEVEL -I HINTS
16. Which of the following salt has the same value
1
of Van’t Hoff factor as that of K3  Fe  CN 6  1. M
v
1) Na2 SO4 2) Al2  SO4 3 2. P  KH C
4. gram equiavalents are always equal
3) Al  NO3 3 4) Fe3O4 5. The oxidation state of a metal atom chages from
4) nearly one fifth of the second solution +3 to +5
 SOLUTIONS
3. Normality of 0.1M H3PO3 is
6. Fe2  Fe3
1)0.2N 2)0.30N 3) 0.033N 4) 0.05N
MW
. 4. Molarity of 0.1N oxalic acid is
So E.W = 1) 0.05 M 2) 0.1 M
1
3) 0.2 M 4)0.3M
7. The acidity of NH 3 is ‘1’ (normality)
EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS
 2 
8. MnO4  Mn  5e 5. The equivalent weight of H3 PO 4 in the
Wt 1000 following reaction is
9. molality  GMW  Wt of solvent in grams
H3 PO 4  Ca(OH) 2   CaHPO 4  2H 2 O
10. Conceptual 1) 98 2) 49 3) 32.66 4) 40
no. moles of solute 6. The equivalent weight of MnSO4 is half its
11. X solute 
no. moles of solute  no. moles of solvent molecular weight, when it is converted to
mole fraction is a ratio 1) Mn2O3 2) MnO2
 No units 3) MnO4 4) MnO4-2
12. P  K H .C 7. In the reaction I 2  2S2 O32  S4 O 62  2I  ;
Equivalent weight of iodine will be equal to
1
13. Vapour pressure  1) its molecular weight
B.P 2) 1 / 2 of its molecular weight
14. Partical concenctration is same 3) 1 / 4 of its molecular weight
12 1 68.4 1 4) twice of its molecular weight
  
60 1 342 1 8. The equvivalent weight of CH 4 in the reaction
15. Number of ions  LVP CH 4  2O2  CO2  2 H 2O is [M=mol.wt]
16. i  1    n  1 1) M/4 2)M/8 3)M/12 4)M/16
19. Osmotic pressure depends on number of particles MOLALITY
9. M=molarity of the solution
m=molality of the solution
LEVEL-I (H.W) d=density of the solution (in g. ml 1 )
M 1  gram molecular weight of solute
MOLARITY Which of the following relations is correct
1. A semi molar solution is the one, which M
contains 1) m 
1000d  MM 1
1) One mole solute in 2 litres
M  1000
2) 2 moles solute in 2 litres 2) m 
d  MM 1
3) 0.1 mole solute in 1 litre
4) 0.2 moles solute in 2 litres M  1000
3) m 
(1000  d )  MM 1
NORMALITY
m  1000
2. A solution of known normality is diluted to 4) M 
two times. Which of the following changes (1000  d )  MM 1
during dilution? 10. Molarity of 1m aqueous NaOH solution
1) Equivalent of solute [density of the solution is 1.02 g/ml]
2) Moles of solute 1)1 M 2) 1.02 M 3)1.2M 4)0.98M
3) Milli equivalent or milli moles of solute 11. 0.1gram mole of urea dissolved in 100g of
water.The molality of the solution is
4) Normality of solute
1)1m 2)0.01M 3)0.01m 4)1.0M
 MOLE FRACTION
12. The mole fraction of solvent in 0.1 molal
aqueous solution is
1)0.9982 2)0.0017 3)0.017 4)0.17
HENRY’S LAW
13. Incorrect statement is ( K H =Henry’ss
constant)
1) K H is a characteristic constant for a given gas
solvent system
2)Higher is the value of K H ,lower is solubility
of gas for a given partial pressure of gas
3) K H has temparature dependence
4) K H decreases with temparature
14. Which of these curves represents Henry’s
Law?
1) y 2) y
18. Isotonic solutions have
1) same boiling point
2) same vapour pressure
3) same melting point
4) same osmotic pressure
19. 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1M CH3COOH are kept
in separate containers. If their osmotic
pressures are P1 and P2 respectively then what
is the correct statement?
1) P1 > P2 2) P1 = P2
3) P1< P2 4) P1 = P2 = 0 atm.
20. Which one of the following statment is
incorrect
1) Greater the lowering of vapour pressure,
greater is the boiling point of the solution
2) Greater the lowering of vapour pressure,
greater is the freezing point of the solution
3) At the freezing point, the solute and the
solvent have same vapour pressure
4) The units of molal depression constant are
Km 1

