!

"
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! ueen V|ctor|a - 1837 - 1901
! marrled Lo prlnce A|bert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - a Cerman noble, rlnce ConsorL
! when he dled, vlcLorla was devasLaLed, wore mournlng cloLhes for Lhe resL of her llfe
! an old lady regal"
! Lhey had many chlldren who goL marrled Lo Lhe mosL european noble houses, whlch led Lo Lhelr
relaLlon Lo queen vlcLorla (ofLen called the grandmother of Lurope")
! prlnce AlberL broughL Lhe concepL of ChrlsLmas Lrees Lo 8rlLaln
! sclenLlflc breakLhroughs: Char|es Darw|n and hls Lheory of evoluLlon, he dld hls research on
Calapagos
! uarwln's shlp: PMS 8eagle
! M|chae| Iaraday: breakLhrough ln physlcs
! lndusLrlal developmenL
! famous englneers: Isambard k|ndom 8rune| (bullL brldges and Lransoceanlc shlps, CreaL
LasLern, CreaL WesLern, CreaL 8rlLaln), 1homas 1e|ford (bullL brldges: Menal SLralLs)
! neogoLhlc sLyle: Pouses of arllamenL, 1ower 8rldge, 8lg 8en
! 18S1: 1he Great Lxh|b|t|on - deslgned Lo show off varlous producLs ln Lhe once famous CrysLal
alace (whlch burnL down ln 1939)
! re-8aphaellLes: palnLers, hugely lnfluenLlal: Mlllals (Cphella), Wllllam P. PunL, uanLe 8osseLLl
! wars: 1he Cp|um Wars - war for drugs agalnsL Chlna (8rlLaln won), Pong kong was also
conquered and lL was leased from Chlna (unLll 1997, when Pong kong was reLurned Lo Chlna)
! 1he Cr|mean War - led agalnsL 8ussla, durlng Lhls Llme 8ussla was 8rlLlsh enemy #1 (Lhe 8aLLle
of 8alaclava)
! Lhere was a huge mlllLary blunder durlng Lhls war, Lord 1ennyson wroLe a poem abouL lL (1he
Charge of Lhe LlghL 8rlgade")
! 1he Slege of SevasLopol
! afLer Lhls war Lhey sLarLed glvlng medals of honour, a v|ctor|a" cross, Lhe mosL presLlglous
mlllLary award (cpL. SmlLh, vc)
! Lhe meLal for maklng Lhese crosses came from capLured 8usslan weapons
! I|orence N|ght|nga|e - Lhe lady wlLh Lhe lamp" - a nurse durlng Lhe Crlmean War who
organlsed unlLs of nurses, whlch was Lhe sLarL of modern nursery
! 1he 8rlLlsh rule ln lndla: lndla ls ruled by proxy (by Lhe 8rlLlsh LasL lndla Company, WesL lndla
Company - Carrlbean)
! 8LlC - Lhe !ohn company" - an assoclaLlon of Lraders
! Lhe lndlan muLlny - Lhe so-called Sepoy muLlny (Sepoy - naLlve soldlers) - caused because Lhe
carLrldges for Lhelr rlfles were coaLed ln anlmal faL
! lndla was ruled dlrecLly by Lhe Crown, Lhe 8a[ - 8rlLlsh lndla
! Lhe greaL game": war beLween 8ussla and 8rlLaln over areas ln Asla
! Afrlca: Lhe Cape colony - 8rlLlsh rule, parLlLlon of Afrlca from 1883-1914 scramble for Afrlca"
! CreaL 8rlLaln helped Afrlca modernlse
! Dr. Dav|d L|v|ngstone - a mlsslonary ln Afrlca, llved among Lhe locals
! n. M. Stan|ey - a Welsh-Amerlcan explorer (ur. LlvlngsLone, l presume")
! famous explorers: 8lchard 8urLon and Speke dlscovered lake 1anganylka and vlcLorla, and Lhey
found Lhe source of Lhe rlver nlle
! 2u|u wars" - famous confllcLs, durlng Lhese wars Lhe 8rlLlsh suffered several defeaLs
