F E M A.- IT Act- IPR Foreign Exchange Management Act.

1. FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) was introduced in 1974 to regulate and control to conserve in dials oreign exchange. !"# $olic% re$laced FERA &% FEMA' in 1999. FEMA ( Foreign Exchange Management Act came into orce rom )une *+++. FERA o&,ectives-. /o consolidate and to regulate $a%ments dealings in oreign exchange 0 1ecurities transactions a ecting oreign exchange 2m$ort 0 Ex$ort o currenc% "ro$er utili3ation /o sa eguard the interests o economic develo$ment o 2ndia. FEMA o&,ectives-. /o consolidate Foreign Exchange. to acilitate external trade 0 $a%ments to $romote orderl% develo$ment maintenance o oreign exchange in 2ndia. FERA 1. /o regulate 0 control oreign exchange. *. 5 ense criminal 4. "resum$tion o guilt% 4. Accused to $rove innocence FEMA 1. /o Manage oreign exchange. *. 5 ence ( civil. 4. "rosecution to $rove o ence. 4. 6urden o $roo an en orcing agenc% 7. o ences compomdable 8. Ela&orate redressal machiner% availa&le.

*.

4.

4.

7.

9olding o Foreign Exchange :o $erson residing in 2ndia shall ac;uire' hold' own' $osses or trans er an% oreign exchange or securit% or an% immova&le $ro$ert% outside 2ndia. 8. /ransactionsAn% $erson ma% sell or draw oreign exchange to or rom an authori3ed $erson (A") on current account transaction. 7. <a$ital A=c /ransaction-. An% $erson ma% sell or draw oreign exchange to or rom an authori3ed $erson on ca$ital account su&,ect to $ermissi&le limits >. ?ealing in Foreign Exchange5nl% authori3ed $ersons can ?eal in or trans er an% oreign exchange or oreign securit% to another $erson. Ma@e an% $a%ment to or or an% $erson residing outside 2ndia. Receive an% $a%ment &% order on or &ehal o an% $erson residing outside 2ndia. Enter into inancial transaction in 2ndia' as consideration or or connected with ac;uisition or creation or trans er o a right to ac;uire' an% asset outside 2ndia &% an% $erson. 9. /his means that :o $erson can deal oreign exchange unless he is an authori3ed $erson or mone% changer. 1+. Authori3ed "erson means An authori3ed dealer Mone% changer 5 shore &an@ing limit An% other $erson

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11. authori3ed under FEMA to deal in oreign exchange 0 securities An%one who wants &e an authori3ed $erson must a$$l% to R62 in writing. Authori3ation shall &e in writing and su&,ect to conditions stated therein. 1*. R62 can revo@e authori3ation an%time 2n $u&lic interest Ahen authori3ed ails to com$l% with conditions o authori3ation 14. ?uties o Authori3ed "erson. 1. to com$l% with all R62 directions in all his dealings in oreign exchange. *. not to engage in an% unauthori3ed transactions 4. to ensure com$liance o FEMA $rovisions or ever% transaction get declaration 0 in ormation that the transaction is not designed or will involve an% contravention o FEMA <om$l% with rules' regulations' noti ication' direction etc. when the $erson re use or authori3ed $erson is not satis ied' to re use in writing. 4. An% $erson who has $urchased in ac;uired oreign exchange or an% $ur$ose mentioned in the declaration ?oes not use it or that $ur$ose ?oes not surrender in time Bses the oreign exchange or an% other $ur$ose shall &e deemed to have isolated and contravened the FEMA 7. /o $roduce &oo@s' accounts Ever% authori3ed $erson ($erson' director'$artner'o icer) shall maintain true &oo@s o accounts o ever% transaction "roduce &oo@' accounts and other documents to ins$ectors 14. "owers o Authori3ed "erson 1. to deal in or trans er an% oreign exchange or securit% to an% $erson. *. Receive $a%ment &% order or an &ehal o an% $erson resident outside 2ndia in an% name 4. Authori3ed $erson cannot credit the account o an% $erson without corres$onding remittance rom an% $lace outside 2ndia. 4. /o o$en :RE' :R5' :R:R' :R1R' F<:R accounts. :R External.A=< Foreign <urrenc% :R A=< :R ordinar% A=< :R :on Re$atria&le Ru$ee A=< :R 1$ecial Rs. A=<. 7. /o sell or $urchase oreign exchange or current a=c transactions. 8. /o sell or $urchase oreign exchange or ca$ital a=c transaction. 17. R62Cs "owers /o secure com$liance o FEMA $rovisions-. rules regulations noti ications directions regarding ma@ing $a%ment receiving oreign exchange in ormation 2n <ontravation