O x O x
3) y 4) y LEVEL-I (H.W) - KEY
1) 1 2) 4 3) 1 4) 1 5) 2 6) 2 7) 2
8)2 9)3 10)4 11)1 12)1 13)1 14) 4
15) 1 16) 3 17) 4 18) 4 19) 1 20) 2
O x O x
LEVEL-I (H.W) - HINTS
1. n  1 mole ; v  2 lit
VAPOUR PRESSURE
15. Which of the following solutions will have the 1
maximum lowering of vapour pressure  M   0.5 semi molar
2
1) 1M - CaCl2 2) 1M-NaCl
3. N  M  n (relation between molarity and normality)
3) 1N - Phenol 4) 1M - Sucrose
16. The vapour pressure of water depends upon 4. N
M (relation between molarity and normality)
1) Surface area of container 2
2) Volume of container 5. Here the basicity of H 3 PO4 is 2
3) Temperature 4)All
M .W
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES E.W 
2
17. Choose the correct statement 6. Total change in oxidation number is ‘2’
1) The boiling point of the solution falls on
increasing the amount of the solute 7. Here the oxidation state of I 2 change form O to
2) The freezing point of the solution is lowered -1 but in ‘1’ mole of I 2 . two iodine atoms are
on adding more of solvent there so the total change in oxidation number is
3) The freezing point of the solution is raised
‘2’
on adding more of solute
4) The freezing point of the solution decreases M .W
E.W=
on increasing the amount of the solute 2
 GMW
8. E.W 
n factor
M  1000
10. m 
1000d  MM 1
w 1000
11. m  .
GMW W
m
12. x2 
m  55.5
x1  1  x2
16. Lowering of vapour pressure depends on
number of moles of solute and temperature
17. The freezing point of solution decreases on
increasing the amount of a solute
18. Same osmotic pressure solutions are called
isotonic solutions.
 6. The molarity of pure water is
2.SOLUTIONS 1) 18 M 2) 55.55 M3) 10 M 4) 5.55 M
7. If 250ml of 0.25M NaCl solution is diluted
LEVEL-II (C.W) with water to a volume of 500ml, the new
concentration of solution is
MOLARITY 1) 0.167M 2) 0.0167M 3) 0.125M 4) 0.0833M
1. Molarity of 4% (w/v) solution of NaOH is 8. What volume of 0.8M solution contains 0.1
1) 0.1 2) 0.5 3) 0.001 4) 1.0 mole of the solute?
2. The number of moles of solute present in 2.0 1) 100ml 2) 125 ml 3)500 ml 4) 62.5 ml
lits of 0.5M NaOH solution is 9. 250 ml of a calcium carbonate solution
1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 0.1 contains 2.5 grams of CaCO3 . If 10 ml of this
3. Assertion (A): The volume of 0.1M KMnO4 solution is diluted to one litre, what is the
required to oxidise 20 ml of 0.1 M oxalic acid concentration of the resultant solution?
in acid medium is 20 ml. 1) 0.1 M 2) 0.001 M 3) 0.01 M 4) 10−4 M
Reason (R) : 2 moles of KMnO4 =5 moles of 10. 3.65 grams of HCl is disolved in 16.2 grams
oxalic acid in acid medium reaction of water. The mole fraction of HCl in the
1) A and R are true, and R is correct explanation resulting solution is
of A 1) 0.4 2) 0.3 3) 0.2 4) 0.1
2) A and R are true, and R is not the correct 11. If the formula weight of H2SO4 is 98. The
explanation of A amount of acid present in 400ml of 0.1molar
3) A is true but R is false solution of acid will be
4) A is false but R is true 1) 2.45g 2) 3.92g 3) 4.90g 4) 9.80g
4. 250 ml of a sodium carbonate solution 12. 5.85g NaCl is dissolved in 500ml of water. The
molarity is
contains 2.65 grams of Na 2 CO3 . 10 ml of this
1) 0.1 2) 0.2 3) 0.3 4) 0.4
solution is added to x ml of water to obtain 13. The amount of FeSO4 7H2O to be weighted
0.001 M Na 2 CO3 solution. What is the value to prepare a solution of 100ml of 0.1 M
of x in ml? (Molecular weight of concentration is (Mol.wt.of FeSO 4 .
(7H20=278)
Na 2 CO3 =106)
1) 27.8g 2) 90g 3) 2.78g 4) 5.5g
1) 1000 2) 990 3) 9990 4) 90
5. Zinc reacts with CuSO4 according to the NORMALITY
equation Zn + CuSO4 ----->ZnSO4 + Cu. If 14. Number of milli equivalents of solute in 0.5
excess of zinc is added to 100ml, 0.05M litres of 0.2N solution is
CuSO 4, the amount of copper formed in 1)10 2) 1 3)100 4)1000
moles will be 15. Volume of 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 required to oxidise
1) 5 2) 0.5 3) 0.05 4) 0.005 35ml of 0.5 M FeSO4 solution is
1)35ml 2)29ml 3)17.5ml 4)175ml
16. Weight of solute present in 500 ml 0.2 N-
H2SO4 solution is
1) 14.2 g 2) 4.9 g 3) 3.55 g 4) 1.42 g.
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOLI
17. Number of milli equivalents of solute present HENRY’S LAW
in 250 ml of 0.1M oxalic acid solution are
27. Henry’s law constant for the solubility of N 2
1) 25 2) 50 3) 250 4)125
18 The weight of H 2C 2O4 2H 20 required to gas in water at 298K is 1.0 × 105 atm . The mole
prepare 500ml of 0.2N solution is fraction of N 2 in air is 0.6. The no.of moles
1) 1.26g 2)6.3g 3) 1.575g 4) 3.15g
19. What is the volume (in litres) of 0.1M H2SO4 of N 2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of water
required to completely neutralize 1 litre of at 298K and 5atm pressure is
0.5M NaOH? 1) 3.0 × 10 −4 2) 4.0 × 10−5
1) 5 2) 2.5 3) 0.5 4) 10
3) 5.0 × 10 −4 4) 6.0 × 10−6
MOLALITY 28. H 2 S ,a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is
20. 3.42 g of a substance of molecular weight 342
is present in 250g of water. Molality of this used for the qualitative analysis.If the
solution is solubility of H 2 S in water at STP is
1) 0.4m 2) 0.04 m 3) 0.8 m 4)4m 0.195M,then Henry’s law constant is
21. 3g of a salt [mol.wt. 30] is dissolved in 250g 1)28.94 2)289.4 3)145.2 4)2890.4
of water the molality of the solution is 29. Henry’s law cosntant for CO2 in water is
1)0.4 2)0.2 3)0.6 4)0.8
MOLE FRACTION 1.67 × 108 pa at 298 K the quantity of CO2 in
22. The mole fraction of NaCl in a solution 500ml of soda water when packed under 2.5
containing 1 mole of NaCl in 1000g of water atm pressure is
is 1) 0.0084mol 2)0.00084mol
1) 0.0177 2) 0.001 3) 0.5 4) 0.244 3)0.084mol 4)8.4mol
23. The mole fraction of water in 20% of aqueous VAPOUR PRESSURE
hydrogen peroxide solution is 30. A solution is obtained by dissolving 0.2 moles
1) 0.2 2) 0.8 3) 0.883 4) 0.117 of urea in a litre water. Another solution is
24. An aqueous solution of Methyl alcohol obtained by dissolving 0.4 moles of cane-
contains 48g of alcohol. The mole fraction sugar in a litre of water at the same
of alcohol is 0.6. The weight of water in it is temperature. The lowering of vapour
1) 27g 2) 2.7g 3) 18g 4) 1.8g pressure to the first solution is.
25. A gaseous mixture contains 4.0g of H2 and 1) Same as that of the second solution
56.0g of N2. The mole fraction of H2 in the 2) Half to that of the second solution
mixture is 3) Double to that of the second solution
1)0.1 2)0.2 3)0.5 4)0.8 4) None
26. Three statements are given about mole 31. 3 gms of urea is added to 36 gms of boiling
fraction water. How much lowering in its vapour
i) Mole fraction of a solute + mole fraction of pressure is noticed
solvent = 1 1) 19 mm 2) 38 mm 3) 760 mm 4) 76 mm
ii) Equal weights of Helium and methane are 32. Which of the following solutions have more
present in a gaseous mixture. The mole lowering in vapour pressure at a certain
fraction of He is 4/5 temperature?
iii) The mole fraction of water in the aqueous 1) 90 grams of glucose in 900 grams of H 2 O
solution of NaOH is 0.8. The molality of the
2) 34.2 grams of sucrose in 450 grams of H 2 O
solution is nearly 14 moles kg -1
3) 20 grams of urea in 900 grams of H 2 O
1) i and ii are correct 2) ii and iii are correct
3) i and iii are correct 4) all are correct 4) 45 grams of glucose in 900 grams of H 2 O
 SOLUTIONS
33. The vapour pressure of methanol at certain DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
temperature is 1 atm. by adding a small 41. What is the normal b.p of an aquoues
amount of ethyl acetate the vapour pressure solution whose freezing point is −2.480 C ?
of the solution is found to be 684 mm. The
relative lowering of vapour pressure is ( )
K f = 1.860 C.kg / mol , K b = 0.5120 C.kg / mol
1) 0.1 2) 0.9 3) 76 4) 0.694
34. The vapour pressure of water at 230C is 19.8 1) 100.70 C 2) 102.50 C
mm. 0.1 mole of glucose is dissolved in 178.2 3) 109.00 C 4) 99.30 C
g of water. What is the vapour pressure (in 42. Which of the following 0.10 m aqueous
mm) of the resultant solution at same solution will have the lower freezing point ?
temperature
1) Al2 ( SO4 )3 2) C6H12O6
1) 19.0 2) 19.602 3) 19.402 4) 19.202
ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT 3) KI 4) C12 H 22O11
35. Which of the following will have highest 43. Which of the following aqueous solution will
boiling point at 1 atm pressure? have highest depression in freezing point ?
1) 0.1M NaCl 2) 0.1 M Sucrose 1) 0.1 M urea 2) 0.1 M Sucrose
3) 0.1 M AlCl3 4)0.1 M K4[Fe(CN)6]
3) 0.1M BaCl2 4) 01. M Glucose
44. Calculate the molal depression constant of a
36. The rise in the boiling point of a solution
containing 1.8g of glucose in 100g of solvent solvent which has freezing point 16.60 and
is 0.10C. The molal elevation constant of the latent heat of fusion 180.75Jg −1
liquid is 1) 3.3 2)3.86 3) 2.9 4) 38.6
1) 0.01 K/m 2) 0.1 K/m 45. Caluculate the mass of ascorbic
3) 1K/m 4) 10 K/m
acid( C6 H 8O6 )to be dissolved in 75g of acetic
37. The boiling point of 0.1molal K4[Fe(CN)6]
solution will be (Given Kb for water = 0.52 K acid to lower its melting point by
kg mol-1) 1.50 C.K f = 3.9 K kg mol −1
1) 100.520C 2) 100.10 40C 1)5.08g 2)5.06 3)5.04 4)5.02
0
3) 100.26 C 4) 102.60C
38. Molal elevation constant and molal OSMOTIC PRESSURE
depression constant of water respectively 46. 200 c.c of an aqueous soloution contains 1.26
-1
( in Km ) are gms of a polymer. The osmotic pressure of
1) 0.52, 1.86 2) 1.86, 0.52 such solution at 300 K is found to be
3) 1.52, 0.86 4) 0.86, 1.52 2.57 × 10 −3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of
39. Which of the following solutions will have the the polymer
highest boiling point 1) 61038 g/mole 2) 122076 g/mole
1) 0.1M Al2 ( SO4 )3 2) 0.1M FeCl3
3) 610.38 g/mole 4) 122.076 g/mole
47. The osmotic pressure of a solution of an
3) 0.1M NaCl 4) 0.1 M Urea organic substance containing 18 gm in 1 lit
40. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 of solution at 293 K is 2.414 × 105 Nm −2 . Find
K.When 1.80g of a non-volatile solute was the molecular mass of the substance. (If
dissolved in 90g of benzene,the boiling point S= 8.3 J K-1 mole-1)
is raised to 354.11 K. The molar mass of the 1) 181.33 2) 362.66 3) 36.2 4) 18.1
−1
solute is.( Kb for benzene is 2.53K kg mol ) 48. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a
decinormal solution of NaCl which is ionised
1) 58 g mol −1 2)106 g mol −1 to 80 % at 270C
3)174 g mol −1 4)232 g mol −1 1) 4.43 atm 2) 0.443 atm
3) 0.222 atm 4) 0.111 atm
49. What is the volume of solution containing 1 61. The Van’t Hoff factor of Hg Cl in its
2 2
gm mole of sugar that will give rise to an
osmotic pressure of 1 atm at 00C aqueous solution will be ( Hg 2Cl2 is 80%
1) 11.2 lit 2) 112 lit 3) 224 lit 4) 22.4 lit ionized in the solution)
50. Find the osmotic pressure of M/20 solution 1)1.6 2)2.6 3)3.6 4)4.6
of Urea at 27 0C
1) 12.315 atm 2) 1.2315 atm 62. 0.1M aqueous solution of MgCl2 at 300K is
3) 0.12315 atm 4) 0.0123 atm 4.92 atm. What will be the percentage
51. The osmotic pressure of a decimolar solution ionization of the salt?
0
of urea at 27 C is 1)79% 2)59% 3)49% 4)69%
1) 2.49 bar 2) 5 bar 3) 3.4 bar 4) 1.25 bar 63. 0.002 molar solution of NaCl having degree
52. What is the volume of a solution containing
of dissociation of 90% at 27 0 C has osmotic
2g mole of sugar that will give rise to an
osmotic pressure 1 atm. at STP pressure equal to?
1) 4.48 lit 2) 0.448 lit 3) 44.8 lit 4) 448 lit 1)0.94 bar 2)9.4 bar

VAN’T HOFF FACTOR AND 3)0.094 bar 4) 9.4 × 10−4 bar

ABNORMAL MASS 64. 1572.2 g of C6 H 5OH (phenol) is dissolved in
53. In case of electrolyte which dissociates in the
solution, the van’t Hoff factor i 960g of a solvent of K f = 14 K kg mol −1 . If
1) >1 2) <1 3) 1 4) >1 or <1 the depression in freezing point is 7K, then
54. For a very dilute solution of H 3 PO3 van’t find the percentage of phenol that dimerizes.
Hoff factor is 1) 50 2) 80 3) 30 4) 40
1) i = 7 2) i = 3 3) i = 4 4) i = 5 65. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in
55. For a substance ‘A’ when dissolved in a 50g of benzene, lowered the freezing point of
solvent ‘B’ show the molecular mass benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing point
depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K.
corresponding to A3 . the vant Hoff factor
will be kg mol −1 . Find the molar mass of the solute.
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1/3 1) 236 gm / mole 2) 256 gm / mole
56. Van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of 3) 266 gm / mole 4) 274 gm / mole
glucose is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 1.5 4) 2
57. The van’t Hoff factor for a very dilute LEVEL - II (C.W) - KEY
solution of Fe2 ( SO4 )3 is 1) 4 2) 2 3) 4 4) 2 5)4 6) 2 7) 3
1) 9 2) 5 3) 24 4) 16 8) 2 9) 2 10) 4 11) 2 12) 2 13) 3 14) 3
58. The van’t Hoff factor for a very dilute 15) 2 16) 2 17 ) 2 18) 2 19) 2 20) 2 21) 1
aqueous solution of K  Ag (CN )2  is 22) 1 23) 3 24) 3 25) 3 26) 1 27) 1 28)2
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 5 29)3 30) 2 31) 1 32) 1 33) 1 34) 2 35) 3
59. The magnitude of colligative properties in
36) 3 37) 3 38) 1 39) 1 40)1 41) 1 42) 1
colloidal dispersions is .... than solution
1) Lower 2) Higher 3) Both 4) None 43) 4 44) 2 45)2 46) 1 47) 1 48) 1 49) 4
60. If a solute under goes dimerization and 50) 2 51) 1 52) 3 53) 1 54) 2 55) 4 56) 2
trimerization, the minimum values of the
57) 2 58) 3 59) 1 60) 3 61) 2 62) 3 63) 3
van’t Hoff factors are:
1) 0.50 and 1.50 2) 1.50 and 1.33 64) 2 65) 2
3) 0.50 and 0.33 4) 0.25 and 0.67
 LEVEL-II (C.W) - HINTS N × GEW × V ( ml )
18. W =
 w 1000
 %  ×10 19. V1 N1 = V2 N 2
M =
1. v
M .wt 20. molality
2. n = M ×v in litres w 1000
= ×
3. nV1M 1 = V2 M 2 n M .wt Wt of solvent in grams
W 1000 w 1000
M= × 21. molality = = M .wt × Wt of solvent in grams
4. GMW V ( ml )

Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu 22. X NaCl =

no.of moles of NaCl
no. of moles of NaCl + no.of moles of H 2O
5.
1 mole 1 mole
100 nH 2O
0.05 × mole ? 80 20
1000 23. X H 2O = n + n ; nH 2 O = ; n H 2 O =
H 2O H 2O2 18 20
1000
6. M= = 55.55 M
18
nH 2O
7. V1M 1 = V2 M 2 24. X H2O X
= 1 - Xalcohol ; H 2O =
nCH3OH + nH 2O
n ×1000 n
8. M= ⇒ V = ×1000ml nH 2
V M X =
25. H 2
nH 2 + nN2
9. V1M 1 = V2 M 2
nHCl 27. According to Henry’s law, PN2 = K H , X N2
10. X HCl = n + n
HCl H 2O PN2
i.e., xN2 =
M × GMW × volinml KH
11. W =
1000 28. P = K H . X
W 1000 nCO2
12. M = GMW × V ( ml ) 29. PCO2 = K H . X CO2 ; X CO2 = n + n
CO2 H 2O

M × GMW × volinml
13. W = 30. lowering of vapour pressure depends on
1000
numbers of moles of solute
14. No of milli equivalents = normality x volume
in ml P0 − P
31. = mole fraction of solute
15. V1 N1 = V2 N 2 P0
32. calculate mole fraction for all
W 1000
16. N = ×
P0 − P
GEW V in ml
33. Relative lowering of vapour pressure =
P0
17. normality = molarity x 2
P −P nglu cos e
No of milli equivalents = normality x volume 34. 0 s =
in ml P0 nglucose + nwater
35. Elevation in boling point depends on number 55. 3A → A
3
of solute particle
number of particales are more in 0.1 BaCl2 Calculated molecular mass
i=
∴ highest boiling point exp erimental molecular mass
wt of glu cos e 56. Glucose is a non electrolyte
36. ∆Tb = kb × molecular weight of glu cos e
57. Fe2 ( SO 4 )3 → 2 Fe3+ + 3SO4−2
1000 −
× 58. K  Ag (CN )2  → K ⊕ +  Ag (CN )2 
wt of solvent
XXV Hg 22+ + 2Cl −
61. HgCl2 WXX
37. ∆Tb = i × kb × m n=3
39. Boiling point depends on number of solute i −1 i −1
α= ⇒ 0.8 = ⇒ i = 2.6
particles hence highest in 0.1M Al2 ( SO4 )3 n −1 3 −1
Alternate method to calculate (i)
WB 1000
40. ∆Tb = K b . M . W i = (Number of ions × α ) + (1 − α )
B A
= (3 × 0.8 ) + (1 − 0.8 ) [α = 80% or 0.8]
∆T f Kf
41. = = 2.4 + 0.2 = 2.6
∆Tb Kb
62. π = iCRT
42. Depression in freezing point depends on
4.92 = i × 0.1× 0.0821× 300
particles more no.of particles lesser is the
freezing point i = 1.99
43. Highest deperession in freezing point for the i − 1 1.99 − 1 0.99
solution with more number of particles α= = = = 0.49
n −1 3 −1 2
RT f2 Percentage of ionization=49%
44. Kf =
1000 × L f i −1
63. α =
n −1
WB 1000
45. π= . .S .T i −1
mB V 0.9 =
2 − 1 i = 1.9
;
WST Alternate method to calculate (i)
46. πv =
i = (Number of ions × α ) + (1 − α )
M
nST
47. π =
V
= ( 2 × 0.9 ) + (1 − 0.9 ) [α = 90% or 0.9]
48. π = iCST = 1.8 + 0.1 = 1.9
π = iCRT
i = 1 + ( n − 1)α 
= 1.9 × 0.002 × 0.082 × 300
nRT ≈ 0.094 bar
49. V =
π XXV (C6 H 5OH )
64. 2C6 H 5OH WXX 2
50. π = C ST
1−α α /2
51. π = C ST
52. π V = nST α ∆T f
i = 1−α + = ⇒ α = 0.8 = 80%
54. H 3 PO3 is dibasic H 3 PO3 → HPO3−2 + 2 H ⊕ 2 K f .m
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
65 Substituting the values of various terms involved 10. The weight in grams of KCl (Mol.wt.=74.5)
in equation we get, in 100ml of a 0.1M KCl solution is
5.12 K kg mol −1 × 1.00 g ×1000 g kg −1
1) 74.5 2) 2024 3) 0.745 4)0.0745
M2 = = 256 g mol −1 11. The weight of AgNO (Mol.wt =170) present
0.40 × 50 g 3
in 100ml of 0.25M solution in-grams
Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256 g mol −1 1) 4.25 2) 2 3)17 4) 1.7
12. Which of the following should be done in
LEVEL-II (H.W) order to prepare a 0.4 M NaCl starting with
100ml of 0.3 M NaCl. (M.wt of NaCl =58.5)
1) add 5.85 g NaCl
MOLARITY 2) add 20ml of water
1. 10 millimoles of solute is present in the 3) add 0.01 moles NaCl
following volume of 0.08M solution 4) evoperate 10ml of water
1)125ml 2) 625ml 3)500 ml 4)1000ml
2. The concentration of a 100 ml solution NORMALITY
containing X grams of Na 2 CO3 (mol. wt. = 13 250 ml of a solution contains 6.3 grams of
oxalic acid(mol. wt. =126). What is the volume
106) is Y M. The values of X and Y are (inlitres) of water to be added to this solution
respectively: to make it a 0.1 N solution?
1) 2.12, 0.05 2) 1.06, 0.2 1) 750 2) 7.5 3) 0.075 4) 0.75
3) 1.06, 0.1 4) 2.12, 0.1 14 The volume of 0.025M H3PO4 required to
3. How many milli litres of 1M H2SO4 will be complete neutralise 25ml of 0.03M Ca(OH)2
neutralised by 10ml of 1M NaOH solution? is
1) 10 2) 20 3) 2.5 4) 5 1)40 ml 2) 20 ml 3) 10 ml 4) 80 ml
4. The volume of water that must be added to a 15 How many grams of dibasic acid
mixture of 250ml of 6M HCl and 650ml of (Mol.wt.=200) should be present in 100ml of
3M HCl to obtain 3M solution is its aqueous solution to give decinormal
1) 75ml 2)150ml 3) 300ml 4) 250ml strength?
5. If 36.0 g of glucose is present in 400 ml of 1) 1g 2) 2g 3)10g 4)20g
solution, molarity of the solution is 16 If 100 ml of a solution contains 10g of
1) 0.05M 2) 11.0 M 3) 0.5M 4) 2.0 M
H 2SO4 , normality of the solution is
6. If 0.01 mole of solute is present in 500 ml of
solution, its molarity is 1) 4.04 N 2) 3.04N 3) 2.04 N 4) 1.04 N
1) 0.01 M 2) 0.005M 3) 0.02 M 4) 0.1M 17. _____ml of 0.1 M H 2SO 4 is required to
neutralise 50ml of 0.2 M NaOH solution
7. Equal volumes of 0.1 M AgNO3 and 0.2 M 1)25 2)100 3)75 4)50
NaCl solutions are mixed. The concentration 18. If 20ml of 0.4 N NaOH solution completely
of nitrate ions in the resultant mixture will neutralises 40 ml of a dibasic acid,the
be molarity of the acid solution is
1) 0.1 M 2) 0.2 M 3) 0.05 M 4) 0.15 M 1) 0.1M 2) 0.2M 3) 0.3M 4) 0.4M
8. An aqueous solution contain 0.53g of 19. Choose the Correct answer among the
anhydrous Na2CO3(Mol.wt.106) dissolved in following is
100ml of solution. The molarity of the i) Normality and molarity of HCl are same
solution is ii) Molality and molarity are independent of
1)0.1M 2) 0.05M 3)0.2M 3)0.4M temperature
9. The molarity of solution obtained by iii) Normality of 1M KMnO4 in acidic
dissolving 0.01 moles of NaCl in 500ml of medium is 5 N.
solution is 1) All are correct 2) ii only wrong
1)0.01M 2)0.005M 3)0.02M 4) 0.1M 3) iii only correct 4) All are wrong
 SOLUTIONS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
20. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid 30. If N 2 gas bubbled through water at 293K,
C6 H 5COOH required for preparing 250ml of
how many milli moles of N 2 gas would
0.15M solution
1) 4.575 2)2.1 3)1.35 4)45.75 dissolve in 1 litre of water? Assume that N 2
21. Concentrated nitric acid used in the exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given
laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass that Henry’s law constant for N 2 at 293K is
in aqueous solution.What should be the
76.48K bar
molarity such a sample of acid if the density
1)0.716 2) 0.62 3) 0.93 4) 0.54
of the solution is 1.504g mL−1 ? 31. The mole fraction of ethylene glycol
1)1.623 2)0.124 3)16.23 4)1.124
22. A solution of glucose in water is labled as (C2 H 6O2 ) in a solution containing
10% w/w.What would be the molarity of the 20% of C2 H 6O2 by mass is
solution? 1)0.932 2)932 3)93.2 4)9.32
1)1.212 2)0.998 3)12.12 4)0.617
VAPOUR PRESSURE
MOLALITY
32. At a certain temperature, the vapour
23. Molality of 2.5g of ethanoic acid CH 3COOH pressure of water is 90 mm. At the same
in 75 g of benzene is temperature the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is 81mm. The
1)0.278 mol kg −1 2)0.556 mol kg −1
relative lowering of vapour pressure is
−1 −1
3)5.56 mol kg 4)27.8 mol kg 1)9 2) 0.9 3)10 4) 0.1
24. ‘x’ grams of water is mixed in 69 grams of 33. When 45 grams of a solute is added to 900gm
ethanol. Mole fraction of ethanol in the of water, its vapour pressure decreased from
resultant solution is 0.6. what is the value of 30mm to 24mm. The mole fraction of the
‘x’ in grams? solvent in the solution is
1) 54 2) 36 3) 180 4) 18 1) 0.2 2) 0.8 3) 0.1 4) 0.9
25. A gas mixture 44g of CO2 and 14g of N2, what 34. The vapur pressure of water is 12.3k P at
a
will be mole fraction of CO2 in the mixture
300K.Calculate the vapour pressure 1 molal
1)1/5 2)1/3 3) 2/3 4) 1/4
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
26. 138 grams of ethyl alcohol is mixed with 72
grams of water. The ratio of mole fraction of 1)12.08 k . pa 2) 1.208 k . pa
alcohol to water is
3) 2.4 k . pa 4) 0.4 k . pa
1) 3 : 4 2) 1 : 2 3) 1 : 4 4) 1 : 1
35. Assertion: The mixing of two completely
27. Calculate the mole fraction H 2 SO4 in a miscible liquid. A and B showing positive
solution containing 98% H 2 SO4 by mass deviation from Raoult’s law is followed by
an absorption of heat
1)0.9 2)1.1 3)2.1 4)0.1
Reason: The A- B molecular interaction
28. A solution of sucrose in water is labled as 20%
forces are stronger than the A-A or B-B
w/w.What should be the mole fraction of each
molecular interaction forces.
component in the solution?
