College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 390
Fluid Mechanics
Spring 2008 Number: 11971
Instructor: Larry Caretto
Solutions to Exercise Four Bernoullis Equation Part II
1 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in the
figure at the right. For the given 0.2m difference in
manometer level! determine the flow rate as a function
of the diameter of the small pipe! D. "#ro$lem and
figure %.%0 from Munson et al.! Fluid Mechanics te&t.'
Apply the ernoulli e!uation "or incompressible# in$isci%
"lo&s# sho&n belo&# bet&een t&o points '1( an% '2( along a
streamline in the center o" the pipe)
( )
( )
0
2
2
1
2
2 1 2
1 2

+
g
V V
g
p p
z z
*he measurement tube at point 1 is "acing the "lo& so it &ill measure the stagnation pressure)
*his means that the ele$ation %i""erence sho&n in the %iagram 'h + 0)2 m( times the speci"ic
&eight o" the "lui% is the %i""erence bet&een the stagnation pressure at point '1( 'p1 , -1
2
.2( an%
the static pressure# p2 at point '2() /e thus ha$e the "ollo&ing interpretation o" the height
%i""erence)
gh
V
p p p
V
p gh h

+ +
2 2
2
1
1 2 2
2
1
1
/e can substitute this e0pression "or p2 into our ernoulli e!uation along &ith the "act that at the
center o" the pipe 12 + 11) *his gi$es the ernoulli e!uation as
( )
( ) ( )
0
2
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2 1 2
1 2

+
+
+

+
g
V V
g
p gh
V
p
g
V V
g
p p
z z

/e see that the terms in p1 an% -1

2
cancel lea$ing the "ollo&ing result)
gh V
g
V
h 2 0
2
2
2
2
+
*he "lo& rate is simply -2A2 + -222
2
.3# &ith 22 + 2)
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
556 . 1 81 . 9
2 . 0 2
4
2
4
2 D
s
m
s
m
m gh D gh A V A Q

*he "lo& rate &ill ha$e units o" m
4
.s &hen 2 is in meters)
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(1) (2)
2 ( #itotstatic tu$e is used to measure the velocit) of helium in a pipe. *he temperature
and pressure are +0
o
F and 2, psia. ( water manometer connected to the #itotstatic tu$e
indicates a reading of 2.% in. Determine the helium velocit). -s it reasona$le to consider
the flow as incompressi$le. E&plain. "#ro$lem %.%+ from Munson et al.! Fluid Mechanics
te&t. Figure $elow from solutions manual.'
*he "lo& can be assume% incompressible i" the 7ach number# 7a + -.c# &here c + '=>*(
1.2
is the
soun% spee%# is less than 0)4) /e can assume that the "lo& is incompressible# then compute the
$elocity an% 7ach number# 7a) I" 7a ? 0)4 our ans&er &ill be correct)
A 8itot:static tube measures the %i""erence bet&een the static pressure# ps# &here the "lui% has a
$elocity# -# an% the stagnation pressure# p0 + ps , -
2
.2# &hich occurs &hen the original $elocitt#
-# is re%uce% to 1ero)) 'See the %iscussion o" the 8itot:
static tube in the te0t an% lecture presentations "or more
in"ormation)( /e can obtain the $elocity# -# "rom the
%i""erence in static an% stagnation pressures by sol$ing
the e!uation p0 + ps , -
2
.2 "or -) /hen the pressure
%i""erence is measure% by a manometer# as sho&n at the
right 'the top part o" the %iagram# lin=ing each si%e &ith
the "lo&ing "lui% &as truncate% in copying(# the measure% $alue o" p0 @ ps + 'mano @ "lui%(h) In this
case &here the manometer "lui% is &ater an% the "lo&ing "lui% is helium &e can neglect the
speci"ic &eight o" heilum an% &rite p0 @ ps + manoh so the e!uation "or $elocity becomes)
fluid
mano
fluid
s
h p p
V

2
2
0

/e can compute the %ensity o" the "lui%# Aeliuim# "rom the i%eal gas la& using the $alue o" > +
2)339010
3
"tBlb".slugB> "or helium "oun% in *able 1)7 in the insi%e "ront con$er) /e can use the
pressure o" 2C psia %irectly since it is alrea%y an absolute pressure# but &e ha$e to con$ert the
temparature o" 30
o
< to a >an=ine temperaure by the e!uation > +
o
< , 3C9)97# so &e use a
temperature o" 399)97 > in both the %ensity calculation an% the 7ach number calculation belo&)
( )
3
4
4
2
2
2
10 80 . 5
67 . 499
10 446 . 2
144
25
ft
slugs x
R
R slug
lb ft x
ft
in
in
lb
RT
P
f
f

/e can chec= the assumption that the speci"ic &eight o" the helium &as neglegible compare% to
the manometer "lui%# &ater# as "ollo&s:
3
2
2 3
4
3
38 . 62
1
174 . 32 10 80 . 5
4 . 62
ft
lb
ft slug
s lb
s
ft
ft
slugs x
ft
lb
g
f f f
He mano He mano

*his gi$es an error o" only 0)04D) Ether gases# &ith higher molecular &eights# &houl% gi$e a
larger# but still neglegible# error)
Subsituting the %ensity "oun% abo$e an% the speci"ic &eight o" &ater# the manometer "lui%# as
92)3 lb"."t
4
in the e!uation "or $elocity gi$es)
( )