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A ter reasona&le o$$ortunit% to ex$lain and leaving $enalt% o Rs.(+'+++ with *+++=da% o continues violation. 2ns$ect the &usiness $remises . to veri % an% statement = in ormation . to o&tain an% in ormation . to secure com$liance. 18. "owers o R62 to $rohi&it or restrict-. 1. /rans er or issue o na% oreign securit% &% a $erson residing in 2ndia *. /rans er or issue o resident outside 2ndia 4. &orrowing or lending in oreign exchange 4. &orrowing or lending in Ru$ees 7. ?e$osits &etween $ersons in 2ndia and outside 8. Ex$ort' 2m$ort or holding o currenc% 7. /rans er o immova&le $ro$ert% outside 2ndia >. /rans er o immova&le $ro$ert% in 2ndia. 17. "enalt% or contravention Extend u$ to thrice the sum involved *++'+++ where not ;uanti ia&le 7++=da% or convention continuing "rocedure Authori3ed o icer iles com$laint Ad,udicating Authorit% 1$ecial director (a$$ear) A$$ellate /ri&unal 9igh <ourt 1>. Regulations-. 1. Foreign Exchange Management (2nvestment in Firm or "ro$rietar% concern in 2ndia) Regulation *+++. *. Foreign Exchange Management (/rans er or issue o an% oreign securit%) Regulation *+++. 4. Foreign Exchange Management (?e$osit) Regulation *+++. 4. Foreign Exchange Management (Foreign currenc% A=c &% $ersons Resident in 2ndia) Regulation *+++. 7. Foreign Exchange Management (/rans er or 2ssue o securit% &% a $erson resident outside 2ndia) Regulation *+++. 8. Foreign Exchange Management (Ac;uisition and /rans er o immova&le $ro$ert% outside 2ndia) Regulation *+++. 7. Foreign Exchange Management (Ac;uisition and /rans er o immova&le $ro$ert%) Regulation *+++. >. Foreign Exchange Management (Esta&lishment o 6ranch or o ice or other $lace or &usiness in 2ndia) Regulation *+++. 9. Foreign Exchange Management (Ex$ort o goods and services) Regulation *+++.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT !"""

6usiness "rocess documentation has &een entirel% $a$er &ased. 2nviting o ers' negotiating' contracting' recording' ordering' invoicing' accounting' re$orting etc in da% to da% o$erations. 1ince the advent o com$uters in &usiness' storing' retrieving' creating' transmitting data and in ormation are executed through electronic medium. /his is called electronic commerce or e.commerce. /here are man% laws which re;uire $a$er &ased records li@e 2ndian <ontracts Act :egotia&le 2nstrument Act

