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Class: HUS 254
Lecture/Exam: Final Exam Review Package
School: SBU
Semester: Fall 2012
Professor: Javier Uriarte


























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Here is a summary of what you will find:

First Part: Contains notes for all major texts for the last half of the course
Second Part: Contains notes for topics on the first exam, which are important for the
final as well.
Third Part: Some final exam questions the professor posted for the exam and my
approach to answering them.

FIRST PART

All major texts discussed in class in a nutshell

Peter Winn, Chapters 5 and 13.
Brazilian military dictatorship 64-85. Economic miracle 68-74, 75-85 considered lost decade.
Major problems: Inequality between classes and regions, urbanization (urban sprawl)
Lula is a post-dictatorship president, tried to bring back economic equality
Capital sin: Authoritarianism and democratization. Socioeconomic inequality

Mead, Civilizing Rio
Urban renewal of cities beginning 20
th
century.
1.Tensions start over flu vaccinations. Urban feel like vaccinations are a bad thing the rich are
trying to enforce on them.
2.Urban reforms followed. Urban poor lived in older tenements. They got kicked out and way
was made for nice gardens and upscale homes.
Combination of 1 and 2: Thousands of poor displaced and then revolted when asked to be
vaccinated, while their homes were trashed.
Beginning of social unevenness

Roberto Bolao, Amulet Oct 22
Bolano life: 53/03
Book historical events. Student massacre 1968, dictatorships in other countries
Characters:
Auxilio lacouture
Pedro Garfias and leon felipe
Ernesto San epifanio
Elena
Arturo Belano He is a Chilean poet, who goes back to his country for political reasons.
He returns to Mexico, marked and transformed by his experience in Chile
Remedios Varo (salvador bacarisse).
RV Surrealist painter, she fled to paris, then mexico.
SB Fled spanish civil war and franco, went to paris, worked at radio station
Lilian Serpas Yes, it was Lilian Serpas ghost in remedies varos house

Time and space
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Takes place in multiple times, but lady is still in bathroom. It is a traumatic episode that links
different political and violent events throughout Latin America; it crucially affects Auxilio's
memory, her perception on time and her narrative voice.

Encounters
Salvador Bacarisse, images of the valley, presence of death, lilian serpas (unreality), traumatic
time

Jorge Fons, Midaq Alley (El callejn de los milagros) Director. Marfouz is the writer of the
original book. Oct 22
Characters:
Don Rutilo Owner of local pub. Homosexual, machismo
Eusebia Don Rus wife
Chava Son who migrates to USA and fights with father almost kills his lover
Susanita Single landtender who always dreams of marrying a good man. Superstition,
religiosity
Guicho Pub employee who marries Susanita
Alma Abels dream who becomes a whore. Materiality, sexuality, virgin mary
Jimmy The guy Don Ru fucks
Narrative in 3 stories: Rutilo, Alma, susanita

Christopher Mc Gowan and Ricardo Pessanha, Samba: The Heartbeat of Rio, The
Brazilian Sound, pp. 27-51. NOV 7
History of Samba
Samba, word from Angola, African roots, meaning is invitation to dance. History is mistery.
Gained influence from other genres like polka and habanera
End of 19
th
century immigration of former slaves, origin of samba 20
th
century
Samba school first in 1928 (deixa falar). Important form of expression for lower classes. Samba
became voice for those who have been silenced by their socioeconomic status and source of
self-affirmative in society

Carmen Miranda
Internationalizatino of samba
Disney made comic version

Ary barroso
Made aquarela do brasil, samba about beauty of brazil
Recognition of importance of samba, parades and carnival by varas in 1935
From social outcast to national emblem. From discourse on racial degeneration to praising the
racial mixing.

Comparison to Tango
Garamundo says Samba: Exuberant African rhythms, Carmen Miranda, samba is Brazilian.