! 8aLLle of lsandhlwana: Zulu warrlors defeaLed Lhe 8rlLlsh army and some survlvors were
besleged ln a sLorehouse ln 8orke's urlfL
! ln Lhe end, Lhe 8rlLs won Lhe war
! 8oer wars - 2 wars foughL by Lhe 8rlLlsh Lmplre agalnsL Lhe uuLch seLLlers (Lhe boers), Cape
colony was 8rlLlsh and 1ransvaal was 8oers'
! 8rlLs wanLed Lo lncorporaLe 8oer colonles, Lhey evenLually succeeded Lo do so
! kobert ee| - rlme MlnlsLer of Lhe uk, helped creaLe Lhe modern concepL of Lhe pollce force
(offlcers - bobbles")
! 8en[am|n D|srae||, W|||am G|adstone - rlme MlnlsLers
! 1heoba|d Wo|fe 1one - hls ulLlmaLe goal was lrlsh lndependence
! Dan|e| C'Conne|| - lrlsh pollLlclan, campalgned for CaLhollc LmanclpaLlon and repeal of Lhe AcL
of unlon
! the great potato fam|ne - perlod when Lhe lrlsh depended on poLaLo crops, whlch unforLunaLely
falled and Lhey had noLhlng Lo eaL, mosL of Lhelr food was exporLed Lo Lngland, many people
dled and a large number of Lhem emlgraLed Lo n. Amerlca
! Char|es arne||, founder and leader of Lhe lrlsh arllamenLary arLy, wanLed Lo esLabllsh Lhe
home rule" so LhaL lreland could be ruled by Lhe lrlsh, buL lL falled
! 1he hoenlx ark murders - represenLaLlves of Lhe Crown were murdered by Lhe lrlsh paLrloLs
! 1897 - Cueen vlcLorla's D|amond Iub||ee
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! Ldward VII ascends Lo Lhe Lhrone, Lhe Ldwardlan era
! Lhe suffragettes, foughL for women's rlghL Lo voLe (Lmme||ne ankhurst, Chr|stabe| ankhurst)
! George V
! a Leam of explorers seL Lo reach Lhe SouLh ole, led by capLaln ScoLL
! weren'L prepared enough, LhoughL ponles were a beLLer cholce Lhan huskles
! upon arrlvlng Lo Lhe SouLh pole, Lhey found Lhe norweglan flag and were devasLaLed (cpL. CaLes
commlLed sulclde: l'm [usL golng ouLslde, l may be some Llme")
! Wor|d War I: 8rlLaln, lrance and 8ussla were allles, Cermany - rlval
! 1he Western Iront - where Lhe 8rlLlsh soldlers were senL
! a huge moblllsaLlon - a slgn LhaL Lhe modern war was foughL by Lhousands of people
! Lhe posLer of Lord klLchener - 8rlLons wanL you"
! Lommles - 8rlLlsh soldlers, descrlbed as courageous llons led by donkeys
! suffered from Lhe effecLs of polson gas
! baLLles: ?pres, Somme, vlmy 8ldge
! soldlers from AusLralla and new Zealand - auxlllary call - AnZAC - Lhe Calllpoll campalgn, poorly
LhoughL ouL acLlons - Lhe soldlers falled Llme and Llme agaln (WlnsLon Churchlll Look parL ln Lhe
campalgn)
! Lhe Lrench poeLs - wroLe abouL Lhe horrors of war (Iohn McCrae - ln llanders llelds")
! poppy flowers - a symbol of Lhe soldlers who dled ln WWl (11 nov - 8emembrance day)
! 8uperL 8rooke - poeL
! lreland - 1he Laster k|s|ng 1916 - young paLrloLs wanLed Lo Lake over Lhe posL offlce ln uublln,
buL Lhey were dlsorganlsed, Lhe lrlsh people were agalnsL Lhe way Lhe 8rlLs dealL wlLh Lhe
slLuaLlon, Lhe publlc oplnlon changed
! koger Casement - lrlsh naLlonallsL, execuLed by Lhe 8rlLlsh
! 1hese confronLaLlons led Lo Lhe Anglo-lrlsh war, a bruLal confllcL