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2ndian "enal code /he Evidence Act /he "atents Act /he <o$%rights Act /he /rade Mar@s Act /he ?esign Act /he <onsumer "rotection Act !aw o /orts' etc. 1ince transactions increased considera&l% through e.commerce in international trade' a Model !aw was re;uired. /he Bnited :ations <ommission on 2nternational /rade !aw (B:<2/RA!) ado$ted Model !aw on Electronic <ommerce in 1998. Bnited :ations #eneral Assem&l% recommended to all mem&er nations or consideration. 2ndia $assed /elecom Regulator% Authorit% o 2ndia Act in 1997 and 2n ormation /echnolog% Act is *+++. 2n ormation /echnolog% Act deals with1. 1ecure electronic transactions to acilitate e.commerce. *. electronic messages 4. legal status to electronic signature and electronic records 4. authorit% to issue ?igital signature certi icate 7. o ences regarding electronic records li@e tam$ering hac@ing o&scenit% $u&lishing alse ?igital 1ignature <erti icate 8. "rivac% and con identialit% o in ormation 7. Regulation >. Exclusion o !ia&ilit% o :etwor@ service $roviders or content on internet ?igital 1ignatureAn% su&scri&er in whose name ?igital 1ignature <erti icate is issued ma% authenticate an electronic record &% a ixing his ?igital 1ignature. *. Authentication is a $rocess used to con irm the identit% o a $erson or to $rove the integrit% o in ormation. 4. Authentication o message involves determining its source and veri %ing that it has not &een modi ied or re$laced in transit. 4. 9ence Authentication is a ected &% As%mmetric cr%$tos%stem and #as# unction which envelo$ and trans orm the initial electronic record with another electronic record. 1. !egal Recognition o Electronic Records Ahere an% law re;uires an% in ormation or na% matter to &e in writing' and when such matter is availa&le or rendered in an electronic orm and is accessi&le and usa&le or su&se;uent re erence' the same shall &e acce$ted. !egal Recognition o ?igital 1ignature Aherever signature is to &e a ixed or authentication' the ?igital 1ignature shall &e acce$ted as legall% valid. 1uch ?igital 1ignature shall &e ta@en as the DsignatureE or DsignedE. Bse o electronic record and ?igital 1ignature in #overnmentAhere law re;uires 1. illing o orms *. a$$lication or 4. an% document with an% o ice 4. 2ssue or grant o license' $ermit' sanction or a$$roval

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7. recei$t or $a%ment o mone%' the government ma% $rescri&e rules a. the manner and ormat in which such electronic records shall &e iled' crated or issuedF &. manner or method o $a%ment o an% ee or charges. Retention o Records An% document' record or in ormation retained in electronic orm will meet the re;uirement o retention o records over s$eci ic $eriod. 1. 1uch in ormation must remain acce$ta&le or use or su&se;uent re erence *. such record is retained in the ormat originall% created' sent or received 4. Retain the details or identi %ing the origin=destination=date=time o dis$atch=recei$t o such electronic record are availa&le on the .......... Attri&ution o Electronic Records An Electronic Records shall &e attri&uted to the originator who ma% send or generate or store or transmit an% electronic message to &e sent' generated or stored or transmitted to an% other $erson &ut not an% intermediar%1. 2 it was sent &% the originator himsel *. 2 it was sent &% a $erson who had the authorit% to do so on his &ehal 4. i it was sent through in ormation s%stem $rogrammed &% the originator or on his &ehal to o$erate automaticall%. $ispatc# o% Elect&onic Reco&ds 1. ?is$atch o Electronic Records occurs when it enters a com$uter resource which ma% &e a com$uter' com$uter s%stem' com$uter networ@' data' com$uter data &ase or so tware' outside the control o the originator' i not otherwise agreed to &etween the originator and addressee. Time o% Receipt 2 not otherwise agreed to &etween the originator and addressee1. 2 the addressee has designated a com$uter resource or receiving the Electronic Records. a. Recei$t occurs at the time when the Electronic Records enters the ?esignated <om$uter Resource (<R) &. Ahere the addressee has not designated the <om$uter Resource' recei$t occurs at the time when the Electronic Records is retrieved &% the addressee. Place o% dispatc# and &eceipt 1. 2 not otherwise agreed to &etween the originator and the addresseeAn Electronic Records is deemed to have &een dis$atched and received at the $laces o &usiness o originator and the addressee res$ectivel%. *. Ahere the originator or addressee has more than one $lace o &usiness' then $rinci$al $lace o &usiness and where no $lace o &usiness' usual $lace o residence. 4. For cor$orate &odies' registered o ice. Ac@nowledgement o Electronic Records-. 1. 2 the originator has sti$ulated that the Electronic Records shall &e bindin' onl% on recei$t o ac@nowledgement o Electronic Records &% him' then unless ac@nowledgement is so received' the Electronic Records shall &e deemed to have never sent &% the originator. *. 2 the 5riginator has not sti$ulated an% condition o ac@nowledgement and ac@nowledgement has not &een received within reasona&le time' the 5riginator ma% give notice to addressee s$eci %ing reasona&le time or recei$t o ac@nowledgement and i no ac@nowledgement is received a ter the notice also' then' it will &e p&ess(&ed that the Electronic Records was never sent at all. Ac@nowledgement o Electronic Records ma% &e given &% 1. an% communication &% the addressee automated or otherwise or *. an% conduct o the addressee su icient to indicate to the originator that the Electronic Records has &een received.