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Tango
Nostalgia for the bygone world
carlos gardel says Tango is Argentinean.
Garamunda says in Primitive modernities: Habanera: Exotic and primitive characteristics. Fluid
and complex relationship between samba and tango. Humble origins of state repression and
then national symbol

Hermano Vianna, The Mystery of Samba (1999, Portuguese ed 1995), chap2, The
Mystery, pp. 10-16. NOV 7
Samba discovered by nation
Samba first developed in favelas and then discovered by the rest of the nation
Growing importance of carnival made samba acceptable by higher society. National identity,
things Brazilian
Converting ethnic symbols into national symbols covers racial domination, hides hierarchy
National identity

Rubem Fonseca, The Art of Walking in the Streets of Rio de Janeiro
Augusto epifanio
Looks criminal, dangerous. Writes book the art of walking the streets in rio, not as a guide but
as art and philosophy to feel one with the city. Sleeps in parks and kisses tries
Likes rats and tries to teach hookers how to read
City is organic dirty, mixed with nice places
Walk fast so that muggers dont get you. Everyone just existing.
Hooker Kelly, missing front tooth, wants to get fucked
Church at day porn films at night. Tells priest Reimundo he is the devil
Deals with what he does every day

Frances Hagopian, Paradoxes of Democracy and Citizenship in Brazil (fragment).
Brazil has a democracy, but its run by elites

Joo Moreira Salles and Ktia Lund, News from a Personal War (1999)
Documentary on violence in Rio. Drug dealers, normal citizen and police interviewed. Everyone
gets killed, accept daily life. Young kids with guns are shown.

Bryan McCann. Urban Crisis. The Throes of Democracy. 50-72.
Criminal organization PCC brought city down to a halt. Then PV takes over.
Competition of urban space between police and criminals
Violence in metropolitan cities, urban sprawl conflict
Everything next to each other, no planning of cities
Social inequality. Lead to commands in favelas to have a political voice in brazil, which then
became criminal when cocaine expanded.
Trying to make favelas good, NGOs give people education to take em out of cycle

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Beatriz Jaguaribe, The Shock of the Real. Realist Aesthetics in the Media and the Urban
Experience.
In the media, there is so much spectacularization of violence that people are not shocked by it.
Are seeking for the real, something they can feel and relate too. Something that takes place in
ordinary life.
Society of spectacle. Not making it strange making it something graspable
Shock by showing the reality in it, then period of calm. So people can take it in and develop
emotional response
Shown in city of gods

Claudia Lightfoot, History of a City (fragment), in Havana. A Cultural and Literary
Companion, pp. 39-66.

Early US relations to Cuba
US invades Havana 1899
Platt amendment gives US right to intervene in cuba
First half Americanization, us invests in cuba, putin puppet politicians
Unrest erupting

The original Las Vegas
Havana rich, THE playground city of the Caribbean, run by mob
Fidel castro insurrection. Moncada barracks 1953, gives speech, goes to mexico, comes back
takes back cuba in 1959.

Communism and Fidel
Nationalization of us companies by Fidel.
Cuba looks for help with soviets, kennedy breaks ties in 1961, trade embargo follows.
Cuban missile crisis starts when soviets want to place nukes on Cuba.
Mariel exodus (1980) - mass exodus of cubans, many political prisoners leave cuba as well.

Special period, after soviet breakdown
Preservation and decay of city, city unchanged but crumbling.
Havana bursting out all seams
Recycle society, everything is used
City is like a time capsule, things are stuck in the 50s

Antonio Jos Ponte, A Knack for Making Ruins, in Tales from the Cuban Empire, 21-44.

Goat story: to show that it always can get worse
City is growing inward
Removing foundations to use it to build shit on-top. City is like floating, because it was supposed
to come down already

Connections between time and space
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Types of spaces are realism and fantasy. Goat.
Create space to live in where there was non. Trying to make those buildings not fall down.
Struggle between tugurizaton and miraculous statics. People overwhelm buildings so that they
collapse.
Planners and city government dont want to hear about city falling apart.
Tugur, someone who moves into a building, others follow. Tugurs turn one room apartments
into four, also add lofts. Strain on buildings grows, as they arent maintained, eventually makes
the buildings collapse

READ AGAIN Antonio Jos Ponte, La Habana: City and Archive, in Havana Beyond the
Ruins (Anke Birkenmaier and Esther Whitfield, eds), 249-269.
Poet simonides (Roman)
Leaves house where he is performing and it collapses
Memorization
Foundations. Anemia of the Cuban building industry, construct gardens, destroyed capital, ruins
and deserts, underground city. New Pompay. Waiting for invasion, but already looks invaded.

