ECE 526:

Protection Power Systems II

Lecture 22; Page 1/8
Spring 2011
Distance Relay For Line 1 (top line in figures at end of file)
The MathCAD sheet below implements some basic relay calculations. The file takes data read from a Comtrade file
and postprocesses it.
The matrix "data" below is the data captured from a COMTRADE "*.dat" file. To read in a data file remove the table currently
at the top of the file. Then choose "Insert" ---> "Component".
This will open a dialog box. One option is to choose "Input Table". -
* Then select the first cell in the table and right click your mouse and choose "Import".
* Then browse to the "*.dat" COMTRADE file and select. This will fill in the data in the table. Then name the variable
as "data"
Another option is to choose "File Read or Write". -
* This will open a dialog box, choose Text file
* Browse for file with extension .txt or .csv.
* Your assignments will tell you which files to open.
The example below uses the File Read or Write option. -
Read Comtrade File Data
1. Read Comtrade Configuration File:
config
...\Line1M.cfg
:=
Right click on the floppy disk icon and select "Choose File" to
open a file browser. Choose the *.cfg file from the contrade file
(you will need to type the extension). If you are using MathCAD
13 or higher, right click and select "Properties"
data
...\Line1M.dat
:=
Right click on the floppy disk icon and select "Choose File" to
open a file browser. Choose the *.dat file from the contrade file (it
should be an accepted file type)
ECE 526:
Protection Power Systems II
Lecture 22; Page 2/8
Spring 2011
The COMTRADE file is actually threefiles. One has an extension "*.hdr". This file will be emtpy in this case. Another has the
extension "*.dat". This has the actual numerical data in columns of numbers. The third file is a configuration file and has the
extension "*.cfg" and this tells the program reading the numerical data what the columns represent. The configuration file provides
scaling and offset information for each of the variables stored as vectors. Here is a typical entry:
1, TACS LEM6I N, , , , 2. 6836E- 06, 7. 6143E- 04, 0. 0000E00, - 32765, 32765, 1, 1, P
Each data record starts entry number (1-7 here), the name for the measurements (for example "TACS LEM6IN").
The number after the 4 commas (column 5 starting numbering with 0) is a scale factor. The next number (column 6) is an offset
factor. If you don't change the scaling and offset factors, the waveforms you evaluate won't be correct. TheMathCAD sheet has
further instructions.
COMTRADE configuration file format:
The first fow states how the file was created and the version of the standard 1.
The second row gives the total number of inputs (7 for these cases), number of analog inputs (7 here) and number of digital 2.
inputs (0 here)
Rows 3 - 10 are the analog inputs, in the following order: 3.
In (referred to as residual current below)
Ia
Ib
Ic
Van
Vbn
Vcn
4. Data sampled 16 times per cycle (960 Hz)
ECE 526:
Protection Power Systems II
Lecture 22; Page 3/8
Spring 2011
Now plot the currents and voltages. These should be sinusoidal. Note that the horizontal axis is in the number of cycles since the
i/RS is sample number divided by sampling rate.
As a check, the prefault data should be balanced three phase -
Phase currents and residual current
0 2 4 6 8
30
20
10
0
10
20
IA
i
IB
i
IC
i
IR
i
i
RS
ECE 526:
Protection Power Systems II
Lecture 22; Page 4/8
Spring 2011
Line to ground voltages:
0 2 4 6 8
200
100
0
100
200
VA
i
VB
i
VC
i
i
RS
ECE 526:
Protection Power Systems II
Lecture 22; Page 5/8
Spring 2011
Relay Distance Element Settings -
Line impedance in Ohm's secondary (i.e. values seen after the CTR and PTR are factored in).
CTRatp
800
5
:= VTRatp
500kV
120V
:=
Line 1 Impedances
Z1 2.856 j 39.794 + ( )
CTRatp
VTRatp
:= Z1 0.1097 1.5281i + =
line arg Z1 ( ) := arg Z1 ( ) 85.8949 deg =
Z0 23.534 j 150.88 + ( )
CTRatp
VTRatp
:= Z0 0.9037 5.7938i + =
Z1MAG Z1 := Z1ANG arg Z1 ( ) :=
Z0MAG Z0 := Z0ANG arg Z0 ( ) :=
Here is the equation for the k0 factor. You might need to enter magnitude and angle seperately in some relays, here it is calculated by
the "relay" and used as a phasor. If k0 has been user entered, then Z0=Z1 for some relays.
k0
Z0 Z1
3 Z1
:= k0 0.9381 0.1059i = k0 0.9441 = arg k0 ( ) 0.1124 =
Now use the m-equations to get a picture of the time response:
Leave self polarized for now: -
VPOLVa
i
VAcpx
i
:= VPOLVb
i
VBcpx
i
:= VPOLVc
i
VCcpx
i
:=
MAG
i
ReVAcpx
i
VPOLVa
i

|
\
|
.

Re 1 e
j Z1ANG

( )
IAcpx
i
k0IRcpx
i
+
( )
VPOLVa
i

.00001 +
:=
ECE 526:
Protection Power Systems II
Lecture 22; Page 6/8
Spring 2011
0 2 4 6 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
MAG
v
Z1MAG
v
RS
The final value (at around 8 cycles) indicates what the distance element sees as the distance to the fault -
In this case with Rf =0 and no remote infeed (see system with and without mutual coupling below) for an AG fault at -
67% of line 2 the AG element on line 1 see:
- With no mutual coupling, the element sees approximately 1.589 (averaging the variation)
- With mutual coupling the element sees approximately 2.108 (so it underreaches, viewing the fault as farther
away)
ECE 526:
Protection Power Systems II
Lecture 22; Page 7/8
Spring 2011
System with mutual coupling:
LCC
25. mi
U VS500
S5001
S5002
LCC
25. mi
LCC
25. mi
R1500 L1500
R1500 L2500
Fault
IBL2
P
S
INL2
I
ICL2
P
S
IAL2
P
S
III
IBL1
P
S
INL1
I
ICL1
P
S
IAL1
P
S
III
VBUS1
S
A
T
Y
Y
V
BUSS
ECE 526:
Protection Power Systems II
Lecture 22; Page 8/8
Spring 2011
System with no mutual coupling:
LCC
25. mi
U VS500
S5001
S5002
LCC
25. mi
LCC
25. mi
R1500 L1500
R1500 L2500
Fault
IBL2
P
S
INL2
I
ICL2
P
S
IAL2
P
S
III
IBL1
P
S
INL1
I
ICL1
P
S
IAL1
P
S
III
VBUS1
S
A
T
Y
Y
V
BUSS
LCC
25. mi
LCC
25. mi
LCC
25. mi