1)0.013 2)0.987 3)0.13 4)9.87 1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is
a correct explanation for Assertion
29. A solution is obtained by mixing 300g of 25%
solution and 400g of 40% solution by 2)Assertion is True, Reasonis True; Reason is
mass.Calculate the mass percentage of the NOT a correct explanation for Assertion
resulting solution. 3) Assertion is True, Reason is False
1) 66.66% 2)3.36% 3)33.6% 4)22.4% 4)Assertion is False, Reason is True
36 Assertion : Equimolal solutions of different 42. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in
non-volatile and non-electrolytic substance 50g of benzene lowered the freezing point of
dissolved in the same solvent exhibit the same benzene by 0.40K.The freezing point
elevation of boiling point depression constant of benzene is 5.12K
Reason: All solvents boil when their vapour kg mol −1 .The molar mass of the solute is
pressures become equal to the atmospheric
pressure. 1)128 g mol −1 2)256 g mol −1
1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is 3)64 g mol −1 4)32 g mol −1
a correct explanation for Assertion
43. Assertion: Depression of freezing point is a
2)Assertion is True, Reason is True;Reason is
colligative property
NOT a correct explanation for Assertion
3) Assertion is True, Reason is False Reason: The depression of freezing point for
a solution is directly proportional to the
4) Assertion is False, Reason is True
molality of the solution.
ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT 1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is
37. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution a correct explanation for Assertion
of 10gm of solute (mol. wt.=100) in 100 gm of 2)Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is
water is ∆ Tb, the ebullioscopic constant of NOT a correct explanation for Assertion
water is 3) Assertion is True, Reason is False
∆Tb 4)Assertion is False, Reason is True
1) 10 2) 10 ∆ Tb 3) ∆ Tb 4)
10
OSMATIC PRESSURE
38. The boiling point of a solution of 0.11g of a
substance in 15 g of ether was found to be 44. Two solutions of glucose have osmotic
0.10C higher than that of pure ether. The pressure 1.5 and 2.5 atm .1 litre of 1st solution
molecular weight of the substance will be (Kb is mixed with 2 litres of 2nd solution .The
= 2.16 K kg mol-1) osmotic pressure of resultant solution will
be
1) 148 2) 158 3) 168 4) 178
1) 21.6 atm 2) 0.126 atm
39. 18 g of glucose, C6 H12O6 is dissolved in 1Kg
3) 2.16 atm 4) 0.216 atm
of water in a saucepan.At what temparature
45. The solution containing 10 grams of an
will water boil at 1.013 bar ? Kb for water is
organic compund per litre showed an osmotic
−1 pressure of 1.18 atm. at 00C. Calculate the
0.52 K Kg mol
molecular mass of the compound (S= 0.0821
1)186.101 2) 93.090 3)280.292 4)373.202
litre - atm K-1 mole-1)
DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
1) 189.94 2) 78 3) 94.5 4) 120
40. A 5% solution(by mass) of cane sugar in
water has freezing point of 271K.Calculate 46. The osmatic pressure in pascals exerted by a
the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if solution prepared by dissolving 1.0g of
freezing point of water is 273.15K polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450mL of
water at 37 0 C is
1)269.07k 2) 269.07 0 C 3)373k 4) 3730 C
41. The depression in freezing point for 1 M urea, 1) 10.2 Pa 2)30.9 Pa
1 M glucose and 1M NaCl are in the ratio
3)20.4 Pa 4)40.6 Pa
1) 1 : 2 : 3 2) 3 : 2 : 2
3) 1 : 1 : 2 4) 2 : 3 : 2
NARAYANAGROUP
 SOLUTIONS
47. Assertion: Osmotic pressure of a dilute
solution is inversely proportional to its
concentration provided temperature remains
constant.
Reason : Osmotic pressure is a colligative
property and depends upon the number of
moles of solute dissolved in a definite volume
of the solution.
1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is
a correct explanation for Assertion
2)Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is
NOT a correct explanation for Assertion
3) Assertion is True, Reason is False
4)Assertion is False, Reason is True
48. Assertion: 1 M solution of NaCl has a higher
osmotic pressure than 1 M solution of glucose
at the same temperature
Reason: The number of particles present in
1 M NaCl solution are more than those
present in 1 M glucose solution and osmotic
pressure depends upon number of particles
present in the solution.
1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reasonis
a correct explanation for Assertion
2)Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is
NOT a correct explanation for Assertion
3) Assertion is True, Reasonis False
4)Assertion is False, Reason is True
VAN’THOFF FACTOR AND
ABNORMAL MASS
49. The van’t Hoff factor for 0.1M Barium
nitrate is 2.74. The percentage of dissociation
of Barium nitrate is
1) 91.3% 2) 87% 3) 100% 4) 74%
50. In case a solute associates in solution, the
van’t Hoff factor is
1) i>1 2) i=1 3) i<1 4) none
51. For a non-electrolytic solution, van’t Hoff
factor is equal to
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2
4) between 0 and 1
52. For a very dilute aqueous solution of
K 4  Fe (CN )6  , van’t Hoff factor is
1 solution will be nearest to
1) i = 11 2) i = 5 3) i = 4) i = 10
11
JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
53. In which of the following pairs of solutions
will the values of the van’t Hoff factor be the
same?
1) 0.05 M K 4  Fe (CN )6  and 0.10 M FeSO 4
2) 0.20 M NaCl and 0.10 M BaCl2
3) 0.05 M FeSO 4 ( NH 4 )2 SO 4 .6H 2 O and 0.02
M KCl. MgCl2 .6H 2 O
4) all have same value
54. A 1.17% solution of NaCl is isotonic with
7.2% solution of glucose. Calculate the Van’t
Hoff factor of NaCl.
1) 2 2)4 3) 5 4) 6
55. A 0.2 molal solution of KCl freezes at
−0.680 C . If K f for H 2O is 1.86, the degree
of dissociation of KCl is
1)85% 2)65% 3)83% 4)90%
56. x g of non-electrolytic compound (molar
mass = 200) is dissolved in 1.0L of 0.05 M
NaCl solution. The osmotic pressure of this
solution is found to be 4.92 atm at 27 0C .
Calculate the value of x . Assume complete
dissociation of NaCl and ideal behaviour of
this solution.
1) 17.959 2) 18.959
3) 19.959 4) 16.959
57. The osmotic pressure of a solution at 00 C is
4 atm. What will be its osmotic pressure at
546 K under similar conditions ?
1) 4 atm 2) 9 atm 3) 8 atm 4) 6 atm
58 2g of benzoic acid (C6 H 5COOH ) dissolved in
25g of benzene shows a depression in freezing
point equal to 1.62K.Molal depression
constant for benzene is 4.9K kg mol −1 .The
percentage association of acid if it forms
dimer in solution is
1) 9.92% 2)99.2% 3)90.08% 4)0.8%
59. In a 0.2 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid
HX the degree of ionization is 0.3. Taking kf
for water as 1.85, the freezing point of the
1) -0.3600C 2) - 0.2600C
0
3) +0.480 C 4) -0.4800C
NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I SOLUTIONS
LEVEL-II (H.W) - KEY 14. V1 N1 = V2 N 2
1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 4 5) 3 6) 3 7) 3 N × GEW × V ( ml )
8) 2 9) 3 10) 3 11) 1 12) 3 13) 4 14) 2 15. W =
1000
15) 1 16) 3 17) 4 18) 1 19) 2 20)1 21) 3 W 1000
22)4 23)2 24) 4 25 )3 26) 1 27)1 28)2 16. N = ×
GEW V in ml
29)3 30) 1 31)1 32) 4 33) 2 34)1 35) 3
17. V1 N1 = V2 N 2
36) 2 37) 3 38) 2 39)4 40)2 41) 3 42)2
V1M 1 V2 M 2
43) 1 44) 3 45) 1 46)2 47) 4 48) 1 49) 2 18. =
n1 n2
50) 3 51) 2 52) 2 53)6 54) 1 55) 3 56) 3
m × m.w × v
57) 3 58)2 59) 4 20. W =
1000
LEVEL-II (H.W) - KEY x% × d × 10
21. M =
1. no of mill moles = M × vol in ml m.w
w 1000
X 22. M = . & x% ( w / w ) weight of solvat
2. × 100 × 10−3 m.w v
106 = 100-x
3. V1 N1 = V2 N 2 densty of water = 0.998
V1 ×1× 2 = 10 ×1×1 WB 1000
23. m = M . W
B A
4. V1M 1 = V2 M 2
n
24. X H 2O + X alochol = 1 = X H O = n + n
H O
volume of water to be added = V2 − V1 2
2

H O alochol 2

w 1000
5. M= × C6 H12O6 = 180 X n 14
= nN 2 = = 0.5
nCO2
GMW Vinml
. 25. CO2 =
nCO2 + nN2
= CO2 =
44
=1
44 28
n ×1000 X alochol nalcohol
6. M= 26. =
vol in ml X H 2O nH 2O
7. 0.1/2 = 0.05 n2
W 1000 27. x2 = n + n
M= × 1 2
8. GMW V ( ml ) n2
28. x2 = n + n
1000 1 2
M = n×
9. V ( ml ) 29. Mass percentage of solute in the solution
Weight of solute
M × GMW × volinml = × 100
10. W = Weight of solution
1000
30. According to Henry’s law, PN 2 = K H , X N 2
M × GMW × volinml
11. W = PN2
1000 i.e., xN2 =
KH
12. V1M 1 = V2 M 2
= 0.987 bar / 76.48 ×103 bar =12.9
13. V1 N1 = V2 N 2
∴ Number of moles = 12.9 × 55.5 mol = 716 mol
V2 − V1 = volume of water to be added = 0.716 m moles
 SOLUTIONS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
n2 54. For isotonic solution, osmotic pressure should
31. X 2 = n + n be same.
1 2
∴ π ( NaCl ) = π (glucose) iC1 RT = C2 RT
P −P0