3
4
3
10 80 . 5
12
1
3 . 2
4 . 62
2
2
ft
slugs x
in
ft
in
ft
lb
h
V
f
fluid
mano

203 ft/s
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/e can no& chec= the compressibliity assumption by computing the 7ach number) *he $alue o"
= "or Aelium is also "oun% in *able 1)7 on the insi%e "ront co$er)
( ) ( )
063 . 0
1
67 . 499
10 446 . 2
66 . 1
203
2
4

s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft x
s
ft
kRT
V
c
V
Ma
f
f
*his $alue is &ell belo& the upper limt o" 7a + 0)4 "or &hich &e sai% &e coul% consi%er a gas "lo&
incompressible so &e conclu%e that the helium flow can be considered incompressible.
% Water flows from a large tan/ as shown
in the figure at the right. (tmospheric
pressure is 1+., psia and the vapor
pressure is 1.00 psia. -f viscous effects
are neglected! at what height! h! will
cavitation $egin. *o avoid cavitation!
should the value of D1 $e increased or
decreased. *o avoid cavitation! should
the value of D2 $e increased or
decreased.. E&plain. "#ro$lem and
figure %.00 from Munson et al.! Fluid
Mechanics te&t.'
Ca$itation is li=ely to occur at the thin %iameter point &here 21 + 1 in) '8oint 2 is open to the
atmosphere so ca$itation &ill not occur here) *o %etermine i" ca$itation &ill occur &e ha$e to "in%
the pressure at the point &here 21 + 1 in) *o %o this &e ha$e to =no& the o$erall "lo& rate) /e
can "in% this by applying ernoulliFs e!uation bet&een the top o" the large tan= 'point 0( an% the
e0it 'point 2() *his gi$es
( )
( )
0
2
2
2
2
0 2 0
2 0

+
g
V V
g
p p
z z

<rom the %iagram &e ha$e 10 @ 12 + h# p0 + p2 + 0 since both are open to the atmosphere# an% -0
2
+' A2-2.A0(
2
?? -2
2
an% can be neglecte% because the area ratio# A2.A0 is so small) Inserting
these $alues into the ernoulli e!uation gi$es)
( )
gh V
g
V
g
h 2 0
2
0 0 0
2
2
2

*he "lo& rate# G# can then be &ritten as gh A V A Q 2

2 2 2
) No& that &e =no& the "lo&
rate# &e can "in% the pressure at point '1( &here the %iameter is 1 in) Applying ernoulliFs
e!uation bet&een this point an% the e0it 'point 2( gi$es)
( )
( )
0
2
2
2
2
1 2 1
2 1

+
g
V V
g
p p
z z

Aere 11 + 12 an% p2 + 0) Also# by continuity# -1A1 + -2A2 so that &e can re&rite this e!uation as
"ollo&s)
( )
( )
0
2
/ 0
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2 1

+
g
V A A V
g
p
g
V V
g
p p
z z

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/e can use the pre$ious result that -2
2
+ 2gh an% the %e"inition o" + g to re&rite the pre$ious
result as "ollo&s)
( ) 0 1 / 2
2
1 /
2
1 /
2
/
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2 1 2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
+

+ h A A
p
gh
g
A A p
V
g
A A p
g
V A A V
g
p

Sol$ing this e!uation "or the gage pressure# p1# an% noting that the area ratio is the same as the
%iameter ratio s!uare% gi$es)
( ) h D D p
4
1
4
2 1
/ 1
I" &e a%% the atmospheric pressure to both si%es o" the e!uation &e &ill obtain the absolute
pressure at point 1# &hich must be geater than the $apor pressure to a$oi% ca$itation))
( )
v atm atm abs
p p h D D p p p > + +
4 4
2 1 , 1
/ 1
Substituting the gi$en %ata that 21 + 1 in# 22 + 2 in# patm + 13)4 psia# p$ + 1)90 psia# an% using a
speci"ic &eight o" 92)3 lb"."t
4
"or &ater gi$es the "ollo&ing numerical result)
psia psia h
in
in
ft
lb
lb
in psia
in
ft f
f
60 . 1 3 . 14
1
2
1
4 . 62
1
144
4
3
2
2
2
> +
1
1
]
1

,
_

ft h psia h
ft
psia
96 . 1 7 . 12
5 , 6
< >

Note than &hen an ine!uality is multiplie% or %i$i%e% by a negati$e number the %irection o" the
ine!uality is re$erse%)
*o %etermine the e""ects o" 21 an% 22 &e can sol$e ( )
v atm
p p h D D > +
4 4
2
/ 1 "or h) Note that
since 22 H 21 &e &ill be %i$i%ing by a negati$e number so &e ha$e to change the %irection o" the
ine!uality)
( ) ( ) 1 / / 1
4
1
4
2
4
1
4
2

<
D D
p p
D D
p p
h
v atm atm v

*his sho&s that increasing 22 or %ecreasing 21 &ill increase h) *he physical reasoning "or this is
as "ollo&s) Neglecting $isclous "orces# increasing 22 &ill %ecrease the o$erall "lo& rate an% less
material &ill ha$e to "lo& through 21 "or a gi$en h) *hus &e can increase h) Ao&e$er# &ith 22
"i0e%# the "lo& rate is "i0e%# an% %ecreasing 22 increases the "lo& rate through point 1I thus &e
&oul% ha$e to re%uce h to a$oi% ca$itation)
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