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Scientific Reasons
Give the scientific reasons of the following: (Answers in the end.) 1. Transition elements form complex compounds. . !itric acid is a strong oxidi"ing agent. #. !a$ ion is smaller than !a atom. %. Sulphuric acid has higher &oiling point and viscosit'. (. %s or&ital is filled prior to #d &ut on ioni"ation the %s electrons are lost first. ). Anh'drous *uS+% is white while h'drous *uS+% is &lue. ,. The heat of h'dration of -i$ ion is greater than *s$ ion. .. /iamond does not conduct electricit' while graphite does. 0. !ascent h'drogen is more reactive than ordinar' molecular h'drogen. 11. 2lements of group 3A and group 33A readil' loses their valence electrons. 11. Transition elements are paramagnetic. 1 . 4elting and &oiling point of 3A group elements are ver' low. 1#. -igands are generall' called -ewis &ase. 1%. 5romine is displaced from its salts &' chlorine. 1(. (!6%)$ and 6#+$ ions donot act as ligands though 6 + and !6# act as ligands. 1). The salts of al7aline earth metals are h'drated than al7ali metal salts. 1,. 8n(+6) is solu&le in excess of !a+6 solution. 1.. 9h' do chromium ( %) and copper ( 0) shows an electronic configuration which is out of order. 10. Assign reasons for formation of coloured ion in case of transition elements except "inc. 1. 3oni"ation enthalpies of 33A group elements are higher than 3A group elements. 1. Graphite is used as -u&ricant. . 4etallic character of Aluminium is greater than 5oron. #. :lastic sulphur is elastic. %. Al7aline earth metals are harder than al7ali metals. (. +rdinar' h'drogen called as molecular h'drogen. ). 2lectropositivel' increases from top to &ottom. ,. Transition elements show varia&le oxidation state. .. !a$ ions are discharged at the cathode in preference to 6$ in the manufacture !a+6 in *astner ;elner cell. 0. -i$<-i couple has exceptionall' high negative electrode potential. Answers to Scientific Reasons 1.

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Transition elements have small highl' charged ions and vacant d=or&itals of suita&le energ'. These vacant d=or&itals form coordinate &ond &' accepting lone electron pairs from ligands. This is the reason wh' transition elements form coordination compounds. . The oxidi"ing properties of nitric acid is due to the sta&ilit' of its molecule and &ecause nitrogen is present in its highest oxidation state> i.e. (. The degree of oxidation depends upon the concentration of acid and nature of element. #. The num&er of protons in !a$ ion are greater than the num&er of electrons due to which the nuclear attraction increases. And !a$ has one shell less than !a atom> &ecause the last shell consists of onl' one electron> which is not present in !a$ ion. These are the reason due to which !a$ ion has smaller radii than !a atom. %. Sulphuric acid has higher &oiling point and viscosit' due to the presence of h'drogen &onding which lin7 the molecules in larger aggregates. (. According to Auf&au principle and n$l rule> the se?uence of filling in atomic or&itals in dependent on the value of n $ l. Since> n $ l for %s @ % $ 1 @ % and> n $ l for #d @ # $ @ (s Therefore> electron goes in the or&ital having lowest energ' i.e. %s. 3n the same wa'> the electron in %s or&ital have less energ'> therefore the' are lost first during ioni"ation. ). 6'drated *uS+%.(6 + contains ( molecules of water of cr'stalli"ation and water act as ligand. The lone pair of electron of water molecules influence the #d or&ital of *u &' splitting it into eg and t g. Thus &' a&sor&ing visi&le light an electron can Aump from lower energ' set (t g) to higher energ' set (eg). 3n doing so some of the component wavelength of light is removed> so the remaining component wavelength of light reflected shows the &lue colour. An h'drous *uS+% is colourless due to the a&sence of water molecule. ,. The atomic si"e of -ithium is much smaller than that of *esium> therefore its charge densit' is more. /ue to more charge densit'> the electrons are attracted with a greater force of attraction. This is the reason more amount of heat is li&erated when one mole of -i$ ion is dissolved in water. This is the reason wh' heat of h'dration decreases down the group. .. 3n diamond> each car&on atom is sp# h'&eridi"ed and is strongl' &onded to four other car&on

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atoms. 3t utili"es its four unpaired electrons in the formation of four covalent &onds. Since> it has no free electronsB it is a poor conductor of electricit'. 9hereas> in graphite> each car&on is sp h'&ridi"ed and covalentl' lin7ed with three other car&on atoms to give &asic hexagonal ring. These hexagonal rings are #.#( AC awa' from each other and are held together &' wea7 Dander 9aalEs forces. The fourth electron of each car&on forms delocali"ed p &onds> which are spread uniforml'. This is the reason graphite conducts electricit'. 0. 4olecular h'drogen is composed of two atoms of h'drogen. The' are held together &' a covalent &ond. The &ond energ' of this covalent &ond is 11% 7cal<mole. 3n order to &e reactive> the molecular h'drogen needs an energ' to over come the &onding energ' i.e. greater than 11% 7cal <mole. 9hereas in case of atomic h'drogen no such condition is re?uired. This is the reason wh' atomic h'drogen is more reactive. 11. The elements in group 3A and and 33A have onl' one or two electron in their valence shell. As we move from right to left in the periodic ta&le> the nuclear charge decreases> which increases the atomic si"e and reduces the force on valence electron. This is the reason wh' elements of group 3A and 33A readil' lose their electrons. 11. The paramagnetic propert' of an element depends upon the availa&ilit' of free electrons. 4an' compounds of the transition elements are paramagnetic. This is &ecause the' have unpaired electrons in their d=or&itals> which &ecomes active in a magnetic field. 1 . The elements of group 3A have large atomic radii and small nuclear charges. This is the reason wh' melting point> &oiling points are lower than other elements in the periods. 1#. -igands are atoms> molecules or ions that donate a lone pair of electron to metal and form coordinate &ond with them. According to -ewis> &ases are su&stances that donate a lone pair of electrons. This is the reason wh' ligands are called -ewis &ase. 1%. The electronegativit' of chlorine is greater than that of &romine. 5ecause it decreases down the group. Since> chlorine is more electronegative than &romine> it displaces &romine from its salts. 1(. 3n case of !6#> the central atom nitrogen contains a lone pair of electron> which it can donate to metal. 9hereas incase of !6%$> the central atom nitragen has alread' donated its lone pair to h'drogen so it does not act as ligand. Similarl' 6 + act as ligand &ut 6#+$ does not act as ligand. 1).