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4. /he originator and addressee ma% agree to certain sti$ulations' %o&m o& met#od o ac@nowledgement shall &e valid.

1ecure s%stem means <om$uter hardware' 1o tware and $rocedure that 1. are reasona&l% secure rom intrusion and misuse *. $rovide reasona&le level o relia&ilit% and correct o$eration 4. are reasona&l% suited to $er orm the intended o$erations 4. adhere to generall% acce$ted securit% $rocedures $rovided &% central government. ?igital 1ignature A ?igital 1ignature is said to &e secure' at the time o a ixing i it was 1. uni;ue to the su&scri&er a ixing it *. ca$a&le o identi %ing such su&scri&er 4. created in a manner or using a means under the exclusive control o the su&scri&er 4. it is lin@ed to the Electronic Records to which it relatesF and 7. i the Electronic Records is altered the ?igital 1ignature would &e invalidated. 1ecurit% "rocedure /he central government shall $rescri&e the securit% $rocedure according to the commercial circumstances $revailing at such time the $rocedure was used. 1uch consideration will relate to 1. :ature o transaction *. !evel o /echnological ca$acit% o $arties 4. Golume o similar transactions 4. availa&ilit% o alternatives 7. costl% alternative $rocedure 8. $rocedures in general use. Regulation 1. *. <erti %ing Authorit% in the $erson granted licence to issue a ?igital 1ignature <erti icate. <entral #overnment &% noti ication a$$oint 1. <ontroller o <erti %ing Authorities *. ?igital 1ignature o <ontroller <erti %ing Authorit% 4. Assistant <ontroller <erti %ing Authorit% and $rescri&e 1. ;uali ication *. ex$erience 4. terms and condition Functions o <ontroller o <erti %ing Authorities 1. 1u$ervise the activities o <erti %ing Authorit% *. <erti %ing $u&lic @e%s o the <erti %ing Authorit% 4. !a% down standards to &e maintained &% <erti %ing Authorit% 4. 1$eci % ;uali ication and ex$erience or the em$lo%ees o <erti %ing Authorit% 7. <onditions o conduct o &usiness 8. 1$eci % the contents o . written . $rinted . visual mat&ices . advertisements that ma% &e distri&uted or used regarding ?igital 1ignature <erti icate and $u&lic @e%. 7. 1$eci % orm and content o ?igital 1ignature <erti icate and @e%

4.