Florian Blochmeyer Havana The New Art of Making Ruins (2006). Documentary
(available on youtube).
Havana falling apart, ruins.
People are living in ruins and becoming ruins themselves
Homeless guy Ricardinho, does kung fu and lives in theater. Loves walking through theater and
thinking about how Caruso sang in front of the high society
Misleidys who left rich husband to live free in a ex luxury hotel.
Nicanor trying to work against ruination of his dads home, to pretend like revolution did not
happen
Plummer totico, flies noise of his tenement to go have a hobby with pigeons on roof top
Ponte creates philosophie of ruin to make the ruination of the city and political system
understandable to him

Antonio Jose ponte
Writer, exiled from Cuba writing association, exiled in Madrid since 2006

Emergency mentality: Always threat of us invasion, importance of exile and return


SECOND PART

From Previous readings (Material pertains to the first exam as well)

Readings
Word latin America first used by Maurice Chevallier, a French intellectual, in the
19
th
century

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The slaughterhouse by echeveria (europhile intellectual)
Space is the protagonist, collective character, violent
Violence, verbal, physical and indifference to violence
Rosas present through the use of analogies, seen as restorer by crowd
English man, apart from the crowd of the slaughterhouse. Did they kill him?
Matasiete, being cheered on by crowd to kill Unitarian (Rosas)
Bull gets away, then caught and killed.
Unitarian seen as the bad guys/ savages by the federalists. Killed by accident
Allegory to the situation in Argentina, because metaphors refer to political
situation in Argentina

Facundo by sarmiento (Europhile intellectuals)
Sarmiento became president of argentina. Described argentina through contrast
of civilization and barbarism
Facundo is Argentinas most important book. Central conflict of barbarism vs.
civilization in colonial argentina
Describes different degree of Facundo and Rosas. Both were federalist caudillos,
but rosas continued further than what facundo could ever do. Rosas became system.
Rosas son of Buenos aires that became traitor and continued to do what facundo
did
Facundo is manifestation of argentinas barbarism life
Civilization: European, city, to govern is to populate
a- Natural determinism: many philosophers, too, have thought that the
plains prepare the way for despotism
Barbarism: Non European, American, rural life, deserted unproductive places
where savages live.
Buenos Aires under Rosa: Unitarian, structured, natural center
The Gaucho: Pampas inhabitants, hated the city folk, followed caudillos in civil
war against central government
Caudillo: Province lord, political figure, king gaucho, controlled much of country-
side, Rosas caudillo of Buenos aires province, all caudillos hated the city and their
Unitarians.
Rosas fell because he wanted to much central power, even though he was a
federalist and hated Unitarians.

Argentinian geography
Plaza de mayo where everything takes place
Conventillo slum house, in downtown Buenos Aires
Did conventillos become Patio house

Argentina history
Unification of Argentina 1862
Slaughter of Paraguay after
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Modernization through technology (train), militarization (war against Paraguay),
centralization (end of era of caudillo)
Urban growth: Lot of Europeans come
1920: Half of population born outside
High rates of urbanization
Try to emulate paris
Carlos Menem He was president of Argentina between 1989 and 1999

The modern crowd by Ramos Mejia
Social Darwinism, wrote about biological history of argentina
While Ramos Meja is writing about the Buenos Aires of the last years of the 19
th

century and first years of the 20
th
century
While Ramos Meja expresses the anxiety felt towards immigrants by the elite
intellectuals,
Showed anxiety over immigrants
Relationship of sarmiento and echeveria
Used biological analogies comparing human body to immigrants, did not like the
new immigrants
Immigrants as dumb, slow
Italian immigrants do everything to get by
Guarango Crude offshoot of immigrant forefather, very sexual, outrageous
appetite, bad taste
Canalla guarango who has climbed the latter and dresses well. Soul still the
same, tires to adapt but something remains just like a birthmark
Huaso grotesque guarango, money hustler

Making it in America Oreste sola
Landless immigrant
He particularly points out the Italian presence in the city and the influence of
Italians in its architecture, politics, language
Buenos Aires image of desert
Got good economic standing by the end.
Did not return?