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6'dration of cations depend upon the nuclear charge and ionic radii. Smaller the ionic radii> greater would &e the nuclear charge and more the salt will show the tendenc' for h'dration. Since> the al7ali earth metals have a greater nuclear charge and a stronger electric field than the al7ali metals> therefore> the' are more h'drated than al7ali salts. 1,. 8inc h'droxide 3 an emphotric su&stance> i.e. it shows &oth acidic and &asic properties. Therefore> when 8n(+6) is dissolved in excess of !a+6 solution it does not precipitate out &ut forms a complex ion and redissolves. 8n(+6) $ !a+6 F G8n(+6)%H= $ !a$ Tetra Hydroxozincate 1.. %*r @ %s #d% F (%s1#d() 0*u @ %s #d0 F (%s1#d11) The half filled or completel' filled or&itals are more sta&le than other wise filled or&itals. 3n case of *romium the one electron of %s or&ital Aumps into #d or&ital> as a result %s and #d or&itals are half filled and sta&i"ed. Similarl' in copper one electron of %s or&ital Aumps into #d or&ital> as a result %s is half filled whereas #d is completel' filled. 6ence electronic configuration of *romium (*r) is %s1#d( instead of %s #d% and configuration of copper (*u) is %s1#d11 instead of %s #d0. 10. The formation of coloured ion in case of transition elements can &e explained &' *r'stal Iield Theor'. According to the theor' (*.I.T) the &onding &etween ligand and a metal ion is electrostatic. The ligands surrounding the metal ion create an electrostatic field around its d= or&ital. This field splits five degenerated d=or&itals into two sets with different energies. The energ' difference &etween two sets (eg and t g) of d or&ital is e?uivalent to a wavelength in a visi&le region. Thus &' a&sor&ing visi&le light> an electron ma' &e a&le to move from lower energ' set (t g) to higher energ' set eg of d or&itals. 3n doing so some of the component wavelength of white light is removed> so the remaining component wavelength of light reflected or transmitted shows the colour of ion. 6ence the colour of the ion is due to the half filled #d or&ital> the electron can Aump from d or&ital of lower energ' &' the a&sorption of small amount of energ' of a particular wavelength in a visi&le region. Since in case of "inc> the #d or&ital is completel' filled therefore the compounds of 8inc are white or colourless. 1. The ioni"ation enthalpies 33A (al7aline earth elements) is higher than the corresponding ioni"ation enthalpies of 3A group (al7ali metals1> &ecause elements of 33A group has an extra nuclear proton which causes an increase in the electrostatic 5eautiful force &etween the nucleus and the outer most electron. 1.

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3n Graphite> each car&on is Sp h'&eridi"ed and covalentl' lin7ed with three other car&on atoms to give &asic hexagonal ring. These hexagonal rings then form la'ers in graphite. These la'ers are #.#( AC awa' from one another and held together &' wea7 Dander 9aalEs forces of attraction. /ue to large inter planner distance (#.#(AC)> the la'ers slide easil' over one another that is wh' it is soft and used as -u&ricant. . The maximum capacit' of electron accomodation of &oron in its outer most shell is eight electrons and that of Aluminium is eighteen electron. (5 @ 1s > s > p1 1#Al @ 1s > s > p)> #s > #p1 3t means electron population of aluminium is less than &oron. /ue to less electron population> the num&er of neigh&ouring atoms in the lattice increases> that is wh' metallic character of aluminium is greater than &oron. #. The plastic sulphur or g=sulphur is composed of long chains of sulphur atoms. The elasticit' of plastic sulphur is due to uncoiling of long sulphur chains and then recoiling of chains &' the release of tension. %. The al7aline earth metals (33 group metals) are apprecia&l' harder than al7ali metals (3 group) &ecause the presence of divalent cations in their metallic structure produce greater &onding forces. (. +rdinar' h'drogen exist as diatomic molecule (6 ) therefore it is also 7nown as molecular h'drogen. ). The tendenc' of atom to give out electrons is 7nown as electropositivit'. 2lectropositivit' is inversel' proportional to ioni"ation potential and electron population. 5oth the factors decreases down the group> hence electropositivit' increases from top to &ottom. ,. The transition elemenets show varia&le oxidation states in their compounds. This variation is due to the ver' small energ' difference in &etween #d and %s or&itals. As a result> electrons of #d as well as %s ta7es part in the &ond formation. .. 3n castner=7ellner cell> 6$ ions are not easil' discharged due to high voltage of 6$ ion> on the contrar' !a$ ions are easil' discharged over mercur' surface. 0.

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-i$<-i couple has exceptionall' high negative electrode potential &ecause of its large value for the h'dration enthalp' which promotes oxidation of -i to form -i$ ion.

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