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>. 9. 1+. 11. 1*. 14. 1$eci % orm and name o maintaining account /erms and condition o a$$ointment and remuneration o auditors 1$eci % manager o dealings &% <erti %ing Authorities with su&scri&es Resolve con lict &etween the <erti %ing Authorities and their su&scri&ers !a% down duties o <erti %ing Authorities. Maintain data&ase o disclosure o records o ever% <erti %ing Authorit% accessi&le to $u&lic. 14. <ontroller shall &e the re$ositor% o all ?igital 1ignature <erti ied issued. 17. 9e shall ma@e use o such . hardware . so tware . $rocedure that are secure orm in transaction and misuse. Cent&al 'o)e&nment ma* app&o)e &eco'nition o% an* %o&ei'n Ce&ti%*in' A(t#o&ities as Ce&ti%*in' A(t#o&ities in India. 18. 5&serve standards $rescri&ed &% the government to ensure . 1ecurit% . 1ecrec% o ?igital 1ignature 17. Maintain com$uteri3ed data&ase o all $u&lic @e%s to &e availa&le to $u&lic. Ce&ti%*in' A(t#o&it* is t#e pe&son '&anted licence to iss(e a $i'ital +i'nat(&e Ce&ti%icate. !icence-. 1. An% $erson who satis ies the re;uirements o . ;uali ication . ex$erience . ex$ertise . man$ower . inancial resources . in rastructure acilities can a$$l% and get a licence to issue ?igital 1ignature Authorities. . or $rescri&ed $eriod . :ot trans era&le . :ot inherita&le . 1u&,ect to terms and <onditions. *. 1uch a$$lication must include . certi icate o $ractice statement . $rocedure to identi ication o a$$licant . $a%ment o ees u$ to *7'+++ . other documents re;uired 4. !icence can &e renewed on $a%ment o renewal ees u$ to 7+++' &e ore 47 da%s o ex$ir% o current licence. 4. <ontroller has $owers to . grant . re,ect 7. <an sus$end licence . or incorrect or alse statement in material $articular . ailure to com$l% with terms and conditions . ailure to maintain standards . or contravening an% $rovision. 8. <an sus$end or 1+ da%s. 7. should give reasona&le o$$ortunit% to <erti %ing Authorities to ex$lain >. "u&lish notice o sus$ension or revocation. 2ssue o ?igital 1ignature <erti icate 1. An%one can a$$l% to <erti icate Authorities or issue o a ?igital 1ignature <erti icate in the orm $rescri&ed &% the central government. *. "a% ees u$ to *7'+++ to <erti %ing Authorities.

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4. 4. ?i erent ees ma% &e a$$lica&le to di erent class a$$licants. Must urnish certi ication $ractice statement.

6e ore issuing ?igital 1ignature <erti icate' the <erti %ing Authorities must ensure that 1. the a$$licant holds a $rivate @e% to &e listed in the ?igital 1ignature <erti icate. *. which is ca$a&le o creating a ?igital 1ignature and that 4. the $u&lic @e% to &e listed in the ?igital 1ignature <erti icate can &e used to veri % the ?igital 1ignature a ixed &% the $rivate @e% #eld &% the a$$licant. /he <erti %ing Authorities whole issuing the ?igital 1ignature <erti icate shall certi % that 1. *. 4. 4. 7. 8. it has com$lies with all $rovisions. $u&lished the ?igital 1ignature <erti icate to the su&scri&ed and he has acce$ted su&scri&er holds $rivate @e% corres$onding to $u&lic @e% listed in ?igital 1ignature <erti icate 1u&scri&es $u&lic and $rivate @e%s constitute a unctioning @e% $air /he in ormation contained in ?igital 1ignature <erti icate is accurate. 2t has no @nowledge in contravention o an% o the re;uirements.

+(spension /he <erti %ing Authorities ma% sus$end ?igital 1ignature <erti icate . . . . on re;uest rom su&scri&er or authori3ed $erson &% him on death o su&scri&er on dissolution o irm on winding u$ o com$an%

?uties o 1u&scri&er 1. *. 9e shall generate the @e% $air &% a$$l%ing the securit% $rocedure 6% acce$ting ?igital 1ignature <erti icate' the su&scri&er certi ies to all that . he holds the $rivate @e% corres$onding to the $u&lic @e% listed in the certi icate . all re$resentation made &% him to the <erti icate Authorit% are true . all in ormation contains in the certi icate are @nown to him. 4. 9e shall e,e&cise reasona&le care to retain control o $rivate @e% 4. 9e shall $revent disclosure to a $erson not authori3ed to a ix the digital signature o the su&scri&er. 7. /o in orm the <erti icate Authorit% i the $rivate @e% has &een com$romised.