32. relative lowering of vapour pressure = iC1 = C2

P0
 1.17 / 58.5  7.2 / 180 7.2 × 58.5
P −P
0 i = ⇒i= =2
 V  V 1.17 × 180
33. = mole fraction of solute
P0
55. ∆T = i × K f × m = 0.68 = i ×1.86 × 0.2
∴ mole fraction of solvent = 1- mole fraction
i − 1 1.83 − 1
i = 1.83 = α = n − 1 = 2 − 1 = 0.83
of solute
p 0 − ps
= m.
( M .w) solvent Ionization=83%
34) 0
p 1000 56. For NaCl : π = iCRT = 2 × 0.05 × 0.0821× 300
37). ∆Tb = kb × molality = 2.465
For unknown compounds :
wt of solute 1000
38). ∆Tb = kb × × x
m.wt of solute wt.of solvent π = CRT = × 0.0821× 300 = 0.1231 x atm
100
WB 1000 Total osmotic pressure π = π1 + π 2
39) ∆Tb = K b m . W 4.92 = 2.463 + 0.123 x
B A

x = 19.959 g
i −1
40. T − T f = iK f m , α =
0
π1 CRT1 π1 T1
f
n −1
57 . π = CRT , π = T
41. Ratio of depession in f.p are in the ratio of no. 2 2 2 2
of particles
4 273
WB 1000 =
∆ T = K . π 2 546
42): f f
mB W A
π 2 = 8 atm
π 1V1 + π 2V2
44. = πr 1− i
V1 + V2 α=
58: 1
1−
WRT n
45. Molecular weight =
πV
59. ∆T f = k f .m
WB 1000
46): π = m . V .RT
B PREVIOUS YEARS
49. Ba ( NO3 )2 → Ba +2 + 2 NO3− EAMCET QUESTIONS
1. When 25 grams of a non-volatile solute is
∴ Number of ions produced = 3 = n disolved in 100 grams of water, the vapour
i = 2.74 pressure is lowered by 2.25 ×10−1 mm.If the
i −1
∴α = × 100 vapour pressure of water at 200 C is
n −1
17.5mm,What is the molecular weight of the
−4
52. K 4  Fe (CN )6  → 4 K ⊕ +  Fe (CN )6  solute? EAMCET-2008
1)206 2)302 3)350 4)276

NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I SOLUTIONS
2. If BaCl2 ionizes to an extent of 80% aqueous 8. During depression of freezing point in a
solution, the following are in equilibrium
solution, the value of Van’t Hoff factor is
EAMCET-2009
EAMCET-2010 1) liquid solvent -solid solvent
1)2.6 2)0.4 3)0.8 4)2.4 2) liquid solvent -solid solute
3. X-is a non-volatile solute and Y is a volatile 3) liquid solute -solid solute
solvent.The following vapoure pressure are 4) liquid solute -solid solvent
observed by dissolving X in Y (EAM-2010) 9. KMnO4 reacts with Kl in basic medium to
X/mol lit −1 Y/mm of Hg form I 2 and MnO2 .When 250 mL of 0.1M
KI solution is mixed with 250mL of 0.02 M
0.10 P1
KMnO4 in basic medium, what is the number
0.25 P2
of moles of I 2 formed
0.01 P3 1)0.015 2)0.0075 3)0.005 4)0.01
The correct order of vapoure pressures is 10. Vapour pressure in mm Hg of 0.1 mole of urea
in 180 g of water at 250 C is
1) P1 < P2 < P3 2) P3 < P2 < P1
(The vapour pressure of water at 250 C is
3) P3 < P1 < P2 4) P2 < P1 < P3 24 mm Hg)
4. A solution of 10g of a non-volatile binary 1)2.376 2)20.76 3)23.76 4)24.76
electrolyte(mol wt.100)in 500g of water
KEY
freezes at - 0.740 C .What is the degree of
1) 3 2) 1 3)4 4) 3 5) 3 6) 4
ionization?( k f of water =1.85 K molarity −1 )
7)1 8) 1 9)2 10)3
EAMCET-2011
1)50% 2)75% 3)100% 4)0% HINT
5. The weight in grams of a non-volatile p 0 − ps WB M A
solute(M.wt:60) to be dissolved in 90g of 1. = .
p0 M B WA
water to produce relative lowering of vapour
pressure of 0.02 is EAMCET-2012 2. i = 1 + α ( n − 1)
1)4 2)8 3)6 4)10
i −1
6. The vapour pressure in mm of Hg, of an 4. ∆T f = i.K f × m , α =
n −1
aqueous solution obtained by adding 18 g of
p 0 − ps WB M A
glucose (C6 H12O6 ) to 180g of water at 100 5.
0 = .
p0 M B WA
is EAMCET-2013
1)7.60 2)76.0 3)759 4)752.4 p 0 − ps WB M A
6. = .
7. Which one of the following is an isotonic pair p0 M B WA
of solutions? EAMCET-2013
9. 3C2 H 2 
tubes red lit
→ C6 H 6
1) 0.15M NaCl and 0.1M Na2 SO4
2 Na2 S 2O3 + I 2 → Na2 S 4O6 + 2 NaI
2) 0.2 M urea and 0.1M sugar
∆P n × GMW solvent
3) 0.2 M BaCl2 and 0.2 M Urea 10. P 0 = weight of solvent

4) 0.2 M MgSO4 and 0.1M NH 4Cl

NARAYANAGROUP
 SOLUTIONS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
6. 100 ml 0.2M NaOH is exactly neutralised by
LEVEL-III a mixture of which of the following?
1) 100 ml of 0.1M HCl + 100 ml of 0.1M
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
H 2SO 4
1. List - I List - II
2) 100 ml of 0.1M HCl + 50 ml of 0.1M H 2SO 4
1) Solid in gas A) Brass
2) Solid in solid B) Amalgam 3) 50 ml of 0.1M HCl + 50 ml of 0.1M H 2SO 4
3) liquid in solid C) Comphor in air 4) 50 ml of 0.1M HCl + 100 ml of 0.1M H 2SO 4
4) liquid in liquid D) Alcohol in water
7. Find the volume of 0.1M potassium
Which of the following is correct
dichromate solution required to oxidise 20ml
1 2 3 4
of 0.6M ferrous sulphate solution in acid
1) C A B D
medium
2) A C D B
1)10ml 2) 20ml 3)40ml 4)60ml
3) C B A D
8. The volume of 0.025M H2SO4 required for
4) D A B C
the complete neutralisation of 25ml of 0.03M
EXPRESSION OF Ca(OH)2 solution is
CONCENTRATION OF 1)20ml 2) 30ml 3)25 ml 4)35ml
SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS 9. If 50ml of 0.1M NaCl and 50ml of 0.1 M
MOLARITY BaCl2 are mixed, molarity of chloride ion in
the resulting solution will be
2. The dichromate ion oxidises stannous ions in
1)0.2 M 2)0.3M 3)0.15M 4)0.1M
solutions according to the reaction
10. A solution of CaCl2 is 0.5 mol / litre, then the
3Sn 2+ + 14H + + Cr2 O 72 − 
→ 3Sn 4+ + 2Cr 3+ + 7H 2 O moles of chloride ion in 500 ml. will be
1)0.25 2)0.50 3)0.75 4)1.00
How many ml of K 2 Cr2 O7 solution of 0.5M 11. Which of the following solutions is more
strength will be required to completely react concentrated than the others
with 0.5 mole of tin (II) chloride in solution: 1)5.3 gm of Na2CO3 in 500 ml solution
1) 666.6 ml 2) 444.4 ml 2) 5 gm. of NaOH in 100ml solution
3) 222.2 ml 4) 333.3 ml 3) 3.65 gm of HCl in 750 ml solution
3. Which of the following contains more 4) 4.9 gm of H2SO4 in 1000 ml solution
number of ions per unit volume? 12. Two solutions of a substance (non electrolyte)
are mixed in the following manner. 480 ml
1) 1M K 2S+1M HNO3 of 1.5 M first solution + 520 ml of 1.2 M
second solution. What is the molarity of the
2) 2M HCl+0.5M NH 4 Cl
final mixture?
3) 2M K 2S + 2M K 2SO 4 1) 1.20 M 2) 1.50 M
4) 2M K 2SO 4 + 2M NH 4 Cl 3) 1.344 M 4) 2.70 M
13. The molarity of solution obtained by mix
4. Volume of water required to convert 100ml
ing 750ml of 0.5M HCl with 250ml of 2M HCl
of 0.1M K2Cr2O7 / H+ to 0.1 N is [during
will be
electrolysis process]
1) 1.00 M 2) 1.75 M
1)100ml 2)500 ml 3)400 ml 4)200 ml
3) 0.975M 4) 0.875 M
5. CH3 CN+2H 2 O  → X+NH3 14. The density of 3M solution of sodium chloride
The density of a 2M solution of X in water is is 1.252g/ml. The molality of the solution will
1.017 g/ml. The molality of the solution is be (molar mass: NaCl = 58.5g/mol)
1) 2 2) 1.55 3) 2.26 4) 1.25 1) 2.60m 2) 2.18m 3) 2.79 m 4) 3.00m

NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I SOLUTIONS
15. Calculate the mass percentage of 24. Which of the following solution is acidic in
nature
aspirin (C9 H 8O4 ) in acetonitrile (CH 3CN )
1) 20ml of 0.1MH2SO4 + 20ml of 0.3 M NaOH
when 6.5gm of C9 H 8O4 is dissolved in 450g of 2) 10ml of 0.1MH2SO4 + 20ml of 0.2 M NaOH
3) 10ml of 0.1MH2SO4 + 10ml of 0.1M NaOH
CH 3CN .
4) 20ml of 0.1MH2SO4 + 40ml of 0.1 M NaOH
1)0.414 2)1.424 3)3.421 4)2.4 25. In Solvay’s process, X is heated in lime kills
16. How many mL of 0.1M HCl is required to
to produce CO 2 . Y is the most volatile
react completely with 1.0g mixture of
Hydrogen halide. After absorbing Y in water,
Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equal-molar what volume of 1N solution of Y can exactly
amounts of both? neutralise completely 25g of X?
1)157.9 2)125.3 3)136.2 4)1.362 1) 53ml 2) 500ml 3) 1000ml 4) 100ml
17. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 26. One mole of chlorine combines with certain
222.6g of ethylene glycol (C6 H 6O2 ) and 200g weight of a metal giving 111g of its chloride.
The same amount of metal can displace 2g
of water(solvent).Calculate the molarity of
hydrogen from an acid. The atomic weight
the solution.
of the metal is
1)0.414 2)0.795 3)4.14 4)17.95
1) 40 2) 20 3) 80 4) 100
NORMALITY 27. 1.5 litre of solution of normality N and 2.5
18. In what volume of water 20 g of NaOH is to litres of 2M HCl are mixed together. The
be dissolved such that 400ml of this solution resultant solution has a normality 5. The
exactly neutralize 4.9g of H2SO4 value N is
1)1 lit 2)2 lit 3)2.5 lit 4)3 lit 1) 6 2) 10 3) 8 4) 4
19. 20g of an acid furnishes 0.5 moles of H3 O + 28. 50ml of 0.2N K 2 Cr2 O7 is required to oxidise
ions in its aqueous solution. The value of 1g 40 ml FeSO 4 solution in acidic medium. The
eq. of the acid will be weight of iron present per lit. if atomic weight
1) 40g 2) 20g 3) 10g 4) 100g of iron is 56
20. One tablet of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 1) 14g 2) 1.4g 3) 140g 4) 28g
requires for complete neutralisation 20ml of 29. One gram atom of calcium was burnt in
decinormal NaOH. If equivalent weight of excess of air, dissolved in water, and made
ascorbic acid is 176, weight of the vitamin in up to exactly one litre. Its normality is
the tablet is 1)1N 2)2N 3)0.1N 4)0.05N
1) 0.176 g 2)0.352 g 3) 17.6 g 4)3.52 g 30. 20 ml of 0.1 N-NaOH was required to
21. Specific gravity of commercial sulphuric acid neutralise a solution of a dibasic acid. Weight
is 1.8 and it is 98% pure. Volume of this of the acid present in the solution is
acid required for preparing 7.2 litres of (Molecular weight of the acid = 126)
decinormal sulphuric acid is 1)0.63 g 2)63 g 3)0.126 g 4)6.3 g
1)10ml 2) 20ml 3)72ml 4)4ml 31. 100ml of 0.3 N HNO3 and 200ml of 0.3 M -
22. Volume of 0.1M oxalic acid, which can H2SO4 are mixed together. Normality of H+
completely decoloursie 20 ml of 0.1M - in the result solution is
KMnO4 in acid medium is 1)0.9 N 2)0.6N 3)0.4 N 4)0.5 N
1)100ml 2)50ml 3)20ml 4) 4ml 32. 100 ml of 0.1M H2SO4 and 100ml of 0.1M
23. 25 ml of 0.1M KMnO4 is reduced by 25 ml KOH are mixed together and diluted to
of Mohr’s salt solution in the presence of exactly two litres. Normality of unreacted
dil.H2SO4 molarity of the latter is acid in the mixture is
1)0.5 2)0.2 3)0.1 4)0.05 1)2 x 10-3 N 2)5 x 10-3 N
3)5 x 10 -2 4)2 x 10-2 N

NARAYANAGROUP
 SOLUTIONS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
33. If 0.25 g of an acid can exactly neutralise 20 40. The density of 2 M solution of acetic acid
ml of 0.125 N base. Equivalent weight of the (Mol. wt. 60) is 1.02 g ml-1. The molality of
acid is the solution ‘X’ is
1)100 2)40 3)50 4)12.5 1)1.0 2)2.0 3)2.22 4)2.25
34. 10 milli moles of a monoacidic base is exactly 41. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in
neutralised by 50ml of an acid. The water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the
normality of the acid is solution is
1)0.5 N 2)0.2N 3)0.6N 4)0.4N 1) 1.14 mol kg −1 2) 3.28 mol kg −1
35. 100 ml of 0.1M - H2SO4 was added to 100 ml
of 0.1 M-NaOH and the mixture was diluted 3) 2.28 mol kg −1 4) 0.44 mol kg −1
exactly to one litre. Normality of the final
solution is MOLE FRACTION
1)1N 2)0.1N 3) 0.01N 4)0.001 N 42. Maltose is converted to ‘A’ by Maltase. The
36. 100ml of 0.3M sulphuric acid and 200 ml of mole fraction of ‘A’ in 10% (w/w) aq. solution
0.3M hydrochloric acid were mixed together. is approximately:
The normality of the resulting solution is 1) 0.18 2) 0.012 3) 0.1 4) 0.017
1)0.4 N 2)0.3N 3)0.1N 4)0.15 N 43. In the aqueous solution of sulphuric acid,
37. 0.2 lit. of ammonia at 270C and 2 atm pressure the mole fraction of water is 0.849. The
is neutralized by 160 ml. of sulphuric acid. molality of the solution is
Normality of acid approximately is 1)8.9 m 2)0.19 m 3)9.8 m 4)15m
1)0.01N 2)0.2 N 3)2N 4)0.1 N 44. A solution of 36% water and 64%
38. List - I List - II acetaldehyde ( CH3 CHO ) by mass. Mole
molecular weight fraction of acetaldehyde is
1) Hypophosphorus acid A) 1) 0.42 2) 0.2 3) 4.2 4) 2.1
2
45. Match the following:
molecular weight
2) Phosphorous acid B) List -I List - II
3 1) Molality A) unity
molecular weight 2) Relative lowering B) dilute solutions
3) Orthophosphorus acid C) vapour pressure
4
3) Raoult’s law C) independent of
molecular weight temperature
4) Pyrophosphosric acid D)
5
4) Xsolute + Xsolvent D) Mole fraction of
molecular weight solute
E)
1 Which of the following is correct
Which of the following is correct 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 1) C D B A
1) C B A E 2) A C D B
2) E A B C 3) C B A D
3) A B D C 4) D A B C
4) C A B D
MOLALITY COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR
39. 3C2 H 2 
red hot tubes
→X
PRESSUR AND RAOULT’S LAW
2 Na2 S 2O3 + Y → Na2 S 4O6 + 2 NaI 46. The vapour pressure of 10% aqueous glucose
Mole fraction of Y in X is 0.2. What is the solution at 100oC
molality of Y in X? 1)750 mm 2) 755.6 mm
1) 3.2 2) 6.4 3) 1.6 4) 0.2 3)751. 6 mm 4) 740 mm
NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
47. Benzene and toulene form nearly ideal
solutions. At 20 0 C, the vapour pressure of 53. An aqueous solution of 2% non volatile solute
benzene is 75 torr and that of toulene is 22
torr. The partial vapour pressure of benzene
at 20 0 C for a solution containing 78 g of
benzene and 46 g of toulene in torr is
1) 50 2) 25 3) 37.5 4) 53.5
48. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile
solute(molar mass ( 40gmol −1 ) which should 54.
be dissolved in 114g Octane to reduce its
vapour pressure to 80%
1)2g 2)4g 3)8g 4)16g
49. Vapour pressure of water at 293K is
17.535mm Hg.Calculate the vapour pressure
of the solution at 293K when 25g of glucose
is dissolved in 450g of water.
1) 17.44mm. Ag 2) 1.744mm. Ag
55.
3) 16.44mm. Ag 4) 17.535mm. Ag
50. Heptane and Octane form an ideal
solution.At 373K the vapour pressure of the
two liquid components are 105.2k Pa and
46.8k Pa respectively.What will be the vapour
pressure of mixture of 26.0g heptane and 35g
of octane?
1) 70.57 k . pa 2) 80.5 k . pa
3) 73.57 k . pa 4) 90.56. pa
51. 100g of liquid A(molar mass 140g mol −1 )was
dissolved in 1000g of liquid B(molar mass
180g mol −1 )The vapour pressure of pure
liquid B was found to be 500torr.Calculate
the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its
vapour pressure in the solution if the total 57. A solution of glucose (C6 H12O6 ) is isotonic
vapour pressure of the solution is 475 torr.
1)3.19,500 2)280.56,31.965
3)500,300 4)190,31.965
52. Benzene and Toulene from ideal solution over 58. At 100C the osmotic pressure of urea solution
the entire range of composition the vapour
pressure of pure benzene and toulene at 300K
are 50.71 mmof Hg and 32.06mm Hg
respectively.Calculate the mole fraction of
benzene in vapour phase if 80g of benzene is
mixed with 100g of toulene.
1)1.7 2)2.5 3)0.6 4)1.6
NARAYANAGROUP
SOLUTIONS
ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
exerts a pressure of 1.004bar at the normal
boiling point of the solvent.What is the
molecular mass of the solute?
1) 4.135 g / mol 2) 22.1g / mol
3) 90.1g / mol 4) 41.35 g / mol
DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
Two elements A and B form compounds of
formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20.0
g of benzene 1.0 g of AB2 lowers F.pt. by 2.30C
whereas 1.0g of AB4 lowers F.pt. by 1.30C.
The Kf for benzene is 5.4. The atomic masses
of A and B are respectively
1) 27, 45 2) 42, 25 3) 52, 48 4) 48, 52
OSMOSIS
What is the osmotic pressure of the solution
obtained by mixing 300cm3 of 2% (mass-
volume) solution of urea with 300cm3 of
3.42% solution of sucrose at 200 C ?
( R = 0.082L atm K −1
mol −1 )
1) 5 atm 2) 5.2 atm 3) 2.6 atm 4) 4.5 atm
56. Calculate the depression in the freezing point
of water when 10g of CH 3CH 2CHClCOOH is
added to 250g of water .
K a = 1.4 ×10−3 , K f = 1.86 Kkg mol −1
1) 0.650 C 2) 1.750 C
3) 100.650 C 4) 101.750 C
with 4g of urea per litre of solution. The
concentration of glucose is
1) 4 g/L 2) 8 g/L 3) 12 g/L 4) 14 g/L
is 500 mm of Hg .The solution is diluted and
the temperature is raised to 250C. When the
osmotic pressure is found to be 105.3 mm of
Hg. Determine extent of dilution
1) Two times 2) Three times
3) Four times 4) Five times
 SOLUTIONS
59. A solution is prepared by dissolving 1.08 gms 67. The molar mass of solute X in g mol −1 , if its
of human serum albumin. A protein obtained
from blood plasma in 50 c.c of aqueous
solution. The solution has an osmotic
pressure of 5.85 mm of Hg at 298 K . What is
the molar mass of albumin
1) 686.55 g/mole 2) 68655 g/ mole
3) 34328 g/ mole 4) 343.28 g/mole
60. The osmotic pressure of a solution containing
30gm of a substance in 1 litre solution at 20
0
C is 3.2 atm. Calculate the value of S in litre
-1 -1
atm K mole . If the molecular mass of
solute is 228
1) 82.1 2) 0.0821 3) 8.314 4) 1.987
61. 18 gms of glucose and 6gms of Urea are 69. 0.1 formal solution of NaCl is found to be
dissolved in 1 lit aqueous solution at 270c. The
osmotic pressure of solution will be
1) 0.492 atm 2) 0.245 atm
3) 4.92 atm 4) 0.049 atm
62. The osmotic pressure of solution at 00C is 4
atm what will be its osmotic pressure at 546
K. Under similar conditions
1) 4 atm 2) 2 atm 3) 1 atm 4) 8 atm
63. A 5.25% solution of a substance is isotonic
with a 1.5% solution of urea (molar
mass=60g mol −1 ) in the same solvent. If the
densities of both the solutions are assumed
to be equal to 1.0g cm −3 , molar mass of the
substance will be
1) 210.0 g mol −1 2) 90.0 g mol −1
3) 115.0 g mol −1 4) 105.0 g mol −1
64. If the osmatic pressure of glucose solution
1.52 bar at 300K.What would be its
concentration if R=0.083L bar mol K − 1 − 1
1)0.061m 2)6.1m 3)61m 4)30.5m
65. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i=2.47) 1.
dissolved in 2.5litre of water such that its 2.
osmatic pressure is 0.75atm at 27 0 C
1) 2.42g 2) 0.14g 3) 3.41g 4) 4g
66. Determine the osmatic pressure of a solution
prepared by dissolving 25mg of K 2 SO4 in two
litre of water at 250 C assuming that it is
completely disassociated 3.
1) 5.2tm 2) 5.27 × 10 −3 tm
−3
3) 3 × 10 tm 4) 200 tm
JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
1% solution is osmotic with a 5% solution of
cane sugar (molar mass =342 g mol −1 ),is
1)68.4 2)34.2 3)136.2 4)171.2
VAN’T HOFF FACTOR
68. If benzoic acid (m.wt= 122) is associated into
double molecules when dissolved in benzene
and the osmotic pressure of solution of 5gms
of benzoic acid in 100 ml benzene is 5.73 atm
at 100C. Waht is the percentage association
of benzoic acid
1) 8 2) 80 3) 40 4) 20
isotonic with 1.1 % solution of Urea.
Calculate the apparent degree of ionisation
of NaCl
1) 0.083 2) 8.3 3) 0.83 4) 0.42
LEVEL-III - KEY
1) 1 2) 4 3) 3 4) 2 5)3 6) 2 7) 2
8) 2 9) 3 10) 2 11) 2 12) 3 13) 4 14) 3
15)2 16)1 17) 4 18) 2 19) 1 20) 2 21) 2
22) 2 23) 1 24) 3 25) 2 26) 1 27) 2 28) 1
29) 2 30) 3 31) 4 32) 2 33) 1 34) 2 35) 3
36) 1 37) 4 38) 2 39) 1 40) 3 41) 3 42) 2
43) 3 44) 1 45) 1 46) 3 47) 1 48)3 49)1
50)3 51)2 52)3 53) 4 54) 1 55) 2 56)1
57) 3 58) 4 59) 2 60) 2 61) 3 62) 4 63) 1
64)1 65)1 66)1 67)2 68) 2 69) 3
LEVEL-III HINTS
Classification of solutions
No of gram equivalents = no. of moles × no.of
e − lost
Normality of K 2Cr2O7 = M × no.of e − gain
N .V
neq =
1000
K 2 S → 2 K + + S −2 = 3ions
K 2 SO4 → 2 K + + SO4 −2 = 3ions
total six ions
NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I SOLUTIONS
4. In acid medium K 2Cr2O7 loses totally 6e- 4.9 1000
N = 0.1 x 6 18. N = × = 0.25 N
49 400
N1V1
N1V1 = N 2V2 ⇒ V2 = w 1000
N2 volume of water (V) = ×
GEW N
Vol of water is added = V2 − V1 .
20 1000
5. CH 3CN + 2 H 2O → CH 3COOH + NH 3 = × = 2lit
40 0.25
∴ X = CH 3COOH 19. 1 gram eqvivalent of acid furnishes
d = 1.017 1 gram equivalent of H 3O⊕ ions
m=?
1000 × M W
m= 20. N × V (ml ) of NaOH = × 1000 of
1000 × d − M × mol.wt GEW
6. No. of gm eq. of base = no. of gm.eq. of acid ascorbic acid
7. N1V1 = N 2V2 % × sp.gravity × 10
8. N1V1 = N 2V2 21. N =
GEW
M 1V1 + M 2V2 N 2V2
9. M mixture = N1V1 = N 2V2 V1 =
V1 + V2 N1
0.5 × 500 M1V1 M2V2
10. n = = 0.25 =
1000 22.
n1 n2
No. of chloride ions = 0.25 × 2 = 0.50
M1V1 M2V2
w 1000 =
11. M = × 23.
n1 n2
GMW V inml
12. Total millimoles of solute 24. N1V1 = N 2V2
= 480 ×1.5 + 520 ×1.2 = 720 + 624 = 1344 25. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Total volume = 480 + 520 = 1000
Molarity of the final mixture W 1000
N= ×
1344 GEW Vin ml
= = 1.344 M
1000 H C l + H 2 O → H C l ( aq )
M 1V1 + M 2V2 26. 1 gram equivelent of metal can displace
13. M mixture = 1 gram equivalent of H2
V1 + V2
N1V1 + N 2V2
M ×1000
14. m = (1000 × d ) − ( M × mol.wt of solute )
27. Resultant Normality =
V1 + V2
mass of Aspirin 28. N1V1 = N 2V2
15. mass percentage of Aspin = × 100
Total mass of solution