Tango
Habanera (means black dance) and polka lead to milonga, which lead to tango
Habanera origin of tango and samba, Cuban, rhythmically based on african
music
Use language lunfardo, Italian influenced
Compadrito were the guys dancing it the slick but sentimental barrio tough with
his tight-fitting suit and ready knife, his blend of mestizo macho and Italian lover?
Danced in convertillos
Golden age in 20s, after going to Europe in 10s also adopted in Argentina
Carlos Gardel, mythical figure, voice of tango
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Alfredo La Pera author of lyrics

Bolivia Movie
Context, during menem period (form of peronism), liberalization of markets,
hyperinflation, leads to 2001 crisis
Immigration from neighboring countries
Freddie, bolivian immigrant worker shot by Oso
In a restaurant/bar. It is relevant because it is a gathering place for taxi drivers,
where they develop their friendship and discuss their problems. It is also the place where
the xenophobic tension grows between the Argentinean characters and the immigrants.
Caetano deals with the Buenos Aires of the end of the 20
th
century and very
beginning of the 21
st
century.
the film by Caetano portrays forms of xenophobic violence coming from the
lower-middle class
Nstor, the salesman
Rosa girl from Paraguay
Hector
Enrique the boss
What are the other characters?

Garamundo, Primitive Modernities
Wrote about tango

Simon collier, birthplace of tango

Mexico ppt
Tenotitlan first Mexican city formed in13th century by mexicas (aztecs)
Myth: Hutzlipotli appeared and they build city there
Chinampas water system that aggregates fields
Flowery wars wars to get people to sacrifice
Cortez arrives 1519, city falls 1521
Bernal diaz del Castillo wrote about Cortezs conquest, city was like amadis
Myth: Myth of quezalquatl and huzilopotli
Spanish destroyed city and recycled it
Gauchipins
Mestizos
Criollos
City became baroque
HJ Elliot, justifications for cortez invading Aztecs: Christian values, Quetzalquatl,
Ruler returning from the east (Huzlipotli), Spanish empire
Celorio about Mexico city: Spanish tried to make the city structured. Hierarchical.
City is about destruction. Baroque city put on top, wanted to forget their past. Then
civilization came with neoclassicism in French character (to forget the Spanish).
Revolution destroys this Porfirian city. Put up new public buildings instead. Now its a
hell hole.
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Caistor: Revolution, make Mexico independent from the Gauchupins.
Mexican war: Mexico loses territory to US
Porfirio Diaz, modernizes Mexico city. Tried to lose Spanish influence become
own identity. Pretend that it was more than the backwardness it really was.
Mexican Revolution: Lead by Zapatta and Villa. These peasant leaders built
mass housing for the poor.
Entire country on the move into the city. Mechanization of agriculture made
people leave the country to go find work in the city.

Monsivais
Contrast between rich and poor.
Apocalyptic Because Mexicans continue to live in it with an optimistic resignation, as if the worst
had already happened
The author uses humor and witty criticism to represent the contradictions that
characterize life in Mexico City
Villoro
Metro creates singularity. Everyone is the same.

Tijuana Maquiladora
Someone working in manufacturing in the free trade zone

Mexico ppt
Tenotitlan first Mexican city formed in13th century by mexicas (aztecs)
Myth: Hutzlipotli appeared and they build city there
Chinampas water system that aggregates fields
Flowery wars wars to get people to sacrifice
Cortez arrives 1519, city falls 1521
Bernal diaz del Castillo wrote about Cortezs conquest, city was like amadis
Myth: Myth of quezalquatl and huzilopotli
Spanish destroyed city and recycled it
Gauchipins
Mestizos
Criollos
City became baroque
HJ Elliot, justifications for cortez invading Aztecs: Christian values, Quetzalquatl,
Ruler returning from the east (Huzlipotli), Spanish empire
Celorio about Mexico city: Spanish tried to make the city structured. Hierarchical.
City is about destruction. Baroque city put on top, wanted to forget their past. Then
civilization came with neoclassicism in French character (to forget the Spanish).
Revolution destroys this Porfirian city. Put up new public buildings instead. Now its a
hell hole.
Caistor: Revolution, make Mexico independent from the Gauchupins.
Mexican war: Mexico loses territory to US
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Porfirio Diaz, modernizes Mexico city. Tried to lose Spanish influence become
own identity. Pretend that it was more than the backwardness it really was.
Mexican Revolution: Lead by Zapatta and Villa. These peasant leaders built
mass housing for the poor.
Entire country on the move into the city. Mechanization of agriculture made
people leave the country to go find work in the city.