2:/E!!E</BA! "R5"ER/H R2#9/1 "ro$ert% ma% &e immova&le or mova&le. 2t is something owned and en,o%ed &% individuals to the exclusion o others .!and' &uilding' trees' estate' and mines etc which are immova&le. #oods li@e ,ewels and ornaments' com$uters' $ersonal wears' $la% things' e;ui$ments' shares etc are mova&le $ro$erties owned and en,o%ed &% individuals and trans era&le $h%sicall%. /hese are tangi&le. /he% are amena&le to $ossession and can &e descri&ed and trans erred. /he% are cor$oreal $ro$erties. /here are intangi&le or incor$oreal $ro$erties. /he% are intellectual $ro$erties. /he% do not have $h%sical existence as the tangi&le mova&le and immova&le $ro$erties. /he mova&le and immova&le $ro$erties are owned and $ossessed &% a $erson or $ersons at a time. A $oem or music can &e en,o%ed &% an% num&er o $eo$le. 1till the% do not diminish in value . 1ha@es$eareCs $la%s. /hiru@ural.

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1cienti ic inventions' technical innovations' designs etc have &ene itted the humanit%. /hese are intellectual $ro$erties. Man% a time these inventions are $ut to use or the &ene it o humanit% and wide s$read use lead to commercial ex$loitation. 9ence it has &ecome necessar% to identi % such invention and $rotect the inventorsC interests. "otential @nowledge is a creator o wealth. /he term 2ntellectual "ro$ert% (2") re lects the idea that its su&,ect matter is the $roduct o the mind or the intellect. 2ntellectual "ro$ert%' $rotected through law' li@e an% other orm o $ro$ert% can &e a matter o trade' that is' it can &e owned' &e;ueathed' sold or &ought. /he ma,or eatures that distinguish it rom other orms are their intangi&ilit% and non.exhaustion &% consum$tion. 2ntellectual "ro$ert% is the oundation o @nowledge.&ased econom%. 2t $ervades all sectors o econom% and is increasingl% &ecoming im$ortant or ensuring com$etitiveness o the enter$rises. A/5 since 1997 has &een $ro$agating nations to $rotect such $otential @nowledge or creation o wealth. /hus' 2ntellectual $ro$ert% has &een recogni3ed as a right. /hose intellectual wor@s relating to trade have &een recogni3ed as /rade Related As$ects o 2ntellectual "ro$ert% Rights called /R2"1. A/5 has categori3ed 7 such /R2"1 1. "atents *. <o$%rights 4. /rademar@s 4. #eogra$hical indicators 7. 2ndustrial designs 8. 2ntegrated circuits 7. /rade secrets or con idential in ormation "atents 2t is a grant rom the government to a grantee or a limited term or an% invention which must &e new and use ul. /he grant is the exclusive $rivilege o ma@ing' selling and using and authori3ing others to do so. Ahat cannot &e $atentedI 1. Frivolous inventions which are o&vious or contrar% to well esta&lished natural laws *. Ahich are contrar% to $u&lic order or moralit% 4. Mere discover% o a new orm o a @nown su&stance 4. Mere discover% o a new $ro$ert% or use o a @nown $rocess 7. Method o agriculture 8. Mathematical or &usiness method or com$uter $rogramme or algorithms 7. Mere method o $er orming mental act or $la%ing game >. "resentation o in ormation 9. /o$ogra$h% o integrated circuit 1+. /raditional @nowledge 11. Atomic energ% "rocess o $atenting 1. A$$lication ma% &e made &% /rue and irst inventor or Assignee or !egal re$resentative o 1 or * a ter their death *. 2n the $rescri&ed orm 4. For one invention onl% 4. Aith com$lete s$eci ications 7. A$$lication shall &e $u&lished 8. Ahen re;uest or examination is made &% the a$$licant' the controller shall re er the a$$lication to an examiner or ma@ing a re$ort to him. 7. /he examiner will conclude whether the invention has alread% &een $u&lished or claimed or su&,ect matter o existing $atent >. An% $erson can o$$ose in writing on s$eci ic grounds against grant o $atent at an% time &e ore grant or within one %ear o grant. 9. <ontroller then shall constitute an 5$$osition 6oard or examination and recommendation. 1+. <ontroller ma% also grant an o$$ortunit% to hear &oth the a$$licant and the o$$onent 11. <ontroller ma% $rohi&it or restrict the $u&lication o in ormation relating to an invention i it is ound to &e classi ied &% the <entral government or de ense $ur$oses. 1*. Ahen an a$$lication is acce$ted' the controller shall grant the $atent. 14. /he a$$lication date shall &e the date o $atent 14. /he $atentee has exclusive right to $revent third $arties rom the act o ma@ing' using' selling or im$orting or these $ur$oses the $atented $roduct.