16. N1 V1 = N 2V2
N1V1
N2 =
V2
WB 1000
17. m = Ag ; w . W , WA -weight of solvent W 1
A
N2 = ×
WB - weight of solution GEW V inlit
W=?
NARAYANAGROUP
 SOLUTIONS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
29. No. of moles of Ca = no. of moles of Ca(OH)2 40. d=1.02 gr/ml
M=2M
w
30. N × V (ml) of NaOH = × 1000 of CH 3COOH mol.wt=60
GEW
m=?
dibasic acid
1000 × M
GMW m=
simple it is dibasic acid GEW = 1000 × d − M × mol.wt
2
1000 × M
N1V1 + N 2V2 41. M =
31. Nr = V + V 1000 × d − M × m.wt
1 2
42. C12 H 22O11 
Maltase
→ 2C6 H12O6
32. N H 2SO4 = M H 2SO4 ×2
nA
N KOH = M KOH × 1 XA =
n A + nH 2 O
N H 2 SO4 .VH 2 SO4 − N KoHVKOH
Nr = 43. X H 2 SO4 + X H 2O = 1
Vtotal
X H 2O = 0.849
w
33. N × V (ml ) of base = × 1000 of acid ∴ X H 2 SO4 = 1 − 0.849 = 0.151
GEW
34. for mono acidic base M
molality = X =
M + 5 5 .5 5
s o lu te
no.of millimoles = No.of milli equivlents
No.ofmilli.equivalents nCH CHO
N=
44. X CH3CHO = n
3
V (ml )
CH 3CHO + nH 2O

35. NH2SO4 = M H2SO4 × 2, NNaOH = M NaOH ×1 P0 − PS

46. = X solute
N H 2 SO4VH 2 SO4 N NaOHVNaOH P0
Nr = 760 − Ps 10 / 180
V =
760 10 / 180 + 90 / 18
36. N H 2 SO4 = M H 2 sO4 × 2
N HCl = M HCl ×1 47. PB = PB0 X B
N H 2 S O 4 .V H 2 S O 4 − N H C lV H C l PB0 = 75 torr
Nr =
V H 2 SO 4 + V H C l
78
37. π = cST 78 1 1
XB = = =
π  78   46  1 + 0.5 1.5
C=  + 
ST  78   92 

N1V1 = N 2V2 1
PB = 75 × = 50 torr
1.5
N1V1
N2 = p 0 − ps WB M A
V2 (multiple concepts) 48 = .
p0 M B WA
38. Relation between molecular weights and
equivalents weight p 0 − ps WB M A
49. = .
M p0 M B WA
X s o lu te =
39. 1 0 0 0
+
m
M W 50. P = P 0A . X A + P 0 B . X B
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 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I SOLUTIONS

51. P = P 0A . X A + P 0 B . X B 64. π = M ST
65. π V = inRT
52. PT = PA0 .x A + PB0 xB
66. π V = inRT
53. π v = nst
54. AB2 AB4
68. π = iCST
i −1
∆T f = i.K f × m α= ; α − deg ree of ionization
n −1
1 1
2.3 = 5.4 × 1.3 = 5.4 × 69. π1 = π2
( A + 2B ) ( A + 4B )
1000 1000 PREVIOUS MAINS QUESTIONS
× ×
20 20 1. The vapour pressure of water at 200 C is
A + 2 B = 117.4 → (1) A + 4 B = 207.78 → ( 2 ) 17.5. mm Hg. If 18g of glucose (C6 H12O6 ) is
A + 4 B = 207.7 added to 178.2 g of water at 200 C, the vapour
A + 2 B = 117.4 pressure of the resulting solution will be
2 B = 90.3
B = 45 A = 27 1) 15.750 mm Hg 2) 16.500 mm Hg
55. π = π 1 + π 2 3) 17.325 mm Hg 4) 17.675 mm Hg
56. ∆T1 = ik f .m 2. Two liquids X and Y form an ideal solution.
At 300K, vapour pressure of the solutions
π1 C1 containing 1 mol of X and 3 mol of Y is 550
57. π = C
2 2 mmHg. At the same temperature, if 1mol of
Y is further added to this solution, vapour
π 1 T1 V2
58. π = T × V pressure of the solution increased by
2 2 1 10mmHg. Vapour pressure (in mmHg) of X
R ×T and Y in their pure states will be, respectively:
59. Molecular weight = W ×
π ×V 1) 300 and 400 2) 400 and 600
πV 3) 500 and 600 4) 200 and 300
60. S =
n ×T 3. On mixing, heptane and octane to form an
ideal solution. At 373K, the vapour pressures
61. π V = ( n1 + n2 ).S .T
of the two liquid components (heptane and
62. π 1T2 = π 2T1 octane) are 105 kPa and 45 kPa respectively.
63. isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure Vapour pressure of the solution obtained by
mixing 25.0g of heptane and 35g of octane
π 1 = C1 RT , π 2 = C2 RT
will be (molar mass of heptane and 35g of
For isotonic solution π 1 = π 2 octane will be (molar mass of heptane = 100g
∴ C1 = C2 mol −1 and of octane = 114g mol −1 )
1.5 5.25 1) 72.0 kPa 2) 36.1 kPa
3) 96.2 kPa 4) 144.5 kPa
or 60 = M [ Where M = Molecular ]
V V 4. 12 g of non volatile solute dissolved in 108g
Weight of the substance ] of water produces the relative lowering of
vapour pressure of 0.1 . The molecular mass
1.5 5.25
or = or M = 210 of the solute is
60 M
1)80 2)60 3)20 4)40