Monsivais
Contrast between rich and poor.
Apocalyptic
Villoro
Metro creates singularity. Everyone is the same.

MOVIE
Film maker George Fons
Book Mafouz
Rutillo, homosexual macho
Alma, materiality, sex love virginity
Susana, Fullfilment of the ideal life of a woman, religious

Estrada-Return to Havana
Explodes the senses
Born, exiled. Supported revolution at first, then left for spain.
Havana described as long lost love. Dream that one no longer recalls
Cubans want americans to come
Feminine but masculine city
Descriptions of cuba are politicized
Its to each its own. What you look for there you will find

Casey Homecoming
New York: no one is important. Mix of reality and what people make it. Dirty corridor, but
excentric interior. All have some kind of history, no proof so they just make it to what they want it
to be
Cuba: Real, people treat him. People happy, living in the world they want. Wants to go back/
Loves it moves back
Gets the shit kicked out of him. They let him go and he dies


Quiroga Bitter daiquiris
Point for people with some kind of connection
Cuban government wants to keep up an appearance. Bans books from coming in but knows
they are sold in country.
Shows Cubans born there that it is no longer theirs, you gave it up when you left.
Repertoite of music to keep up image for tourists.
No realism, just how they imagine living
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Bad taste taken for good taste
Trying to make too authentic
Nothing has happened


THIRD PART

FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS: I have listed a few exam questions he posed to us before the
exam and answered them. This is not a comprehensive list. I chose to focus on a few,
easy ones and hoped these would appear on the test

What do samba and tango have in common? (origins, social groups, relation to the city,
make concrete references to the text by Florencia Garramuo)
It is paradoxical in the sense that modernity, embedded in national discourse, tried to recover
from samba a "primitive" character that was once rejected and persecuted by the elites and the
State.

Discuss the way in which urban decay and destruction are represented in Antonio Jos
Ponte and in the short story The Art of Walking in the Streets of Rio de Janeiro, by
Fonseca.
Destruction is presented by ponte as destructions of the buildings into ruins due to neglect. This
is taking its toll on society because the people are becoming ruins themselves. Same goes for
Fonseca. The city is just a jungle, people are just existing in this urban space that is letting fall
apart. Not as bad, but same principle. Society is falling apart and it is being watched and
accepted. Just different degrees

In which ways is Mexican machismo represented in Midaq Alley? Do you think the film
constitutes a critique of machismo? Explain.
Rutillo. Cuz he is so macho that he doesnt accept his grandchild until they call it after his name.
He is so macho that his son flees him, everyone is so macho and they die. Women are used
etc.

How would you relate the spaces of the bar in Bolivia and Midaq Alley? Which meanings
do these spaces convey in each film? How are men and women depicted in them? What
is the perspective on immigration that each one of them adopts?
Two sets of cultural interaction. Boliva, society clashes. Midaq alley only men. Women are
excluded and in Bolivia women are only seen as sexual objects.

Put forward the different meanings and connotations that ruins adopt in the texts by
Antonio Jos Ponte discussed in class, and in the film Havana. A New Art of Making
Ruins. Give concrete examples.
Ruins as in peoples lives (he was banned from being a writer), ruins of a political system (falling
apart), ruins of a city (houses toppeling over)

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Explain the idea of Brazilian grandeza (or grateness) and what role it has played in
Brazilian economy, mainly during the last years of the dictatorship, according to Peter
Winn.
Its big in size, huge population, cultural melting pot, natural wealth.. It has always been the
emerging country, the next big thing. Seen in the way capital was built. Core of economic
nationalism

Explain the notion of collective consumption in the context of Teresa Meades
introductory text to her book Civilizing Rio.
Government gives people collective infrastructure. Gives them housing, transportation,
infrastructure, urban structures that are confined to particular areas. People conglomerate
around these things, such as favelas as a collective that all consume this thing and are
dependent on it. Become central axis of society and special development. Can be seen in
favelas, samba schools original political movements etc. Problem arises, it all affects them.
Class struggle revolves around securing this collective. Victors win essential part of urban life.
Struggle in collective violence