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17. 18. 17. 1>. /he $atent shall &e valid or *+ %ears rom the date o issue(date o a$$lication). A$$lication can &e made or modi ication or im$rovement o a $atented invention. /he <ontroller ma% grant such modi ication or im$rovement as a J$atent o additionC. "atent o addition shall also have the same $eriod o validit% and ex$ire along with the original $atent. 19. Ahen the a$$licant ails to renew' the $atent ma% &e restored within 1> months o la$se. *+. A $atentee ma% surrender the $atent an%time /he $atent o ice shall @ee$ a register o all $atents which shall contain all relevant in ormation regarding $atents. 2t is o$en or ins$ection &% $u&lic. An%one can ta@e an extract o the register &% $a%ment o ee. 2t ta@es a&out 11 %ears to handle a $atent a$$lication. A&out 4+++ a$$lications are iled ever% %ear. :earl% *7'+++ $atent a$$lications are $ending. <5"HR2#9/ /he exclusive rights o the irst authors o literar% and artistic wor@s. &oo@s' musical com$ositions' $aintings' scul$ture' ilms' com$uter $rogrammes. are $rotected &% co$%right. 2t is a&out the right to co$%. 2t is not related to ideas as in $atent &ut a&out ex$ression. Regulated &% <o$%right Act'1977. <o$%right 5 ice under Registrar o <o$%rights. <o$%right 6oard has a <hairman with* to 14 mem&ers. <o$%right 6oard unctions throC &enches o 4 mem&ers. /ERM1 5F <5"HR2#9/ 1. <o$%right in literar%' dramatic' musical or artistic wor@s 2 $u&lished during the li e time o the author' or 8+ %ears a ter the death o the author starting rom the calendar %ear ollowing the %ear o death. 2 $u&lished $osthumousl%' or 8+ %ears starting rom the calendar %ear ollowing the %ear o irst $u&lication. *. <o$%right in $hotogra$h' cinematogra$h ilm' sound recording' government wor@' wor@ o $u&lic underta@ing and wor@s o international organisations ( or 8+ %ears starting rom the calendar %ear ollowing the %ear o irst $u&lication 4. /he owner o the <o$%right ma% grant licence in writing signed &% him or dul% authorised agent to $roduce and $u&lish translation in an% language a ter 7 %ears rom the irst $u&lication. 4. 2n case o oreign wor@' licence ma% &e a$$lied or a ter 4 %ears rom the irst $u&lication. 7. 6roadcasting re$roduction right is or *7 %ears 8. 6roadcasting "er ormerCs right is or 7+ %ears. RE#21/RA/25: 5F <5"HR2#9/ 1. Registration is o$tional *. A register o co$%right is @e$t in the Registrar o co$%right o ice. 4. All details o wor@s are entered in the register. 4. 2t is the $rima acie evidence 7. 2t is o$en or ins$ection. 8. A certi icate o registration is issued as evidence o ownershi$. Exce$tions to in ringement o co$%right 1. "rivate use including research *. Review = criticism 4. 6ac@ u$ o com$uter $rogrammes 4. Re$orting current events in $a$ers 7. )udicial $roceedings 8. As $er law 7. Reading in $u&lic extracts >. Education = /eaching 2n ringement o co$%right is $unisha&le with im$risonment o not less than 8 months u$to 4 %ears or ine o 7+'+++ to * la@hs or com$uter $rogramme 7da%s to 4 %ears and ine o 7+'+++ to * la@hs