! 8|ack and 1ans - paramlllLary group - responslble for assaulL on many lrlsh people
! by Lhe end - lreland was a free sLaLe, Lhe norLh declded Lhey would raLher sLay under Lhe 8rlLlsh
rule
! 1he lrlsh Clvll War
! Lamon De Va|era - Lhe flrsL presldenL of Lhe llS (lrlsh lree SLaLe)
! M|chae| Co|||ns - lrlsh leader - kllled by Lhe lrlsh republlcans
! 1he Sun never seLs on Lhe 8rlLlsh Lmplre"
! pollLlcal changes afLer Lhe end of WWl
! unlversal suffrage - women were able Lo voLe
! 2 maln pollLlcal parLles - ConservaLlves (1orles) and Llberals (Wlgs)
! 20
Lh
cenLury broughL a new pollLlcal parLy - Labour (lefLlsL), whlch sorL of made Whlgs obsoleLe
! 1926 - a very 8rlLlsh sLrlke" - Lhlngs sLarLed Lo change ln Lhe soclal sysLem
! Candhl sLarLed a non-vlolenL proLesL ln lndla, whlch served as a remlnder Lo 1he Lmplre LhaL noL
everyone wanLs Lo llve under Lhelr rule
! Ldward VIII marrled Wa|||s S|mpson - she was a Lwlce-dlvorced commoner, and he chose her
over Lhe Lhrone (he abdlcaLed)
! hls LlLle - Lhe uuke of W|ndsor - Wlndsor was more paLrloLlc Lhan Lhe prevlous Cerman name
(blah of Saxe-Coburg and CoLha)
! Nev|||e Chamber|a|n slgned 1he Munlch AgreemenL, maklng a pacL wlLh PlLler by beLraylng one
of Lhelr allles
! 1 Sep 1939 - start of the 2
nd
Wor|d War
! W|nston Church||| - consldered Lo be Lhe greaLesL 8rlLlsh M (ConservaLlve arLy)
! evacuaLlons from uunklrk - mosL of Lhe soldlers were saved by flshlng boaLs
! PlLler's aLLempL Lo beaL 8rlLaln and achleve supremacy
! 8att|e of 8r|ta|n - foughL over Lhe course of several monLhs - alr flghLs (Lhe 8rlLlsh managed Lo
chase Lhe Cermans away)
! Sp|tf|re - famous alrcrafL
! lrlLz, 1he Puns, 1he !errles - nlcknames for Lhe Cermans
! Lhe bllLz" - bomblngs of clLles and Lowns (London, CovenLry)
! Lhe 8aedeker bomblng - 8aedeker was a famous publlsher of 1ourlsL Culde Lo 8rlLaln, Cxford
was spared because PlLler wanLed lL for hlmself
! Lhe slnklng of PMS Pood - a ma[or 8rlLlsh warshlp
! Cerman warshlp 8lsmarck - sunk near uorseLshlre
! 1he fall of Slngapore - greaLesL defeaL of Lhe 8rlLlsh Lmplre (?)
! 8rlLlsh CWs (prlsoners of war) were mlsLreaLed by Lhe !apanese soldlers
! norLh Afrlca - baLLles ln Lhe deserL, baLLles ln LgypL
! 1he uambusLers rald - Lhe 8uhr valley was bombed
! Churchlll losL Lhe elecLlon by a landsllde, Lo C|ement Att|ee (Labour arLy)
! raLlonlng - a speclfled amounL of lngredlenLs per week, wenL on a few years afLer Lhe war had
ended
! naLlonallsaLlon - flxed charge
! 1he naLlonal PealLh 8lll was passed
! Nat|ona| nea|th Serv|ces - unlversal care everyone ls enLlLled Lo
! Welfare sLaLes" - governmenL redlsLrlbuLes money
! 1947 - lndla ls losL, vlolence beLween Lhe Musllms and Lhe Plndus, parLlLlon of lndla
! 1960s - 8rlLlsh colonles proclalm lndependence from Lhe 8rlLlsh Lmplre (Afrlcan colonles)
! mosL of Lhe possesslons ln Asla are losL
! CommonwealLh - a free assoclaLlon everyone could [oln
! lmmlgraLlons from dlfferenL parLs of Lhe Lmplre
