QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

x2=9→x=± 3
but x=√9 = +3

ax2+bx+c=0→x = − b ± b2 − 4ac
2a
Ex 1:
x2 – 81 = 0 →x2=81→x=±√ 81 = ± 9 →x=9 or x= -9
(x – 1)2 = 4→(x – 1) = ±√ 4 →x – 1 = ± 2
→x=1± 2→x=1+2=3 or x= 1–2 = -1
3(2x + 1)2 = 27→(2x+1)2=9 →2x+1 = ± 3
→2x=-1± 3 →x = (-1± 3)/2
x = (-1+3)/2=1 or x= (-1-3)/2=-2
2
x – 4x + 5 = 0, a=1, b=-4, c=5
2
x = − b ± b − 4ac = 4 ± 16 − 20 = 4 ± − 4
2a 2 2
No solution.

2x2 + 5x + 2=0, a=2, b=5, c=2

2
x = − b ± b − 4ac = − 5 ± 25 − 16 = − 5 ± 9
2a 4 4
x=(-5+3)/4 = - ½ or x = (-5 – 3)/4 = -2

x2 – 4x + 4 = 0, a=1, b=-4, c=4

2 4±0
x = − b ± b − 4ac = 4 ± 16 −16 = 4 ± 0 =
2a 2 2 2
x=(4+0)/2=2 or x = (4 – 0)/2 = 2

Quadratic equation: 2x2 + 4x - 6 = 0→x2+2x-3=0 →

(x+3)(x-1)=0, x=-3 or x=1. Another
method:
 2 −2±4
x = − b ± b − 4ac = − 2 ± 4 +12 = − 2 ± 16 =
2a 2 2 2
x = (−2 + 4) / 2 = 1, x = (−2 − 4) / 2 = −3
Quadratic function: y = 2x2+4x-6 ≠ y = x2+2x-3
½y = x2+2x-3

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
PARABOLAS ∪ and ∩
2
1. y=ax +bx+c.
If a>0 then the parabola is ∪→min.
If a<0 then the parabola is ∩→max.
Axis of symmetry: x= ─b/2a
then make an xy table around this axis.
Ex 2:
a. y=2x ─8x+6, a=2>0 →∪, b=-8, c=6
2

axis of symmetry : x= 8/(4) =2

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 6 0 -2 0 6
y
6
4
2

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-2
-4
-6

b. y=x2─4x+4, a=1,b=-4,c=4
axis of symmetry →x=+4/2=2
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 4 1 0 1 4
 y
6
4
2

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-2
-4
-6

y=─2x2─4x─16, a=-2<0 →∩, b=-4, c=-16

axis of symmetry: x=4/(-4)=-1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1
y - - -14 -16 -22
22 16
y

-4 -3 -2 -1 -4 1 2 3 4 x
-8
-12
-16
-20
-24
-28
-32

2. y=a(x─x1)(x─x2)
If a>0 then the parabola is ∪ →min
If a<0 then the parabola is ∩ → max
The x intercepts are (x1,0) and (x2,0)
Axis of symmetry is x=(x1+x2)/2 then
make an xy table around this axis.
Ex-3:
Draw a. y=─2(x+5)(x─3)
x+5=0→x=-5, x-3=0→x=3
The x-intercepts are (-5,0) and (3,0)
The axis of symm: x=(-5+3)/2=-1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1
y 24 30 32 30 24
 y
36
30
24
18
12
6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-6 1 2 3 4 x

b. y= -4(x─3)(x─3)
y
4

1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-4
-8
-12
-16
-20

3. y=a(x─p)2+q
If a>0 then the parabola is ∪ →min
If a<0 then the parabola is ∩ →max
Axis of symmetry is x=p then
make an xy table around the axis.
The turning point min/max is (p,q).

Ex-4:Draw
2
a. y=2(x+2) ─2, a=2>0→∪ min
axis of symm: x+2=0→x=-2. Min(-2,-2)
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0
y 6 0 -2 0 6
y

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 x
-4

b. y=─2(x+1)2─8
 a=-2<0 →∩→max
Axis of symm: x+1=0→x=-1, max(-1,-8)
x -3 -2 -1 0 1
y - - -8 -10 -16
16 10
y

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 x
-4
-8
-12
-16
-20

PARABOLA ⊃ and ⊂
Ex-5:Draw
2
a. x=─2y +8y─6
a=-2<0 →⊃, b=8, c=-6
Axis of symm: y = -b/(2a)= -8/-4 =2
x -6 0 2 0 -6
y 0 1 2 3 4
y
4
3
2
1

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 x
-1
-2

b. x=1/2(y─2)(y─4)
a= ½ >0 →⊂
y intercepts are: y-2=0→y=2, y-4=0→y=4
Axis of symm: y = (2+4)/2=3
x 1.5 0 - 0 1.5
0.5
y 1 2 3 4 5
 y
8
6
4
2

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-2

c. x=1(y+2)2 -1
a=1>0 →⊂
Axis of symm: y+2=0→y=-2
x 3 0 -1 0 3
y -4 -3 -2 -1 0
y
2

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-2

-4

-6

Ex 6:
Which one is D and S, find the point of equilibrium before
and after tax/subsidy, tax/subsidy per unit and total
tax/subsidy for consumer, producer and government, and
draw the graphs.
a. P=25−Q2, P=Q2+7, tax = 10 per unit
b. P=(Q–6)2, P=2Q+3, tax=9 per unit
c. P=25–Q2, P–2Q–10=0, sub=9 per unit

CUBIC FUNCTIONS
3
 Ex 7: Draw y=x
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -8 -1 0 1 8
 y
9
6
3
-2 -1 -3 1 2 x
-6
-9

 x=y3 by making xy table first.

x -8 -1 0 1 8
y -2 -1 0 1 2
y
3
2
1

-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-1
-2
-3

 There are two types of cubic functions:

3 2
 y=ax +bx +cx+d.
Ex-8:y=x3–3x+2=(x–1)2(x+2)→x-1=0→x=1
(x+2)=0→x=-2. Make table around x=-2 and
x=1
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 0 4 2 0 4
y
5
4
3
2
1
-3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 x
-2

y=a(x–x1)(x–x2)(x–x3).

Ex-9: y=2(x–1)(x–2)(x–3)
x-1=0→x=1, x-2=0→x=2, x-3=0→x=3
x 0 1 2 3 4
y - 0 0 0 12
12
 y
12
10
8
6
4
2
-2 1 2 3 4 x
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
Ex-10:
TC=Q3–15Q2+31Q+100. Find the Fixed Cost, Variable
Cost and Average Variable Cost.
Ex-11:
TC=2Q3–15Q2+30Q+16. Find the Fixed Cost, Variable
Cost and Average Variable Cost.