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2n ringement o co$%right. <ases 1. Ratnasagar Gs /risea Ratnasagar $u&lished a &oo@ J!iving 1cienceC. /risea $u&lished a &oo@ JBni;ue 1cienceC. 9eld /risea in ringed co$%right. *. :agoti Gen@ataramana was im$risoned or 4 months and ined Rs 4'+++ or @e$ing and lending 9+ $irated cassettes. /RA?E MARK1 /rade mar@ is a visual s%m&ol in the orm o a word a device a la&el a$$lied to articles o commerce /rade mar@ indicates to the $urchaser that the% are goods manu actured or dealt in &% a $articular $erson as distinguished rom similar $roducts &% others. 2t is &ased on two conce$ts1. ?istinctiveness *. ?ece$tive similarit% /rade mar@ can &e $rotected in $er$etuit% so long as it is used and renewed. Functions1. 2t identi ies the $roduct 0 its origin *. 2t guarantees its unchanged ;ualit% 4. 2t advertises the $roduct 4. 2t creates an image o the $roduct. <ontroller #eneral o "atents is the Registrar o /rade mar@s. Register o trade mar@s is @e$t in his o ice All registered trade mar@s with1. :ame *. Address 4. ?escri$tion o $ro$rietors 4. :oti ication o assignments 7. "articulars o registered users 8. <onditions and limitations are entered in the Register o trade mar@s. "R5<E?BRE F5R /RA?E MARK1 1. /he $ro$rietor shall a$$l% in writing with ees *. Registrar ma% acce$t or acce$t with modi ications or conditions or re,ect recording reasons 4. A ter acce$tance' advertise 4. An%one can o&,ect or o$$ose 1. *. /he $ro$rietor shall a$$l% in writing with ees Registrar ma% acce$t or acce$t with modi ications or conditions or re,ect recording reasons 4. A ter acce$tance' advertise 4. An%one can o&,ect or o$$ose within 4 months o advertisement 7. A$$licant shall re$l% within * months 8. 2 the a$$licant ails to re$l% within * months' it will &e deemed that he has a&andoned his a$$lication. 7. A ter a hearing the Registrar will decide a&out the o$$osition.

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>. /he Registrar ma% register and issue a certi icate o registration valid or 1+ %ears renewa&le therea ter.

EFFE</ 5F /RA?E MARK1 /rade mar@ is an exclusive right Registration is the $rima. acie evidence o validit% /he $ro$rietor ma% assign or transmit the trade mar@. 1uch assignment or transmission must &e registered. /rade mar@ is an exclusive right Registration is the $rima. acie evidence o validit% /he $ro$rietor ma% assign or transmit the trade mar@. 1uch assignment or transmission must &e registered. 44 classes o goods and 7 classes o services can &e registered. /rade mar@ can &e registered or6an@ing' communication' education' inancing' insurance' chit unds' real estates' trans$ort' storage' material treatment' $rocessing' &oarding' lodging' entertainment' amusement' construction etc 1ingle a$$lication can &e made or registration in more than one class. /rade mar@ includes 1ha$e o goods "ac@age <om&ination o colours <erti ication mar@s Even when /rade mar@ registration has &een done or a $articular class' the right existed onl% or certain related goods within the class. A trade mar@ will not &e registered i it is identical or similar to an earlier mar@ or a similar good.

AE!! K:5A: /RA?E MARK1 A well @nown trade mar@ is a mar@ used over $articular goods or services' which has gained su icient recognition among consumers. 2t need not &e registered in 2ndia. 2t gives wide and unconditional $rotection to oreign trade names. A mar@ cannot &e registered i it is detrimental to a well @nown trade name.

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