! Lmp|re W|ndrush - shlp LhaL broughL Lhe flrsL large number of lmmlgranLs
! 19S2 - L||sabeth II takes the throne
! Lhe Suez crlsls - lrance+8rlLaln held mlllLary conLrol of Lhe canal, Lhe LgypLlans wanLed Lo
naLlonallse lL
! pop culLure - Lhe 8eaLles
! 1he 1roub|es - confllcL ln norLhern lreland
! kepub||c of Ire|and - ga|ned |ndependence
! IkA (lrlsh 8epubllcan Army) vs UVI (ulsLer volunLeer lorce)
! 1972 - 8loody Sunday" - 8rlLlsh soldlers opened flre on unarmed proLesLers ln uerry
! Lhls evenL was followed by a serles of bomblngs
! 1998 (ovo nl[e greska!)- Cmagh bomblng (car bomb aLLack carrled ouL by Lhe l8A)
! LhaL same year 1he Cood lrlday AgreemenL was passed, puLLlng a sLop Lo Lhese ouLbursLs (more
or less)
! 1981 - hunger sLrlke ln 1he Maze, a prlson ln norLhern lreland
! dec|ma||sat|on - 8rlLaln flnally goL declmal currencles (1 pound = 100 pence)
! before declmallsaLlon, 1 pound equalled Lo 20 shllllngs, 1 shllllng Lo 12 d (pennles, Lhe d" comes
from laLln denarlus)
! colns: farLhlng (1/4 pence), half penny (1/2 pence), penny (1 pence), Lwopence (2
pennles/Luppence), Lhreepence (3 pennles/Lhruppence), groaL (4 pence), slxpence (6 pence),
shllllng (12 pence), florln (2 shllllngs), half-crown (2 x shllllngs), crown(3 shllllngs),
soverelgn/quld (20 shllllngs/1 pound), gulnea (21 shllllngs)
! a penny-farLhlng - old Lype of blcycle (lLs name derlves from Lhe facL LhaL Lhe slze of lLs wheels
can be llkened Lo a penny and a farLhlng)
! 1973 - 8rlLaln [olns Lhe Luropean Lconomlc Communlon (nowadays known as Lhe Lu)
! 1970s - pollLlcal and economlcal lnsLablllLy ln C8 marked by many sLrlkes
! shorLages of peLrol, elecLrlc power
! Lhe counLry was ln Lurmoll
! wlnLer 1978]1979 - Lhe wlnLer of dlsconLenL" (a Shakespearlan phrase, 8lchard lll")
! Margaret 1hatcher - became Lhe rlme MlnlsLer ln 1979
! prlvaLlsaLlons
! ArLhur Scarglll - a Lrade unlonlsL, presldenL of Lhe naLlonal unlon of Mlneworkers
! Lhe mlners sLarLed a sLrlke, Lhey became unemployed afLer Lhe mlnes were closed
! 1982 - a war wlLh ArgenLlna over lalkland lslands
! 1haLcher seL ouL an expedlLlon force Lo Lake back Lhe lslands
! 1he 8aLLle of Coose Creen
! slnklng of Lhe ArgenLlnlan shlp Ceneral 8elgrano" - news headllner CC1CPA!" one fo Lhe mosL
conLroverlsal, lnfamous headllnes
! 1haLcher was succeeded by a leader of Lhe ConservaLlves, !ohn Ma[or
! 1ony 8|a|r (Labour parLy) - belleved he was very charlsmaLlc, surrounded by spln docLors
! Cool 8rlLannla" - a perlod of lncreased prlde ln Lhe culLure of Lhe uk
! free markeL caplLallsm
! sLrong alllance wlLh Lhe uSA
! Gordon 8rown - succeeded 1ony 8lalr, unpopular wlLh Lhe masses (dubbed Lhe one-eyed
ScoLLlsh ldloL" by !eremy Clarkson)
! 2010 - Dav|d Cameron (ConservaLlve arLy) becomes Lhe M, coallLlon wlLh Llberal democraLs
! 2012 - 1he Clymplc Cames ln London, Cueen's ulamond !ubllee
! sLance on Lhe Lu - accordlng Lo Lhe laLesL polls, 36 voLe Lo leave, 30 voLe Lo remaln