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 SOLUTIONS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
5. Vapour pressure of pure benzene is 119 torr 12. Consider separate solution of 0.500M
and that of toluene is 37 torr at the same C2 H 5OH ( aq ) , 0.100 M Mg 3 ( PO4 ) 2( aq )
temperature. Mole fraction of toluene in
vapour phase which is in equilibrium with 0.250 M KBr( aq ) and 0.125M Na3 PO4( aq ) at
solution of benzene and toluene having a mole
250 C .Which statement is true about these
fraction of toluene 0.50, will be
solution,assuming all salts to be strong
1) 0.137 2) 0.237 3) 0.435 4) 0.205
electrolytes?
6. If sodium sulphate is considered to be
1)They have the same osmotic pressure
completely dissociated into cations and
anions in aqueous solution, the change in 2)0.100M Mg 3 ( PO4 ) 2( aq ) has the highest
freezing point of water when 0.01 mol of osmotic pressure
sodium sulphate is dissolved in 1kg of water 3) 0.125M Na3 PO4( aq ) has the highest osmotic
is
1) 0.0372K 2) 0.0558K 3) 0.0744K 4) 0.0186K pressure
7. Ethylene glycol is used as antifreeze in a cold 4) 0.500 M C2 H 5OH ( aq ) has the highest osmotic
climate. Mass of ethylene glycol which should pressure
be added to 4kg of water to prevent it from
freezing at −6°C will be:
KEY
1) 204.11g 2) 804.32g 3) 600.20g 4) 302.40g 1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 3 5) 2 6) 2 7) 2
8. K f for water is 1.86K kg mol −1 . If your 8) 2 9) 4 10) 3 11) 3 12)3
automobile radiator holds 1.0kg of water, HINTS
how many grams of ethylene glycol
P −P a W
(C2 H 6O2 ) must you add to get the freezing 1. 0 P s = M × b
0
point of the solution lowered to −2.8°C ?
0 1 0 3
1) 39g 2) 93g 3) 72g 4) 27g 2. 550 = PX + PY → (i )
9. How many grams of methyl alcohol should 4 4
be added to 10 litre tank of water to prevent 1 4
it from freezing at 298K? 560 = PX0 + PY0 → (ii )
5 5
( K f for water is 1.86 K Kg mol −1 ) 3. PT = PA0 x A + PB0 xB
1) 880.07g 2) 899.04g 3) 886.02g 4) 868.06 g
wt of solute mol.wt of solvent
10. The degree of dissociation (α ) of a weak 4. RLVP = ×
mol.wt of solute wt. of solvent
electrolyte, Ax By is related to van’t Hoff 5.
x A × p A0 = PT × x A'
factor (i) by the expression:
6. ∆T f = iK f m
x + y −1 x + y +1
1) α = 2) α = 7. ∆T f = iK f m
i −1 i −1
i −1 i −1 8. ∆T f = iK f m
3) α = ( x + y − 1) 4) α = ( x + y + 1)
9. ∆T f = iK f m
11. A molecule M assosciates in a given
solvent according to the equation 10. i = 1 + α  − 1
1
n 
nM → ( M ) n . For a certain concentration of
M, the van’t Hoff factor was found to be 0.9 11. i = 1 + α  1 − 1
and the fraction of molecules assosciated was n 
0.2. The value of n is W 1 
1) 3 2) 5 3) 2 4) 4 12. π V = ST × i , i = 1 + α  − 1
M n 
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 JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I SOLUTIONS
5.
What is the freezing point of the solution if
LEVEL-IV the KI is completely dissociated in the
soluiton?
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE 1) −4.87 0 C 2) −3.220 C 3) −1.220 C 4) 4.87 0 C
1. Match the laws listed in column I with the 6. Experimental freezing point of the solution
corresponding equations given in column II is −4.460 C . What % of KI is dissociated?
Column - I Column - II
1) 82% 2) 90% 3) 83% 4) 38%
A) Normality p) vary with temperature
B) Molarity q) Independent of COMPREHENSION : 2
temperature variation . The colligative propertrties of electrolytes
C) Molality r) Involves ratio require a slightly different approach than
D) Mole fraction s) involves weight the one used for the colligative properties of
2. Match the following non-electrolytes. The electrolytes dissociate
Column - I Column - II into ions in a soluton. It is number of solute
A) A nearly particles that determines the colligative
properties of a solution. The electrolyte
ideal solution p) H 2O + C2 H 5OH
solutions, therefore, show abnormal
B) A solution showing q) C6 H 6 + C6 H 5CH 3 colligative properties. To account for this
positive deviation effect we define a quantity called the van’t
Hoff factor, given by
C) A solution showing r) C6 H 6 + CHCl3
Actual number of particles in solution after dissociation
i=
negative deviation Number of formula units initially dissolved in solution
D) An azeotropic
i = 1 (for non-electrolytes);
mixture with high.B.P
i > 1 (for electrolytes, undergoing
s) Acetone + C2 H 5OH dissociation)
t) ∆H & ∆V are +ve i < 1 (for solutes, undergoing association)
u) ∆H & ∆V are -ve Answer the following questions
3. Column I Column II 7. Benzoic acid undergoes dimerisation in
A) ppm p)Van’t Hoff factor benzene solution.he van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ is
related to the degree of association 'α ' of the
B) ∆Tb q) Molal depression
acid as:
C) K f r) Elevation in boiling point 1) i = 1 − α 2) i = 1 + α
Mass of solute α α
D) i s) × 106 3) i = 1 − 4) i = 1 +
Mass of solution 2 2

COMPREHENSION TYPE 8. 0.1M K 4  Fe (CN )6  is 60% ionized. What

QUESTIONS will be its van’t Hoff factor?
COMPREHENSION : 1 1) 1.4 2) 2.4 3) 3.4 4) 4.4
A 1.24 M aqueous solution of KI has density 9. A solution of benzoic acid dissolved in
of 1.15 g / cm3 . Answer the following benzene such that a undergoes molecular
association and is molar mass approaches
Questions about this solution
244. Benzoic acid molecules will exist as:
4. Percentage composition of solute in the
solution: 1) dimer 2) monomer
1) 17.89 2) 27.89 3) 37.89 4) 47.89 3) tetramer 4) trimer

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 SOLUTIONS JEE-MAIN-SR-CHEM-VOL-I
COMPREHENSION : 3 14. 100 mL liquid A and 50mL liquid B are mixed
Compartments ‘A’ and ‘B’ have following to form 138mL solution. It is
combinations of solutions: 1) ideal solution
2) high boiling azeotrope
3) low boiling azeotrope 4) none of these
15. Which among the following combinations is
maximum boiling azeotrope?
1) H 2O + CH 3OH 2) CCl4 + CHCl3
3) (CH 3 )2 CO + C2 H 5OH 4) H 2O + HNO3

LEVEL-IV KEY
1) 0.1M KCl 0.2 M KCl
1) A-P B-P C-Q,S D-Q,R,S
2) 0.1% (m/V) NaCl 10% (m/V) NaCl
3) 18 g/L glucose 34.2 g/L sucrose 2) A-Q B-P,S,T C-R,U D-R
4) 20% (m/V) glucose 10% (m/V) glucose 3) A-s B-r C-q D-p
10. The solutions in which the compartment ‘B’ 4)1 5) 1 6) 3 7) 3 8)3 9)1
is hypertonic:
10) 1 11)4 12) 2 13) 3 14) 2 15) 4
1) 1, 2 2) 2, 3 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 4
11. Indicate the solution(s) in which the LEVEL-IV - HINTS
compartment ‘A’ will show the increase in
wt.of .solute
volume 6. % composition =
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 wt.of .solution
12. Indicate the solution(s) in which the 1− i
α=
compartment ‘B’ will show the increase in 7. 1
1−
volume n
1) 1, 2, 4 2) 1, 2 3) 2, 3 4) 3, 4
i −1 obseved colligative property
8. α= ; i = calculated colligative property
COMPREHENSION : 4 n −1
The solutions which boil at constant i −1
temperature like a pure liquid and possess 9. α= , n = 5 since, K 4  Fe (CN )6  gives 5
n −1
same composition in liquid as well as vapour
ions in the solution
state are called azeotropes. The components
i −1
of azeotropes cannot be separated by 0.6 = ⇒ i = 3.4
fractional distillation. Only non-ideal 5 −1
solutions form azeotropes. Solutions with 10. Benzoic acid (C6 H 5COOH ) mol. wt. = 122 gm
negative deviation form maximum boiling M.wt of associated molecule=244 gm
azeotrope and the solutions with positive
244
deviation form minimum boiling azeotrope. n= =2 ∴ It is a dimer.
Boiling point of an azeotrope is never equal 122
12. In 1,2 solutions, concentration is more in
to the boiling points of any of the components
compartment B.
of the azeotrope. 13. In combination -4, solution in A- compartment
13. The azeotropic mixtre of water and HCl boils is of higher concentration.
at 108.50 C . This solution is ∴ osmosis is from lower concentration to higher
1) ideal Concentration. ∴ volume increases.
2) non-ideal with positive deviation 14. In 1,2 solutions, comes are high in compartment
3) non-ideal with negative deviation -B. ∴ osmosis in from A → B ∴ ‘ V’ increases
4) cannot be predicated in B.

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